☰ INDEX
Amino_Acid_and_Protein_Metabolism-Previous_Year_Questions
Amino_Acids_Metabolism-Previous_Year_Questions
Amino_Acids_and_Proteins_Chemistry-Amino_acid_Catabolism__Urea_cycle_and_Hyperammonemia
Amino_Acids_and_Proteins_Chemistry-Phenylalanine___Tyrosine__Amino_Acid_Metabolism_disorders
Amino_Acids_and_Proteins_Chemistry-Previous_Year_Questions
Amino_Acids_and_Proteins_Chemistry-Protein_Chemistry__Hemoglobin__Myoglobin___EPP_Chromatography
Biochemistry-Previous_Year_Questions
Carbohydrate_Chemistry-Carbohydrates
Carbohydrate_Chemistry-Citric_Acid_cycle_and_Gluconeogenesis
Carbohydrate_Chemistry-Fates_of_pyruvate__PDH_complex__Electron_Transport_Chain
Carbohydrate_Chemistry-Fructose_and_galactose_metabolism___HMP_pathway
Carbohydrate_Chemistry-GLUT_transporters_and_Glycolysis
Carbohydrate_Chemistry-Glycogen_Metabolism_and_Glycogen_Storage_Disorders
Carbohydrate_Chemistry-Previous_Year_Questions
Carbohydrate_Metabolism-Previous_Year_Questions
Clinical_Biochemistry-Previous_Year_Questions
Concepts-Previous_Year_Questions
Enzymes-Enzymes
Enzymes-Previous_Year_Questions
Genetics-Advanced_Molecular_Techniques__Recombinant_DNA_technology__Microarray__CRISPR__Lac_operon
Genetics-DNA_and_Chromosome_Biochemistry__Structure__Replication__and_Repair
Genetics-PCR
Genetics-Previous_Year_Questions
Genetics-RNA_Transcription__Genetic_code_mutation__Translation_inhibitors
Heme_Metabolism-Previous_Year_Questions
Heme_Synthesis-Heme_Synthesis_and_Porphyrias
Heme_Synthesis-Previous_Year_Questions
Introduction-Previous_Year_Questions
Lipid_Chemistry-Cholesterol__Lipoproteins__and_Hypercholesterolemia
Lipid_Chemistry-Fatty_Acid_Synthesis_and_Oxidation
Lipid_Chemistry-Lipid_Chemistry
Lipid_Chemistry-Previous_Year_Questions
Lipid_Metabolism-Previous_Year_Questions
Minerals-Previous_Year_Questions
Miscellaneous-Previous_Year_Questions
Oxidative_Phosphorylation-Previous_Year_Questions
Vitamins-Fat-soluble_vitamins
Vitamins-Previous_Year_Questions
Vitamins-Water-Soluble_Vitamins__Roles__Deficiencies__and_Alcohol_Impact
<div class="bg-white rounded-lg shadow-md p-4 md:p-6"> <h2 class="text-xl font-semibold mb-4">Instructions</h2> <h4 class="text-gray-800 text-lg font-semibold mt-6 mb-4">Test Features:</h4> <ul class="space-y-3"> <li class="flex items-center gap-3"> <i class="fa-solid fa-circle-check text-green-500"></i> Multiple choice questions with single correct answers </li> <li class="flex items-center gap-3"> <i class="fa-solid fa-circle-check text-green-500"></i> Timer-based testing for realistic exam conditions </li> <li class="flex items-center gap-3"> <i class="fa-solid fa-circle-check text-green-500"></i> Mark questions for review functionality </li> <li class="flex items-center gap-3"> <i class="fa-solid fa-circle-check text-green-500"></i> Comprehensive results and performance analysis </li> <li class="flex items-center gap-3"> <i class="fa-solid fa-circle-check text-green-500"></i> Mobile-optimized interface for learning on-the-go </li> </ul> <div class="mt-6 flex space-x-4 button-group md:flex-row flex-col"> <button class="bg-[#2c5281] text-white px-6 py-2 rounded-lg hover:bg-[#2c5281] transition" id="start-test">Start Test</button> </div> <div class="error-message hidden" id="error-message"></div> </div> </section> <!-- Quiz Section --> <section class="container mx-auto px-4 md:px-6 pt-4 md:pt-6 pb-1 hidden section-transition" id="quiz"> <div class="bg-white rounded-lg shadow-md p-4 md:p-6"> <!-- Progress Bar --> <div class="w-full bg-gray-200 rounded-full h-3 mb-4"> <div class="progress-bar h-3 rounded-full" id="progress-bar" style="width: 0%"></div> </div> <!-- Question Header --> <div class="flex flex-col md:flex-row justify-between items-center mb-4"> <h2 class="text-lg font-semibold" id="question-number">Question <span>1</span> of 4</h2> <p class="text-lg font-semibold mt-2 md:mt-0" id="timer">Time Remaining: <span>00:00</span></p> </div> <!-- Question Content --> <div class="mb-6" id="question-content"> <p class="text-gray-800 mb-4" id="question-text"></p> <div class="flex flex-wrap gap-4 mb-4" id="question-images"></div> <div class="space-y-3" id="options"></div> </div> <!-- Navigation Buttons --> <div class="flex flex-col md:flex-row justify-between items-center gap-2 md:gap-4"> <div class="flex gap-2 w-full md:w-auto"> <button class="bg-[#2c5281] text-white px-4 py-3 w-full md:w-32 h-14 rounded-lg hover:bg-[#2c5281] transition" disabled="" id="previous-btn">Previous</button> <button class="bg-[#2c5281] text-white px-4 py-3 w-full md:w-32 h-14 rounded-lg hover:bg-[#2c5281] transition" id="next-btn">Next</button> </div> <div class="flex items-center gap-2"> <button class="bg-transparent text-gray-700 px-4 py-2 rounded-lg hover:bg-gray-100 transition flex items-center gap-1" id="mark-review"> Review <svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" class="h-5 w-5" viewBox="0 0 20 20" fill="currentColor"> <path d="M10 2a1 1 0 00-1 1v14l3.293-3.293a1 1 0 011.414 0L17 17V3a1 1 0 00-1-1H10z" /> </svg> </button> <button class="bg-transparent text-gray-700 px-4 py-2 rounded-lg hover:bg-gray-100 transition flex items-center gap-1" id="nav-toggle"> Question 🧭 </button> <button class="bg-green-500 text-white px-6 py-3 w-44 h-14 rounded-lg hover:bg-green-600 transition w-full md:w-auto" id="submit-test">Submit Test</button> </div> </div> </section> <!-- Results Section --> <section class="container mx-auto px-4 md:px-6 pt-4 md:pt-6 pb-1 hidden section-transition" id="results"> <div class="bg-white rounded-lg shadow-md p-4 md:p-6"> <h2 class="text-2xl font-semibold mb-4">Anaesthesia Machine - Results</h2> <div class="grid grid-cols-1 md:grid-cols-2 gap-4 mb-6"> <p><strong>Correct:</strong> <span id="correct-count" class="text-[#000000]">0</span></p> <p><strong>Wrong:</strong> <span id="wrong-count" class="text-[#000000]">0</span></p> <p><strong>Unanswered:</strong> <span id="unanswered-count" class="text-[#000000]-500">0</span></p> <p><strong>Marked for Review:</strong> <span id="marked-count" class="text-[#000000]">0</span></p> </div> <h3 class="text-lg font-semibold mb-4" id="result-question-number">Question <span>1</span> of 4</h3> <div class="space-y-6" id="results-content"></div> <div class="result-nav"> <button aria-label="Previous question result" class="result-nav-btn bg-[#2c5281] text-white px-6 py-2 rounded-lg hover:bg-[#2c5281] transition" disabled="" id="prev-result">Previous</button> <button aria-label="Toggle results navigation panel" class="result-nav-btn bg-[#2c5281] text-white px-6 py-2 rounded-lg hover:bg-[#2c5281] transition" id="results-nav-toggle">Result 🧭</button> <button aria-label="Next question result" class="result-nav-btn bg-[#2c5281] text-white px-6 py-2 rounded-lg hover:bg-[#2c5281] transition" id="next-result">Next</button> </div> <div class="mt-6 flex space-x-4 button-group md:flex-row flex-col"> <button class="bg-green-500 text-white px-6 py-2 rounded-lg hover:bg-green-600 transition" id="take-again">Take Again</button> </div> </div> </section> <!-- Exit Confirmation Modal --> <div class="fixed inset-0 bg-black bg-opacity-50 flex items-center justify-center hidden" id="exit-modal"> <div class="bg-white rounded-lg p-6 max-w-sm w-full"> <h2 class="text-xl font-semibold mb-4">Leave Test?</h2> <p class="text-gray-700 mb-4">Your progress will be lost if you leave this page. Are you sure you want to exit?</p> <div class="flex justify-end space-x-4"> <button class="bg-gray-300 text-gray-700 px-4 py-2 rounded-lg hover:bg-gray-400 transition" id="continue-test">No, Continue</button> <button class="bg-red-500 text-white px-4 py-2 rounded-lg hover:bg-red-600 transition" id="exit-test">Yes, Exit</button> </div> </div> </div> <!-- Submit Confirmation Modal --> <div class="fixed inset-0 bg-black bg-opacity-50 flex items-center justify-center hidden" id="submit-modal"> <div class="bg-white rounded-lg p-6 max-w-sm w-full"> <h2 class="text-xl font-semibold mb-4">Confirm Submission</h2> <p class="text-gray-700 mb-2">You have attempted <span id="attempted-count">0</span> of 5 questions.</p> <p class="text-gray-700 mb-4"><span id="unattempted-count">0</span> questions are unattempted.</p> <div class="flex justify-end space-x-4"> <button class="bg-gray-300 text-gray-700 px-4 py-2 rounded-lg hover:bg-gray-400 transition" id="cancel-submit">Cancel</button> <button class="bg-green-500 text-white px-4 py-2 rounded-lg hover:bg-green-600 transition" id="confirm-submit">Submit Test</button> </div> </div> </div> <!-- Quiz Navigation Panel --> <div class="fixed inset-y-0 right-0 nav-panel bg-white shadow-lg p-4 hidden overflow-y-auto" id="nav-panel"> <h2 class="text-lg font-semibold mb-4">Questions Navigation</h2> <div class="mb-4"> <select class="w-full p-2 border rounded-lg text-gray-700" id="nav-filter"> <option value="all">All Questions</option> <option value="answered">Answered</option> <option value="unanswered">Unanswered</option> <option value="marked">Marked for Review</option> </select> </div> <div class="grid grid-cols-5 gap-2 md:gap-3" id="nav-grid"></div> <button class="mt-4 bg-gray-500 text-white px-4 py-2 rounded-lg hover:bg-gray-600 transition w-full" id="close-nav">Close</button> </div> <!-- Results Navigation Panel --> <div class="fixed inset-y-0 right-0 results-nav-panel bg-white shadow-lg p-4 hidden overflow-y-auto" id="results-nav-panel"> <h2 class="text-lg font-semibold mb-4">Results Navigation</h2> <div class="mb-4"> <select class="w-full p-2 border rounded-lg text-gray-700" id="results-nav-filter"> <option value="all">All Questions</option> <option value="answered">Answered</option> <option value="unanswered">Unanswered</option> <option value="marked">Marked for Review</option> </select> </div> <div class="grid grid-cols-5 gap-2 md:gap-3" id="results-nav-grid"></div> <button class="mt-4 bg-gray-500 text-white px-4 py-2 rounded-lg hover:bg-gray-600 transition w-full" id="close-results-nav">Close</button> </div> <!-- JavaScript Logic --> <script> // Enable debug mode for detailed logging const DEBUG_MODE = true; // Log debug messages function debugLog(message) { if (DEBUG_MODE) { console.log(`[DEBUG] ${message}`); } } // Initialize questions with error handling let questions = []; let currentResultQuestion = 0; // State for current question in results try { debugLog("Attempting to parse questions_json"); questions = [{"text": "Which of the following is deficient in a patient with phenylketionuria with normal phenyl alanine hydroxylase levels?", "options": [{"label": "A", "text": "Tyrosine transaminase", "correct": false}, {"label": "B", "text": "Dopa decarboxylase", "correct": false}, {"label": "C", "text": "Tyrosine hydroxylase", "correct": false}, {"label": "D", "text": "Dihydrobiopterine reductase", "correct": true}], "correct_answer": "D. Dihydrobiopterine reductase", "question_images": [], "explanation_images": ["https://image.prepladder.com/content/B6nQ2M5vnP7lJOFsJiRv1724848454.png"], "explanation": "<p>Correct Option D - Dihydrobiopterine redu\n\n<p style='font-size: 10px; color: #808080; font-style: italic;'>@dams_new_robot</p>", "bot": "@dams_new_robot", "audio": "", "video": ""}, {"text": "A patient presents with dermatitis, dementia, and cognitive decline. Which micronutrient deficiency is most likely responsible?", "options": [{"label": "A", "text": "Niacin", "correct": false}, {"label": "B", "text": "Thiamine", "correct": false}, {"label": "C", "text": "Tryptophan", "correct": false}, {"label": "D", "text": "Riboflavin", "correct": true}], "correct_answer": "D. Riboflavin", "question_images": [], "explanation_images": ["https://image.prepladder.com/notes/FI0x8jLzyUiJr0AQuSJ51745228674.png"], "explanation": "\n\n\n<p style='font-size: 10px; color: #808080; font-style: italic;'>@dams_new_robot</p>", "bot": "@dams_new_robot", "audio": "", "video": ""}, {"text": "Which of the following post-translational modifications is common to collagen, hemoglobin, and immunoglobulins?", "options": [{"label": "A", "text": "Hydroxylation", "correct": false}, {"label": "B", "text": "Subunit aggregation", "correct": true}, {"label": "C", "text": "Poly A tail addition", "correct": false}, {"label": "D", "text": "DNA mismatch repair", "correct": false}], "correct_answer": "B. Subunit aggregation", "question_images": [], "explanation_images": [], "explanation": "\n\n<p style='font-size: 10px; color: #808080; font-style: italic;'>@dams_new_robot</p>", "bot": "@dams_new_robot", "audio": "", "video": ""}, {"text": "What is true about the Hayflick limit?", "options": [{"label": "A", "text": "Human cells can divide a finite number of times only", "correct": true}, {"label": "B", "text": "Free radical oxidation level is unrestricted", "correct": false}, {"label": "C", "text": "Telomerase activity is unrestricted", "correct": false}, {"label": "D", "text": "RNA polymerase can function for a finite number of time only", "correct": false}], "correct_answer": "A. Human cells can divide a finite number of times only", "question_images": [], "explanation_images": [], "explanation": "<p>Correct Answer A - Human cells can divide a finite number of times only.\n\n<p style='font-size: 10px; color: #808080; font-style: italic;'>@dams_new_robot</p>", "bot": "@dams_new_robot", "audio": "", "video": ""}, {"text": "A female patient presented with pain and redness in the great toe. The serum uric acid level is 9.4mg/dl. The physician prescribed a drug for the treatment. Which of the following enzyme is likely to be inhibited by this drug?", "options": [{"label": "A", "text": "Phosphoribosyl transferase", "correct": false}, {"label": "B", "text": "Thymidylate synthase", "correct": false}, {"label": "C", "text": "Xanthine oxidase", "correct": true}, {"label": "D", "text": "Dihydrofolate reductase", "correct": false}], "correct_answer": "C. Xanthine oxidase", "question_images": [], "explanation_images": [], "explanation": "\n\n<p style='font-size: 10px; color: #808080; font-style: italic;'>@dams_new_robot</p>", "bot": "@dams_new_robot", "audio": "", "video": ""}]; if (!Array.isArray(questions) || questions.length === 0) { throw new Error("Questions data is empty or invalid"); } debugLog(`Successfully parsed ${questions.length} questions`); } catch (e) { console.error("Failed to parse questions_json:", e); document.getElementById('error-message').innerHTML = "Error loading quiz data. Please check the console for details or contact support."; document.getElementById('error-message').classList.remove('hidden'); document.getElementById('start-test').disabled = true; // Fallback to sample questions for testing questions = [ { text: "What is 2 + 2?", options: [ { label: "A", text: "3", correct: false }, { label: "B", text: "4", correct: true }, { label: "C", text: "5", correct: false }, { label: "D", text: "6", correct: false } ], correct_answer: "B. 4", question_images: [], explanation_images: [], explanation: "<p>2 + 2 = 4</p><p>@dams_new_robot</p>", bot: "@dams_new_robot", audio: "", video: "" } ]; debugLog("Loaded fallback questions"); } // Quiz state let currentQuestion = 0; let answers = new Array(questions.length).fill(null); let markedForReview = new Array(questions.length).fill(false); let timeRemaining = 15 * 60; // Duration in seconds let timerInterval = null; const quizId = `{title.replace(/\s+/g, '_').toLowerCase()}`; // Unique ID for local storage // Load saved progress function loadProgress() { try { debugLog("Loading progress from localStorage"); const saved = localStorage.getItem(`quiz_${quizId}`); if (saved) { const { savedAnswers, savedMarked, savedTime } = JSON.parse(saved); answers = savedAnswers || answers; markedForReview = savedMarked || markedForReview; timeRemaining = savedTime !== undefined ? savedTime : timeRemaining; debugLog("Progress loaded successfully"); } else { debugLog("No saved progress found"); } } catch (e) { console.error("Error loading progress:", e); debugLog("Failed to load progress: " + e.message); } } // Save progress function saveProgress() { try { debugLog("Saving progress to localStorage"); localStorage.setItem(`quiz_${quizId}`, JSON.stringify({ savedAnswers: answers, savedMarked: markedForReview, savedTime: timeRemaining })); debugLog("Progress saved successfully"); } catch (e) { console.error("Error saving progress:", e); debugLog("Failed to save progress: " + e.message); } } // Initialize quiz function initQuiz() { try { debugLog("Initializing quiz"); loadProgress(); const startButton = document.getElementById('start-test'); if (!startButton) { throw new Error("Start test button not found"); } startButton.addEventListener('click', startQuiz); debugLog("Start test button listener attached"); document.getElementById('previous-btn').addEventListener('click', showPreviousQuestion); document.getElementById('next-btn').addEventListener('click', showNextQuestion); document.getElementById('mark-review').addEventListener('click', toggleMarkForReview); document.getElementById('nav-toggle').addEventListener('click', toggleNavPanel); document.getElementById('submit-test').addEventListener('click', showSubmitModal); document.getElementById('continue-test').addEventListener('click', closeExitModal); document.getElementById('exit-test').addEventListener('click', () => { debugLog("Exiting test"); localStorage.removeItem(`quiz_${quizId}`); window.location.reload(); }); document.getElementById('cancel-submit').addEventListener('click', closeSubmitModal); document.getElementById('confirm-submit').addEventListener('click', submitTest); document.getElementById('take-again').addEventListener('click', () => { debugLog("Restarting test"); localStorage.removeItem(`quiz_${quizId}`); window.location.reload(); }); document.getElementById('review-test').addEventListener('click', () => showResults(currentResultQuestion)); document.getElementById('close-nav').addEventListener('click', toggleNavPanel); document.getElementById('theme-toggle').addEventListener('click', toggleTheme); document.getElementById('nav-filter').addEventListener('change', updateNavPanel); document.getElementById('prev-result').addEventListener('click', showPreviousResult); document.getElementById('next-result').addEventListener('click', showNextResult); document.getElementById('results-nav-toggle').addEventListener('click', toggleResultsNavPanel); document.getElementById('close-results-nav').addEventListener('click', toggleResultsNavPanel); document.getElementById('results-nav-filter').addEventListener('change', updateResultsNavPanel); debugLog("Quiz initialized successfully"); } catch (e) { console.error("Failed to initialize quiz:", e); debugLog("Failed to initialize quiz: " + e.message); document.getElementById('error-message').innerHTML = "Error initializing quiz. Please check the console for details or contact support."; document.getElementById('error-message').classList.remove('hidden'); document.getElementById('start-test').disabled = true; } } // Start quiz function startQuiz() { try { debugLog("Starting quiz"); document.getElementById('instructions').classList.add('hidden'); document.getElementById('quiz').classList.remove('hidden'); showQuestion(currentQuestion); startTimer(); updateNavPanel(); debugLog("Quiz started successfully"); } catch (e) { console.error("Error starting quiz:", e); debugLog("Failed to start quiz: " + e.message); document.getElementById('error-message').innerHTML = "Error starting quiz. Please check the console for details or contact support."; document.getElementById('error-message').classList.remove('hidden'); document.getElementById('quiz').classList.add('hidden'); document.getElementById('instructions').classList.remove('hidden'); } } // Show question function showQuestion(index) { try { debugLog(`Showing question ${index + 1}`); currentQuestion = index; const q = questions[index]; if (!q) { throw new Error(`Question ${index} is undefined`); } document.getElementById('question-number').innerHTML = `Question <span>${index + 1}</span> of ${questions.length}`; document.getElementById('question-text').innerHTML = q.text || "No question text available"; const imagesDiv = document.getElementById('question-images'); imagesDiv.innerHTML = q.question_images && q.question_images.length > 0 ? q.question_images.map(url => `<img src="${url}" alt="Question Image" class="max-w-full h-auto rounded-lg">`).join('') : ''; const optionsDiv = document.getElementById('options'); optionsDiv.innerHTML = q.options && q.options.length > 0 ? q.options.map(opt => ` <button class="option-btn w-full text-left p-3 border rounded-lg ${answers[index] === opt.label ? 'selected' : ''}" onclick="selectOption(${index}, '${opt.label}')" aria-label="Option ${opt.label}: ${opt.text}"> ${opt.label}. ${opt.text} </button> `).join('') : '<p class="text-red-500">No options available</p>'; document.getElementById('previous-btn').disabled = index === 0; document.getElementById('next-btn').disabled = index === questions.length - 1; document.getElementById('mark-review').classList.toggle('marked', markedForReview[index]); updateProgressBar(); saveProgress(); window.scrollTo({ top: 0, behavior: 'smooth' }); debugLog(`Question ${index + 1} displayed successfully`); } catch (e) { console.error("Error displaying question:", e); debugLog("Failed to display question: " + e.message); } } // Select option function selectOption(index, label) { try { debugLog(`Selecting option ${label} for question ${index + 1}`); answers[index] = label; const optionsDiv = document.getElementById('options'); const optionButtons = optionsDiv.querySelectorAll('.option-btn'); optionButtons.forEach(btn => { const btnLabel = btn.textContent.trim().split('.')[0]; btn.classList.toggle('selected', btnLabel === label); }); updateNavPanel(); saveProgress(); debugLog(`Option ${label} selected for question ${index + 1}`); } catch (e) { console.error("Error selecting option:", e); debugLog("Failed to select option: " + e.message); } } // Toggle mark for review function toggleMarkForReview() { try { debugLog(`Toggling mark for review on question ${currentQuestion + 1}`); markedForReview[currentQuestion] = !markedForReview[currentQuestion]; document.getElementById('mark-review').classList.toggle('marked', markedForReview[currentQuestion]); updateNavPanel(); saveProgress(); debugLog(`Mark for review toggled for question ${currentQuestion + 1}`); } catch (e) { console.error("Error marking for review:", e); debugLog("Failed to mark for review: " + e.message); } } // Navigate to previous question function showPreviousQuestion() { try { debugLog(`Navigating to previous question from ${currentQuestion + 1}`); if (currentQuestion > 0) { currentQuestion--; showQuestion(currentQuestion); } } catch (e) { console.error("Error navigating to previous question:", e); debugLog("Failed to navigate to previous question: " + e.message); } } // Navigate to next question function showNextQuestion() { try { debugLog(`Navigating to next question from ${currentQuestion + 1}`); if (currentQuestion < questions.length - 1) { currentQuestion++; showQuestion(currentQuestion); } } catch (e) { console.error("Error navigating to next question:", e); debugLog("Failed to navigate to next question: " + e.message); } } // Handle question navigation click function handleQuestionNavClick(index) { try { debugLog(`Navigating to question ${index + 1} via nav panel`); showQuestion(index); toggleNavPanel(); } catch (e) { console.error("Error handling navigation click:", e); debugLog("Failed to navigate via nav panel: " + e.message); } } // Start timer function startTimer() { try { debugLog("Starting timer"); timerInterval = setInterval(() => { if (timeRemaining <= 0) { debugLog("Timer expired, submitting test"); clearInterval(timerInterval); submitTest(); } else { timeRemaining--; const minutes = Math.floor(timeRemaining / 60); const seconds = timeRemaining % 60; document.getElementById('timer').innerHTML = `Time Remaining: <span>${minutes.toString().padStart(2, '0')}:${seconds.toString().padStart(2, '0')}</span>`; saveProgress(); } }, 1000); debugLog("Timer started successfully"); } catch (e) { console.error("Error starting timer:", e); debugLog("Failed to start timer: " + e.message); } } // Update progress bar function updateProgressBar() { try { debugLog("Updating progress bar"); const progress = ((currentQuestion + 1) / questions.length) * 100; document.getElementById('progress-bar').style.width = `${progress}%`; debugLog("Progress bar updated"); } catch (e) { console.error("Error updating progress bar:", e); debugLog("Failed to update progress bar: " + e.message); } } // Update quiz navigation panel function updateNavPanel() { try { debugLog("Updating quiz navigation panel"); const filter = document.getElementById('nav-filter').value; const navGrid = document.getElementById('nav-grid'); navGrid.innerHTML = questions.map((_, i) => { if (filter === 'answered' && !answers[i]) return ''; if (filter === 'unanswered' && answers[i]) return ''; if (filter === 'marked' && !markedForReview[i]) return ''; return ` <button class="question-nav-btn ${answers[i] ? 'answered' : 'unanswered'} ${markedForReview[i] ? 'marked-nav' : ''}" onclick="handleQuestionNavClick(${i})" aria-label="Go to Question ${i + 1}"> ${i + 1} </button> `; }).join(''); debugLog("Quiz navigation panel updated"); } catch (e) { console.error("Error updating quiz navigation panel:", e); debugLog("Failed to update quiz navigation panel: " + e.message); } } // Update results navigation panel function updateResultsNavPanel() { try { debugLog("Updating results navigation panel"); const filter = document.getElementById('results-nav-filter').value; const navGrid = document.getElementById('results-nav-grid'); navGrid.innerHTML = questions.map((_, i) => { if (filter === 'answered' && !answers[i]) return ''; if (filter === 'unanswered' && answers[i]) return ''; if (filter === 'marked' && !markedForReview[i]) return ''; return ` <button class="result-nav-btn-grid ${answers[i] ? 'answered' : 'unanswered'} ${markedForReview[i] ? 'marked-nav' : ''}" onclick="handleResultNavClick(${i})" aria-label="Go to Result for Question ${i + 1}"> ${i + 1} </button> `; }).join(''); debugLog("Results navigation panel updated"); } catch (e) { console.error("Error updating results navigation panel:", e); debugLog("Failed to update results navigation panel: " + e.message); } } // Toggle quiz navigation panel function toggleNavPanel() { try { debugLog("Toggling quiz navigation panel"); const navPanel = document.getElementById('nav-panel'); navPanel.classList.toggle('hidden'); debugLog("Quiz navigation panel toggled"); } catch (e) { console.error("Error toggling quiz navigation panel:", e); debugLog("Failed to toggle quiz navigation panel: " + e.message); } } // Toggle results navigation panel function toggleResultsNavPanel() { try { debugLog("Toggling results navigation panel"); const resultsNavPanel = document.getElementById('results-nav-panel'); resultsNavPanel.classList.toggle('hidden'); if (!resultsNavPanel.classList.contains('hidden')) { updateResultsNavPanel(); } debugLog("Results navigation panel toggled"); } catch (e) { console.error("Error toggling results navigation panel:", e); debugLog("Failed to toggle results navigation panel: " + e.message); } } // Handle result navigation click function handleResultNavClick(index) { try { debugLog(`Navigating to result for question ${index + 1} via nav panel`); showResults(index); toggleResultsNavPanel(); } catch (e) { console.error("Error handling result navigation click:", e); debugLog("Failed to navigate to result: " + e.message); } } // Show submit modal function showSubmitModal() { try { debugLog("Showing submit modal"); const attempted = answers.filter(a => a !== null).length; document.getElementById('attempted-count').textContent = attempted; document.getElementById('unattempted-count').textContent = questions.length - attempted; document.getElementById('submit-modal').classList.remove('hidden'); debugLog("Submit modal displayed"); } catch (e) { console.error("Error showing submit modal:", e); debugLog("Failed to show submit modal: " + e.message); } } // Close submit modal function closeSubmitModal() { try { debugLog("Closing submit modal"); document.getElementById('submit-modal').classList.add('hidden'); debugLog("Submit modal closed"); } catch (e) { console.error("Error closing submit modal:", e); debugLog("Failed to close submit modal: " + e.message); } } // Close exit modal function closeExitModal() { try { debugLog("Closing exit modal"); document.getElementById('exit-modal').classList.add('hidden'); debugLog("Exit modal closed"); } catch (e) { console.error("Error closing exit modal:", e); debugLog("Failed to close exit modal: " + e.message); } } // Submit test function submitTest() { try { debugLog("Submitting test"); clearInterval(timerInterval); document.getElementById('quiz').classList.add('hidden'); document.getElementById('submit-modal').classList.add('hidden'); document.getElementById('results').classList.remove('hidden'); showResults(0); // Start with first question // Trigger confetti animation confetti({ particleCount: 100, spread: 70, origin: { y: 0.6 } }); localStorage.removeItem(`quiz_${quizId}`); debugLog("Test submitted successfully"); } catch (e) { console.error("Error submitting test:", e); debugLog("Failed to submit test: " + e.message); } } // Show result for a single question function showResults(index) { try { debugLog(`Showing result for question ${index + 1}`); currentResultQuestion = index; let correct = 0, wrong = 0, unanswered = 0, marked = 0; answers.forEach((answer, i) => { const isCorrect = answer && questions[i].options.find(opt => opt.label === answer)?.correct; if (answer === null) unanswered++; else if (isCorrect) correct++; else wrong++; if (markedForReview[i]) marked++; }); const q = questions[index]; if (!q) { throw new Error(`Question ${index} is undefined`); } const userAnswer = answers[index]; const isCorrect = userAnswer && q.options.find(opt => opt.label === userAnswer)?.correct; const resultsContent = document.getElementById('results-content'); resultsContent.innerHTML = ` <div class="border p-4 rounded-lg ${isCorrect ? 'bg-green-50' : userAnswer ? 'bg-red-50' : 'bg-gray-50'}"> <p class="font-semibold">Question ${index + 1}: ${q.text || 'No question text'}</p> ${q.question_images && q.question_images.length > 0 ? q.question_images.map(url => `<img src="${url}" alt="Question Image" class="max-w-full h-auto rounded-lg my-2">`).join('') : ''} <p><strong>Your Answer:</strong> ${userAnswer ? `${userAnswer}. ${q.options.find(opt => opt.label === userAnswer)?.text || 'Invalid option'}` : 'Unanswered'}</p> <p><strong>Correct Answer:</strong> ${q.correct_answer || 'Unknown'}</p> <div class="mt-2">${q.explanation || 'No explanation available'}</div> ${q.explanation_images && q.explanation_images.length > 0 ? q.explanation_images.map(url => `<img src="${url}" alt="Explanation Image" class="max-w-full h-auto rounded-lg my-2">`).join('') : ''} ${q.video ? ` <button class="play-video bg-blue-500 text-white px-4 py-2 rounded-lg mt-2" onclick="loadVideo(this, '${q.video}', 'video-${index}')" aria-label="Play explanation video for Question ${index + 1}"> Play Video Explanation </button> <div id="video-${index}" class="video-container mt-2"></div> ` : '<p class="text-gray-500 mt-2">No video available</p>'} ${q.audio ? ` <button class="play-audio bg-blue-500 text-white px-4 py-2 rounded-lg mt-2" onclick="loadAudio(this, '${q.audio}', 'audio-${index}')" aria-label="Play audio explanation for Question ${index + 1}"> Play Audio Explanation </button> <div id="audio-${index}" class="audio-container mt-2"></div> ` : ''} </div> `; document.getElementById('correct-count').textContent = correct; document.getElementById('wrong-count').textContent = wrong; document.getElementById('unanswered-count').textContent = unanswered; document.getElementById('marked-count').textContent = marked; document.getElementById('result-question-number').innerHTML = `Question <span>${index + 1}</span> of ${questions.length}`; document.getElementById('prev-result').disabled = index === 0; document.getElementById('next-result').disabled = index === questions.length - 1; updateResultsNavPanel(); window.scrollTo({ top: 0, behavior: 'smooth' }); debugLog(`Result for question ${index + 1} displayed successfully`); } catch (e) { console.error("Error displaying result:", e); debugLog("Failed to display result: " + e.message); } } // Navigate to previous result function showPreviousResult() { try { debugLog(`Navigating to previous result from question ${currentResultQuestion + 1}`); if (currentResultQuestion > 0) { showResults(currentResultQuestion - 1); } } catch (e) { console.error("Error navigating to previous result:", e); debugLog("Failed to navigate to previous result: " + e.message); } } // Navigate to next result function showNextResult() { try { debugLog(`Navigating to next result from question ${currentResultQuestion + 1}`); if (currentResultQuestion < questions.length - 1) { showResults(currentResultQuestion + 1); } } catch (e) { console.error("Error navigating to next result:", e); debugLog("Failed to navigate to next result: " + e.message); } } // Lazy-load video function loadVideo(button, videoUrl, containerId) { try { debugLog(`Loading video for ${containerId}: ${videoUrl}`); if (!videoUrl) { const container = document.getElementById(containerId); container.innerHTML = `<p class="text-gray-500">No video available</p>`; button.remove(); debugLog("No video URL provided"); return; } const container = document.getElementById(containerId); container.innerHTML = ` <div class="video-loading"></div> <video controls class="w-full max-w-[600px] rounded-lg" preload="metadata" aria-label="Video explanation"> <source src="${videoUrl}" type="${videoUrl.endsWith('.m3u8') ? 'application/x-mpegURL' : 'video/mp4'}"> Your browser does not support the video tag. </video> `; container.classList.add('active'); button.remove(); // Initialize HLS.js for .m3u8 videos const video = container.querySelector('video'); if (videoUrl.endsWith('.m3u8') && Hls.isSupported()) { const hls = new Hls(); hls.loadSource(videoUrl); hls.attachMedia(video); hls.on(Hls.Events.ERROR, (event, data) => { console.error("HLS.js error:", data); container.innerHTML = `<p class="text-red-500">Error loading video. <a href="${videoUrl}" target="_blank" aria-label="Open video in new tab">Open video</a></p>`; debugLog("HLS.js error: " + JSON.stringify(data)); }); } else if (videoUrl.endsWith('.m3u8') && video.canPlayType('application/vnd.apple.mpegurl')) { video.src = videoUrl; } // Handle video load errors video.onerror = () => { console.error("Video load error for URL:", videoUrl); container.innerHTML = `<p class="text-red-500">Error loading video. <a href="${videoUrl}" target="_blank" aria-label="Open video in new tab">Open video</a></p>`; debugLog("Video load error for URL: " + videoUrl); }; // Remove loading spinner when video is ready video.onloadedmetadata = () => { container.querySelector('.video-loading').remove(); debugLog("Video loaded successfully"); }; } catch (e) { console.error("Error loading video:", e); debugLog("Failed to load video: " + e.message); const container = document.getElementById(containerId); container.innerHTML = `<p class="text-red-500">Error loading video. <a href="${videoUrl}" target="_blank" aria-label="Open video in new tab">Open video</a></p>`; } } // Lazy-load audio function loadAudio(button, audioUrl, containerId) { try { debugLog(`Loading audio for ${containerId}: ${audioUrl}`); if (!audioUrl) { const container = document.getElementById(containerId); container.innerHTML = `<p class="text-gray-500">No audio available</p>`; button.remove(); debugLog("No audio URL provided"); return; } const container = document.getElementById(containerId); container.innerHTML = ` <audio controls class="w-full max-w-[600px]" preload="metadata" aria-label="Audio explanation"> <source src="${audioUrl}" type="audio/mpeg"> Your browser does not support the audio tag. </audio> `; container.classList.add('active'); button.remove(); // Handle audio load errors const audio = container.querySelector('audio'); audio.onerror = () => { console.error("Audio load error for URL:", audioUrl); container.innerHTML = `<p class="text-red-500">Error loading audio. <a href="${audioUrl}" target="_blank" aria-label="Open audio in new tab">Open audio</a></p>`; debugLog("Audio load error for URL: " + audioUrl); }; debugLog("Audio loaded successfully"); } catch (e) { console.error("Error loading audio:", e); debugLog("Failed to load audio: " + e.message); const container = document.getElementById(containerId); container.innerHTML = `<p class="text-red-500">Error loading audio. <a href="${audioUrl}" target="_blank" aria-label="Open audio in new tab">Open audio</a></p>`; } } // Toggle dark mode function toggleTheme() { try { debugLog("Toggling theme"); document.documentElement.classList.toggle('dark'); localStorage.setItem('theme', document.documentElement.classList.contains('dark') ? 'dark' : 'light'); debugLog("Theme toggled successfully"); } catch (e) { console.error("Error toggling theme:", e); debugLog("Failed to toggle theme: " + e.message); } } // Load theme preference function loadTheme() { try { debugLog("Loading theme preference"); const theme = localStorage.getItem('theme'); if (theme === 'dark') { document.documentElement.classList.add('dark'); } debugLog("Theme loaded successfully"); } catch (e) { console.error("Error loading theme:", e); debugLog("Failed to load theme: " + e.message); } } // Initialize on DOM content loaded window.addEventListener('DOMContentLoaded', () => { try { debugLog("DOM content loaded, initializing quiz"); loadTheme(); initQuiz(); } catch (e) { console.error("Error during DOMContentLoaded:", e); debugLog("Failed to initialize on DOMContentLoaded: " + e.message); document.getElementById('error-message').innerHTML = "Error initializing quiz. Please check the console for details or contact support."; document.getElementById('error-message').classList.remove('hidden'); } }); </script> </body> </html>" frameborder="0" width="100%" height="2000px">
<div class="bg-white rounded-lg shadow-md p-4 md:p-6"> <h2 class="text-xl font-semibold mb-4">Instructions</h2> <h4 class="text-gray-800 text-lg font-semibold mt-6 mb-4">Test Features:</h4> <ul class="space-y-3"> <li class="flex items-center gap-3"> <i class="fa-solid fa-circle-check text-green-500"></i> Multiple choice questions with single correct answers </li> <li class="flex items-center gap-3"> <i class="fa-solid fa-circle-check text-green-500"></i> Timer-based testing for realistic exam conditions </li> <li class="flex items-center gap-3"> <i class="fa-solid fa-circle-check text-green-500"></i> Mark questions for review functionality </li> <li class="flex items-center gap-3"> <i class="fa-solid fa-circle-check text-green-500"></i> Comprehensive results and performance analysis </li> <li class="flex items-center gap-3"> <i class="fa-solid fa-circle-check text-green-500"></i> Mobile-optimized interface for learning on-the-go </li> </ul> <div class="mt-6 flex space-x-4 button-group md:flex-row flex-col"> <button class="bg-[#2c5281] text-white px-6 py-2 rounded-lg hover:bg-[#2c5281] transition" id="start-test">Start Test</button> </div> <div class="error-message hidden" id="error-message"></div> </div> </section> <!-- Quiz Section --> <section class="container mx-auto px-4 md:px-6 pt-4 md:pt-6 pb-1 hidden section-transition" id="quiz"> <div class="bg-white rounded-lg shadow-md p-4 md:p-6"> <!-- Progress Bar --> <div class="w-full bg-gray-200 rounded-full h-3 mb-4"> <div class="progress-bar h-3 rounded-full" id="progress-bar" style="width: 0%"></div> </div> <!-- Question Header --> <div class="flex flex-col md:flex-row justify-between items-center mb-4"> <h2 class="text-lg font-semibold" id="question-number">Question <span>1</span> of 4</h2> <p class="text-lg font-semibold mt-2 md:mt-0" id="timer">Time Remaining: <span>00:00</span></p> </div> <!-- Question Content --> <div class="mb-6" id="question-content"> <p class="text-gray-800 mb-4" id="question-text"></p> <div class="flex flex-wrap gap-4 mb-4" id="question-images"></div> <div class="space-y-3" id="options"></div> </div> <!-- Navigation Buttons --> <div class="flex flex-col md:flex-row justify-between items-center gap-2 md:gap-4"> <div class="flex gap-2 w-full md:w-auto"> <button class="bg-[#2c5281] text-white px-4 py-3 w-full md:w-32 h-14 rounded-lg hover:bg-[#2c5281] transition" disabled="" id="previous-btn">Previous</button> <button class="bg-[#2c5281] text-white px-4 py-3 w-full md:w-32 h-14 rounded-lg hover:bg-[#2c5281] transition" id="next-btn">Next</button> </div> <div class="flex items-center gap-2"> <button class="bg-transparent text-gray-700 px-4 py-2 rounded-lg hover:bg-gray-100 transition flex items-center gap-1" id="mark-review"> Review <svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" class="h-5 w-5" viewBox="0 0 20 20" fill="currentColor"> <path d="M10 2a1 1 0 00-1 1v14l3.293-3.293a1 1 0 011.414 0L17 17V3a1 1 0 00-1-1H10z" /> </svg> </button> <button class="bg-transparent text-gray-700 px-4 py-2 rounded-lg hover:bg-gray-100 transition flex items-center gap-1" id="nav-toggle"> Question 🧭 </button> <button class="bg-green-500 text-white px-6 py-3 w-44 h-14 rounded-lg hover:bg-green-600 transition w-full md:w-auto" id="submit-test">Submit Test</button> </div> </div> </section> <!-- Results Section --> <section class="container mx-auto px-4 md:px-6 pt-4 md:pt-6 pb-1 hidden section-transition" id="results"> <div class="bg-white rounded-lg shadow-md p-4 md:p-6"> <h2 class="text-2xl font-semibold mb-4">Anaesthesia Machine - Results</h2> <div class="grid grid-cols-1 md:grid-cols-2 gap-4 mb-6"> <p><strong>Correct:</strong> <span id="correct-count" class="text-[#000000]">0</span></p> <p><strong>Wrong:</strong> <span id="wrong-count" class="text-[#000000]">0</span></p> <p><strong>Unanswered:</strong> <span id="unanswered-count" class="text-[#000000]-500">0</span></p> <p><strong>Marked for Review:</strong> <span id="marked-count" class="text-[#000000]">0</span></p> </div> <h3 class="text-lg font-semibold mb-4" id="result-question-number">Question <span>1</span> of 4</h3> <div class="space-y-6" id="results-content"></div> <div class="result-nav"> <button aria-label="Previous question result" class="result-nav-btn bg-[#2c5281] text-white px-6 py-2 rounded-lg hover:bg-[#2c5281] transition" disabled="" id="prev-result">Previous</button> <button aria-label="Toggle results navigation panel" class="result-nav-btn bg-[#2c5281] text-white px-6 py-2 rounded-lg hover:bg-[#2c5281] transition" id="results-nav-toggle">Result 🧭</button> <button aria-label="Next question result" class="result-nav-btn bg-[#2c5281] text-white px-6 py-2 rounded-lg hover:bg-[#2c5281] transition" id="next-result">Next</button> </div> <div class="mt-6 flex space-x-4 button-group md:flex-row flex-col"> <button class="bg-green-500 text-white px-6 py-2 rounded-lg hover:bg-green-600 transition" id="take-again">Take Again</button> </div> </div> </section> <!-- Exit Confirmation Modal --> <div class="fixed inset-0 bg-black bg-opacity-50 flex items-center justify-center hidden" id="exit-modal"> <div class="bg-white rounded-lg p-6 max-w-sm w-full"> <h2 class="text-xl font-semibold mb-4">Leave Test?</h2> <p class="text-gray-700 mb-4">Your progress will be lost if you leave this page. Are you sure you want to exit?</p> <div class="flex justify-end space-x-4"> <button class="bg-gray-300 text-gray-700 px-4 py-2 rounded-lg hover:bg-gray-400 transition" id="continue-test">No, Continue</button> <button class="bg-red-500 text-white px-4 py-2 rounded-lg hover:bg-red-600 transition" id="exit-test">Yes, Exit</button> </div> </div> </div> <!-- Submit Confirmation Modal --> <div class="fixed inset-0 bg-black bg-opacity-50 flex items-center justify-center hidden" id="submit-modal"> <div class="bg-white rounded-lg p-6 max-w-sm w-full"> <h2 class="text-xl font-semibold mb-4">Confirm Submission</h2> <p class="text-gray-700 mb-2">You have attempted <span id="attempted-count">0</span> of 21 questions.</p> <p class="text-gray-700 mb-4"><span id="unattempted-count">0</span> questions are unattempted.</p> <div class="flex justify-end space-x-4"> <button class="bg-gray-300 text-gray-700 px-4 py-2 rounded-lg hover:bg-gray-400 transition" id="cancel-submit">Cancel</button> <button class="bg-green-500 text-white px-4 py-2 rounded-lg hover:bg-green-600 transition" id="confirm-submit">Submit Test</button> </div> </div> </div> <!-- Quiz Navigation Panel --> <div class="fixed inset-y-0 right-0 nav-panel bg-white shadow-lg p-4 hidden overflow-y-auto" id="nav-panel"> <h2 class="text-lg font-semibold mb-4">Questions Navigation</h2> <div class="mb-4"> <select class="w-full p-2 border rounded-lg text-gray-700" id="nav-filter"> <option value="all">All Questions</option> <option value="answered">Answered</option> <option value="unanswered">Unanswered</option> <option value="marked">Marked for Review</option> </select> </div> <div class="grid grid-cols-5 gap-2 md:gap-3" id="nav-grid"></div> <button class="mt-4 bg-gray-500 text-white px-4 py-2 rounded-lg hover:bg-gray-600 transition w-full" id="close-nav">Close</button> </div> <!-- Results Navigation Panel --> <div class="fixed inset-y-0 right-0 results-nav-panel bg-white shadow-lg p-4 hidden overflow-y-auto" id="results-nav-panel"> <h2 class="text-lg font-semibold mb-4">Results Navigation</h2> <div class="mb-4"> <select class="w-full p-2 border rounded-lg text-gray-700" id="results-nav-filter"> <option value="all">All Questions</option> <option value="answered">Answered</option> <option value="unanswered">Unanswered</option> <option value="marked">Marked for Review</option> </select> </div> <div class="grid grid-cols-5 gap-2 md:gap-3" id="results-nav-grid"></div> <button class="mt-4 bg-gray-500 text-white px-4 py-2 rounded-lg hover:bg-gray-600 transition w-full" id="close-results-nav">Close</button> </div> <!-- JavaScript Logic --> <script> // Enable debug mode for detailed logging const DEBUG_MODE = true; // Log debug messages function debugLog(message) { if (DEBUG_MODE) { console.log(`[DEBUG] ${message}`); } } // Initialize questions with error handling let questions = []; let currentResultQuestion = 0; // State for current question in results try { debugLog("Attempting to parse questions_json"); questions = [{"text": "Which of the following options is false in a patient with advanced liver disease?", "options": [{"label": "A", "text": "Hyperammonemia", "correct": false}, {"label": "B", "text": "Decreased ATP synthesis", "correct": false}, {"label": "C", "text": "Oxidative carboxylation of alpha-ketoglutarate", "correct": true}, {"label": "D", "text": "Increased synthesis of glutamine and glutamine from alpha-ketoglutarate", "correct": false}], "correct_answer": "C. Oxidative carboxylation of alpha-ketoglutarate", "question_images": [], "explanation_images": ["https://image.prepladder.com/notes/xSULnl3uPN9NuuhruB4V1747045324.png"], "explanation": "<table border=\"1\" cellpadding=\"1\" cellspacing=\"1\" style=\"width:100%\">\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<td colspan=\"2\"><strong>Transamination Process</strong></td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td colspan=\"2\">\n<ul>\n<li>Transfer of an α-amino group from an <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"543f207eb51692777181723491a358\">amino</span> acid to one keto acid, producing a new α-keto acid and a new <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"543f207eb51692777181723491a358\">amino</span> acid.</li>\n<li>The first step is the <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"67f82f0d211692777183f709777947\">catabolism</span> of most <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"543f207eb51692777181723491a358\">amino</span> acids.</li>\n<li>All <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"543f207eb51692777181723491a358\">amino</span> acids, <strong>except Proline, hydroxyproline, threonine, and lysine, participate in transamination</strong>.</li>\n</ul>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid black; border-left:1px solid black; border-right:1px solid black; border-top:1px solid black; height:20px; width:137px\">\n<p><strong>Biological Importance</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid black; border-left:none; border-right:1px solid black; border-top:1px solid black; height:20px; vertical-align:top; width:610px\">\n<p><strong>Amino Acid Interconversion: </strong>Maintains balance of non-essential <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"543f207eb51692777181723491a358\">amino</span> acids by transferring <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"543f207eb51692777181723491a358\">amino</span> groups to synthesise needed <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"543f207eb51692777181723491a358\">amino</span> acids.</p>\n<p><strong>Ammonia Disposal: </strong>Detoxifies <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"edbc0adbb31692777181ed0ee792d4\">ammonia</span> by funnelling <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"543f207eb51692777181723491a358\">amino</span> groups into glutamate, which is deaminated in the liver for excretion.</p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid black; border-left:1px solid black; border-right:1px solid black; border-top:1px solid black; height:20px; width:137px\"><strong>Glutamate's Role</strong></td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid black; border-left:none; border-right:1px solid black; border-top:1px solid black; height:20px; vertical-align:top; width:610px\">\n<p><strong>α-Ketoglutarate:</strong> Acts as an <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"138fddb804169277718051e3eab3a4\">acceptor</span> of <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"543f207eb51692777181723491a358\">amino</span> groups from most <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"543f207eb51692777181723491a358\">amino</span> acids, converting to glutamate.<br/>\n\t\t\tTransamination occurs in the cytoplasm; the <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"543f207eb51692777181723491a358\">amino</span> group is transported to the liver as glutamate.</p>\n<strong>Oxidative Deamination:</strong> <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"ada5fcf7e416927771886ff24152ff\">Glutamate</span> undergoes rapid <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"60d563fe241692777194203742bf5b\">oxidative</span> <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"f325f24ae91692777185c749a7d0d2\">deamination</span> in the <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"18c9e7b9721692777192bd042528cc\">mitochondria</span> to <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"a1b06f401f1692777203a53393ba98\">form</span> α-ketoglutarate, which can accept another <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"543f207eb51692777181723491a358\">amino</span> group.</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid black; border-left:1px solid black; border-right:1px solid black; border-top:1px solid black; height:20px; width:137px\"><strong>Enzymes</strong></td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid black; border-left:none; border-right:1px solid black; border-top:1px solid black; height:20px; vertical-align:top; width:610px\">\n<p><strong>Aminotransferases (Transaminases):</strong> Catalyse the transfer of <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"543f207eb51692777181723491a358\">amino</span> groups between carbon skeletons. They are not coenzymes.</p>\n<p><strong>Alanine <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"c011dc417616927771816fef085ce1\">Aminotransferase</span> (ALT):</strong> Transfers <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"543f207eb51692777181723491a358\">amino</span> group from <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"7f4e6edbc91692777181c6fa295ae7\">alanine</span> to α-ketoglutarate, forming <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"f9129e152d16927771960c4ccc40bc\">pyruvate</span> and glutamate.</p>\n<strong>Aspartate <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"c011dc417616927771816fef085ce1\">Aminotransferase</span> (AST):</strong> Transfers <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"543f207eb51692777181723491a358\">amino</span> groups from <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"ada5fcf7e416927771886ff24152ff\">glutamate</span> to oxaloacetate, forming <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"3d988dbcc816927771821e9a2544f7\">aspartate</span> used in the <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"38d4be106e169277720105b006c26b\">urea</span> cycle.</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid black; border-left:1px solid black; border-right:1px solid black; border-top:1px solid black; height:20px; width:137px\"><strong>Coenzyme</strong></td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid black; border-left:none; border-right:1px solid black; border-top:1px solid black; height:20px; vertical-align:top; width:610px\"><strong>Pyridoxal Phosphate (PLP):</strong> Required by all aminotransferases, derived from vitamin B6.</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid black; border-left:1px solid black; border-right:1px solid black; border-top:1px solid black; height:20px; width:137px\"><strong>Reversibility</strong></td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid black; border-left:none; border-right:1px solid black; border-top:1px solid black; height:20px; vertical-align:top; width:610px\">Transamination reactions are reversible, with <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"d52b8551541692777187be85e4bb2f\">equilibrium</span> constants near 1.</td>\n</tr>\n</tbody>\n\n<table cellspacing=\"0\" style=\"border-collapse:collapse; width:576px\">\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid black; border-left:1px solid black; border-right:1px solid black; border-top:1px solid black; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Activators of GDH</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid black; border-left:none; border-right:1px solid black; border-top:1px solid black; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Inhibitors of GDH</p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid black; border-left:1px solid black; border-right:1px solid black; border-top:none; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>NAD</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid black; border-left:none; border-right:1px solid black; border-top:none; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>ATP</p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid black; border-left:1px solid black; border-right:1px solid black; border-top:none; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>ADP</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid black; border-left:none; border-right:1px solid black; border-top:none; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>GTP</p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid black; border-left:1px solid black; border-right:1px solid black; border-top:none; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>GDP</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid black; border-left:none; border-right:1px solid black; border-top:none; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>NADH</p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n</tbody>\n\n\n<p style='font-size: 10px; color: #808080; font-style: italic;'>@dams_new_robot</p>", "bot": "@dams_new_robot", "audio": "", "video": ""}, {"text": "All of the following are lipotropic factors except?", "options": [{"label": "A", "text": "Choline", "correct": false}, {"label": "B", "text": "Lecithine", "correct": false}, {"label": "C", "text": "Arginine", "correct": true}, {"label": "D", "text": "Methionine", "correct": false}], "correct_answer": "C. Arginine", "question_images": [], "explanation_images": [], "explanation": "\n\n<p style='font-size: 10px; color: #808080; font-style: italic;'>@dams_new_robot</p>", "bot": "@dams_new_robot", "audio": "", "video": ""}, {"text": "A patient came to the hospital with a complaint of abdominal pain. Routine investigations were unremarkable. On observation, the urine turned black on standing. Which of the following enzymes is likely to be defective in this patient?", "options": [{"label": "A", "text": "Homogentisate oxidase", "correct": true}, {"label": "B", "text": "Xanthine oxidase", "correct": false}, {"label": "C", "text": "Phenylalanine hydroxylase", "correct": false}, {"label": "D", "text": "Dihydric orotate dehydrogenase", "correct": false}], "correct_answer": "A. Homogentisate oxidase", "question_images": [], "explanation_images": [], "explanation": "\n\n<p style='font-size: 10px; color: #808080; font-style: italic;'>@dams_new_robot</p>", "bot": "@dams_new_robot", "audio": "", "video": ""}, {"text": "In a patient with obstructive jaundice, which of the following outcomes may be observed in Van der Bergh's reaction?", "options": [{"label": "A", "text": "Direct positive", "correct": true}, {"label": "B", "text": "Indirect positive", "correct": false}, {"label": "C", "text": "Both positive", "correct": false}, {"label": "D", "text": "Coproporphyrin", "correct": false}], "correct_answer": "A. Direct positive", "question_images": [], "explanation_images": [], "explanation": "\n\n<p style='font-size: 10px; color: #808080; font-style: italic;'>@dams_new_robot</p>", "bot": "@dams_new_robot", "audio": "", "video": ""}, {"text": "Nitric oxide is synthesized from:", "options": [{"label": "A", "text": "L-Arginine", "correct": true}, {"label": "B", "text": "L-Citrulline", "correct": false}, {"label": "C", "text": "Glycine", "correct": false}, {"label": "D", "text": "Lysine", "correct": false}], "correct_answer": "A. L-Arginine", "question_images": [], "explanation_images": [], "explanation": "\n\n<p style='font-size: 10px; color: #808080; font-style: italic;'>@dams_new_robot</p>", "bot": "@dams_new_robot", "audio": "", "video": ""}, {"text": "The maximum thermic effect is seen with a meal that has", "options": [{"label": "A", "text": "Protein", "correct": true}, {"label": "B", "text": "Fat", "correct": false}, {"label": "C", "text": "Carbohydrates", "correct": false}, {"label": "D", "text": "Mixed meal having all 3 in equal amount", "correct": false}], "correct_answer": "A. Protein", "question_images": [], "explanation_images": [], "explanation": "<p>Correct Answer A - P\n\n<p style='font-size: 10px; color: #808080; font-style: italic;'>@dams_new_robot</p>", "bot": "@dams_new_robot", "audio": "", "video": ""}, {"text": "The given chemical structure is of:", "options": [{"label": "A", "text": "Keratan sulfate", "correct": false}, {"label": "B", "text": "Chondroitin sulfate", "correct": true}, {"label": "C", "text": "Heparin", "correct": false}, {"label": "D", "text": "Dermatan sulfate", "correct": false}], "correct_answer": "B. Chondroitin sulfate", "question_images": ["https://image.prepladder.com/notes/9j6EADxBcJnDAhiBQp4T1746609517.png"], "explanation_images": ["https://image.prepladder.com/notes/9j6EADxBcJnDAhiBQp4T1746609517.png"], "explanation": "\n\n<p style='font-size: 10px; color: #808080; font-style: italic;'>@dams_new_robot</p>", "bot": "@dams_new_robot", "audio": "", "video": ""}, {"text": "Which of the following is not a true statement regarding telomerase?", "options": [{"label": "A", "text": "Has reverse transcriptase activity", "correct": false}, {"label": "B", "text": "Present only in Eukaryotes", "correct": false}, {"label": "C", "text": "Maintain the chromosome length", "correct": false}, {"label": "D", "text": "Involved in DNA repair", "correct": true}], "correct_answer": "D. Involved in DNA repair", "question_images": [], "explanation_images": [], "explanation": "\n\n<p style='font-size: 10px; color: #808080; font-style: italic;'>@dams_new_robot</p>", "bot": "@dams_new_robot", "audio": "", "video": ""}, {"text": "Ammonia in the brain is detoxified to form", "options": [{"label": "A", "text": "Urea", "correct": false}, {"label": "B", "text": "Glutamine", "correct": true}, {"label": "C", "text": "Ammonium ions", "correct": false}, {"label": "D", "text": "Alanine", "correct": false}], "correct_answer": "B. Glutamine", "question_images": [], "explanation_images": [], "explanation": "\n\n<p style='font-size: 10px; color: #808080; font-style: italic;'>@dams_new_robot</p>", "bot": "@dams_new_robot", "audio": "", "video": ""}, {"text": "A young girl presented to the OPD for an examination. She is tall and thin with slender fingers, and dislocated lenses. Workup revealed cystathione beta-synthase deficiency. Which amino acid supplement is required in this case?", "options": [{"label": "A", "text": "Cysteine", "correct": true}, {"label": "B", "text": "Methionine", "correct": false}, {"label": "C", "text": "Serine", "correct": false}, {"label": "D", "text": "Tyrosine", "correct": false}], "correct_answer": "A. Cysteine", "question_images": [], "explanation_images": [], "explanation": "<table cellspacing=\"0\" style=\"border-collapse:collapse\">\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><strong>Feature</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><strong>Type - I Homocystinuria</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><strong>Type - II Homocystinuria</strong></p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Enzyme Deficiency</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Cystathionine beta-synthase</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Methionine synthase</p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Metabolic <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"3aa5abc2fa169277719488e088076d\">Pathway</span> Affected</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Homocysteine to cystathionine</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Homocysteine to methionine</p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Elevated Metabolites</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Homocysteine and methionine</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Homocysteine and elevated levels of Cysteine</p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Biochemical Diagnosis</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<ul>\n<li>Low levels of cysteine.</li>\n<li>High levels of methionine.</li>\n</ul>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<ul>\n<li>High levels of cysteine.</li>\n<li>Low levels of methionine.</li>\n</ul>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Treatment</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<ul>\n<li>Vitamin B6 (pyridoxine) supplementation; low-methionine diet; <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"dabfa103741692777185dac756c49b\">cysteine</span> supplementation</li>\n</ul>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Vitamin B12 and <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"c66705291e1692777203ed3498a606\">folate</span> supplementation; low-methionine diet</p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n</tbody>\n\n\n<p style='font-size: 10px; color: #808080; font-style: italic;'>@dams_new_robot</p>", "bot": "@dams_new_robot", "audio": "", "video": ""}, {"text": "A patient presented with joint pain and on evaluation, urine turns black on standing. What is the likely enzyme deficiency?", "options": [{"label": "A", "text": "Homogentisic acid 1,2-dioxygenase", "correct": true}, {"label": "B", "text": "Tyrosine transaminase", "correct": false}, {"label": "C", "text": "Fumarylacetoacetase hydrolase", "correct": false}, {"label": "D", "text": "4-hydroxy-phenyl pyruvate dioxygenase", "correct": false}], "correct_answer": "A. Homogentisic acid 1,2-dioxygenase", "question_images": [], "explanation_images": ["https://image.prepladder.com/notes/XHzLH1Vp2kMlTWsrN0W31746430410.png", "https://image.prepladder.com/notes/Xi8qVjg1eAn9tJAZiSTT1746430481.png", "https://image.prepladder.com/notes/y2pVpUIp06MRlbm3zyAI1746430451.png"], "explanation": "<p>Correct Option A: Homogentisic acid 1,2-dioxygenase</p>\n<table cellspacing=\"0\" style=\"border-collapse:collapse\">\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>1. Homogentisic Aciduria</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Presence of <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"d442747c48169277718942db69fa7e\">homogentisic acid</span> in the urine, which turns dark upon standing or when exposed to air.</p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>2. Ochronosis</strong></p>\n<div style=\"text-align:center\">\n<figure class=\"caption_element\" style=\"display:inline-block\"><img alt=\"Ochronosis - Osler's Sign\" data-author=\"Andreas Wilke Dietmar Steverding\" data-hash=\"11741\" data-license=\"CC BY 2.0\" data-source=\"https://www.researchgate.net/figure/Ochronotic-pigment-on-the-sclera-of-the-eyes-of-the-patient_fig1_40900488\" data-tags=\"May2025\" height=\"108\" src=\"https://image.prepladder.com/notes/XHzLH1Vp2kMlTWsrN0W31746430410.png\" width=\"219\"/>\n<figcaption>{{caption_text}}</figcaption>\n</figure>\n</div>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Deposition of dark <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"05e2e2617c16927771952bcbeea08b\">pigment</span> in <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"67e237a57c16927771859803f93ab3\">connective</span> tissues, particularly noticeable in the ear cartilage, sclera, and other <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"67e237a57c16927771859803f93ab3\">connective</span> tissues, leading to a bluish-black discoloration.The image shows Osler’s sign.</p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>3. Arthropathy</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Degenerative joint disease, especially affecting the spine and large joints, leading to chronic pain and stiffness.</p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>4. <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"e1fb96fd2416927771830dfed40e14\">Cardiac</span> Involvement</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Includes <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"efba33a3fd1692777189906f884236\">heart valve</span> <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"a1ee14c673169277718351bfe6afd4\">calcification</span> and <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"2991baa5dd16927771828a23544924\">atherosclerosis</span> due to the deposition of <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"05e2e2617c16927771952bcbeea08b\">pigment</span> in <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"e1fb96fd2416927771830dfed40e14\">cardiac</span> tissues.</p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n</tbody>\n</table>\n<table cellspacing=\"0\" style=\"border-collapse:collapse\">\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p style=\"text-align:center\"><strong>Reaction</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p style=\"text-align:center\"><strong>Enzyme</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p style=\"text-align:center\"><strong>Associated Disorder</strong></p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Tyrosine → p-Hydroxyphenylpyruvate</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Tyrosine transaminase</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Tyrosinemia type II</p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>p-Hydroxyphenylpyruvate → Homogentisate</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>p-Hydroxyphenylpyruvate dioxygenase</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Tyrosinemia type III</p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Homogentisate → Maleylacetoacetate</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Homogentisate 1,2-dioxygenase</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Alkaptonuria</p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Maleylacetoacetate → Fumarylacetoacetate</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Maleylacetoacetate isomerase</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>-</p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Fumarylacetoacetate → Fumarate + Acetoacetate</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Fumarylacetoacetate hydrolase</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Tyrosinemia type I</p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n</tbody>\n\n\n<p style='font-size: 10px; color: #808080; font-style: italic;'>@dams_new_robot</p>", "bot": "@dams_new_robot", "audio": "", "video": ""}, {"text": "Which of the following does not contribute to the repair of DNA double-stranded breaks?", "options": [{"label": "A", "text": "ATP", "correct": true}, {"label": "B", "text": "RAD-51", "correct": false}, {"label": "C", "text": "ATM", "correct": false}, {"label": "D", "text": "Ku 70", "correct": false}], "correct_answer": "A. ATP", "question_images": [], "explanation_images": [], "explanation": "\n\n<p style='font-size: 10px; color: #808080; font-style: italic;'>@dams_new_robot</p>", "bot": "@dams_new_robot", "audio": "", "video": ""}, {"text": "Which of the following consumes the highest energy during assimilation?", "options": [{"label": "A", "text": "Proteins", "correct": true}, {"label": "B", "text": "Carbohydrates", "correct": false}, {"label": "C", "text": "Mono-unsaturated fatty acids", "correct": false}, {"label": "D", "text": "Polyunsaturated fatty acids", "correct": false}], "correct_answer": "A. Proteins", "question_images": [], "explanation_images": [], "explanation": "\n\n\n<p style='font-size: 10px; color: #808080; font-style: italic;'>@dams_new_robot</p>", "bot": "@dams_new_robot", "audio": "", "video": ""}, {"text": "Which enzyme is likely to be deficient in a 4-year-old child who presents with a habit of biting their lips and fingers, and has a missing portion of fingers on their left hand? Further evaluation shows delayed developmental milestones. The parents report that two male cousins on the mother's side have similar symptoms and have been diagnosed with a genetic disorder. Laboratory reports indicate hyperuricemia.", "options": [{"label": "A", "text": "Purine nucleoside phosphorylase", "correct": false}, {"label": "B", "text": "Hypoxanthine -guanine phosphoribosyl transferase.", "correct": true}, {"label": "C", "text": "Adenine phosphoribosyl transferase", "correct": false}, {"label": "D", "text": "Adenosine deaminase", "correct": false}], "correct_answer": "B. Hypoxanthine -guanine phosphoribosyl transferase.", "question_images": [], "explanation_images": ["https://image.prepladder.com/content/B91bsIcb1BI4AOCpCt7i1747901224.png"], "explanation": "\n\n<p style='font-size: 10px; color: #808080; font-style: italic;'>@dams_new_robot</p>", "bot": "@dams_new_robot", "audio": "", "video": ""}, {"text": "Which of the following is considered a universal methyl group donor in various biochemical reactions?", "options": [{"label": "A", "text": "Glucose-6-phosphate", "correct": false}, {"label": "B", "text": "Acetyl CoA", "correct": false}, {"label": "C", "text": "S-Adenosyl Methionine", "correct": true}, {"label": "D", "text": "S-Adenosyl Serine", "correct": false}], "correct_answer": "C. S-Adenosyl Methionine", "question_images": [], "explanation_images": [], "explanation": "\n\n<p style='font-size: 10px; color: #808080; font-style: italic;'>@dams_new_robot</p>", "bot": "@dams_new_robot", "audio": "", "video": ""}, {"text": "What is the enzyme that is responsible for the defect causing Maple syrup urine disease?", "options": [{"label": "A", "text": "Branched-chain a-ketoacid dehydrogenase", "correct": true}, {"label": "B", "text": "Isovaleryl CoA dehydrogenase", "correct": false}, {"label": "C", "text": "Pyruvate carboxylase", "correct": false}, {"label": "D", "text": "Acetyl CoA carboxylase", "correct": false}], "correct_answer": "A. Branched-chain a-ketoacid dehydrogenase", "question_images": [], "explanation_images": [], "explanation": "\n\n<p style='font-size: 10px; color: #808080; font-style: italic;'>@dams_new_robot</p>", "bot": "@dams_new_robot", "audio": "", "video": ""}, {"text": "In a patient with Maple Syrup Urine Disease (MSUD), all of the following amino acids should be restricted in diet except?", "options": [{"label": "A", "text": "Methionine", "correct": true}, {"label": "B", "text": "Valine", "correct": false}, {"label": "C", "text": "Leucine", "correct": false}, {"label": "D", "text": "Isoleucine", "correct": false}], "correct_answer": "A. Methionine", "question_images": [], "explanation_images": [], "explanation": "\n\n<p style='font-size: 10px; color: #808080; font-style: italic;'>@dams_new_robot</p>", "bot": "@dams_new_robot", "audio": "", "video": ""}, {"text": "Which of the following options best describes the mutation seen in patients with cystic fibrosis?", "options": [{"label": "A", "text": "Tryptophan at 708 position, chloride channel", "correct": false}, {"label": "B", "text": "Phenylalanine at 708 position, calcium channel", "correct": false}, {"label": "C", "text": "Phenylalanine at 508 position, chloride channel", "correct": true}, {"label": "D", "text": "Tryptophan at 508 position, calcium channel", "correct": false}], "correct_answer": "C. Phenylalanine at 508 position, chloride channel", "question_images": [], "explanation_images": [], "explanation": "\n\n<p style='font-size: 10px; color: #808080; font-style: italic;'>@dams_new_robot</p>", "bot": "@dams_new_robot", "audio": "", "video": ""}, {"text": "A 62-year-old male with CAD comes to the physician for a follow-up examination. His blood pressure is 130/80 mm Hg, height of 182 cm, weight of 85 kg, and a BMI of 25 kg/m². Serum studies show a glucose concentration of 95 mg/dL and homocysteine concentration of 19.3 μmol/L (N=5–15). Serum lipid concentrations are within the normal range. Which of the following enzyme deficiencies is most likely to be found in this patient?", "options": [{"label": "A", "text": "Homogentisate oxidase", "correct": false}, {"label": "B", "text": "Cystathionine beta synthase", "correct": true}, {"label": "C", "text": "Cystathionine gamma synthase", "correct": false}, {"label": "D", "text": "HGPRTase", "correct": false}], "correct_answer": "B. Cystathionine beta synthase", "question_images": [], "explanation_images": ["https://image.prepladder.com/content/KmURoxK8UtLRK9XmnTfu1746177699.png"], "explanation": "<table cellspacing=\"0\" style=\"border-collapse:collapse; width:635px\">\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid black; border-left:1px solid black; border-right:1px solid black; border-top:1px solid black; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Feature</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid black; border-left:none; border-right:1px solid black; border-top:1px solid black; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Type - I Homocystinuria</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid black; border-left:none; border-right:1px solid black; border-top:1px solid black; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Type - II Homocystinuria</strong></p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid black; border-left:1px solid black; border-right:1px solid black; border-top:none; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Enzyme Deficiency</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid black; border-left:none; border-right:1px solid black; border-top:none; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Cystathionine beta-synthase</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid black; border-left:none; border-right:1px solid black; border-top:none; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Methionine synthase</p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid black; border-left:1px solid black; border-right:1px solid black; border-top:none; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Metabolic <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"3aa5abc2fa169277719488e088076d\">Pathway</span> Affected</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid black; border-left:none; border-right:1px solid black; border-top:none; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Homocysteine to cystathionine</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid black; border-left:none; border-right:1px solid black; border-top:none; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Homocysteine to methionine</p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid black; border-left:1px solid black; border-right:1px solid black; border-top:none; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Elevated Metabolites</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid black; border-left:none; border-right:1px solid black; border-top:none; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Homocysteine and methionine</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid black; border-left:none; border-right:1px solid black; border-top:none; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Homocysteine and elevated levels of methionine</p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid black; border-left:1px solid black; border-right:1px solid black; border-top:none; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Biochemical Diagnosis</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid black; border-left:none; border-right:1px solid black; border-top:none; vertical-align:top\">\n<ul>\n<li>Low levels of cysteine.</li>\n<li>High levels of methionine.</li>\n</ul>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid black; border-left:none; border-right:1px solid black; border-top:none; vertical-align:top\">\n<ul>\n<li>High levels of cysteine.</li>\n<li>Low levels of methionine.</li>\n</ul>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid black; border-left:1px solid black; border-right:1px solid black; border-top:none; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Treatment</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid black; border-left:none; border-right:1px solid black; border-top:none; vertical-align:top\">\n<ul>\n<li>Vitamin B6 (pyridoxine) supplementation; low-methionine diet; <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"dabfa103741692777185dac756c49b\">cysteine</span> supplementation</li>\n</ul>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid black; border-left:none; border-right:1px solid black; border-top:none; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Vitamin B12 and <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"c66705291e1692777203ed3498a606\">folate</span> supplementation; low-methionine diet</p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n</tbody>\n\n\n<p style='font-size: 10px; color: #808080; font-style: italic;'>@dams_new_robot</p>", "bot": "@dams_new_robot", "audio": "", "video": ""}, {"text": "An infant is brought by his parents with complaints that his urine turns black on standing. Which of the following metabolic disorders is most likely?", "options": [{"label": "A", "text": "Phenylketonuria", "correct": false}, {"label": "B", "text": "Alkaptonuria", "correct": true}, {"label": "C", "text": "Homocystinuria", "correct": false}, {"label": "D", "text": "Maple syrup urine disease", "correct": false}], "correct_answer": "B. Alkaptonuria", "question_images": [], "explanation_images": [], "explanation": "<table cellspacing=\"0\" style=\"border-collapse:collapse; width:771px\">\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<td colspan=\"2\" style=\"border-bottom:1px solid black; border-left:1px solid black; border-right:1px solid black; border-top:1px solid black; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Alkaptonuria</strong></p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid black; border-left:1px solid black; border-right:1px solid black; border-top:none; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Definition</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid black; border-left:none; border-right:1px solid black; border-top:none; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Rare <strong>autosomal recessive</strong> genetic disorder caused by a <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"209b85faf71692777185767d43e3bd\">deficiency</span> of <strong>homogentisate 1,2 <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"fd6641649b16927771869679be8da7\">dioxygenase</span> (HGD)</strong>, an <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"0f160e4e42169277718771b715516a\">enzyme</span> in the<strong> tyrosine <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"5b1a045f5f169277719210c0ac7a1e\">metabolism</span> pathway.</strong></p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid black; border-left:1px solid black; border-right:1px solid black; border-top:none; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Mechanism and Pathophysiology</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid black; border-left:none; border-right:1px solid black; border-top:none; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Defective tyrosine <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"5b1a045f5f169277719210c0ac7a1e\">metabolism</span> → <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"d442747c48169277718942db69fa7e\">homogentisic acid</span> (HGA) accumulation → ochronotic <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"05e2e2617c16927771952bcbeea08b\">pigment</span> deposition → <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"8f2e7fd96116927771995b451b5c90\">systemic</span> disease (ochronosis).</p>\n<p> </p>\n<ul>\n<li>Deficiency: HGD fails to convert <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"c7e11ce205169277718921ef0ce2d1\">HGA</span> to maleylacetoacetate.</li>\n<li>Consequences:\n\t\t\t\t<ul>\n<li>HGA oxidizes into melanin-like polymers → <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"67e237a57c16927771859803f93ab3\">connective</span> tissue deposition (ochronosis).</li>\n<li>Affects joints, heart valves, kidneys, and vessels.</li>\n</ul>\n</li>\n</ul>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid black; border-left:1px solid black; border-right:1px solid black; border-top:none; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Clinical Features</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid black; border-left:none; border-right:1px solid black; border-top:none; vertical-align:top\">\n<ul>\n<li><strong>Triad: Homogentisic aciduria, ochronosis, ochronotic osteoarthropathy.</strong></li>\n<li><strong>Pediatric signs: Dark <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"0096f2a7631692777201eb9f21d5a7\">urine</span> (oxidized HGA).</strong></li>\n<li><strong>Musculoskeletal</strong>: <strong>Arthritis </strong>(spine, hips, knees), kyphoscoliosis, <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"d816ba952f1692777199fc69bd7c56\">spinal</span> stenosis.</li>\n<li><strong>Cardiac</strong>: A<strong>ortic stenosis, <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"d93de7238d16927771922b27cb6086\">mitral</span> <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"416dd1004a169277720177d9a6adc5\">valve</span> disease, <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"bc8bc758371692777185eff2ccabb7\">coronary</span> <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"a66cd3adaa1692777182e77cb23021\">artery</span> disease.</strong></li>\n<li><strong>Renal/Metabolic:</strong> <strong>Stones </strong>(renal, gallbladder, prostate).</li>\n<li><strong>Neurological</strong>: <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"255674f3271692777195c172d86daf\">Peripheral</span> neuropathy, stroke.</li>\n</ul>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid black; border-left:1px solid black; border-right:1px solid black; border-top:none; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Evaluation</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid black; border-left:none; border-right:1px solid black; border-top:none; vertical-align:top\">\n<ul>\n<li><strong>Clinical scoring: AKU Severity Score Index</strong> (AKUSSI).</li>\n<li><strong>Diagnostic tests:</strong>\n<ul>\n<li><strong>Gold standard: <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"0b72f5e96b16927772018dec8a87e2\">Urinary</span> <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"c7e11ce205169277718921ef0ce2d1\">HGA</span> quantification via gas chromatography-mass spectrometry.</strong></li>\n<li>Genetic testing for HGD mutations.</li>\n<li>Imaging (CT/MRI): Joint involvement, valvular calcification.</li>\n<li>Echocardiography: Valvular abnormalities.</li>\n</ul>\n</li>\n</ul>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid black; border-left:1px solid black; border-right:1px solid black; border-top:none; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Management</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid black; border-left:none; border-right:1px solid black; border-top:none; vertical-align:top\">\n<ul>\n<li><strong>Symptomatic</strong>: Pain control, physiotherapy, joint surgery.</li>\n<li><strong>Diet</strong>: Low-protein diet (limited efficacy).</li>\n<li>Medications:\n\t\t\t\t<ul>\n<li><strong>Vitamin C</strong>: Reduces <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"c7e11ce205169277718921ef0ce2d1\">HGA</span> <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"224ea8a9e41692777194e81be113d8\">oxidation</span> but not <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"0b72f5e96b16927772018dec8a87e2\">urinary</span> excretion.</li>\n<li><strong>Nitisinone</strong>: Inhibits tyrosine metabolism, reduces <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"c7e11ce205169277718921ef0ce2d1\">HGA</span> &gt;95%. <strong>Side effects: tyrosinemia, leukopenia, thrombocytopenia.</strong></li>\n</ul>\n</li>\n</ul>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid black; border-left:1px solid black; border-right:1px solid black; border-top:none; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Prognosis and Complications</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid black; border-left:none; border-right:1px solid black; border-top:none; vertical-align:top\">\n<ul>\n<li><strong>Prognosis</strong>: Normal life expectancy; <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"10c83adb331692777197f775bec1aa\">reduced</span> quality of life (pain, sleep issues, disability).</li>\n<li><strong>Complications</strong>:\n\t\t\t\t<ul>\n<li>Stones (renal, gallbladder, salivary).</li>\n<li>Tendon/ligament ruptures.</li>\n<li>Osteopenia, fractures.</li>\n<li>Aortic calcification/stenosis.</li>\n</ul>\n</li>\n</ul>\n</td>\n</tr>\n</tbody>\n\n\n<p style='font-size: 10px; color: #808080; font-style: italic;'>@dams_new_robot</p>", "bot": "@dams_new_robot", "audio": "", "video": ""}, {"text": "A chronic alcoholic patient is diagnosed with gouty arthritis. What biochemical changes will be seen in this patient?", "options": [{"label": "A", "text": "Decreased NADH/NAD+ ratio", "correct": false}, {"label": "B", "text": "Increased urea and urate levels", "correct": false}, {"label": "C", "text": "Increased urate and lactate levels", "correct": true}, {"label": "D", "text": "Increased level of alkaline phosphatase", "correct": false}], "correct_answer": "C. Increased urate and lactate levels", "question_images": [], "explanation_images": [], "explanation": "\n\n<p style='font-size: 10px; color: #808080; font-style: italic;'>@dams_new_robot</p>", "bot": "@dams_new_robot", "audio": "", "video": ""}]; if (!Array.isArray(questions) || questions.length === 0) { throw new Error("Questions data is empty or invalid"); } debugLog(`Successfully parsed ${questions.length} questions`); } catch (e) { console.error("Failed to parse questions_json:", e); document.getElementById('error-message').innerHTML = "Error loading quiz data. Please check the console for details or contact support."; document.getElementById('error-message').classList.remove('hidden'); document.getElementById('start-test').disabled = true; // Fallback to sample questions for testing questions = [ { text: "What is 2 + 2?", options: [ { label: "A", text: "3", correct: false }, { label: "B", text: "4", correct: true }, { label: "C", text: "5", correct: false }, { label: "D", text: "6", correct: false } ], correct_answer: "B. 4", question_images: [], explanation_images: [], explanation: "<p>2 + 2 = 4</p><p>@dams_new_robot</p>", bot: "@dams_new_robot", audio: "", video: "" } ]; debugLog("Loaded fallback questions"); } // Quiz state let currentQuestion = 0; let answers = new Array(questions.length).fill(null); let markedForReview = new Array(questions.length).fill(false); let timeRemaining = 31 * 60; // Duration in seconds let timerInterval = null; const quizId = `{title.replace(/\s+/g, '_').toLowerCase()}`; // Unique ID for local storage // Load saved progress function loadProgress() { try { debugLog("Loading progress from localStorage"); const saved = localStorage.getItem(`quiz_${quizId}`); if (saved) { const { savedAnswers, savedMarked, savedTime } = JSON.parse(saved); answers = savedAnswers || answers; markedForReview = savedMarked || markedForReview; timeRemaining = savedTime !== undefined ? savedTime : timeRemaining; debugLog("Progress loaded successfully"); } else { debugLog("No saved progress found"); } } catch (e) { console.error("Error loading progress:", e); debugLog("Failed to load progress: " + e.message); } } // Save progress function saveProgress() { try { debugLog("Saving progress to localStorage"); localStorage.setItem(`quiz_${quizId}`, JSON.stringify({ savedAnswers: answers, savedMarked: markedForReview, savedTime: timeRemaining })); debugLog("Progress saved successfully"); } catch (e) { console.error("Error saving progress:", e); debugLog("Failed to save progress: " + e.message); } } // Initialize quiz function initQuiz() { try { debugLog("Initializing quiz"); loadProgress(); const startButton = document.getElementById('start-test'); if (!startButton) { throw new Error("Start test button not found"); } startButton.addEventListener('click', startQuiz); debugLog("Start test button listener attached"); document.getElementById('previous-btn').addEventListener('click', showPreviousQuestion); document.getElementById('next-btn').addEventListener('click', showNextQuestion); document.getElementById('mark-review').addEventListener('click', toggleMarkForReview); document.getElementById('nav-toggle').addEventListener('click', toggleNavPanel); document.getElementById('submit-test').addEventListener('click', showSubmitModal); document.getElementById('continue-test').addEventListener('click', closeExitModal); document.getElementById('exit-test').addEventListener('click', () => { debugLog("Exiting test"); localStorage.removeItem(`quiz_${quizId}`); window.location.reload(); }); document.getElementById('cancel-submit').addEventListener('click', closeSubmitModal); document.getElementById('confirm-submit').addEventListener('click', submitTest); document.getElementById('take-again').addEventListener('click', () => { debugLog("Restarting test"); localStorage.removeItem(`quiz_${quizId}`); window.location.reload(); }); document.getElementById('review-test').addEventListener('click', () => showResults(currentResultQuestion)); document.getElementById('close-nav').addEventListener('click', toggleNavPanel); document.getElementById('theme-toggle').addEventListener('click', toggleTheme); document.getElementById('nav-filter').addEventListener('change', updateNavPanel); document.getElementById('prev-result').addEventListener('click', showPreviousResult); document.getElementById('next-result').addEventListener('click', showNextResult); document.getElementById('results-nav-toggle').addEventListener('click', toggleResultsNavPanel); document.getElementById('close-results-nav').addEventListener('click', toggleResultsNavPanel); document.getElementById('results-nav-filter').addEventListener('change', updateResultsNavPanel); debugLog("Quiz initialized successfully"); } catch (e) { console.error("Failed to initialize quiz:", e); debugLog("Failed to initialize quiz: " + e.message); document.getElementById('error-message').innerHTML = "Error initializing quiz. Please check the console for details or contact support."; document.getElementById('error-message').classList.remove('hidden'); document.getElementById('start-test').disabled = true; } } // Start quiz function startQuiz() { try { debugLog("Starting quiz"); document.getElementById('instructions').classList.add('hidden'); document.getElementById('quiz').classList.remove('hidden'); showQuestion(currentQuestion); startTimer(); updateNavPanel(); debugLog("Quiz started successfully"); } catch (e) { console.error("Error starting quiz:", e); debugLog("Failed to start quiz: " + e.message); document.getElementById('error-message').innerHTML = "Error starting quiz. Please check the console for details or contact support."; document.getElementById('error-message').classList.remove('hidden'); document.getElementById('quiz').classList.add('hidden'); document.getElementById('instructions').classList.remove('hidden'); } } // Show question function showQuestion(index) { try { debugLog(`Showing question ${index + 1}`); currentQuestion = index; const q = questions[index]; if (!q) { throw new Error(`Question ${index} is undefined`); } document.getElementById('question-number').innerHTML = `Question <span>${index + 1}</span> of ${questions.length}`; document.getElementById('question-text').innerHTML = q.text || "No question text available"; const imagesDiv = document.getElementById('question-images'); imagesDiv.innerHTML = q.question_images && q.question_images.length > 0 ? q.question_images.map(url => `<img src="${url}" alt="Question Image" class="max-w-full h-auto rounded-lg">`).join('') : ''; const optionsDiv = document.getElementById('options'); optionsDiv.innerHTML = q.options && q.options.length > 0 ? q.options.map(opt => ` <button class="option-btn w-full text-left p-3 border rounded-lg ${answers[index] === opt.label ? 'selected' : ''}" onclick="selectOption(${index}, '${opt.label}')" aria-label="Option ${opt.label}: ${opt.text}"> ${opt.label}. ${opt.text} </button> `).join('') : '<p class="text-red-500">No options available</p>'; document.getElementById('previous-btn').disabled = index === 0; document.getElementById('next-btn').disabled = index === questions.length - 1; document.getElementById('mark-review').classList.toggle('marked', markedForReview[index]); updateProgressBar(); saveProgress(); window.scrollTo({ top: 0, behavior: 'smooth' }); debugLog(`Question ${index + 1} displayed successfully`); } catch (e) { console.error("Error displaying question:", e); debugLog("Failed to display question: " + e.message); } } // Select option function selectOption(index, label) { try { debugLog(`Selecting option ${label} for question ${index + 1}`); answers[index] = label; const optionsDiv = document.getElementById('options'); const optionButtons = optionsDiv.querySelectorAll('.option-btn'); optionButtons.forEach(btn => { const btnLabel = btn.textContent.trim().split('.')[0]; btn.classList.toggle('selected', btnLabel === label); }); updateNavPanel(); saveProgress(); debugLog(`Option ${label} selected for question ${index + 1}`); } catch (e) { console.error("Error selecting option:", e); debugLog("Failed to select option: " + e.message); } } // Toggle mark for review function toggleMarkForReview() { try { debugLog(`Toggling mark for review on question ${currentQuestion + 1}`); markedForReview[currentQuestion] = !markedForReview[currentQuestion]; document.getElementById('mark-review').classList.toggle('marked', markedForReview[currentQuestion]); updateNavPanel(); saveProgress(); debugLog(`Mark for review toggled for question ${currentQuestion + 1}`); } catch (e) { console.error("Error marking for review:", e); debugLog("Failed to mark for review: " + e.message); } } // Navigate to previous question function showPreviousQuestion() { try { debugLog(`Navigating to previous question from ${currentQuestion + 1}`); if (currentQuestion > 0) { currentQuestion--; showQuestion(currentQuestion); } } catch (e) { console.error("Error navigating to previous question:", e); debugLog("Failed to navigate to previous question: " + e.message); } } // Navigate to next question function showNextQuestion() { try { debugLog(`Navigating to next question from ${currentQuestion + 1}`); if (currentQuestion < questions.length - 1) { currentQuestion++; showQuestion(currentQuestion); } } catch (e) { console.error("Error navigating to next question:", e); debugLog("Failed to navigate to next question: " + e.message); } } // Handle question navigation click function handleQuestionNavClick(index) { try { debugLog(`Navigating to question ${index + 1} via nav panel`); showQuestion(index); toggleNavPanel(); } catch (e) { console.error("Error handling navigation click:", e); debugLog("Failed to navigate via nav panel: " + e.message); } } // Start timer function startTimer() { try { debugLog("Starting timer"); timerInterval = setInterval(() => { if (timeRemaining <= 0) { debugLog("Timer expired, submitting test"); clearInterval(timerInterval); submitTest(); } else { timeRemaining--; const minutes = Math.floor(timeRemaining / 60); const seconds = timeRemaining % 60; document.getElementById('timer').innerHTML = `Time Remaining: <span>${minutes.toString().padStart(2, '0')}:${seconds.toString().padStart(2, '0')}</span>`; saveProgress(); } }, 1000); debugLog("Timer started successfully"); } catch (e) { console.error("Error starting timer:", e); debugLog("Failed to start timer: " + e.message); } } // Update progress bar function updateProgressBar() { try { debugLog("Updating progress bar"); const progress = ((currentQuestion + 1) / questions.length) * 100; document.getElementById('progress-bar').style.width = `${progress}%`; debugLog("Progress bar updated"); } catch (e) { console.error("Error updating progress bar:", e); debugLog("Failed to update progress bar: " + e.message); } } // Update quiz navigation panel function updateNavPanel() { try { debugLog("Updating quiz navigation panel"); const filter = document.getElementById('nav-filter').value; const navGrid = document.getElementById('nav-grid'); navGrid.innerHTML = questions.map((_, i) => { if (filter === 'answered' && !answers[i]) return ''; if (filter === 'unanswered' && answers[i]) return ''; if (filter === 'marked' && !markedForReview[i]) return ''; return ` <button class="question-nav-btn ${answers[i] ? 'answered' : 'unanswered'} ${markedForReview[i] ? 'marked-nav' : ''}" onclick="handleQuestionNavClick(${i})" aria-label="Go to Question ${i + 1}"> ${i + 1} </button> `; }).join(''); debugLog("Quiz navigation panel updated"); } catch (e) { console.error("Error updating quiz navigation panel:", e); debugLog("Failed to update quiz navigation panel: " + e.message); } } // Update results navigation panel function updateResultsNavPanel() { try { debugLog("Updating results navigation panel"); const filter = document.getElementById('results-nav-filter').value; const navGrid = document.getElementById('results-nav-grid'); navGrid.innerHTML = questions.map((_, i) => { if (filter === 'answered' && !answers[i]) return ''; if (filter === 'unanswered' && answers[i]) return ''; if (filter === 'marked' && !markedForReview[i]) return ''; return ` <button class="result-nav-btn-grid ${answers[i] ? 'answered' : 'unanswered'} ${markedForReview[i] ? 'marked-nav' : ''}" onclick="handleResultNavClick(${i})" aria-label="Go to Result for Question ${i + 1}"> ${i + 1} </button> `; }).join(''); debugLog("Results navigation panel updated"); } catch (e) { console.error("Error updating results navigation panel:", e); debugLog("Failed to update results navigation panel: " + e.message); } } // Toggle quiz navigation panel function toggleNavPanel() { try { debugLog("Toggling quiz navigation panel"); const navPanel = document.getElementById('nav-panel'); navPanel.classList.toggle('hidden'); debugLog("Quiz navigation panel toggled"); } catch (e) { console.error("Error toggling quiz navigation panel:", e); debugLog("Failed to toggle quiz navigation panel: " + e.message); } } // Toggle results navigation panel function toggleResultsNavPanel() { try { debugLog("Toggling results navigation panel"); const resultsNavPanel = document.getElementById('results-nav-panel'); resultsNavPanel.classList.toggle('hidden'); if (!resultsNavPanel.classList.contains('hidden')) { updateResultsNavPanel(); } debugLog("Results navigation panel toggled"); } catch (e) { console.error("Error toggling results navigation panel:", e); debugLog("Failed to toggle results navigation panel: " + e.message); } } // Handle result navigation click function handleResultNavClick(index) { try { debugLog(`Navigating to result for question ${index + 1} via nav panel`); showResults(index); toggleResultsNavPanel(); } catch (e) { console.error("Error handling result navigation click:", e); debugLog("Failed to navigate to result: " + e.message); } } // Show submit modal function showSubmitModal() { try { debugLog("Showing submit modal"); const attempted = answers.filter(a => a !== null).length; document.getElementById('attempted-count').textContent = attempted; document.getElementById('unattempted-count').textContent = questions.length - attempted; document.getElementById('submit-modal').classList.remove('hidden'); debugLog("Submit modal displayed"); } catch (e) { console.error("Error showing submit modal:", e); debugLog("Failed to show submit modal: " + e.message); } } // Close submit modal function closeSubmitModal() { try { debugLog("Closing submit modal"); document.getElementById('submit-modal').classList.add('hidden'); debugLog("Submit modal closed"); } catch (e) { console.error("Error closing submit modal:", e); debugLog("Failed to close submit modal: " + e.message); } } // Close exit modal function closeExitModal() { try { debugLog("Closing exit modal"); document.getElementById('exit-modal').classList.add('hidden'); debugLog("Exit modal closed"); } catch (e) { console.error("Error closing exit modal:", e); debugLog("Failed to close exit modal: " + e.message); } } // Submit test function submitTest() { try { debugLog("Submitting test"); clearInterval(timerInterval); document.getElementById('quiz').classList.add('hidden'); document.getElementById('submit-modal').classList.add('hidden'); document.getElementById('results').classList.remove('hidden'); showResults(0); // Start with first question // Trigger confetti animation confetti({ particleCount: 100, spread: 70, origin: { y: 0.6 } }); localStorage.removeItem(`quiz_${quizId}`); debugLog("Test submitted successfully"); } catch (e) { console.error("Error submitting test:", e); debugLog("Failed to submit test: " + e.message); } } // Show result for a single question function showResults(index) { try { debugLog(`Showing result for question ${index + 1}`); currentResultQuestion = index; let correct = 0, wrong = 0, unanswered = 0, marked = 0; answers.forEach((answer, i) => { const isCorrect = answer && questions[i].options.find(opt => opt.label === answer)?.correct; if (answer === null) unanswered++; else if (isCorrect) correct++; else wrong++; if (markedForReview[i]) marked++; }); const q = questions[index]; if (!q) { throw new Error(`Question ${index} is undefined`); } const userAnswer = answers[index]; const isCorrect = userAnswer && q.options.find(opt => opt.label === userAnswer)?.correct; const resultsContent = document.getElementById('results-content'); resultsContent.innerHTML = ` <div class="border p-4 rounded-lg ${isCorrect ? 'bg-green-50' : userAnswer ? 'bg-red-50' : 'bg-gray-50'}"> <p class="font-semibold">Question ${index + 1}: ${q.text || 'No question text'}</p> ${q.question_images && q.question_images.length > 0 ? q.question_images.map(url => `<img src="${url}" alt="Question Image" class="max-w-full h-auto rounded-lg my-2">`).join('') : ''} <p><strong>Your Answer:</strong> ${userAnswer ? `${userAnswer}. ${q.options.find(opt => opt.label === userAnswer)?.text || 'Invalid option'}` : 'Unanswered'}</p> <p><strong>Correct Answer:</strong> ${q.correct_answer || 'Unknown'}</p> <div class="mt-2">${q.explanation || 'No explanation available'}</div> ${q.explanation_images && q.explanation_images.length > 0 ? q.explanation_images.map(url => `<img src="${url}" alt="Explanation Image" class="max-w-full h-auto rounded-lg my-2">`).join('') : ''} ${q.video ? ` <button class="play-video bg-blue-500 text-white px-4 py-2 rounded-lg mt-2" onclick="loadVideo(this, '${q.video}', 'video-${index}')" aria-label="Play explanation video for Question ${index + 1}"> Play Video Explanation </button> <div id="video-${index}" class="video-container mt-2"></div> ` : '<p class="text-gray-500 mt-2">No video available</p>'} ${q.audio ? ` <button class="play-audio bg-blue-500 text-white px-4 py-2 rounded-lg mt-2" onclick="loadAudio(this, '${q.audio}', 'audio-${index}')" aria-label="Play audio explanation for Question ${index + 1}"> Play Audio Explanation </button> <div id="audio-${index}" class="audio-container mt-2"></div> ` : ''} </div> `; document.getElementById('correct-count').textContent = correct; document.getElementById('wrong-count').textContent = wrong; document.getElementById('unanswered-count').textContent = unanswered; document.getElementById('marked-count').textContent = marked; document.getElementById('result-question-number').innerHTML = `Question <span>${index + 1}</span> of ${questions.length}`; document.getElementById('prev-result').disabled = index === 0; document.getElementById('next-result').disabled = index === questions.length - 1; updateResultsNavPanel(); window.scrollTo({ top: 0, behavior: 'smooth' }); debugLog(`Result for question ${index + 1} displayed successfully`); } catch (e) { console.error("Error displaying result:", e); debugLog("Failed to display result: " + e.message); } } // Navigate to previous result function showPreviousResult() { try { debugLog(`Navigating to previous result from question ${currentResultQuestion + 1}`); if (currentResultQuestion > 0) { showResults(currentResultQuestion - 1); } } catch (e) { console.error("Error navigating to previous result:", e); debugLog("Failed to navigate to previous result: " + e.message); } } // Navigate to next result function showNextResult() { try { debugLog(`Navigating to next result from question ${currentResultQuestion + 1}`); if (currentResultQuestion < questions.length - 1) { showResults(currentResultQuestion + 1); } } catch (e) { console.error("Error navigating to next result:", e); debugLog("Failed to navigate to next result: " + e.message); } } // Lazy-load video function loadVideo(button, videoUrl, containerId) { try { debugLog(`Loading video for ${containerId}: ${videoUrl}`); if (!videoUrl) { const container = document.getElementById(containerId); container.innerHTML = `<p class="text-gray-500">No video available</p>`; button.remove(); debugLog("No video URL provided"); return; } const container = document.getElementById(containerId); container.innerHTML = ` <div class="video-loading"></div> <video controls class="w-full max-w-[600px] rounded-lg" preload="metadata" aria-label="Video explanation"> <source src="${videoUrl}" type="${videoUrl.endsWith('.m3u8') ? 'application/x-mpegURL' : 'video/mp4'}"> Your browser does not support the video tag. </video> `; container.classList.add('active'); button.remove(); // Initialize HLS.js for .m3u8 videos const video = container.querySelector('video'); if (videoUrl.endsWith('.m3u8') && Hls.isSupported()) { const hls = new Hls(); hls.loadSource(videoUrl); hls.attachMedia(video); hls.on(Hls.Events.ERROR, (event, data) => { console.error("HLS.js error:", data); container.innerHTML = `<p class="text-red-500">Error loading video. <a href="${videoUrl}" target="_blank" aria-label="Open video in new tab">Open video</a></p>`; debugLog("HLS.js error: " + JSON.stringify(data)); }); } else if (videoUrl.endsWith('.m3u8') && video.canPlayType('application/vnd.apple.mpegurl')) { video.src = videoUrl; } // Handle video load errors video.onerror = () => { console.error("Video load error for URL:", videoUrl); container.innerHTML = `<p class="text-red-500">Error loading video. <a href="${videoUrl}" target="_blank" aria-label="Open video in new tab">Open video</a></p>`; debugLog("Video load error for URL: " + videoUrl); }; // Remove loading spinner when video is ready video.onloadedmetadata = () => { container.querySelector('.video-loading').remove(); debugLog("Video loaded successfully"); }; } catch (e) { console.error("Error loading video:", e); debugLog("Failed to load video: " + e.message); const container = document.getElementById(containerId); container.innerHTML = `<p class="text-red-500">Error loading video. <a href="${videoUrl}" target="_blank" aria-label="Open video in new tab">Open video</a></p>`; } } // Lazy-load audio function loadAudio(button, audioUrl, containerId) { try { debugLog(`Loading audio for ${containerId}: ${audioUrl}`); if (!audioUrl) { const container = document.getElementById(containerId); container.innerHTML = `<p class="text-gray-500">No audio available</p>`; button.remove(); debugLog("No audio URL provided"); return; } const container = document.getElementById(containerId); container.innerHTML = ` <audio controls class="w-full max-w-[600px]" preload="metadata" aria-label="Audio explanation"> <source src="${audioUrl}" type="audio/mpeg"> Your browser does not support the audio tag. </audio> `; container.classList.add('active'); button.remove(); // Handle audio load errors const audio = container.querySelector('audio'); audio.onerror = () => { console.error("Audio load error for URL:", audioUrl); container.innerHTML = `<p class="text-red-500">Error loading audio. <a href="${audioUrl}" target="_blank" aria-label="Open audio in new tab">Open audio</a></p>`; debugLog("Audio load error for URL: " + audioUrl); }; debugLog("Audio loaded successfully"); } catch (e) { console.error("Error loading audio:", e); debugLog("Failed to load audio: " + e.message); const container = document.getElementById(containerId); container.innerHTML = `<p class="text-red-500">Error loading audio. <a href="${audioUrl}" target="_blank" aria-label="Open audio in new tab">Open audio</a></p>`; } } // Toggle dark mode function toggleTheme() { try { debugLog("Toggling theme"); document.documentElement.classList.toggle('dark'); localStorage.setItem('theme', document.documentElement.classList.contains('dark') ? 'dark' : 'light'); debugLog("Theme toggled successfully"); } catch (e) { console.error("Error toggling theme:", e); debugLog("Failed to toggle theme: " + e.message); } } // Load theme preference function loadTheme() { try { debugLog("Loading theme preference"); const theme = localStorage.getItem('theme'); if (theme === 'dark') { document.documentElement.classList.add('dark'); } debugLog("Theme loaded successfully"); } catch (e) { console.error("Error loading theme:", e); debugLog("Failed to load theme: " + e.message); } } // Initialize on DOM content loaded window.addEventListener('DOMContentLoaded', () => { try { debugLog("DOM content loaded, initializing quiz"); loadTheme(); initQuiz(); } catch (e) { console.error("Error during DOMContentLoaded:", e); debugLog("Failed to initialize on DOMContentLoaded: " + e.message); document.getElementById('error-message').innerHTML = "Error initializing quiz. Please check the console for details or contact support."; document.getElementById('error-message').classList.remove('hidden'); } }); </script> </body> </html>" frameborder="0" width="100%" height="2000px">
<div class="bg-white rounded-lg shadow-md p-4 md:p-6"> <h2 class="text-xl font-semibold mb-4">Instructions</h2> <h4 class="text-gray-800 text-lg font-semibold mt-6 mb-4">Test Features:</h4> <ul class="space-y-3"> <li class="flex items-center gap-3"> <i class="fa-solid fa-circle-check text-green-500"></i> Multiple choice questions with single correct answers </li> <li class="flex items-center gap-3"> <i class="fa-solid fa-circle-check text-green-500"></i> Timer-based testing for realistic exam conditions </li> <li class="flex items-center gap-3"> <i class="fa-solid fa-circle-check text-green-500"></i> Mark questions for review functionality </li> <li class="flex items-center gap-3"> <i class="fa-solid fa-circle-check text-green-500"></i> Comprehensive results and performance analysis </li> <li class="flex items-center gap-3"> <i class="fa-solid fa-circle-check text-green-500"></i> Mobile-optimized interface for learning on-the-go </li> </ul> <div class="mt-6 flex space-x-4 button-group md:flex-row flex-col"> <button class="bg-[#2c5281] text-white px-6 py-2 rounded-lg hover:bg-[#2c5281] transition" id="start-test">Start Test</button> </div> <div class="error-message hidden" id="error-message"></div> </div> </section> <!-- Quiz Section --> <section class="container mx-auto px-4 md:px-6 pt-4 md:pt-6 pb-1 hidden section-transition" id="quiz"> <div class="bg-white rounded-lg shadow-md p-4 md:p-6"> <!-- Progress Bar --> <div class="w-full bg-gray-200 rounded-full h-3 mb-4"> <div class="progress-bar h-3 rounded-full" id="progress-bar" style="width: 0%"></div> </div> <!-- Question Header --> <div class="flex flex-col md:flex-row justify-between items-center mb-4"> <h2 class="text-lg font-semibold" id="question-number">Question <span>1</span> of 4</h2> <p class="text-lg font-semibold mt-2 md:mt-0" id="timer">Time Remaining: <span>00:00</span></p> </div> <!-- Question Content --> <div class="mb-6" id="question-content"> <p class="text-gray-800 mb-4" id="question-text"></p> <div class="flex flex-wrap gap-4 mb-4" id="question-images"></div> <div class="space-y-3" id="options"></div> </div> <!-- Navigation Buttons --> <div class="flex flex-col md:flex-row justify-between items-center gap-2 md:gap-4"> <div class="flex gap-2 w-full md:w-auto"> <button class="bg-[#2c5281] text-white px-4 py-3 w-full md:w-32 h-14 rounded-lg hover:bg-[#2c5281] transition" disabled="" id="previous-btn">Previous</button> <button class="bg-[#2c5281] text-white px-4 py-3 w-full md:w-32 h-14 rounded-lg hover:bg-[#2c5281] transition" id="next-btn">Next</button> </div> <div class="flex items-center gap-2"> <button class="bg-transparent text-gray-700 px-4 py-2 rounded-lg hover:bg-gray-100 transition flex items-center gap-1" id="mark-review"> Review <svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" class="h-5 w-5" viewBox="0 0 20 20" fill="currentColor"> <path d="M10 2a1 1 0 00-1 1v14l3.293-3.293a1 1 0 011.414 0L17 17V3a1 1 0 00-1-1H10z" /> </svg> </button> <button class="bg-transparent text-gray-700 px-4 py-2 rounded-lg hover:bg-gray-100 transition flex items-center gap-1" id="nav-toggle"> Question 🧭 </button> <button class="bg-green-500 text-white px-6 py-3 w-44 h-14 rounded-lg hover:bg-green-600 transition w-full md:w-auto" id="submit-test">Submit Test</button> </div> </div> </section> <!-- Results Section --> <section class="container mx-auto px-4 md:px-6 pt-4 md:pt-6 pb-1 hidden section-transition" id="results"> <div class="bg-white rounded-lg shadow-md p-4 md:p-6"> <h2 class="text-2xl font-semibold mb-4">Anaesthesia Machine - Results</h2> <div class="grid grid-cols-1 md:grid-cols-2 gap-4 mb-6"> <p><strong>Correct:</strong> <span id="correct-count" class="text-[#000000]">0</span></p> <p><strong>Wrong:</strong> <span id="wrong-count" class="text-[#000000]">0</span></p> <p><strong>Unanswered:</strong> <span id="unanswered-count" class="text-[#000000]-500">0</span></p> <p><strong>Marked for Review:</strong> <span id="marked-count" class="text-[#000000]">0</span></p> </div> <h3 class="text-lg font-semibold mb-4" id="result-question-number">Question <span>1</span> of 4</h3> <div class="space-y-6" id="results-content"></div> <div class="result-nav"> <button aria-label="Previous question result" class="result-nav-btn bg-[#2c5281] text-white px-6 py-2 rounded-lg hover:bg-[#2c5281] transition" disabled="" id="prev-result">Previous</button> <button aria-label="Toggle results navigation panel" class="result-nav-btn bg-[#2c5281] text-white px-6 py-2 rounded-lg hover:bg-[#2c5281] transition" id="results-nav-toggle">Result 🧭</button> <button aria-label="Next question result" class="result-nav-btn bg-[#2c5281] text-white px-6 py-2 rounded-lg hover:bg-[#2c5281] transition" id="next-result">Next</button> </div> <div class="mt-6 flex space-x-4 button-group md:flex-row flex-col"> <button class="bg-green-500 text-white px-6 py-2 rounded-lg hover:bg-green-600 transition" id="take-again">Take Again</button> </div> </div> </section> <!-- Exit Confirmation Modal --> <div class="fixed inset-0 bg-black bg-opacity-50 flex items-center justify-center hidden" id="exit-modal"> <div class="bg-white rounded-lg p-6 max-w-sm w-full"> <h2 class="text-xl font-semibold mb-4">Leave Test?</h2> <p class="text-gray-700 mb-4">Your progress will be lost if you leave this page. Are you sure you want to exit?</p> <div class="flex justify-end space-x-4"> <button class="bg-gray-300 text-gray-700 px-4 py-2 rounded-lg hover:bg-gray-400 transition" id="continue-test">No, Continue</button> <button class="bg-red-500 text-white px-4 py-2 rounded-lg hover:bg-red-600 transition" id="exit-test">Yes, Exit</button> </div> </div> </div> <!-- Submit Confirmation Modal --> <div class="fixed inset-0 bg-black bg-opacity-50 flex items-center justify-center hidden" id="submit-modal"> <div class="bg-white rounded-lg p-6 max-w-sm w-full"> <h2 class="text-xl font-semibold mb-4">Confirm Submission</h2> <p class="text-gray-700 mb-2">You have attempted <span id="attempted-count">0</span> of 26 questions.</p> <p class="text-gray-700 mb-4"><span id="unattempted-count">0</span> questions are unattempted.</p> <div class="flex justify-end space-x-4"> <button class="bg-gray-300 text-gray-700 px-4 py-2 rounded-lg hover:bg-gray-400 transition" id="cancel-submit">Cancel</button> <button class="bg-green-500 text-white px-4 py-2 rounded-lg hover:bg-green-600 transition" id="confirm-submit">Submit Test</button> </div> </div> </div> <!-- Quiz Navigation Panel --> <div class="fixed inset-y-0 right-0 nav-panel bg-white shadow-lg p-4 hidden overflow-y-auto" id="nav-panel"> <h2 class="text-lg font-semibold mb-4">Questions Navigation</h2> <div class="mb-4"> <select class="w-full p-2 border rounded-lg text-gray-700" id="nav-filter"> <option value="all">All Questions</option> <option value="answered">Answered</option> <option value="unanswered">Unanswered</option> <option value="marked">Marked for Review</option> </select> </div> <div class="grid grid-cols-5 gap-2 md:gap-3" id="nav-grid"></div> <button class="mt-4 bg-gray-500 text-white px-4 py-2 rounded-lg hover:bg-gray-600 transition w-full" id="close-nav">Close</button> </div> <!-- Results Navigation Panel --> <div class="fixed inset-y-0 right-0 results-nav-panel bg-white shadow-lg p-4 hidden overflow-y-auto" id="results-nav-panel"> <h2 class="text-lg font-semibold mb-4">Results Navigation</h2> <div class="mb-4"> <select class="w-full p-2 border rounded-lg text-gray-700" id="results-nav-filter"> <option value="all">All Questions</option> <option value="answered">Answered</option> <option value="unanswered">Unanswered</option> <option value="marked">Marked for Review</option> </select> </div> <div class="grid grid-cols-5 gap-2 md:gap-3" id="results-nav-grid"></div> <button class="mt-4 bg-gray-500 text-white px-4 py-2 rounded-lg hover:bg-gray-600 transition w-full" id="close-results-nav">Close</button> </div> <!-- JavaScript Logic --> <script> // Enable debug mode for detailed logging const DEBUG_MODE = true; // Log debug messages function debugLog(message) { if (DEBUG_MODE) { console.log(`[DEBUG] ${message}`); } } // Initialize questions with error handling let questions = []; let currentResultQuestion = 0; // State for current question in results try { debugLog("Attempting to parse questions_json"); questions = [{"text": "A one-year-old boy presents with lethargy, poor muscle tone, and developmental delays. Blood tests reveal elevated levels of glycine. The physician suspects a defect in the glycine cleavage system. Which of the following metabolites, if found LOW, would support the diagnosis of a defective glycine cleavage system?", "options": [{"label": "A", "text": "Serine", "correct": false}, {"label": "B", "text": "N5,N10 methylene tetrahydrofolate", "correct": true}, {"label": "C", "text": "Threonine", "correct": false}, {"label": "D", "text": "Succinyl CoA", "correct": false}], "correct_answer": "B. N5,N10 methylene tetrahydrofolate", "question_images": [], "explanation_images": ["https://image.prepladder.com/content/qIPgO3u1qqAWy18gHcz81735035730.png"], "explanation": "<table cellspacing=\"0\" style=\"border-collapse:collapse; width:667px\">\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<td colspan=\"2\" style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Glycine <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"db5610b3121692777184e0965a9fa4\">Cleavage</span> System</strong></p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Location</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<ul>\n<li>Liver mitochondria</li>\n</ul>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Function</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<ul>\n<li>Splits <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"6df8c5de5016927771881dc6865f2e\">glycine</span> into carbon dioxide, and ammonia, and forms N⁵, N¹⁰-methylenetetrahydrofolate (THFA).</li>\n</ul>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Glycine <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"db5610b3121692777184e0965a9fa4\">Cleavage</span> Complex</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<ul>\n<li>Composed of three enzymes and an H-protein.</li>\n</ul>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Subunits</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<ul>\n<li><strong>T</strong>: Tetrahydrofolate-dependent aminotransferase</li>\n<li><strong>P</strong>: <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"ad5806d5ad1692777196f1158adc4e\">Pyridoxal</span> phosphate-dependent <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"6df8c5de5016927771881dc6865f2e\">glycine</span> decarboxylase</li>\n<li><strong>L</strong>: Lipoamide-dependent dehydrogenase</li>\n<li><strong>H</strong>: <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"11f7bcb8da16927771898e93932195\">Hydrogen</span> or <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"d416281a201692777187899c00aed8\">electron</span> transport system</li>\n</ul>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Co-enzymes</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<ul>\n<li><strong>Tetrahydrofolate (THF)</strong></li>\n<li><strong>Pyridoxal <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"189b6fc834169277719580eb39bb4c\">phosphate</span> (PLP)</strong></li>\n<li><strong>Lipoamide</strong></li>\n</ul>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Reaction Mechanism</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<ul>\n<li>Glycine is broken down into CO₂, NH₄⁺, and a <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"f1f83adcbd1692777192944952fb13\">methylene</span> group (–CH₂–).</li>\n<li>The <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"f1f83adcbd1692777192944952fb13\">methylene</span> group is transferred to THF, forming N⁵,N¹⁰-methylenetetrahydrofolate.</li>\n</ul>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Reaction</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Glycine + H₄-folate + NAD⁺ → CO₂ + NH₃ + 5,10-CH₂-H₄-folate + <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"70e624dfd41692777193efc364d5b4\">NADH</span> + H⁺</strong></p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Major Catabolic Pathway</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<ul>\n<li>The <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"6df8c5de5016927771881dc6865f2e\">glycine</span> <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"db5610b3121692777184e0965a9fa4\">cleavage</span> system is the major catabolic route for glycine.</li>\n</ul>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Associated Disorders</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<ul>\n<li><strong>Nonketotic Hyperglycinemia</strong>: Accumulation of <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"6df8c5de5016927771881dc6865f2e\">glycine</span> in body tissues and CNS.</li>\n<li><strong>Primary Hyperoxaluria</strong>: Failure to break down <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"27f6226f9b1692777188be89b756bb\">glyoxylate</span> leads to <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"28ddbfbaa51692777194aa6875fac4\">oxalate</span> formation, <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"4aa6035df41692777190b41d4a1583\">kidney</span> stones, and possible <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"b9356afdba16927771979d068c6587\">renal</span> failure or hypertension.</li>\n<li><strong>Glycinuria</strong>: A <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"359a8718a61692777185568ac80abb\">defect</span> in <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"4aa6035df41692777190b41d4a1583\">kidney</span> <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"3086fd09371692777197a351ddde07\">reabsorption</span> causes excessive <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"6df8c5de5016927771881dc6865f2e\">glycine</span> in urine.</li>\n</ul>\n</td>\n</tr>\n</tbody>\n\n\n\n<p style='font-size: 10px; color: #808080; font-style: italic;'>@dams_new_robot</p>", "bot": "@dams_new_robot", "audio": "https://image.prepladder.com/content/y30kd8MevWUFZI7ZBRHu1743783056.mp3", "video": ""}, {"text": "A patient with a urea cycle disorder is being evaluated. Which urea cycle intermediate serves as the link between the urea cycle and the TCA cycle?", "options": [{"label": "A", "text": "Argininosuccinate", "correct": false}, {"label": "B", "text": "Fumarate", "correct": true}, {"label": "C", "text": "Oxaloacetate", "correct": false}, {"label": "D", "text": "Succinate", "correct": false}], "correct_answer": "B. Fumarate", "question_images": [], "explanation_images": ["https://image.prepladder.com/content/IelGka2lgBC0rk2pSng11735036913.png"], "explanation": "\n\n<p style='font-size: 10px; color: #808080; font-style: italic;'>@dams_new_robot</p>", "bot": "@dams_new_robot", "audio": "https://image.prepladder.com/content/cFCmhA94tgXkBgPqLoqk1743816944.mp3", "video": ""}, {"text": "A 3-week-old infant presents with poor feeding, lethargy, and vomiting. Lab results show elevated ammonia levels, increased glutamine and increased orotic acid in the blood, with no evidence of megaloblastic anaemia. Which enzyme deficiency is likely responsible for this condition?", "options": [{"label": "A", "text": "Ornithine transcarbamylase (OTC)", "correct": true}, {"label": "B", "text": "Ornithine aminotransferase", "correct": false}, {"label": "C", "text": "Uridine monophosphate (UMP) synthase", "correct": false}, {"label": "D", "text": "Hypoxanthine guanine phosphoribosyltransferase (HGPRT)", "correct": false}], "correct_answer": "A. Ornithine transcarbamylase (OTC)", "question_images": [], "explanation_images": ["https://image.prepladder.com/content/UTnMAwm0cZiX9KLKIA2p1735036866.png"], "explanation": "\n\n<p style='font-size: 10px; color: #808080; font-style: italic;'>@dams_new_robot</p>", "bot": "@dams_new_robot", "audio": "https://image.prepladder.com/content/Gl2IoNXEW2vlQJfHytSp1743817312.mp3", "video": ""}, {"text": "Which enzyme in the histidine catabolism pathway facilitates incorporating the formimino group into the one-carbon pool, forming N5-formimino tetrahydrofolate?", "options": [{"label": "A", "text": "Histidase", "correct": false}, {"label": "B", "text": "Urocanase", "correct": false}, {"label": "C", "text": "Glutamate formimino transferase", "correct": true}, {"label": "D", "text": "Glutamate dehydrogenase", "correct": false}], "correct_answer": "C. Glutamate formimino transferase", "question_images": [], "explanation_images": ["https://image.prepladder.com/content/VpUtaFA3FeDVWUQOka5y1736743568.png"], "explanation": "<table cellspacing=\"0\" style=\"border-collapse:collapse; width:650px\">\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p style=\"text-align:center\"><strong>Reaction</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p style=\"text-align:center\"><strong>Substrate</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p style=\"text-align:center\"><strong>Enzyme</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p style=\"text-align:center\"><strong>Product</strong></p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>1.</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Histidine</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Histidase <strong>(Option A)</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Urocanate</p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>2.</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Urocanate</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Urocanase <strong>(Option B)</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Imidazole propionic acid</p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>3.</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Imidazole propionic acid</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Hydrolase</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Formiminoglutamate (FIGLU)</p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>4.</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>FIGLU</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Glutamate <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"255b778e4d1692777203e42b60bcdd\">Formimino</span> <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"2288cbf3741692777200318d2f5b39\">transferase</span> <strong>(Option C)</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>L-Glutamate</p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>5.</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Glutamate</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Glutamate <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"0d1ed86c771692777185d6b762efd5\">dehydrogenase</span> <strong>(Option D)</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>α-Ketoglutarate</p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n</tbody>\n\n\n<p style='font-size: 10px; color: #808080; font-style: italic;'>@dams_new_robot</p>", "bot": "@dams_new_robot", "audio": "https://image.prepladder.com/content/nAEBvj0C3U6VO12Sbxez1743817680.mp3", "video": ""}, {"text": "In the kynurenine pathway of tryptophan catabolism, which of the following compounds directly contributes to the formation of N10-formyl tetrahydrofolate in the one-carbon pool?", "options": [{"label": "A", "text": "Formyl kynurenine", "correct": true}, {"label": "B", "text": "Kynurenine", "correct": false}, {"label": "C", "text": "3- Hydroxy kynurenine", "correct": false}, {"label": "D", "text": "THFA", "correct": false}], "correct_answer": "A. Formyl kynurenine", "question_images": [], "explanation_images": ["https://image.prepladder.com/content/wAQ85wKpz4mZXqwZvoRn1735036241.png"], "explanation": "<table cellspacing=\"0\" style=\"border-collapse:collapse; width:709px\">\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:middle\">\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><strong>Compound</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:middle\">\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><strong>Role in <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"059bdf5c031692777200fedbf3ef66\">Tryptophan</span> Catabolism</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:middle\">\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><strong>Contribution </strong></p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:middle\">\n<p><strong>Formylkynurenine </strong><strong>(Option A)</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:middle\">\n<p>Intermediate; releases <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"8723cfd7d21692777203cc8312c239\">formate</span> for N10-formyl THFA</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:middle\">\n<p>Directly contributes to the formation of N10-formyl THFA</p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:middle\">\n<p><strong>Kynurenine </strong></p>\n<p><strong>(Option B)</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:middle\">\n<p>Intermediate; <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"ae13cdc5c3169277719683e9f6bda5\">precursor</span> for other metabolites</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:middle\">\n<p>Participates in the <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"3fda45538a1692777199ec2a5478a5\">synthesis</span> of other metabolites like <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"b58c8a9fbc1692777197052d797de3\">quinolinic acid</span> and <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"c10496dcc416927771937d7280d782\">nicotinic</span> acid.</p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:middle\">\n<p><strong>3- <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"147defe59f16927771894a7addb83d\">Hydroxy</span> <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"4a2a40295c16927771910b4eba2228\">kynurenine</span> </strong><strong>(Option C)</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:middle\">\n<p>Intermediate; <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"ae13cdc5c3169277719683e9f6bda5\">precursor</span> for other metabolites</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:middle\">\n<p>The product formed from <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"8723cfd7d21692777203cc8312c239\">formate</span> derived from formylkynurenine</p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:middle\">\n<p><strong>THFA </strong></p>\n<p><strong>(Option D)</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:middle\">\n<p>Carrier of one-carbon units</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:middle\">\n<p>Not directly derived from <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"059bdf5c031692777200fedbf3ef66\">tryptophan</span> catabolism</p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n</tbody>\n\n\n<p style='font-size: 10px; color: #808080; font-style: italic;'>@dams_new_robot</p>", "bot": "@dams_new_robot", "audio": "https://image.prepladder.com/content/GIK5P68NTrGvPzEVr77d1743818338.mp3", "video": ""}, {"text": "A 62-year-old female patient presents with fatigue, pallor, and glossitis. Laboratory tests indicate macrocytic anaemia, and elevated homocysteine and methylmalonic acid levels. Given these findings, what is the most likely metabolic pathway disrupted by this patient's condition, leading to the observed anaemia?", "options": [{"label": "A", "text": "Conversion of homocysteine to methionine", "correct": true}, {"label": "B", "text": "Reduction of folic acid to dihydrofolate", "correct": false}, {"label": "C", "text": "Deamination of histidine to formimino glutamate", "correct": false}, {"label": "D", "text": "Conversion of Phenylalanine to Tyrosine", "correct": false}], "correct_answer": "A. Conversion of homocysteine to methionine", "question_images": [], "explanation_images": ["https://image.prepladder.com/content/z9IyCzUJUx4Xj3lZ7RM31735036208.png"], "explanation": "\n<table cellspacing=\"0\" style=\"border-collapse:collapse; width:611px\">\n<thead>\n<tr>\n<th scope=\"col\" style=\"vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Deficiency</strong></p>\n</th>\n<th scope=\"col\" style=\"vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Primary Effect</strong></p>\n</th>\n<th scope=\"col\" style=\"vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Biochemical Marker</strong></p>\n</th>\n<th scope=\"col\" style=\"vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Clinical Outcome</strong></p>\n</th>\n</tr>\n</thead>\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Vitamin B12</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Impaired conversion of N5-methyl <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"36bf6206bf1692777200c35b4e6ca0\">THF</span> to THF</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Elevated <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"00472d632e1692777189a71b99d4a9\">homocysteine</span> and Methylmalonic acid</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Megaloblastic anaemia, <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"255674f3271692777195c172d86daf\">peripheral</span> neuropathy</p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Folate</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Reduced <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"3fda45538a1692777199ec2a5478a5\">synthesis</span> of <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"36bf6206bf1692777200c35b4e6ca0\">THF</span> from dietary <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"c66705291e1692777203ed3498a606\">folate</span> forms</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Accumulation of <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"f035397e061692777202c52f1b627a\">FIGLU</span> in urine, Elevated <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"00472d632e1692777189a71b99d4a9\">homocysteine</span> and normal Methylmalonic acid</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Megaloblastic anemia</p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n</tbody>\n\n\n<p style='font-size: 10px; color: #808080; font-style: italic;'>@dams_new_robot</p>", "bot": "@dams_new_robot", "audio": "https://image.prepladder.com/content/Tb7fjlPzrac1S1AiGGan1743818256.mp3", "video": ""}, {"text": "Which of the following statements regarding one-carbon derivatives of tetrahydrofolic acid (THFA) and their associated enzymes and reactions is incorrect?", "options": [{"label": "A", "text": "N5-formimino-THFA converts formiminoglutamate (FIGLU) to glutamate.", "correct": false}, {"label": "B", "text": "N5-methyl-THFA carries the methyl group for converting homocysteine to methionine.", "correct": false}, {"label": "C", "text": "N5N10-methylene-THFA is required to synthesise thymidylate (dTMP) from deoxyuridylate (dUMP).", "correct": false}, {"label": "D", "text": "N10-formyl-THFA transfers formyl groups in pyrimidine synthesis.", "correct": true}], "correct_answer": "D. N10-formyl-THFA transfers formyl groups in pyrimidine synthesis.", "question_images": [], "explanation_images": ["https://image.prepladder.com/content/Kciz53VPSY8PKNJSlN6r1735036127.png"], "explanation": "<table cellspacing=\"0\" style=\"border-collapse:collapse; width:645px\">\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:middle\">\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><strong>One-Carbon Derivatives of THFA</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:middle\">\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><strong>Description</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:middle\">\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><strong>Source</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:middle\">\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><strong>Utilization</strong></p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:middle\">\n<p>N5-formyl-THFA and <strong>N10-formyl-THFA</strong></p>\n<p><strong>(Option D)</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:middle\"> \n\t\t\t<p><strong>Carry a <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"8df215e687169277720338b5552dd1\">formyl</span> group (-CHO)</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:middle\"> \n\t\t\t<p>Tryptophan</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:middle\">\n<ul>\n<li><strong>Synthesis of <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"c03d9c910716927771961a9a2609b5\">purine</span> nucleotides, forming C2 of the <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"c03d9c910716927771961a9a2609b5\">purine</span> ring.</strong></li>\n</ul>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:middle\">\n<p><strong>N5-formimino-THFA</strong><strong> (Option A)</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:middle\">\n<p>Carries a <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"255b778e4d1692777203e42b60bcdd\">formimino</span> group (-CH=NH)</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:middle\"> \n\t\t\t<p>Histidine via FIGLU</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:middle\">\n<ul>\n<li><strong>Involved in the conversion of <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"f968efdf7d1692777203ddc64697e4\">formiminoglutamate</span> (FIGLU) to glutamate, a step in histidine catabolism; Enzyme: <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"f968efdf7d1692777203ddc64697e4\">Formiminoglutamate</span> hydrolase</strong></li>\n</ul>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:middle\">\n<p>N10-hydroxymethyl-THFA</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:middle\">\n<p>Carries a <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"a6565219b4169277718991b210d79f\">hydroxymethyl</span> group (-CH2OH)</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:middle\"> \n\t\t\t<p>Choline and betaine</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:middle\"> </td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:middle\"> \n\t\t\t<p><strong>N5, N10-methylene-THFA </strong><strong>(Option C)</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:middle\"> \n\t\t\t<p>Carries a <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"f1f83adcbd1692777192944952fb13\">methylene</span> group (-CH2-)</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:middle\"> \n\t\t\t<p>Serine via serine <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"a6565219b4169277718991b210d79f\">hydroxymethyl</span> transferase, glycine</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:middle\">\n<ul>\n<li>Glycine <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"3fda45538a1692777199ec2a5478a5\">synthesis</span> (conversion of serine to glycine),</li>\n<li><strong>Thymidine <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"3fda45538a1692777199ec2a5478a5\">synthesis</span> (conversion of dUMP to dTMP); Enzyme: <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"e34386023d169277720036d8bccc88\">Thymidylate</span> synthase</strong></li>\n</ul>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:middle\"> \n\t\t\t<p><strong>N5-methyl-THFA</strong></p>\n<p><strong>(Option B)</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:middle\"> \n\t\t\t<p>Carries a <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"bc09155adc169277719248f9543785\">methyl</span> group (-CH3)</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:middle\"> \n\t\t\t<p>All one-carbon units ultimately <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"a1b06f401f1692777203a53393ba98\">form</span> N5-methyl-THFA.</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:middle\">\n<ul>\n<li><strong>Methionine <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"3fda45538a1692777199ec2a5478a5\">synthesis</span> (conversion of <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"00472d632e1692777189a71b99d4a9\">homocysteine</span> to methionine); Enzyme: <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"373f4a37af16927771920ee58f2edf\">Methionine</span> synthase</strong></li>\n<li>Precursor for S-adenosylmethionine (SAM) for various <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"b4dec1d11a16927772009102901098\">transmethylation</span> reactions.</li>\n</ul>\n</td>\n</tr>\n</tbody>\n\n\n\n<p style='font-size: 10px; color: #808080; font-style: italic;'>@dams_new_robot</p>", "bot": "@dams_new_robot", "audio": "https://image.prepladder.com/content/DPREvaTv8o5et6KnBCoe1743817829.mp3", "video": ""}, {"text": "In the following figure, identify the sources of the marked components.", "options": [{"label": "A", "text": "a- aspartate, b- glycine", "correct": true}, {"label": "B", "text": "a- glycine, b-aspartate", "correct": false}, {"label": "C", "text": "a- methionine, b-alanine", "correct": false}, {"label": "D", "text": "a- alanine, b- methionine", "correct": false}], "correct_answer": "A. a- aspartate, b- glycine", "question_images": ["https://image.prepladder.com/content/C0oLAtLmjfpiwZh9iXnK1735035988.png"], "explanation_images": ["https://image.prepladder.com/content/6gYz55MyenbZjj1Bw0pe1735036057.png"], "explanation": "\n\n<p style='font-size: 10px; color: #808080; font-style: italic;'>@dams_new_robot</p>", "bot": "@dams_new_robot", "audio": "https://image.prepladder.com/content/YRbHy5YhA7Y85RC0PAnt1743817587.mp3", "video": ""}, {"text": "Which of the following diseases is caused by the deficiency of the enzyme 𝛿 ALA synthase?", "options": [{"label": "A", "text": "Porphyria cutanea tarda", "correct": false}, {"label": "B", "text": "X linked sideroblastic anaemia", "correct": true}, {"label": "C", "text": "Acute intermittent porphyria", "correct": false}, {"label": "D", "text": "Congenital erythropoietic porphyria", "correct": false}], "correct_answer": "B. X linked sideroblastic anaemia", "question_images": [], "explanation_images": [], "explanation": "<table cellspacing=\"0\" style=\"border-collapse:collapse; width:624px\">\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><strong>Enzyme Defect</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><strong>Name of the Disorder</strong></p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>ALA <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"d2bd91ccac169277719941254e1795\">synthase</span> II</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>X <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"8d0fca798b1692777191b6cd41880f\">linked</span> sideroblastic anaemia<strong> (Option B)</strong></p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>ALA Dehydratase</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>ALA <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"cc1abbeef21692777185f6007f9979\">dehydratase</span> deficient <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"e5f770f89c16927771966b9e3da618\">porphyria</span> (ADP)</p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Porphobilinogen <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"8da63c3e5316927771852b78bac0ba\">deaminase</span> (Hydroxymethylbilane synthase)</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Acute <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"8502a8f15e16927771909160b28bf2\">intermittent</span> <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"e5f770f89c16927771966b9e3da618\">porphyria</span> (AIP) <strong>(Option C)</strong></p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Uroporphyrinogen III synthase</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Congenital <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"a00c2339b31692777187f5dbbcdaf3\">erythropoietic</span> <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"e5f770f89c16927771966b9e3da618\">porphyria</span> (most severe)<strong> (Option D)</strong></p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Uroporphyrinogen <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"71aa164f75169277718559680376bd\">decarboxylase</span> defect</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Porphyria cutanea tarda (PCT) <strong>(Option A)</strong></p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Coproporphyrinogen oxidase</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Hereditary coproporphyria</p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Protoporphyrinogen oxidase</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Variegate porphyria</p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Ferrochelatase</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Erythropoietic <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"067a7b45b816927771966b0a7d22f1\">protoporphyria</span> (EPP)</p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n</tbody>\n\n\n<p style='font-size: 10px; color: #808080; font-style: italic;'>@dams_new_robot</p>", "bot": "@dams_new_robot", "audio": "https://image.prepladder.com/content/DMYo9N9X4vctB747gSDu1743816834.mp3", "video": ""}, {"text": "Based on the image given below, what are the sites at which the marked steps of creatinine synthesis occur?", "options": [{"label": "A", "text": "a- brain, b- liver, c- kidney", "correct": false}, {"label": "B", "text": "a- kidney, b- liver, c- muscle", "correct": true}, {"label": "C", "text": "a- liver, b- kidney, c- muscle", "correct": false}, {"label": "D", "text": "a- muscle, b- liver, c-kidney", "correct": false}], "correct_answer": "B. a- kidney, b- liver, c- muscle", "question_images": ["https://image.prepladder.com/content/uJc5uAtU5J3tRRBuHwTl1735035893.png"], "explanation_images": ["https://image.prepladder.com/content/TjH2NxXZcROyqbJi7Y0m1735035912.png"], "explanation": "<table cellspacing=\"0\" style=\"border-collapse:collapse; width:624px\">\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<td colspan=\"2\" style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"> </p>\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><strong>Steps</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"> </p>\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><strong>Enzyme </strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"> </p>\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><strong>Site </strong></p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>1.</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>The Amidino group of <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"e61a190afe16927771828271a46f94\">arginine</span> is transferred to <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"6df8c5de5016927771881dc6865f2e\">glycine</span> to <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"a1b06f401f1692777203a53393ba98\">form</span> guanidinoacetic acid.</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Amidotransferase</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Kidney </strong>(a) and pancreas</p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>2.</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Guanidoacetic acid is Methylated by S-adenosyl <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"373f4a37af16927771920ee58f2edf\">methionine</span> to <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"a1b06f401f1692777203a53393ba98\">form</span> creatine.</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Methyl transferase</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Liver </strong>(b)</p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>3.</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Creatine is phosphorylated to <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"5a7c641abc16927771852d9d7cd600\">creatine</span> phosphate.</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Creatine kinase</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Muscle, brain and liver.</p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>4.</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Creatine <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"189b6fc834169277719580eb39bb4c\">phosphate</span> may be converted to its anhydride, creatinine</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Non- enzymatic</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Muscle </strong>(c)</p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n</tbody>\n\n\n<p style='font-size: 10px; color: #808080; font-style: italic;'>@dams_new_robot</p>", "bot": "@dams_new_robot", "audio": "https://image.prepladder.com/content/xSj8KspR7H27bOBY9WbQ1743816712.mp3", "video": ""}, {"text": "Which of the following is not a known use of glycine in humans?", "options": [{"label": "A", "text": "Precursor for metabolites like creatine, glutathione, and heme.", "correct": false}, {"label": "B", "text": "Enhances the quality of sleep and supports neurological functions.", "correct": false}, {"label": "C", "text": "Inhibits synthesis of bile acid, reducing lipid absorption.", "correct": true}, {"label": "D", "text": "Provide structural integrity for collagen structure.", "correct": false}], "correct_answer": "C. Inhibits synthesis of bile acid, reducing lipid absorption.", "question_images": [], "explanation_images": [], "explanation": "<table cellspacing=\"0\" style=\"border-collapse:collapse; width:661px\">\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<td colspan=\"2\" style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><strong>Uses of Glycine</strong></p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>1) <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"d92cbff33316927771927b4de10a5b\">Metabolic</span> Functions</strong>:</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<ul>\n<li>Precursor for metabolites such as <strong>creatine, glutathione, heme</strong>, purines, and porphyrins. <strong>(Option A)</strong></li>\n<li>Vital for protein synthesis.</li>\n<li>Plays a crucial role in <strong>collagen structure</strong> by occupying every third position in the <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"d215f4a56c16927771842f34a24156\">collagen</span> triple helix. <strong>(Option D)</strong></li>\n</ul>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>2) Health and Disease Prevention</strong>:</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<ul>\n<li>Dietary supplementation can prevent or treat <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"d92cbff33316927771927b4de10a5b\">metabolic</span> disorders in patients with <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"e2b5f013011692777183ea1b11ed9c\">cardiovascular</span> diseases, <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"9d21dd5d3116927771907405b181bc\">inflammatory</span> diseases, obesity, cancers, and diabetes.</li>\n<li>Supports overall health, growth, and well-being in humans.</li>\n</ul>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>3) Neurological and Sleep Benefits</strong>:</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<ul>\n<li>Acts as a <strong>neurotransmitter</strong><strong> </strong>in the central nervous system, influencing food intake, behaviour, and body homeostasis.</li>\n<li><strong>Enhances sleep quality</strong><strong> </strong>and neurological functions. <strong>(Option B)</strong></li>\n</ul>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>4) Immune Function</strong>:</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<ul>\n<li>Regulates immune responses by altering <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"a621be29da16927771901bc91014d1\">intracellular</span> <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"54de8b79a91692777183e608bc0dd4\">calcium</span> levels.</li>\n<li>Modulates the production of <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"7d51964ce51692777199dedcf19fc3\">superoxide</span> and cytokines.</li>\n</ul>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>5) <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"a32cad4dbc169277718669cfb165a5\">Digestive</span> Health</strong>:</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<ul>\n<li>Facilitates the<strong> </strong><strong>conjugation of <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"cf978047b61692777183c0569f21f2\">bile</span> acids.</strong></li>\n<li>Aid in the <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"5fcb9396d1169277718069dd7fa788\">absorption</span> and <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"47d4bcce081692777186a1aafdde1a\">digestion</span> of lipid-soluble vitamins and lipids. <strong>(Option C)</strong></li>\n</ul>\n</td>\n</tr>\n</tbody>\n\n\n<p style='font-size: 10px; color: #808080; font-style: italic;'>@dams_new_robot</p>", "bot": "@dams_new_robot", "audio": "https://image.prepladder.com/content/mwfaq4vh2mjjMe2fEviq1743816321.mp3", "video": ""}, {"text": "The glycine cleavage system in the body produces CO2, ammonia and a one-carbon molecule. Which of the following is a subunit in the system?", "options": [{"label": "A", "text": "Tetrahydrofolate", "correct": false}, {"label": "B", "text": "Lipoamide", "correct": false}, {"label": "C", "text": "Tetrahydrofolate-dependent aminomethyltransferase (THFAAMT)", "correct": true}, {"label": "D", "text": "Pyridoxal phosphate", "correct": false}], "correct_answer": "C. Tetrahydrofolate-dependent aminomethyltransferase (THFAAMT)", "question_images": [], "explanation_images": ["https://image.prepladder.com/content/1rRYTGqgI5pZ36qvH8xW1735035794.png"], "explanation": "<table cellspacing=\"0\" style=\"border-collapse:collapse; width:NaN\">\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><strong>Subunits of the <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"6df8c5de5016927771881dc6865f2e\">glycine</span> <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"db5610b3121692777184e0965a9fa4\">cleavage</span> system</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><strong>Co-enzymes of <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"6df8c5de5016927771881dc6865f2e\">glycine</span> <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"db5610b3121692777184e0965a9fa4\">cleavage</span> system</strong></p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Tetrahydrofolate dependant <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"c011dc417616927771816fef085ce1\">aminotransferase</span> (THFAAMT) <strong>(Option C)</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>THF </strong><strong>(Option A) </strong></p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Pyridoxal phosphate-dependant (PLP) <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"6df8c5de5016927771881dc6865f2e\">glycine</span> decarboxylase</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Pyridoxal <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"189b6fc834169277719580eb39bb4c\">phosphate</span> (PLP)</strong> <strong>(Option D) </strong></p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Lipoamide dependent dehydrogenase</p>\n</td>\n<td rowspan=\"2\" style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Lipoamide </strong><strong>(Option B) </strong></p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Hydrogen or <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"d416281a201692777187899c00aed8\">electron</span> transport system</p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n</tbody>\n\n\n<p style='font-size: 10px; color: #808080; font-style: italic;'>@dams_new_robot</p>", "bot": "@dams_new_robot", "audio": "https://image.prepladder.com/content/gQabAQN8VloEIBpclFAF1743816045.mp3", "video": ""}, {"text": "A 6-month-old infant presented with lethargy, vomiting, and irritability. Blood tests revealed elevated ammonia levels. The infant was diagnosed with a urea cycle disorder. Which of the following medications, acting as ammonia-scavenging agents, would be most effective in reducing the infant's blood ammonia levels?", "options": [{"label": "A", "text": "Phenylacetate", "correct": true}, {"label": "B", "text": "N-acetyl glutamate", "correct": false}, {"label": "C", "text": "Lactulose", "correct": false}, {"label": "D", "text": "Neomycin", "correct": false}], "correct_answer": "A. Phenylacetate", "question_images": [], "explanation_images": [], "explanation": "\n\n<p style='font-size: 10px; color: #808080; font-style: italic;'>@dams_new_robot</p>", "bot": "@dams_new_robot", "audio": "https://image.prepladder.com/content/MHXv4WtDWnCAje8dBaH11743815984.mp3", "video": ""}, {"text": "A 45-year-old man presents to the clinic with complaints of fatigue and abdominal discomfort. Blood tests reveal elevated levels of alanine aminotransferase (ALT) and aspartate aminotransferase (AST). The physician suspects liver disease. Which of the following statements best describes the role of transamination reactions in amino acid metabolism?", "options": [{"label": "A", "text": "Transfer an amino group to one keto acid, producing new amino and keto acids.", "correct": true}, {"label": "B", "text": "Specific to lysine, threonine, and proline.", "correct": false}, {"label": "C", "text": "Elevated AST and ALT indicate myocardial infarction.", "correct": false}, {"label": "D", "text": "Occur exclusively in the liver mitochondria.", "correct": false}], "correct_answer": "A. Transfer an amino group to one keto acid, producing new amino and keto acids.", "question_images": [], "explanation_images": [], "explanation": "<table cellspacing=\"0\" style=\"border-collapse:collapse; width:747px\">\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<td colspan=\"2\" style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><strong>Transamination Process</strong></p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td colspan=\"2\" rowspan=\"3\" style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<ul>\n<li>Transfer of an α-amino group from an <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"543f207eb51692777181723491a358\">amino</span> acid to one keto acid, producing a new α-keto acid and a new <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"543f207eb51692777181723491a358\">amino</span> acid. <strong>(Option A)</strong></li>\n<li>The first step is the <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"67f82f0d211692777183f709777947\">catabolism</span> of most <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"543f207eb51692777181723491a358\">amino</span> acids.</li>\n<li>All <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"543f207eb51692777181723491a358\">amino</span> acids, <strong>except Proline, hydroxyproline, threonine, and lysine, participate in transamination</strong>. <strong>(Option B)</strong></li>\n</ul>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:middle\">\n<p><strong>Biological Importance</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<ul>\n<li><strong>Amino Acid Interconversion: </strong>Maintains balance of non-essential <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"543f207eb51692777181723491a358\">amino</span> acids by transferring <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"543f207eb51692777181723491a358\">amino</span> groups to synthesise needed <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"543f207eb51692777181723491a358\">amino</span> acids.</li>\n<li><strong>Ammonia Disposal: </strong>Detoxifies <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"edbc0adbb31692777181ed0ee792d4\">ammonia</span> by funnelling <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"543f207eb51692777181723491a358\">amino</span> groups into glutamate, which is deaminated in the liver for excretion.</li>\n</ul>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td rowspan=\"2\" style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:middle\">\n<p><strong>Glutamate's Role</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td rowspan=\"2\" style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<ul>\n<li><strong>α-Ketoglutarate:</strong> Acts as an <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"138fddb804169277718051e3eab3a4\">acceptor</span> of <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"543f207eb51692777181723491a358\">amino</span> groups from most <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"543f207eb51692777181723491a358\">amino</span> acids, converting to glutamate.</li>\n<li>Transamination occurs in the cytoplasm; the <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"543f207eb51692777181723491a358\">amino</span> group is transported to the liver as glutamate. <strong>(Option D)</strong></li>\n<li><strong>Oxidative Deamination:</strong> <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"ada5fcf7e416927771886ff24152ff\">Glutamate</span> undergoes rapid <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"60d563fe241692777194203742bf5b\">oxidative</span> <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"f325f24ae91692777185c749a7d0d2\">deamination</span> in the <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"18c9e7b9721692777192bd042528cc\">mitochondria</span> to <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"a1b06f401f1692777203a53393ba98\">form</span> α-ketoglutarate, which can accept another <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"543f207eb51692777181723491a358\">amino</span> group.</li>\n</ul>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td rowspan=\"3\" style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:middle\">\n<p><strong>Enzymes</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td rowspan=\"3\" style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<ul>\n<li><strong>Aminotransferases (Transaminases):</strong> Catalyse the transfer of <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"543f207eb51692777181723491a358\">amino</span> groups between carbon skeletons. They are not coenzymes. <strong>(Option C)</strong></li>\n<li><strong>Alanine <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"c011dc417616927771816fef085ce1\">Aminotransferase</span> (ALT):</strong> Transfers <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"543f207eb51692777181723491a358\">amino</span> group from <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"7f4e6edbc91692777181c6fa295ae7\">alanine</span> to α-ketoglutarate, forming <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"f9129e152d16927771960c4ccc40bc\">pyruvate</span> and glutamate.</li>\n<li><strong>Aspartate <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"c011dc417616927771816fef085ce1\">Aminotransferase</span> (AST):</strong> Transfers <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"543f207eb51692777181723491a358\">amino</span> groups from <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"ada5fcf7e416927771886ff24152ff\">glutamate</span> to oxaloacetate, forming <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"3d988dbcc816927771821e9a2544f7\">aspartate</span> used in the <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"38d4be106e169277720105b006c26b\">urea</span> cycle.</li>\n</ul>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td rowspan=\"3\" style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:middle\">\n<p><strong>Coenzyme</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td rowspan=\"3\" style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<ul>\n<li><strong>Pyridoxal <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"189b6fc834169277719580eb39bb4c\">Phosphate</span> (PLP):</strong> Required by all aminotransferases, derived from vitamin B6.</li>\n</ul>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:middle\">\n<p><strong>Reversibility</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<ul>\n<li>Transamination reactions are reversible, with <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"d52b8551541692777187be85e4bb2f\">equilibrium</span> constants near 1.</li>\n</ul>\n</td>\n</tr>\n</tbody>\n\n\n<p style='font-size: 10px; color: #808080; font-style: italic;'>@dams_new_robot</p>", "bot": "@dams_new_robot", "audio": "https://image.prepladder.com/content/8xIlPUbh4bdAARMJ7QJL1737466648.mp3", "video": ""}, {"text": "Which of the following is not a source of glycine?", "options": [{"label": "A", "text": "Serine", "correct": false}, {"label": "B", "text": "Threonine", "correct": false}, {"label": "C", "text": "choline", "correct": false}, {"label": "D", "text": "Lysine", "correct": true}], "correct_answer": "D. Lysine", "question_images": [], "explanation_images": [], "explanation": "\n\n<p style='font-size: 10px; color: #808080; font-style: italic;'>@dams_new_robot</p>", "bot": "@dams_new_robot", "audio": "https://image.prepladder.com/content/zVCjwKg4RlqMSV0BtwxR1743782726.mp3", "video": ""}, {"text": "A 45-year-old male with microcytic anaemia is found to have a deficiency of a vitamin essential for the rate-limiting step of heme synthesis. Which vitamin is most likely deficient?", "options": [{"label": "A", "text": "Vitamin B6", "correct": true}, {"label": "B", "text": "Vitamin B12", "correct": false}, {"label": "C", "text": "Vitamin C", "correct": false}, {"label": "D", "text": "Vitamin D", "correct": false}], "correct_answer": "A. Vitamin B6", "question_images": [], "explanation_images": [], "explanation": "\n\n<p style='font-size: 10px; color: #808080; font-style: italic;'>@dams_new_robot</p>", "bot": "@dams_new_robot", "audio": "https://image.prepladder.com/content/1h4wLuYehotoMd96Pgzt1743782527.mp3", "video": ""}, {"text": "A 5-month-old boy presents with failure to thrive, developmental delay, and intermittent episodes of vomiting and lethargy. The episodes coincide with the introduction of solid foods. Blood tests reveal elevated ammonia levels and high levels of ornithine in blood. Urine analysis shows increased excretion of homocitrulline. What is the most likely diagnosis for this patient?", "options": [{"label": "A", "text": "Citrullinemia", "correct": false}, {"label": "B", "text": "Argininosuccinate aciduria", "correct": false}, {"label": "C", "text": "HHH Syndrome", "correct": true}, {"label": "D", "text": "Argininemia", "correct": false}], "correct_answer": "C. HHH Syndrome", "question_images": [], "explanation_images": [], "explanation": "<table cellspacing=\"0\" style=\"border-collapse:collapse; width:623px\">\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<td colspan=\"2\" style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p style=\"text-align:center\"><strong>Hyperornithinemia-Hyperammonemia-Homocitrullinuria Syndrome</strong></p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Inheritance</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Autosomal recessive</strong></p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Defective Gene</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>ORC1</p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Defective Protein</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Mitochondrial <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"3387bea7f916927771943c70507aae\">Ornithine</span> Transporter:</strong> This <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"850b296dd316927772005b651f6e87\">transporter</span> moves <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"3387bea7f916927771943c70507aae\">ornithine</span> into the <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"18c9e7b9721692777192bd042528cc\">mitochondria</span> and <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"ee75827259169277718461711b03ca\">citrulline</span> out of the mitochondria.</p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Mechanism</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<ul>\n<li>Prevents <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"3387bea7f916927771943c70507aae\">ornithine</span> from entering the mitochondria, which is necessary for the <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"38d4be106e169277720105b006c26b\">urea</span> cycle.</li>\n<li>The buildup of <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"edbc0adbb31692777181ed0ee792d4\">ammonia</span> in the blood (hyperammonemia).</li>\n<li>Ornithine also accumulates in the <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"728bb228361692777185b98c34534b\">cytoplasm</span> (hyperornithinemia).</li>\n<li>Carbamoyl <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"189b6fc834169277719580eb39bb4c\">phosphate</span> reacts with <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"6413333d09169277719125b8a2a652\">lysine</span> to <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"a1b06f401f1692777203a53393ba98\">form</span> homocitrulline.</li>\n</ul>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Symptoms</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<ul>\n<li>Failure to thrive.</li>\n<li>Developmental delay.</li>\n<li>Intermittent episodes of <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"998fb41ebc1692777202e46891c4a7\">vomiting</span> and <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"7f737d5d2f1692777191ac675cbf29\">lethargy</span> (triggered by protein intake).</li>\n<li>Seizures.</li>\n<li>Intellectual disability.</li>\n</ul>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Diagnosis</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<ul>\n<li>Elevated blood ammonia</li>\n<li>Elevated blood ornithine</li>\n<li>Elevated <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"0b72f5e96b16927772018dec8a87e2\">urinary</span> homocitrulline.</li>\n</ul>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Treatment</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<ul>\n<li>Low-protein diet</li>\n<li>Nitrogen <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"f860186e9616927771987b23ea8a1a\">scavenger</span> medications</li>\n<li>Liver transplant in severe cases.</li>\n</ul>\n</td>\n</tr>\n</tbody>\n\n\n<p style='font-size: 10px; color: #808080; font-style: italic;'>@dams_new_robot</p>", "bot": "@dams_new_robot", "audio": "https://image.prepladder.com/content/GmuXbJZl0sVNEKoZ9u8A1743782224.mp3", "video": ""}, {"text": "A 5-month-old male infant with a history of vomiting, irritability, and developmental delay. The onset of symptoms coincided with the introduction of formula feed. Physical examination revealed hepatomegaly and signs of encephalopathy. Blood tests revealed elevated ammonia levels and high glutamine, uracil, and orotic acid concentrations. Citrulline levels were normal. What is the most likely diagnosis?", "options": [{"label": "A", "text": "Type 1 Hyperammonemia", "correct": false}, {"label": "B", "text": "Type 2 Hyperammonemia", "correct": true}, {"label": "C", "text": "Citrullinemia", "correct": false}, {"label": "D", "text": "Argininosuccinate aciduria", "correct": false}], "correct_answer": "B. Type 2 Hyperammonemia", "question_images": [], "explanation_images": [], "explanation": "<table cellspacing=\"0\" style=\"border-collapse:collapse; width:713px\">\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><strong>Feature</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><strong>Type 1 Hyperammonemia</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><strong>Type 2 Hyperammonemia</strong></p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Defective Enzyme</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Carbamoyl <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"189b6fc834169277719580eb39bb4c\">Phosphate</span> <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"7f4806283e169277719938719799af\">Synthetase</span> I (CPS1)</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Ornithine Transcarbamylase (OTC)</p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Inheritance</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Autosomal recessive</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>X-linked recessive</p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Mechanism</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>The inability to <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"37ab4f3d3a16927771991ff7316442\">synthesize</span> <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"115335498c16927771833a090ebb81\">carbamoyl</span> <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"189b6fc834169277719580eb39bb4c\">phosphate</span> blocks the <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"38d4be106e169277720105b006c26b\">urea</span> cycle.</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Accumulation of <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"115335498c16927771833a090ebb81\">carbamoyl</span> <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"189b6fc834169277719580eb39bb4c\">phosphate</span> in the mitochondria, which then spills over into the cytoplasm.</p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Metabolic Consequences</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<ul>\n<li>Elevated <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"edbc0adbb31692777181ed0ee792d4\">ammonia</span> and glutamate</li>\n<li>Normal <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"46988d61a21692777194b5f3d50f0b\">orotic acid</span> and uracil</li>\n<li>Low citrulline. <strong>(Option A)</strong></li>\n</ul>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<ul>\n<li><strong>Elevated ammonia, glutamate, and glutamine.</strong></li>\n<li><strong>High <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"8432fa69e2169277720189b48cbc82\">uracil</span> and orotic acid</strong> (excess <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"115335498c16927771833a090ebb81\">carbamoyl</span> <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"189b6fc834169277719580eb39bb4c\">phosphate</span> enters <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"cb474d9869169277719611d301e616\">pyrimidine</span> synthesis).</li>\n<li><strong>Normal citrulline.</strong></li>\n</ul>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Clinical Presentation</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<ul>\n<li>Symptoms coincide with increased protein intake.</li>\n<li><strong>CNS</strong>: Lethargy, drowsiness, coma, Convulsions, vomiting, <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"cfad80a0f716927771979aae100f95\">respiratory</span> stimulation, hyperventilation.</li>\n</ul>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<ul>\n<li>Similar to Type 1.</li>\n<li>Hepatomegaly.</li>\n</ul>\n</td>\n</tr>\n</tbody>\n\n\n\n<p style='font-size: 10px; color: #808080; font-style: italic;'>@dams_new_robot</p>", "bot": "@dams_new_robot", "audio": "https://image.prepladder.com/content/NlcmzLijmqJEwAGcvIDF1737469085.mp3", "video": ""}, {"text": "Which of the following statements about carbamoyl phosphate synthetases is correct?", "options": [{"label": "A", "text": "CPS-I is activated by PRPP, and CPS-II is inhibited by UTP.", "correct": false}, {"label": "B", "text": "CPS-I is located in cytosol, and CPS-II in mitochondria.", "correct": false}, {"label": "C", "text": "CPS-I is involved in urea cycle, and CPS-II in pyrimidine synthesis.", "correct": true}, {"label": "D", "text": "Source of nitrogen for CPS-I is glutamine, and CPS-II is ammonia.", "correct": false}], "correct_answer": "C. CPS-I is involved in urea cycle, and CPS-II in pyrimidine synthesis.", "question_images": [], "explanation_images": [], "explanation": "<table cellspacing=\"0\" style=\"border-collapse:collapse; width:624px\">\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><strong>Aspect</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><strong>Carbamoyl <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"189b6fc834169277719580eb39bb4c\">Phosphate</span> Synthetase-I (CPS-I)</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><strong>Carbamoyl <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"189b6fc834169277719580eb39bb4c\">Phosphate</span> Synthetase-II (CPS-II)</strong></p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Site </strong><strong>(Option B)</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Mitochondria</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Cytosol</p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Pathway involved </strong><strong>(Option C)</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Urea cycle</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Pyrimidine synthesis</p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Source of <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"391d32291016927771932bab695579\">Nitrogen</span> </strong><strong>(Option D)</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Ammonia</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>𝛾-Amide group of glutamine</p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Positive <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"18f15a10591692777187b41e1dbead\">effector</span> </strong><strong>(Option A)</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>N-acetyl glutamate</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Phosphoribosyl <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"53da8f40b5169277719620504e0cb9\">pyrophosphate</span> (PRPP)</p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Inhibitor </strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Nil</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Uridine triphosphate(UTP)</p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n</tbody>\n\n\n<p style='font-size: 10px; color: #808080; font-style: italic;'>@dams_new_robot</p>", "bot": "@dams_new_robot", "audio": "https://image.prepladder.com/content/QPLNbe5ctompZAwMovWA1743782111.mp3", "video": ""}, {"text": "Which of the following is true about the rate-limiting step of the urea cycle?", "options": [{"label": "A", "text": "It involves the formation of citrulline from ornithine.", "correct": false}, {"label": "B", "text": "It is catalysed by carbamoyl phosphate synthetase I (CPS I).", "correct": true}, {"label": "C", "text": "It is regulated by argininosuccinate synthetase.", "correct": false}, {"label": "D", "text": "It is controlled by the enzyme argininosuccinate lyase.", "correct": false}], "correct_answer": "B. It is catalysed by carbamoyl phosphate synthetase I (CPS I).", "question_images": [], "explanation_images": ["https://image.prepladder.com/content/tfUZUXnGgA9pPkk8Nd241735035444.png"], "explanation": "<table cellspacing=\"0\" style=\"border-collapse:collapse; width:717px\">\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<td colspan=\"4\" style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p style=\"text-align:center\"><strong>Reactions in the <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"38d4be106e169277720105b006c26b\">Urea</span> Cycle</strong></p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p style=\"text-align:center\"><strong>Step</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p style=\"text-align:center\"><strong>Reaction Details</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p style=\"text-align:center\"><strong>Enzyme Involved and Location</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p style=\"text-align:center\"><strong>Key Points</strong></p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Carbamoyl <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"189b6fc834169277719580eb39bb4c\">Phosphate</span> Formation</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<ul>\n<li>Formation of <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"115335498c16927771833a090ebb81\">carbamoyl</span> <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"189b6fc834169277719580eb39bb4c\">phosphate</span> from <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"edbc0adbb31692777181ed0ee792d4\">ammonia</span> and CO₂ using ATP.</li>\n</ul>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<ul>\n<li>Carbamoyl <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"189b6fc834169277719580eb39bb4c\">Phosphate</span> <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"7f4806283e169277719938719799af\">Synthetase</span> I (CPS I)</li>\n</ul>\n\t\t\t \n\n\t\t\t<ul>\n<li>Mitochondria</li>\n</ul>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<ul>\n<li>The rate-limiting step of the <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"38d4be106e169277720105b006c26b\">urea</span> cycle.</li>\n<li>Irreversible and allosterically regulated by N-acetyl <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"ada5fcf7e416927771886ff24152ff\">glutamate</span> (NAG).</li>\n</ul>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Citrulline Formation </strong><strong>(Option A)</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<ul>\n<li>Transfer of <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"115335498c16927771833a090ebb81\">carbamoyl</span> <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"189b6fc834169277719580eb39bb4c\">phosphate</span> to <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"3387bea7f916927771943c70507aae\">ornithine</span> to <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"a1b06f401f1692777203a53393ba98\">form</span> citrulline.</li>\n</ul>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<ul>\n<li>Ornithine Transcarbamylase (OTC)<br/>\n\t\t\t\t </li>\n<li>Mitochondria</li>\n</ul>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<ul>\n<li>Citrulline moves from <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"18c9e7b9721692777192bd042528cc\">mitochondria</span> to <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"436b14255b16927771852beb42f2e1\">cytosol</span> for further processing in the <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"38d4be106e169277720105b006c26b\">urea</span> cycle.</li>\n</ul>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Argininosuccinate Formation </strong><strong>(Option C)</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<ul>\n<li>Citrulline combines with <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"3d988dbcc816927771821e9a2544f7\">aspartate</span> to <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"a1b06f401f1692777203a53393ba98\">form</span> argininosuccinate.</li>\n</ul>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<ul>\n<li>Argininosuccinate Synthetase</li>\n</ul>\n\t\t\t \n\n\t\t\t<ul>\n<li>Cytoplasm</li>\n</ul>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<ul>\n<li>Requires ATP.</li>\n<li>Links the <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"38d4be106e169277720105b006c26b\">urea</span> cycle with the <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"a0c0c687e11692777200047d93f43e\">TCA</span> cycle via aspartate.</li>\n</ul>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Argininosuccinate <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"db5610b3121692777184e0965a9fa4\">Cleavage</span> </strong><strong>(Option D)</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<ul>\n<li>Cleavage of <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"6e424d94d61692777182f8426f19bf\">argininosuccinate</span> into <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"e61a190afe16927771828271a46f94\">arginine</span> and fumarate.</li>\n</ul>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<ul>\n<li>Argininosuccinate Lyase</li>\n</ul>\n\t\t\t \n\n\t\t\t<ul>\n<li>Cytoplasm</li>\n</ul>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<ul>\n<li>Fumarate enters the <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"a0c0c687e11692777200047d93f43e\">TCA</span> cycle, providing a connection between the <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"38d4be106e169277720105b006c26b\">urea</span> cycle and other <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"d92cbff33316927771927b4de10a5b\">metabolic</span> pathways.</li>\n</ul>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Arginine <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"db5610b3121692777184e0965a9fa4\">Cleavage</span> to <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"3387bea7f916927771943c70507aae\">Ornithine</span> and Urea</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<ul>\n<li>Hydrolysis of <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"e61a190afe16927771828271a46f94\">arginine</span> to produce <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"3387bea7f916927771943c70507aae\">ornithine</span> and urea.</li>\n</ul>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<ul>\n<li>Arginase</li>\n</ul>\n\t\t\t \n\n\t\t\t<ul>\n<li>Cytoplasm</li>\n</ul>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<ul>\n<li>Ornithine is recycled back into the <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"38d4be106e169277720105b006c26b\">urea</span> cycle.</li>\n<li>Urea is excreted by the kidneys, with some <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"38d4be106e169277720105b006c26b\">urea</span> also entering the intestine.</li>\n</ul>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Fate of Urea</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<ul>\n<li>Urea is transported to the kidneys, filtered, and excreted in urine.</li>\n</ul>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<ul>\n<li>Kidneys/ Intestine</li>\n</ul>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<ul>\n<li>Urea <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"0f7653c9ef1692777187deaa35f749\">excretion</span> is the final step, removing <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"7a1ae24f701692777187a7f60bbd9f\">excess</span> <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"391d32291016927771932bab695579\">nitrogen</span> from the body.</li>\n</ul>\n</td>\n</tr>\n</tbody>\n\n\n<p style='font-size: 10px; color: #808080; font-style: italic;'>@dams_new_robot</p>", "bot": "@dams_new_robot", "audio": "https://image.prepladder.com/content/sJDQEcg08hsTbNnj2Q6p1737467483.mp3", "video": ""}, {"text": "Which of the following statements about ammonia transport is correct?", "options": [{"label": "A", "text": "Glutamine moves ammonia from liver to brain.", "correct": false}, {"label": "B", "text": "Alanine transports ammonia from liver to muscles.", "correct": false}, {"label": "C", "text": "Glutamine and alanine transport ammonia to the liver.", "correct": true}, {"label": "D", "text": "Alanine does not participate in ammonia transport.", "correct": false}], "correct_answer": "C. Glutamine and alanine transport ammonia to the liver.", "question_images": [], "explanation_images": [], "explanation": "<table cellspacing=\"0\" style=\"border-collapse:collapse; width:624px\">\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Transporter</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Formation Process</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Source</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Destination</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Mechanism/Role</strong></p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Glutamine</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Formed from <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"ada5fcf7e416927771886ff24152ff\">glutamate</span> and <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"edbc0adbb31692777181ed0ee792d4\">ammonia</span> by <strong>glutamine synthetase</strong>.</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Skeletal muscle, liver, CNS</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Liver, kidneys</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<ul>\n<li>Transports <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"edbc0adbb31692777181ed0ee792d4\">ammonia</span> from the brain and <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"7840cca3ed16927771901d2f6cb32b\">intestine</span> to the liver. In the liver, <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"2ce271388f1692777188515f75666c\">glutamine</span> is <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"cf14b794fb16927771847567191a08\">cleaved</span> by <strong>glutaminase</strong> to release <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"edbc0adbb31692777181ed0ee792d4\">ammonia</span> and glutamate.</li>\n<li>Glutamate is then deaminated by <strong>glutamate <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"0d1ed86c771692777185d6b762efd5\">dehydrogenase</span> (GDH)</strong>, releasing additional ammonia, which enters the <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"38d4be106e169277720105b006c26b\">urea</span> cycle for detoxification.</li>\n</ul>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Alanine</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Formed from <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"f9129e152d16927771960c4ccc40bc\">pyruvate</span> and <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"edbc0adbb31692777181ed0ee792d4\">ammonia</span> in muscles during the <strong>glucose-alanine cycle</strong>.</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Muscles</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Liver</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<ul>\n<li>Transports <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"edbc0adbb31692777181ed0ee792d4\">ammonia</span> from muscle to the liver. In the liver, <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"7f4e6edbc91692777181c6fa295ae7\">alanine</span> is transaminated by <strong>alanine <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"e480f2b88f1692777200e20c981927\">transaminase</span> (ALT)</strong> to <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"a1b06f401f1692777203a53393ba98\">form</span> <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"f9129e152d16927771960c4ccc40bc\">pyruvate</span> and glutamate.</li>\n<li>The <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"f9129e152d16927771960c4ccc40bc\">pyruvate</span> is used to <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"37ab4f3d3a16927771991ff7316442\">synthesize</span> glucose, and the <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"ada5fcf7e416927771886ff24152ff\">glutamate</span> can be deaminated by GDH to release <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"edbc0adbb31692777181ed0ee792d4\">ammonia</span> for the <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"38d4be106e169277720105b006c26b\">urea</span> cycle.</li>\n</ul>\n</td>\n</tr>\n</tbody>\n\n\n<p style='font-size: 10px; color: #808080; font-style: italic;'>@dams_new_robot</p>", "bot": "@dams_new_robot", "audio": "https://image.prepladder.com/content/spIKVnJPoGI0HA3tKJOW1737467412.mp3", "video": ""}, {"text": "A 45-year-old man with elevated ammonia levels presents with confusion and disorientation. Which of the following is not a typical symptom of ammonia toxicity?", "options": [{"label": "A", "text": "Slurred speech", "correct": false}, {"label": "B", "text": "Tremors", "correct": false}, {"label": "C", "text": "Muscle rigidity", "correct": true}, {"label": "D", "text": "Blurred vision", "correct": false}], "correct_answer": "C. Muscle rigidity", "question_images": [], "explanation_images": [], "explanation": "<table cellspacing=\"0\" style=\"border-collapse:collapse; width:649px\">\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<td colspan=\"2\" style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><strong>Hyperammonemia </strong></p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td colspan=\"2\" style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<ul>\n<li style=\"text-align: center;\">Occurs in advanced liver disease and certain genetic disorders of <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"543f207eb51692777181723491a358\">amino</span> acid metabolism.</li>\n<li>It can lead to loss of consciousness, coma, convulsions and may be fatal.</li>\n<li>This is due to:</li>\n</ul>\n<ol>\n<li>Depletion of α-ketoglutarate from the <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"16e9bd9e7316927771848e824cf71e\">citric acid</span> cycle to <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"a1b06f401f1692777203a53393ba98\">form</span> <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"ada5fcf7e416927771886ff24152ff\">glutamate</span> and glutamine.</li>\n<li>Reduced <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"5abb3a7e7f1692777182a8f4c42522\">ATP</span> production.</li>\n<li>Inhibition of α-ketoglutarate and <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"f9129e152d16927771960c4ccc40bc\">pyruvate</span> dehydrogenases by elevated <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"edbc0adbb31692777181ed0ee792d4\">ammonia</span> levels.</li>\n</ol>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Neurotoxic effects of hyperammonemia</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<ul>\n<li>Tremors<strong> (Option B)</strong></li>\n<li>Slurred speech <strong>(Option A)</strong></li>\n<li>Drowsiness</li>\n<li>Vomiting</li>\n<li>Cerebral edema</li>\n<li>Blurred vision<strong> </strong><strong>(Option D)</strong></li>\n<li>Potential <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"e39842f67b1692777184171cd1852a\">coma</span> and death</li>\n</ul>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Causes </strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<ul>\n<li><strong>Genetic causes</strong>: <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"38d4be106e169277720105b006c26b\">Urea</span> cycle disorders and organic acidurias</li>\n<li>Hepatic encephalopathy</li>\n<li>Cor pulmonale</li>\n<li>Pulmonary emphysema</li>\n<li>Renal failure</li>\n</ul>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Management</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<ul>\n<li>Low-protein/high-calorie diet</li>\n<li>Antibiotics to reduce bacterial load ( ￬ urease-producing bacteria)</li>\n<li>Lactulose to decrease intestinal <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"edbc0adbb31692777181ed0ee792d4\">ammonia</span> production</li>\n</ul>\n</td>\n</tr>\n</tbody>\n\n\n<p style='font-size: 10px; color: #808080; font-style: italic;'>@dams_new_robot</p>", "bot": "@dams_new_robot", "audio": "https://image.prepladder.com/content/jkR2V0EWP29ufX7ppfXO1737467313.mp3", "video": ""}, {"text": "Which of the following pathways is primarily involved in the detoxification of ammonia in the brain?", "options": [{"label": "A", "text": "Conversion of ammonia to urea in neurons", "correct": false}, {"label": "B", "text": "Direct excretion of ammonia through the blood-brain barrier", "correct": false}, {"label": "C", "text": "Conversion of ammonia to glutamine via glutamine synthetase in astrocytes", "correct": true}, {"label": "D", "text": "Storage of ammonia in neurons as glutamate", "correct": false}], "correct_answer": "C. Conversion of ammonia to glutamine via glutamine synthetase in astrocytes", "question_images": [], "explanation_images": [], "explanation": "\n\n<p style='font-size: 10px; color: #808080; font-style: italic;'>@dams_new_robot</p>", "bot": "@dams_new_robot", "audio": "https://image.prepladder.com/content/amYPYYVw4KkkuFDp7n3K1737467216.mp3", "video": ""}, {"text": "Which of the following reactions is not catalysed by glutamate dehydrogenase (GDH)?", "options": [{"label": "A", "text": "Conversion of α-ketoglutarate and ammonia to glutamate", "correct": false}, {"label": "B", "text": "Oxidative deamination of glutamate", "correct": false}, {"label": "C", "text": "Formation of aspartate from oxaloacetate and ammonia", "correct": true}, {"label": "D", "text": "None of the above", "correct": false}], "correct_answer": "C. Formation of aspartate from oxaloacetate and ammonia", "question_images": [], "explanation_images": [], "explanation": "\n\n<p style='font-size: 10px; color: #808080; font-style: italic;'>@dams_new_robot</p>", "bot": "@dams_new_robot", "audio": "https://image.prepladder.com/content/SxsG4MJsH57JM1VObgou1737467074.mp3", "video": ""}, {"text": "Which of the following pairs of amino acids do not undergo transamination reactions?", "options": [{"label": "A", "text": "Serine and threonine", "correct": false}, {"label": "B", "text": "Lysine and threonine", "correct": true}, {"label": "C", "text": "Proline and alanine", "correct": false}, {"label": "D", "text": "Hydroxyproline and asparagine", "correct": false}], "correct_answer": "B. Lysine and threonine", "question_images": [], "explanation_images": [], "explanation": "<table cellspacing=\"0\" style=\"border-collapse:collapse; width:581px\">\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><strong>Amino Acid</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><strong>Reason</strong></p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Proline</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<ul>\n<li>Has a <strong>secondary <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"543f207eb51692777181723491a358\">amino</span> group</strong> within its <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"48c4a8c89716927771963cacf8092c\">pyrrolidine</span> ring structure.</li>\n<li>It cannot participate in standard <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"7d8529133f169277720000dc5165c2\">transamination</span> due to its structural characteristics.</li>\n</ul>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Hydroxyproline</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<ul>\n<li>Derived from <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"e17970718c16927771967aa6347980\">proline</span> through post-translational modification; shares the same <strong>structural limitation.</strong></li>\n</ul>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Lysine</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<ul>\n<li>Has an<strong> epsilon-amino group</strong> in its side chain, which can <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"a1b06f401f1692777203a53393ba98\">form</span> Schiff bases, potentially <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"653140d1dc16927771903445309f4e\">interfering</span> with transamination.</li>\n</ul>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Threonine</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<ul>\n<li>Loses its α-amino group through <strong>deamination </strong>rather than transamination.</li>\n<li>Direct <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"7d8529133f169277720000dc5165c2\">transamination</span> does not occur; instead, it is converted to alpha-ketobutyric acid.</li>\n</ul>\n</td>\n</tr>\n</tbody>\n\n\n<p style='font-size: 10px; color: #808080; font-style: italic;'>@dams_new_robot</p>", "bot": "@dams_new_robot", "audio": "https://image.prepladder.com/content/aSoov3yG5ACburBKbhAl1737466942.mp3", "video": ""}, {"text": "A 50-year-old woman presents with confusion and lethargy. Blood tests show elevated levels of ammonia, suggesting hyperammonemia. Further tests indicate liver dysfunction. Which of the following best describes the process of oxidative deamination in amino acid metabolism?", "options": [{"label": "A", "text": "Removal of an amino group from an amino acid, resulting in the corresponding keto acid and ammonia.", "correct": true}, {"label": "B", "text": "Involves only transamination reactions in the cytoplasm.", "correct": false}, {"label": "C", "text": "Generates ammonia, which is directly excreted by the kidneys.", "correct": false}, {"label": "D", "text": "Predominantly occurs in the liver cytoplasm, producing glutamine.", "correct": false}], "correct_answer": "A. Removal of an amino group from an amino acid, resulting in the corresponding keto acid and ammonia.", "question_images": [], "explanation_images": ["https://image.prepladder.com/content/U6l9kqZtFUHpnxRlFsq81735035239.png"], "explanation": "\n\n<p style='font-size: 10px; color: #808080; font-style: italic;'>@dams_new_robot</p>", "bot": "@dams_new_robot", "audio": "https://image.prepladder.com/content/yWlPUPbZAZDHJW4KN5SE1737466889.mp3", "video": ""}]; if (!Array.isArray(questions) || questions.length === 0) { throw new Error("Questions data is empty or invalid"); } debugLog(`Successfully parsed ${questions.length} questions`); } catch (e) { console.error("Failed to parse questions_json:", e); document.getElementById('error-message').innerHTML = "Error loading quiz data. Please check the console for details or contact support."; document.getElementById('error-message').classList.remove('hidden'); document.getElementById('start-test').disabled = true; // Fallback to sample questions for testing questions = [ { text: "What is 2 + 2?", options: [ { label: "A", text: "3", correct: false }, { label: "B", text: "4", correct: true }, { label: "C", text: "5", correct: false }, { label: "D", text: "6", correct: false } ], correct_answer: "B. 4", question_images: [], explanation_images: [], explanation: "<p>2 + 2 = 4</p><p>@dams_new_robot</p>", bot: "@dams_new_robot", audio: "", video: "" } ]; debugLog("Loaded fallback questions"); } // Quiz state let currentQuestion = 0; let answers = new Array(questions.length).fill(null); let markedForReview = new Array(questions.length).fill(false); let timeRemaining = 36 * 60; // Duration in seconds let timerInterval = null; const quizId = `{title.replace(/\s+/g, '_').toLowerCase()}`; // Unique ID for local storage // Load saved progress function loadProgress() { try { debugLog("Loading progress from localStorage"); const saved = localStorage.getItem(`quiz_${quizId}`); if (saved) { const { savedAnswers, savedMarked, savedTime } = JSON.parse(saved); answers = savedAnswers || answers; markedForReview = savedMarked || markedForReview; timeRemaining = savedTime !== undefined ? savedTime : timeRemaining; debugLog("Progress loaded successfully"); } else { debugLog("No saved progress found"); } } catch (e) { console.error("Error loading progress:", e); debugLog("Failed to load progress: " + e.message); } } // Save progress function saveProgress() { try { debugLog("Saving progress to localStorage"); localStorage.setItem(`quiz_${quizId}`, JSON.stringify({ savedAnswers: answers, savedMarked: markedForReview, savedTime: timeRemaining })); debugLog("Progress saved successfully"); } catch (e) { console.error("Error saving progress:", e); debugLog("Failed to save progress: " + e.message); } } // Initialize quiz function initQuiz() { try { debugLog("Initializing quiz"); loadProgress(); const startButton = document.getElementById('start-test'); if (!startButton) { throw new Error("Start test button not found"); } startButton.addEventListener('click', startQuiz); debugLog("Start test button listener attached"); document.getElementById('previous-btn').addEventListener('click', showPreviousQuestion); document.getElementById('next-btn').addEventListener('click', showNextQuestion); document.getElementById('mark-review').addEventListener('click', toggleMarkForReview); document.getElementById('nav-toggle').addEventListener('click', toggleNavPanel); document.getElementById('submit-test').addEventListener('click', showSubmitModal); document.getElementById('continue-test').addEventListener('click', closeExitModal); document.getElementById('exit-test').addEventListener('click', () => { debugLog("Exiting test"); localStorage.removeItem(`quiz_${quizId}`); window.location.reload(); }); document.getElementById('cancel-submit').addEventListener('click', closeSubmitModal); document.getElementById('confirm-submit').addEventListener('click', submitTest); document.getElementById('take-again').addEventListener('click', () => { debugLog("Restarting test"); localStorage.removeItem(`quiz_${quizId}`); window.location.reload(); }); document.getElementById('review-test').addEventListener('click', () => showResults(currentResultQuestion)); document.getElementById('close-nav').addEventListener('click', toggleNavPanel); document.getElementById('theme-toggle').addEventListener('click', toggleTheme); document.getElementById('nav-filter').addEventListener('change', updateNavPanel); document.getElementById('prev-result').addEventListener('click', showPreviousResult); document.getElementById('next-result').addEventListener('click', showNextResult); document.getElementById('results-nav-toggle').addEventListener('click', toggleResultsNavPanel); document.getElementById('close-results-nav').addEventListener('click', toggleResultsNavPanel); document.getElementById('results-nav-filter').addEventListener('change', updateResultsNavPanel); debugLog("Quiz initialized successfully"); } catch (e) { console.error("Failed to initialize quiz:", e); debugLog("Failed to initialize quiz: " + e.message); document.getElementById('error-message').innerHTML = "Error initializing quiz. Please check the console for details or contact support."; document.getElementById('error-message').classList.remove('hidden'); document.getElementById('start-test').disabled = true; } } // Start quiz function startQuiz() { try { debugLog("Starting quiz"); document.getElementById('instructions').classList.add('hidden'); document.getElementById('quiz').classList.remove('hidden'); showQuestion(currentQuestion); startTimer(); updateNavPanel(); debugLog("Quiz started successfully"); } catch (e) { console.error("Error starting quiz:", e); debugLog("Failed to start quiz: " + e.message); document.getElementById('error-message').innerHTML = "Error starting quiz. Please check the console for details or contact support."; document.getElementById('error-message').classList.remove('hidden'); document.getElementById('quiz').classList.add('hidden'); document.getElementById('instructions').classList.remove('hidden'); } } // Show question function showQuestion(index) { try { debugLog(`Showing question ${index + 1}`); currentQuestion = index; const q = questions[index]; if (!q) { throw new Error(`Question ${index} is undefined`); } document.getElementById('question-number').innerHTML = `Question <span>${index + 1}</span> of ${questions.length}`; document.getElementById('question-text').innerHTML = q.text || "No question text available"; const imagesDiv = document.getElementById('question-images'); imagesDiv.innerHTML = q.question_images && q.question_images.length > 0 ? q.question_images.map(url => `<img src="${url}" alt="Question Image" class="max-w-full h-auto rounded-lg">`).join('') : ''; const optionsDiv = document.getElementById('options'); optionsDiv.innerHTML = q.options && q.options.length > 0 ? q.options.map(opt => ` <button class="option-btn w-full text-left p-3 border rounded-lg ${answers[index] === opt.label ? 'selected' : ''}" onclick="selectOption(${index}, '${opt.label}')" aria-label="Option ${opt.label}: ${opt.text}"> ${opt.label}. ${opt.text} </button> `).join('') : '<p class="text-red-500">No options available</p>'; document.getElementById('previous-btn').disabled = index === 0; document.getElementById('next-btn').disabled = index === questions.length - 1; document.getElementById('mark-review').classList.toggle('marked', markedForReview[index]); updateProgressBar(); saveProgress(); window.scrollTo({ top: 0, behavior: 'smooth' }); debugLog(`Question ${index + 1} displayed successfully`); } catch (e) { console.error("Error displaying question:", e); debugLog("Failed to display question: " + e.message); } } // Select option function selectOption(index, label) { try { debugLog(`Selecting option ${label} for question ${index + 1}`); answers[index] = label; const optionsDiv = document.getElementById('options'); const optionButtons = optionsDiv.querySelectorAll('.option-btn'); optionButtons.forEach(btn => { const btnLabel = btn.textContent.trim().split('.')[0]; btn.classList.toggle('selected', btnLabel === label); }); updateNavPanel(); saveProgress(); debugLog(`Option ${label} selected for question ${index + 1}`); } catch (e) { console.error("Error selecting option:", e); debugLog("Failed to select option: " + e.message); } } // Toggle mark for review function toggleMarkForReview() { try { debugLog(`Toggling mark for review on question ${currentQuestion + 1}`); markedForReview[currentQuestion] = !markedForReview[currentQuestion]; document.getElementById('mark-review').classList.toggle('marked', markedForReview[currentQuestion]); updateNavPanel(); saveProgress(); debugLog(`Mark for review toggled for question ${currentQuestion + 1}`); } catch (e) { console.error("Error marking for review:", e); debugLog("Failed to mark for review: " + e.message); } } // Navigate to previous question function showPreviousQuestion() { try { debugLog(`Navigating to previous question from ${currentQuestion + 1}`); if (currentQuestion > 0) { currentQuestion--; showQuestion(currentQuestion); } } catch (e) { console.error("Error navigating to previous question:", e); debugLog("Failed to navigate to previous question: " + e.message); } } // Navigate to next question function showNextQuestion() { try { debugLog(`Navigating to next question from ${currentQuestion + 1}`); if (currentQuestion < questions.length - 1) { currentQuestion++; showQuestion(currentQuestion); } } catch (e) { console.error("Error navigating to next question:", e); debugLog("Failed to navigate to next question: " + e.message); } } // Handle question navigation click function handleQuestionNavClick(index) { try { debugLog(`Navigating to question ${index + 1} via nav panel`); showQuestion(index); toggleNavPanel(); } catch (e) { console.error("Error handling navigation click:", e); debugLog("Failed to navigate via nav panel: " + e.message); } } // Start timer function startTimer() { try { debugLog("Starting timer"); timerInterval = setInterval(() => { if (timeRemaining <= 0) { debugLog("Timer expired, submitting test"); clearInterval(timerInterval); submitTest(); } else { timeRemaining--; const minutes = Math.floor(timeRemaining / 60); const seconds = timeRemaining % 60; document.getElementById('timer').innerHTML = `Time Remaining: <span>${minutes.toString().padStart(2, '0')}:${seconds.toString().padStart(2, '0')}</span>`; saveProgress(); } }, 1000); debugLog("Timer started successfully"); } catch (e) { console.error("Error starting timer:", e); debugLog("Failed to start timer: " + e.message); } } // Update progress bar function updateProgressBar() { try { debugLog("Updating progress bar"); const progress = ((currentQuestion + 1) / questions.length) * 100; document.getElementById('progress-bar').style.width = `${progress}%`; debugLog("Progress bar updated"); } catch (e) { console.error("Error updating progress bar:", e); debugLog("Failed to update progress bar: " + e.message); } } // Update quiz navigation panel function updateNavPanel() { try { debugLog("Updating quiz navigation panel"); const filter = document.getElementById('nav-filter').value; const navGrid = document.getElementById('nav-grid'); navGrid.innerHTML = questions.map((_, i) => { if (filter === 'answered' && !answers[i]) return ''; if (filter === 'unanswered' && answers[i]) return ''; if (filter === 'marked' && !markedForReview[i]) return ''; return ` <button class="question-nav-btn ${answers[i] ? 'answered' : 'unanswered'} ${markedForReview[i] ? 'marked-nav' : ''}" onclick="handleQuestionNavClick(${i})" aria-label="Go to Question ${i + 1}"> ${i + 1} </button> `; }).join(''); debugLog("Quiz navigation panel updated"); } catch (e) { console.error("Error updating quiz navigation panel:", e); debugLog("Failed to update quiz navigation panel: " + e.message); } } // Update results navigation panel function updateResultsNavPanel() { try { debugLog("Updating results navigation panel"); const filter = document.getElementById('results-nav-filter').value; const navGrid = document.getElementById('results-nav-grid'); navGrid.innerHTML = questions.map((_, i) => { if (filter === 'answered' && !answers[i]) return ''; if (filter === 'unanswered' && answers[i]) return ''; if (filter === 'marked' && !markedForReview[i]) return ''; return ` <button class="result-nav-btn-grid ${answers[i] ? 'answered' : 'unanswered'} ${markedForReview[i] ? 'marked-nav' : ''}" onclick="handleResultNavClick(${i})" aria-label="Go to Result for Question ${i + 1}"> ${i + 1} </button> `; }).join(''); debugLog("Results navigation panel updated"); } catch (e) { console.error("Error updating results navigation panel:", e); debugLog("Failed to update results navigation panel: " + e.message); } } // Toggle quiz navigation panel function toggleNavPanel() { try { debugLog("Toggling quiz navigation panel"); const navPanel = document.getElementById('nav-panel'); navPanel.classList.toggle('hidden'); debugLog("Quiz navigation panel toggled"); } catch (e) { console.error("Error toggling quiz navigation panel:", e); debugLog("Failed to toggle quiz navigation panel: " + e.message); } } // Toggle results navigation panel function toggleResultsNavPanel() { try { debugLog("Toggling results navigation panel"); const resultsNavPanel = document.getElementById('results-nav-panel'); resultsNavPanel.classList.toggle('hidden'); if (!resultsNavPanel.classList.contains('hidden')) { updateResultsNavPanel(); } debugLog("Results navigation panel toggled"); } catch (e) { console.error("Error toggling results navigation panel:", e); debugLog("Failed to toggle results navigation panel: " + e.message); } } // Handle result navigation click function handleResultNavClick(index) { try { debugLog(`Navigating to result for question ${index + 1} via nav panel`); showResults(index); toggleResultsNavPanel(); } catch (e) { console.error("Error handling result navigation click:", e); debugLog("Failed to navigate to result: " + e.message); } } // Show submit modal function showSubmitModal() { try { debugLog("Showing submit modal"); const attempted = answers.filter(a => a !== null).length; document.getElementById('attempted-count').textContent = attempted; document.getElementById('unattempted-count').textContent = questions.length - attempted; document.getElementById('submit-modal').classList.remove('hidden'); debugLog("Submit modal displayed"); } catch (e) { console.error("Error showing submit modal:", e); debugLog("Failed to show submit modal: " + e.message); } } // Close submit modal function closeSubmitModal() { try { debugLog("Closing submit modal"); document.getElementById('submit-modal').classList.add('hidden'); debugLog("Submit modal closed"); } catch (e) { console.error("Error closing submit modal:", e); debugLog("Failed to close submit modal: " + e.message); } } // Close exit modal function closeExitModal() { try { debugLog("Closing exit modal"); document.getElementById('exit-modal').classList.add('hidden'); debugLog("Exit modal closed"); } catch (e) { console.error("Error closing exit modal:", e); debugLog("Failed to close exit modal: " + e.message); } } // Submit test function submitTest() { try { debugLog("Submitting test"); clearInterval(timerInterval); document.getElementById('quiz').classList.add('hidden'); document.getElementById('submit-modal').classList.add('hidden'); document.getElementById('results').classList.remove('hidden'); showResults(0); // Start with first question // Trigger confetti animation confetti({ particleCount: 100, spread: 70, origin: { y: 0.6 } }); localStorage.removeItem(`quiz_${quizId}`); debugLog("Test submitted successfully"); } catch (e) { console.error("Error submitting test:", e); debugLog("Failed to submit test: " + e.message); } } // Show result for a single question function showResults(index) { try { debugLog(`Showing result for question ${index + 1}`); currentResultQuestion = index; let correct = 0, wrong = 0, unanswered = 0, marked = 0; answers.forEach((answer, i) => { const isCorrect = answer && questions[i].options.find(opt => opt.label === answer)?.correct; if (answer === null) unanswered++; else if (isCorrect) correct++; else wrong++; if (markedForReview[i]) marked++; }); const q = questions[index]; if (!q) { throw new Error(`Question ${index} is undefined`); } const userAnswer = answers[index]; const isCorrect = userAnswer && q.options.find(opt => opt.label === userAnswer)?.correct; const resultsContent = document.getElementById('results-content'); resultsContent.innerHTML = ` <div class="border p-4 rounded-lg ${isCorrect ? 'bg-green-50' : userAnswer ? 'bg-red-50' : 'bg-gray-50'}"> <p class="font-semibold">Question ${index + 1}: ${q.text || 'No question text'}</p> ${q.question_images && q.question_images.length > 0 ? q.question_images.map(url => `<img src="${url}" alt="Question Image" class="max-w-full h-auto rounded-lg my-2">`).join('') : ''} <p><strong>Your Answer:</strong> ${userAnswer ? `${userAnswer}. ${q.options.find(opt => opt.label === userAnswer)?.text || 'Invalid option'}` : 'Unanswered'}</p> <p><strong>Correct Answer:</strong> ${q.correct_answer || 'Unknown'}</p> <div class="mt-2">${q.explanation || 'No explanation available'}</div> ${q.explanation_images && q.explanation_images.length > 0 ? q.explanation_images.map(url => `<img src="${url}" alt="Explanation Image" class="max-w-full h-auto rounded-lg my-2">`).join('') : ''} ${q.video ? ` <button class="play-video bg-blue-500 text-white px-4 py-2 rounded-lg mt-2" onclick="loadVideo(this, '${q.video}', 'video-${index}')" aria-label="Play explanation video for Question ${index + 1}"> Play Video Explanation </button> <div id="video-${index}" class="video-container mt-2"></div> ` : '<p class="text-gray-500 mt-2">No video available</p>'} ${q.audio ? ` <button class="play-audio bg-blue-500 text-white px-4 py-2 rounded-lg mt-2" onclick="loadAudio(this, '${q.audio}', 'audio-${index}')" aria-label="Play audio explanation for Question ${index + 1}"> Play Audio Explanation </button> <div id="audio-${index}" class="audio-container mt-2"></div> ` : ''} </div> `; document.getElementById('correct-count').textContent = correct; document.getElementById('wrong-count').textContent = wrong; document.getElementById('unanswered-count').textContent = unanswered; document.getElementById('marked-count').textContent = marked; document.getElementById('result-question-number').innerHTML = `Question <span>${index + 1}</span> of ${questions.length}`; document.getElementById('prev-result').disabled = index === 0; document.getElementById('next-result').disabled = index === questions.length - 1; updateResultsNavPanel(); window.scrollTo({ top: 0, behavior: 'smooth' }); debugLog(`Result for question ${index + 1} displayed successfully`); } catch (e) { console.error("Error displaying result:", e); debugLog("Failed to display result: " + e.message); } } // Navigate to previous result function showPreviousResult() { try { debugLog(`Navigating to previous result from question ${currentResultQuestion + 1}`); if (currentResultQuestion > 0) { showResults(currentResultQuestion - 1); } } catch (e) { console.error("Error navigating to previous result:", e); debugLog("Failed to navigate to previous result: " + e.message); } } // Navigate to next result function showNextResult() { try { debugLog(`Navigating to next result from question ${currentResultQuestion + 1}`); if (currentResultQuestion < questions.length - 1) { showResults(currentResultQuestion + 1); } } catch (e) { console.error("Error navigating to next result:", e); debugLog("Failed to navigate to next result: " + e.message); } } // Lazy-load video function loadVideo(button, videoUrl, containerId) { try { debugLog(`Loading video for ${containerId}: ${videoUrl}`); if (!videoUrl) { const container = document.getElementById(containerId); container.innerHTML = `<p class="text-gray-500">No video available</p>`; button.remove(); debugLog("No video URL provided"); return; } const container = document.getElementById(containerId); container.innerHTML = ` <div class="video-loading"></div> <video controls class="w-full max-w-[600px] rounded-lg" preload="metadata" aria-label="Video explanation"> <source src="${videoUrl}" type="${videoUrl.endsWith('.m3u8') ? 'application/x-mpegURL' : 'video/mp4'}"> Your browser does not support the video tag. </video> `; container.classList.add('active'); button.remove(); // Initialize HLS.js for .m3u8 videos const video = container.querySelector('video'); if (videoUrl.endsWith('.m3u8') && Hls.isSupported()) { const hls = new Hls(); hls.loadSource(videoUrl); hls.attachMedia(video); hls.on(Hls.Events.ERROR, (event, data) => { console.error("HLS.js error:", data); container.innerHTML = `<p class="text-red-500">Error loading video. <a href="${videoUrl}" target="_blank" aria-label="Open video in new tab">Open video</a></p>`; debugLog("HLS.js error: " + JSON.stringify(data)); }); } else if (videoUrl.endsWith('.m3u8') && video.canPlayType('application/vnd.apple.mpegurl')) { video.src = videoUrl; } // Handle video load errors video.onerror = () => { console.error("Video load error for URL:", videoUrl); container.innerHTML = `<p class="text-red-500">Error loading video. <a href="${videoUrl}" target="_blank" aria-label="Open video in new tab">Open video</a></p>`; debugLog("Video load error for URL: " + videoUrl); }; // Remove loading spinner when video is ready video.onloadedmetadata = () => { container.querySelector('.video-loading').remove(); debugLog("Video loaded successfully"); }; } catch (e) { console.error("Error loading video:", e); debugLog("Failed to load video: " + e.message); const container = document.getElementById(containerId); container.innerHTML = `<p class="text-red-500">Error loading video. <a href="${videoUrl}" target="_blank" aria-label="Open video in new tab">Open video</a></p>`; } } // Lazy-load audio function loadAudio(button, audioUrl, containerId) { try { debugLog(`Loading audio for ${containerId}: ${audioUrl}`); if (!audioUrl) { const container = document.getElementById(containerId); container.innerHTML = `<p class="text-gray-500">No audio available</p>`; button.remove(); debugLog("No audio URL provided"); return; } const container = document.getElementById(containerId); container.innerHTML = ` <audio controls class="w-full max-w-[600px]" preload="metadata" aria-label="Audio explanation"> <source src="${audioUrl}" type="audio/mpeg"> Your browser does not support the audio tag. </audio> `; container.classList.add('active'); button.remove(); // Handle audio load errors const audio = container.querySelector('audio'); audio.onerror = () => { console.error("Audio load error for URL:", audioUrl); container.innerHTML = `<p class="text-red-500">Error loading audio. <a href="${audioUrl}" target="_blank" aria-label="Open audio in new tab">Open audio</a></p>`; debugLog("Audio load error for URL: " + audioUrl); }; debugLog("Audio loaded successfully"); } catch (e) { console.error("Error loading audio:", e); debugLog("Failed to load audio: " + e.message); const container = document.getElementById(containerId); container.innerHTML = `<p class="text-red-500">Error loading audio. <a href="${audioUrl}" target="_blank" aria-label="Open audio in new tab">Open audio</a></p>`; } } // Toggle dark mode function toggleTheme() { try { debugLog("Toggling theme"); document.documentElement.classList.toggle('dark'); localStorage.setItem('theme', document.documentElement.classList.contains('dark') ? 'dark' : 'light'); debugLog("Theme toggled successfully"); } catch (e) { console.error("Error toggling theme:", e); debugLog("Failed to toggle theme: " + e.message); } } // Load theme preference function loadTheme() { try { debugLog("Loading theme preference"); const theme = localStorage.getItem('theme'); if (theme === 'dark') { document.documentElement.classList.add('dark'); } debugLog("Theme loaded successfully"); } catch (e) { console.error("Error loading theme:", e); debugLog("Failed to load theme: " + e.message); } } // Initialize on DOM content loaded window.addEventListener('DOMContentLoaded', () => { try { debugLog("DOM content loaded, initializing quiz"); loadTheme(); initQuiz(); } catch (e) { console.error("Error during DOMContentLoaded:", e); debugLog("Failed to initialize on DOMContentLoaded: " + e.message); document.getElementById('error-message').innerHTML = "Error initializing quiz. Please check the console for details or contact support."; document.getElementById('error-message').classList.remove('hidden'); } }); </script> </body> </html>" frameborder="0" width="100%" height="2000px">
<div class="bg-white rounded-lg shadow-md p-4 md:p-6"> <h2 class="text-xl font-semibold mb-4">Instructions</h2> <h4 class="text-gray-800 text-lg font-semibold mt-6 mb-4">Test Features:</h4> <ul class="space-y-3"> <li class="flex items-center gap-3"> <i class="fa-solid fa-circle-check text-green-500"></i> Multiple choice questions with single correct answers </li> <li class="flex items-center gap-3"> <i class="fa-solid fa-circle-check text-green-500"></i> Timer-based testing for realistic exam conditions </li> <li class="flex items-center gap-3"> <i class="fa-solid fa-circle-check text-green-500"></i> Mark questions for review functionality </li> <li class="flex items-center gap-3"> <i class="fa-solid fa-circle-check text-green-500"></i> Comprehensive results and performance analysis </li> <li class="flex items-center gap-3"> <i class="fa-solid fa-circle-check text-green-500"></i> Mobile-optimized interface for learning on-the-go </li> </ul> <div class="mt-6 flex space-x-4 button-group md:flex-row flex-col"> <button class="bg-[#2c5281] text-white px-6 py-2 rounded-lg hover:bg-[#2c5281] transition" id="start-test">Start Test</button> </div> <div class="error-message hidden" id="error-message"></div> </div> </section> <!-- Quiz Section --> <section class="container mx-auto px-4 md:px-6 pt-4 md:pt-6 pb-1 hidden section-transition" id="quiz"> <div class="bg-white rounded-lg shadow-md p-4 md:p-6"> <!-- Progress Bar --> <div class="w-full bg-gray-200 rounded-full h-3 mb-4"> <div class="progress-bar h-3 rounded-full" id="progress-bar" style="width: 0%"></div> </div> <!-- Question Header --> <div class="flex flex-col md:flex-row justify-between items-center mb-4"> <h2 class="text-lg font-semibold" id="question-number">Question <span>1</span> of 4</h2> <p class="text-lg font-semibold mt-2 md:mt-0" id="timer">Time Remaining: <span>00:00</span></p> </div> <!-- Question Content --> <div class="mb-6" id="question-content"> <p class="text-gray-800 mb-4" id="question-text"></p> <div class="flex flex-wrap gap-4 mb-4" id="question-images"></div> <div class="space-y-3" id="options"></div> </div> <!-- Navigation Buttons --> <div class="flex flex-col md:flex-row justify-between items-center gap-2 md:gap-4"> <div class="flex gap-2 w-full md:w-auto"> <button class="bg-[#2c5281] text-white px-4 py-3 w-full md:w-32 h-14 rounded-lg hover:bg-[#2c5281] transition" disabled="" id="previous-btn">Previous</button> <button class="bg-[#2c5281] text-white px-4 py-3 w-full md:w-32 h-14 rounded-lg hover:bg-[#2c5281] transition" id="next-btn">Next</button> </div> <div class="flex items-center gap-2"> <button class="bg-transparent text-gray-700 px-4 py-2 rounded-lg hover:bg-gray-100 transition flex items-center gap-1" id="mark-review"> Review <svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" class="h-5 w-5" viewBox="0 0 20 20" fill="currentColor"> <path d="M10 2a1 1 0 00-1 1v14l3.293-3.293a1 1 0 011.414 0L17 17V3a1 1 0 00-1-1H10z" /> </svg> </button> <button class="bg-transparent text-gray-700 px-4 py-2 rounded-lg hover:bg-gray-100 transition flex items-center gap-1" id="nav-toggle"> Question 🧭 </button> <button class="bg-green-500 text-white px-6 py-3 w-44 h-14 rounded-lg hover:bg-green-600 transition w-full md:w-auto" id="submit-test">Submit Test</button> </div> </div> </section> <!-- Results Section --> <section class="container mx-auto px-4 md:px-6 pt-4 md:pt-6 pb-1 hidden section-transition" id="results"> <div class="bg-white rounded-lg shadow-md p-4 md:p-6"> <h2 class="text-2xl font-semibold mb-4">Anaesthesia Machine - Results</h2> <div class="grid grid-cols-1 md:grid-cols-2 gap-4 mb-6"> <p><strong>Correct:</strong> <span id="correct-count" class="text-[#000000]">0</span></p> <p><strong>Wrong:</strong> <span id="wrong-count" class="text-[#000000]">0</span></p> <p><strong>Unanswered:</strong> <span id="unanswered-count" class="text-[#000000]-500">0</span></p> <p><strong>Marked for Review:</strong> <span id="marked-count" class="text-[#000000]">0</span></p> </div> <h3 class="text-lg font-semibold mb-4" id="result-question-number">Question <span>1</span> of 4</h3> <div class="space-y-6" id="results-content"></div> <div class="result-nav"> <button aria-label="Previous question result" class="result-nav-btn bg-[#2c5281] text-white px-6 py-2 rounded-lg hover:bg-[#2c5281] transition" disabled="" id="prev-result">Previous</button> <button aria-label="Toggle results navigation panel" class="result-nav-btn bg-[#2c5281] text-white px-6 py-2 rounded-lg hover:bg-[#2c5281] transition" id="results-nav-toggle">Result 🧭</button> <button aria-label="Next question result" class="result-nav-btn bg-[#2c5281] text-white px-6 py-2 rounded-lg hover:bg-[#2c5281] transition" id="next-result">Next</button> </div> <div class="mt-6 flex space-x-4 button-group md:flex-row flex-col"> <button class="bg-green-500 text-white px-6 py-2 rounded-lg hover:bg-green-600 transition" id="take-again">Take Again</button> </div> </div> </section> <!-- Exit Confirmation Modal --> <div class="fixed inset-0 bg-black bg-opacity-50 flex items-center justify-center hidden" id="exit-modal"> <div class="bg-white rounded-lg p-6 max-w-sm w-full"> <h2 class="text-xl font-semibold mb-4">Leave Test?</h2> <p class="text-gray-700 mb-4">Your progress will be lost if you leave this page. Are you sure you want to exit?</p> <div class="flex justify-end space-x-4"> <button class="bg-gray-300 text-gray-700 px-4 py-2 rounded-lg hover:bg-gray-400 transition" id="continue-test">No, Continue</button> <button class="bg-red-500 text-white px-4 py-2 rounded-lg hover:bg-red-600 transition" id="exit-test">Yes, Exit</button> </div> </div> </div> <!-- Submit Confirmation Modal --> <div class="fixed inset-0 bg-black bg-opacity-50 flex items-center justify-center hidden" id="submit-modal"> <div class="bg-white rounded-lg p-6 max-w-sm w-full"> <h2 class="text-xl font-semibold mb-4">Confirm Submission</h2> <p class="text-gray-700 mb-2">You have attempted <span id="attempted-count">0</span> of 19 questions.</p> <p class="text-gray-700 mb-4"><span id="unattempted-count">0</span> questions are unattempted.</p> <div class="flex justify-end space-x-4"> <button class="bg-gray-300 text-gray-700 px-4 py-2 rounded-lg hover:bg-gray-400 transition" id="cancel-submit">Cancel</button> <button class="bg-green-500 text-white px-4 py-2 rounded-lg hover:bg-green-600 transition" id="confirm-submit">Submit Test</button> </div> </div> </div> <!-- Quiz Navigation Panel --> <div class="fixed inset-y-0 right-0 nav-panel bg-white shadow-lg p-4 hidden overflow-y-auto" id="nav-panel"> <h2 class="text-lg font-semibold mb-4">Questions Navigation</h2> <div class="mb-4"> <select class="w-full p-2 border rounded-lg text-gray-700" id="nav-filter"> <option value="all">All Questions</option> <option value="answered">Answered</option> <option value="unanswered">Unanswered</option> <option value="marked">Marked for Review</option> </select> </div> <div class="grid grid-cols-5 gap-2 md:gap-3" id="nav-grid"></div> <button class="mt-4 bg-gray-500 text-white px-4 py-2 rounded-lg hover:bg-gray-600 transition w-full" id="close-nav">Close</button> </div> <!-- Results Navigation Panel --> <div class="fixed inset-y-0 right-0 results-nav-panel bg-white shadow-lg p-4 hidden overflow-y-auto" id="results-nav-panel"> <h2 class="text-lg font-semibold mb-4">Results Navigation</h2> <div class="mb-4"> <select class="w-full p-2 border rounded-lg text-gray-700" id="results-nav-filter"> <option value="all">All Questions</option> <option value="answered">Answered</option> <option value="unanswered">Unanswered</option> <option value="marked">Marked for Review</option> </select> </div> <div class="grid grid-cols-5 gap-2 md:gap-3" id="results-nav-grid"></div> <button class="mt-4 bg-gray-500 text-white px-4 py-2 rounded-lg hover:bg-gray-600 transition w-full" id="close-results-nav">Close</button> </div> <!-- JavaScript Logic --> <script> // Enable debug mode for detailed logging const DEBUG_MODE = true; // Log debug messages function debugLog(message) { if (DEBUG_MODE) { console.log(`[DEBUG] ${message}`); } } // Initialize questions with error handling let questions = []; let currentResultQuestion = 0; // State for current question in results try { debugLog("Attempting to parse questions_json"); questions = [{"text": "Which of the following statements is true?", "options": [{"label": "A", "text": "Tyrosine is the amino acid forming Serotonin", "correct": false}, {"label": "B", "text": "Niacin deficiency is seen in Carcinoid syndrome", "correct": true}, {"label": "C", "text": "Tryptophan hydroxylase is required for Niacin synthesis", "correct": false}, {"label": "D", "text": "Decarboxylation of 5 hydroxy tryptophan forms niacin.", "correct": false}], "correct_answer": "B. Niacin deficiency is seen in Carcinoid syndrome", "question_images": [], "explanation_images": ["https://image.prepladder.com/content/S9xPJHJKs9MzugaPNfwt1735046393.png"], "explanation": "\n\n<p style='font-size: 10px; color: #808080; font-style: italic;'>@dams_new_robot</p>", "bot": "@dams_new_robot", "audio": "https://image.prepladder.com/content/lckfPSleJUeFIem9DUbU1744034061.mp3", "video": ""}, {"text": "Match the following urinary odours with their corresponding diagnoses: Urinary Odour Diagnosis 1. Mousy odour a. DKA (Diabetic Ketoacidosis) 2. Fruity odour b. Hawkinsinuria 3. Cabbage odour c. Methionine malabsorption 4. Swimming pool odour d. PKU (Phenylketonuria) 5. Oast house odour e. Type 1 Tyrosinemia", "options": [{"label": "A", "text": "1-e, 2-a, 3-d, 4-b, 5-c", "correct": false}, {"label": "B", "text": "1-d, 2-a, 3-e, 4-c, 5-b", "correct": false}, {"label": "C", "text": "1-e, 2-a, 3-d, 4-c, 5-b", "correct": false}, {"label": "D", "text": "1-d, 2-a, 3-e, 4-b, 5-c", "correct": true}], "correct_answer": "D. 1-d, 2-a, 3-e, 4-b, 5-c", "question_images": [], "explanation_images": ["https://image.prepladder.com/content/BdmtULnKJwZPT7nxvOpL1735046885.png"], "explanation": "\n\n<p style='font-size: 10px; color: #808080; font-style: italic;'>@dams_new_robot</p>", "bot": "@dams_new_robot", "audio": "https://image.prepladder.com/content/P9s5C46a20SvGaSvNWlD1744030155.mp3", "video": ""}, {"text": "A 45-year-old patient presents with episodes of palpitations, sweating, and severe headaches. These episodes occur intermittently and are associated with hypertension. Laboratory tests reveal elevated levels of plasma free metanephrines and urinary Vanillyl Mandelic Acid. Which of the following enzymes are directly involved in the synthesis of these metabolites?", "options": [{"label": "A", "text": "Monoamine oxidase, Catechol-O-methyltransferase", "correct": true}, {"label": "B", "text": "Glutamate decarboxylase, Tyrosine hydroxylase", "correct": false}, {"label": "C", "text": "Tyrosine hydroxylase, Catechol-O-methyltransferase", "correct": false}, {"label": "D", "text": "Tyrosine hydroxylase, Monoamine oxidase", "correct": false}], "correct_answer": "A. Monoamine oxidase, Catechol-O-methyltransferase", "question_images": [], "explanation_images": ["https://image.prepladder.com/content/vLzBlrueT3iYyQ7KwuCb1735046848.png"], "explanation": "\n\n<p style='font-size: 10px; color: #808080; font-style: italic;'>@dams_new_robot</p>", "bot": "@dams_new_robot", "audio": "https://image.prepladder.com/content/qt6abNkqNVfVHypacT7T1744030438.mp3", "video": ""}, {"text": "Which of the following statements about Segawa syndrome is incorrect?", "options": [{"label": "A", "text": "Segawa syndrome is autosomal dominant.", "correct": false}, {"label": "B", "text": "Patients have a defect in the GTP cyclohydrolase enzyme.", "correct": false}, {"label": "C", "text": "CSF Biopterin levels are elevated.", "correct": true}, {"label": "D", "text": "Females are more commonly affected than males.", "correct": false}], "correct_answer": "C. CSF Biopterin levels are elevated.", "question_images": [], "explanation_images": [], "explanation": "<table cellspacing=\"0\" style=\"border-collapse:collapse; width:608px\">\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<td colspan=\"2\" style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p style=\"text-align:center\"><strong>Segawa Syndrome / <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"efe87c21c316927771863c848d7359\">Dopa-responsive dystonia</span> (DRD)</strong></p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Inheritance Pattern</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Autosomal dominant <strong>(Option A)</strong></p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Clinical Features</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Dystonia with <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"e127a25c621692777186ed98a403f9\">diurnal</span> variation (worsens in the afternoon and evening)</p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Incidence based on sex</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>More common in females than males <strong>(Option D)</strong></p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Genetic Mutation</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Defect in the <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"74ea5b4482169277718880d098514c\">GTP</span> cyclohydrolase <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"0f160e4e42169277718771b715516a\">enzyme</span> <strong>(Option B)</strong></p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Biochemical Findings</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<ul>\n<li>Reduced tetrahydrobiopterin (BH4) levels</li>\n<li>Normal or high blood <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"5e52c07d0f1692777195dd08cc451f\">phenylalanine</span> levels</li>\n<li>CSF <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"7c2ecfde841692777183f435610f40\">Biopterin</span> levels are low</li>\n</ul>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Diagnosis</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<ul>\n<li>Clinical observation of <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"61747121f116927771862fad303b93\">dystonia</span> patterns</li>\n<li>Genetic testing for <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"74ea5b4482169277718880d098514c\">GTP</span> cyclohydrolase <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"0f160e4e42169277718771b715516a\">enzyme</span> mutation</li>\n</ul>\n</td>\n</tr>\n</tbody>\n\n\n<p style='font-size: 10px; color: #808080; font-style: italic;'>@dams_new_robot</p>", "bot": "@dams_new_robot", "audio": "https://image.prepladder.com/content/1UnKTlN6BmmNwt1RZqBf1744031256.mp3", "video": ""}, {"text": "A newborn screening test reveals elevated phenylalanine levels, prompting further investigation. Genetic testing indicates a defect in dihydrobiopterin reductase. Based on this information, Which type of phenylketonuria does the patient most likely have?", "options": [{"label": "A", "text": "Classic phenylketonuria", "correct": false}, {"label": "B", "text": "Non-classic phenylketonuria Type II", "correct": true}, {"label": "C", "text": "Non-classic phenylketonuria Type IV", "correct": false}, {"label": "D", "text": "Non-classic phenylketonuria Type V", "correct": false}], "correct_answer": "B. Non-classic phenylketonuria Type II", "question_images": [], "explanation_images": [], "explanation": "<table cellspacing=\"0\" style=\"border-collapse:collapse; width:607px\">\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p style=\"text-align:center\"><strong>Type</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p style=\"text-align:center\"><strong>Enzyme Defect</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p style=\"text-align:center\"><strong>Description</strong></p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Classic <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"f099b710811692777195c71f95998f\">PKU</span> <strong>(Option A)</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Phenylalanine <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"0b592280091692777189e27f90a885\">hydroxylase</span> (PAH)</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Defect in <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"510f327287169277719462cb0ddbff\">PAH</span> leads to elevated <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"5e52c07d0f1692777195dd08cc451f\">phenylalanine</span> levels and symptoms such as developmental delays and musty odor.</p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Non-classical <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"f099b710811692777195c71f95998f\">PKU</span> <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"bd04ba63bc1692777201f54e0ee060\">Type II</span> &amp; III</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Dihydrobiopterin reductase</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Defect in <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"3eb1d406fa1692777186ed61044e38\">dihydrobiopterin</span> reductase, leading to elevated <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"5e52c07d0f1692777195dd08cc451f\">phenylalanine</span> levels.</p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Non-classical <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"f099b710811692777195c71f95998f\">PKU</span> <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"4019d01072169277720163b0f7ec43\">Type IV</span> &amp; V <strong>(Option C &amp; D)</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Tetrahydrobiopterin (BH4) formation</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Defect in the formation of tetrahydrobiopterin, a <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"a416d7580c1692777184952da793d1\">cofactor</span> needed for <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"5e52c07d0f1692777195dd08cc451f\">phenylalanine</span> hydroxylase, leading to hyperphenylalaninemia.</p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n</tbody>\n\n\n<p style='font-size: 10px; color: #808080; font-style: italic;'>@dams_new_robot</p>", "bot": "@dams_new_robot", "audio": "https://image.prepladder.com/content/h7q7QzM8au7IFoQD7llv1744031519.mp3", "video": ""}, {"text": "A 12-year-old boy is brought to the ophthalmologist by his parents due to progressive vision loss, particularly at night. Fundoscopic examination reveals circular areas of chorioretinal atrophy and peripheral retinal degeneration. Laboratory tests indicate markedly elevated plasma ornithine levels. What is the primary biochemical defect in this patient's condition?", "options": [{"label": "A", "text": "Deficiency of ornithine transcarbamylase", "correct": false}, {"label": "B", "text": "Deficiency of ornithine aminotransferase", "correct": true}, {"label": "C", "text": "Deficiency of ornithine decarboxylase", "correct": false}, {"label": "D", "text": "Deficiency of ornithine cyclodeaminase", "correct": false}], "correct_answer": "B. Deficiency of ornithine aminotransferase", "question_images": [], "explanation_images": ["https://image.prepladder.com/content/3TlW1JJRAGwWmNjUGLiV1735046812.png"], "explanation": "\n\n<p style='font-size: 10px; color: #808080; font-style: italic;'>@dams_new_robot</p>", "bot": "@dams_new_robot", "audio": "https://image.prepladder.com/content/Z1ITzN3IL8YKsvcvXwM61744031760.mp3", "video": ""}, {"text": "A 5-year-old boy is brought to recurrent kidney stones and abdominal pain. Urinalysis reveals hexagonal crystals, and a 24-hour urine test shows elevated levels of cystine. Which condition is the most likely diagnosis?", "options": [{"label": "A", "text": "Cystinuria", "correct": true}, {"label": "B", "text": "Cystinosis", "correct": false}, {"label": "C", "text": "Hyperoxaluria", "correct": false}, {"label": "D", "text": "Nephrocalcinosis", "correct": false}], "correct_answer": "A. Cystinuria", "question_images": [], "explanation_images": ["https://image.prepladder.com/notes/EFKU2wrxlAoxbGsVde0o1744015955.png"], "explanation": "\n\n<p style='font-size: 10px; color: #808080; font-style: italic;'>@dams_new_robot</p>", "bot": "@dams_new_robot", "audio": "https://image.prepladder.com/content/erDfRZeyEjgVtkmnt61n1747146130.mp3", "video": ""}, {"text": "A 10-year-old girl is evaluated for developmental delay. Physical examination reveals a tall, thin build, scoliosis, and ectopia lentis. Laboratory tests show elevated levels of homocysteine and methionine in the plasma. Treatment is initiated with vitamin B6 (pyridoxine) and folate. Homocysteine levels improve, but methionine levels remain elevated. Based on this scenario, what type of defect does the patient most likely have?", "options": [{"label": "A", "text": "Type 1 Homocystinuria", "correct": true}, {"label": "B", "text": "Type 2 Homocystinuria", "correct": false}, {"label": "C", "text": "Type 3 Homocystinuria", "correct": false}, {"label": "D", "text": "Marfan Syndrome", "correct": false}], "correct_answer": "A. Type 1 Homocystinuria", "question_images": [], "explanation_images": [], "explanation": "<table cellspacing=\"0\" style=\"border-collapse:collapse; width:635px\">\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p style=\"text-align:center\"><strong>Feature</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p style=\"text-align:center\"><strong>Type - I Homocystinuria</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p style=\"text-align:center\"><strong>Type - II Homocystinuria</strong></p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Enzyme Deficiency</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Cystathionine beta-synthase</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Methionine synthase</p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Metabolic <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"3aa5abc2fa169277719488e088076d\">Pathway</span> Affected</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Homocysteine to cystathionine</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Homocysteine to methionine</p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Elevated Metabolites</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Homocysteine and methionine</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Homocysteine and elevated levels of methionine</p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Biochemical Diagnosis</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<ul>\n<li>Low levels of cysteine.</li>\n<li>High levels of methionine.</li>\n</ul>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<ul>\n<li>High levels of cysteine.</li>\n<li>Low levels of methionine.</li>\n</ul>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Treatment</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<ul>\n<li>Vitamin B6 (pyridoxine) supplementation; low-methionine diet; <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"dabfa103741692777185dac756c49b\">cysteine</span> supplementation</li>\n</ul>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Vitamin B12 and <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"c66705291e1692777203ed3498a606\">folate</span> supplementation; low-methionine diet</p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n</tbody>\n\n\n<p style='font-size: 10px; color: #808080; font-style: italic;'>@dams_new_robot</p>", "bot": "@dams_new_robot", "audio": "https://image.prepladder.com/content/RbATwHTBXvKUo9LRS0Kl1744034957.mp3", "video": ""}, {"text": "A 7-year-old boy is brought with recurrent episodes of a red, scaly rash that worsens with sun exposure, as well as intermittent episodes of diarrhea and mood changes. A urine sample reveals an abnormal presence of neutral amino acids. The patient's diet is balanced, and there is no history of similar symptoms in the family. Laboratory tests indicate a deficiency in niacin despite adequate dietary intake. What is the underlying cause of the patient's condition?", "options": [{"label": "A", "text": "Deficiency in tryptophan hydroxylase", "correct": false}, {"label": "B", "text": "Deficiency in the neutral amino acid transporter", "correct": true}, {"label": "C", "text": "Overactivity of serotonin decarboxylase", "correct": false}, {"label": "D", "text": "Excessive dietary leucine", "correct": false}], "correct_answer": "B. Deficiency in the neutral amino acid transporter", "question_images": [], "explanation_images": [], "explanation": "\n\n<p style='font-size: 10px; color: #808080; font-style: italic;'>@dams_new_robot</p>", "bot": "@dams_new_robot", "audio": "https://image.prepladder.com/content/6d16cqTxznenBQy8wyzI1744034768.mp3", "video": ""}, {"text": "A 45-year-old man presents with symptoms of diarrhea, dermatitis, and dementia. On further investigation, his diet is found to be predominantly corn-based, and he has a history of alcohol use disorder. Laboratory tests reveal low levels of tryptophan and niacin in his blood. Which enzyme deficiency is most likely contributing to the patient's condition?", "options": [{"label": "A", "text": "Tryptophan hydroxylase", "correct": false}, {"label": "B", "text": "Kynureninase", "correct": true}, {"label": "C", "text": "Serotonin decarboxylase", "correct": false}, {"label": "D", "text": "Niacinamide adenine dinucleotide synthetase", "correct": false}], "correct_answer": "B. Kynureninase", "question_images": [], "explanation_images": ["https://image.prepladder.com/notes/uC6kE1uBymFMiXxZw7H11744016148.png"], "explanation": "\n\n<p style='font-size: 10px; color: #808080; font-style: italic;'>@dams_new_robot</p>", "bot": "@dams_new_robot", "audio": "https://image.prepladder.com/content/aDpYahY84S9RCpbDenY41744034620.mp3", "video": ""}, {"text": "Which of the following statements about the metabolism of phenylalanine is incorrect?", "options": [{"label": "A", "text": "Phenylalanine is converted to tyrosine catalyzed by phenylalanine hydroxylase.", "correct": false}, {"label": "B", "text": "Phenylalanine on transamination gets converted to phenylpyruvate", "correct": false}, {"label": "C", "text": "Phenylpyruvate on oxidation yields phenyl lactate", "correct": true}, {"label": "D", "text": "Phenylpyruvate on oxidative decarboxylation forms phenylacetate.", "correct": false}], "correct_answer": "C. Phenylpyruvate on oxidation yields phenyl lactate", "question_images": [], "explanation_images": ["https://image.prepladder.com/content/891hu2GEVqWd7RAYINo01735037451.png", "https://image.prepladder.com/content/cBZlySwTyjHMG4UqcXuv1735037609.png"], "explanation": "<table cellspacing=\"0\" style=\"border-collapse:collapse; width:608px\">\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Major Fate</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<ul>\n<li>Phenylalanine is converted into tyrosine by the <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"0f160e4e42169277718771b715516a\">enzyme</span> <strong>phenylalanine hydroxylase.</strong></li>\n</ul>\n<ul>\n<li>Deficiency of <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"5e52c07d0f1692777195dd08cc451f\">phenylalanine</span> <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"0b592280091692777189e27f90a885\">hydroxylase</span> results in <strong>Phenylketonuria.</strong></li>\n</ul>\n<ul>\n<li>It requires tetrahydrobiopterin (BH4) as a cofactor</li>\n</ul>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Minor Fate</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Phenylalanine</strong> is converted into<strong> phenylpyruvate</strong> by <strong>transamination</strong>.</p>\n<p>Phenylpyruvate can further undergo different pathways:</p>\n<ul>\n<li>Phenylpyruvate can be reduced to <strong>phenyl lactate</strong></li>\n</ul>\n<ul>\n<li>Phenylpyruvate undergoes <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"60d563fe241692777194203742bf5b\">oxidative</span> decarboxylation, forming <strong>phenylacetate</strong></li>\n</ul>\n<ul>\n<li>Phenylacetate combines with <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"2ce271388f1692777188515f75666c\">glutamine</span> to <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"a1b06f401f1692777203a53393ba98\">form</span> <strong>phenylacetylglutamine</strong>, which is excreted in the urine.</li>\n</ul>\n</td>\n</tr>\n</tbody>\n\n\n<p style='font-size: 10px; color: #808080; font-style: italic;'>@dams_new_robot</p>", "bot": "@dams_new_robot", "audio": "https://image.prepladder.com/content/ogdxthHXKXmMwsLckvIl1744029251.mp3", "video": ""}, {"text": "Which of the following TCA intermediates is not formed by glucogenic amino acids?", "options": [{"label": "A", "text": "Alpha Ketoglutarate", "correct": false}, {"label": "B", "text": "Isocitrate", "correct": true}, {"label": "C", "text": "Fumarate", "correct": false}, {"label": "D", "text": "Oxaloacetate", "correct": false}], "correct_answer": "B. Isocitrate", "question_images": [], "explanation_images": ["https://image.prepladder.com/content/P3hAPH0rZffsPX8PIS861735046319.png"], "explanation": "\n\n<p style='font-size: 10px; color: #808080; font-style: italic;'>@dams_new_robot</p>", "bot": "@dams_new_robot", "audio": "https://image.prepladder.com/content/phAMIRAmWihbWLU1zY8F1744033928.mp3", "video": ""}, {"text": "Which of the following amino acids are both glucogenic and ketogenic?", "options": [{"label": "A", "text": "Leucine", "correct": false}, {"label": "B", "text": "Tryptophan", "correct": true}, {"label": "C", "text": "Lysine", "correct": false}, {"label": "D", "text": "Alanine", "correct": false}], "correct_answer": "B. Tryptophan", "question_images": [], "explanation_images": [], "explanation": "<table cellspacing=\"0\" style=\"border-collapse:collapse; width:624px\">\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><strong>Purely Ketogenic</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><strong>Purely Glucogenic</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><strong>Both <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"ba68c82ba4169277719001ff37f9ae\">Ketogenic</span> and Glucogenic</strong></p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>On <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"67f82f0d211692777183f709777947\">catabolism</span> gives only <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"6ade0969281692777180216b0c3d76\">acetyl</span> CoA</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>On <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"67f82f0d211692777183f709777947\">catabolism</span> gives only pyruvate</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Substance on <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"67f82f0d211692777183f709777947\">catabolism</span> gives one of the <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"e55eb31d591692777188cb1fad1f5e\">glycolytic</span> <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"cf8f491dba169277719075ce2b5594\">intermediate</span> -Pyruvate or <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"a0c0c687e11692777200047d93f43e\">TCA</span> cycle intermediate</p>\n<p>other than <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"6ade0969281692777180216b0c3d76\">Acetyl</span> CoA</p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Amino acids are:</p>\n<ul>\n<li>Leucine</li>\n<li>Lysine</li>\n</ul>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Amino acids are:</p>\n<ul>\n<li><strong>Alanine: </strong>On <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"7d8529133f169277720000dc5165c2\">transamination</span> yields pyruvate.</li>\n<li><strong>Glycine: </strong>Simplest <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"543f207eb51692777181723491a358\">amino</span> acid.</li>\n<li><strong>3-hydroxyl group- containing <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"543f207eb51692777181723491a358\">amino</span> acids</strong>\n<ul>\n<li>Serine</li>\n<li>Threonine</li>\n<li>Hydroxyproline</li>\n</ul>\n</li>\n<li><strong>Sulphur-containing <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"543f207eb51692777181723491a358\">amino</span> acid</strong>\n<ul>\n<li>Cysteine</li>\n</ul>\n</li>\n</ul>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Amino acids are:</p>\n<ul>\n<li><strong>Aromatic <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"543f207eb51692777181723491a358\">amino</span> acids</strong>\n<ul>\n<li>Phenylalanine</li>\n<li>Tyrosine</li>\n<li>Tryptophan</li>\n</ul>\n</li>\n<li><strong>Branched-chain <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"543f207eb51692777181723491a358\">amino</span> acid</strong>\n<ul>\n<li>Isoleucine</li>\n<li>Threonine</li>\n</ul>\n</li>\n</ul>\n</td>\n</tr>\n</tbody>\n\n\n<p style='font-size: 10px; color: #808080; font-style: italic;'>@dams_new_robot</p>", "bot": "@dams_new_robot", "audio": "https://image.prepladder.com/content/4MEHB7Do9gI1VCoShTCj1744032960.mp3", "video": ""}, {"text": "A 6-month-old infant has been having developmental delays. Further examination reveals a defect in the enzyme called phenylalanine hydroxylase. Which of the following urine odor is seen in this infant?", "options": [{"label": "A", "text": "Fruity odour", "correct": false}, {"label": "B", "text": "Musty odour", "correct": true}, {"label": "C", "text": "Cabbage odour", "correct": false}, {"label": "D", "text": "Burnt sugar", "correct": false}], "correct_answer": "B. Musty odour", "question_images": [], "explanation_images": ["https://image.prepladder.com/content/OK8RKRJkpciHmqpp01ee1735046090.png"], "explanation": "<table cellspacing=\"0\" style=\"border-collapse:collapse; width:622px\">\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p style=\"text-align:center\"><strong>ODOUR</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p style=\"text-align:center\"><strong>DISORDERS</strong></p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Musty/ Mousy odour</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>PKU</p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Fruity odour</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>DKA (diabetic ketoacidosis)</p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Cabbage odour</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Type 1 Tyrosinemia</p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Burnt sugar</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Maple <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"7cab9109cd16927771994c3125bd23\">syrup</span> <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"0096f2a7631692777201eb9f21d5a7\">urine</span> disease</p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Oast house or beer baby syndrome</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Hypermethioninemia</p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Swimming pool odour</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Hawkinsinuria</p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Tom-cat <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"0096f2a7631692777201eb9f21d5a7\">urine</span> odour</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Multiple <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"0991be8b0016927771839a46b6bbd3\">carboxylase</span> deficiency</p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Sweaty <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"32656dc8ba1692777202fc49f9ed13\">feet</span> odour</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Isovaleric acidemia</p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Fish odour</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Trimethylaminuria</p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n</tbody>\n\n\n<p style='font-size: 10px; color: #808080; font-style: italic;'>@dams_new_robot</p>", "bot": "@dams_new_robot", "audio": "https://image.prepladder.com/content/S1nxUm3VjkomsoQa65ny1744032150.mp3", "video": ""}, {"text": "A 6-month-old infant presents with a lack of pigmentation in their skin, hair, and eyes. The parents are concerned about the child's sensitivity to sunlight and the involuntary back-and-forth eye movements that the child exhibits. A significant decrease in melanin pigmentation is present. Which of the following enzymes is absent or deficient in this condition?", "options": [{"label": "A", "text": "Alanine aminotransferase (ALT)", "correct": false}, {"label": "B", "text": "Tyrosinase", "correct": true}, {"label": "C", "text": "Phenylalanine hydroxylase", "correct": false}, {"label": "D", "text": "S-adenosylmethionine", "correct": false}], "correct_answer": "B. Tyrosinase", "question_images": [], "explanation_images": [], "explanation": "<table cellspacing=\"0\" style=\"border-collapse:collapse; width:624px\">\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p style=\"text-align:center\"><strong>Reaction</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p style=\"text-align:center\"><strong>Enzyme</strong></p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Tyrosine to DOPA</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Tyrosine hydroxylase/ Tyrosinase</p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>DOPA to Melanin</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Non-enzyme catalyzed chemical reaction</p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n</tbody>\n\n\n<p style='font-size: 10px; color: #808080; font-style: italic;'>@dams_new_robot</p>", "bot": "@dams_new_robot", "audio": "https://image.prepladder.com/content/Pp5ov9oGc0Mo8NU3Nj7V1744032061.mp3", "video": ""}, {"text": "Tyrosine is involved in the synthesis of multiple neurotransmitters. Match the following neurotransmitters with the corresponding enzymes involved in their synthesis? Neurotransmitter Enzyme 1. Dihydroxy phenylalanine (DOPA) a. Dopamine beta-hydroxylase 2. Dopamine b. N-methyl transferase 3. Norepinephrine c. Tyrosine hydroxylase 4. Epinephrine d. DOPA Decarboxylase", "options": [{"label": "A", "text": "1-d, 2-c, 3-b, 4-a", "correct": false}, {"label": "B", "text": "1-c, 2-b, 3-a, 4-d", "correct": false}, {"label": "C", "text": "1-d, 2-b, 3-c, 4-a", "correct": false}, {"label": "D", "text": "1-c, 2-d, 3-a, 4-b", "correct": true}], "correct_answer": "D. 1-c, 2-d, 3-a, 4-b", "question_images": [], "explanation_images": ["https://image.prepladder.com/content/azv4U7KpbsVK4q9qFWlh1735046043.png"], "explanation": "<table cellspacing=\"0\" style=\"border-collapse:collapse; width:NaN\">\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><strong>Reaction</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p style=\"text-align:center\"><strong>Enzyme</strong></p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Tyrosine to <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"6d4408473516927771865c23dc6dff\">dihydroxy</span> <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"5e52c07d0f1692777195dd08cc451f\">phenylalanine</span> (DOPA)</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Tyrosine hydroxylase</p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>DOPA to Dopamine</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>DOPA <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"71aa164f75169277718559680376bd\">Decarboxylase</span> (uses <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"421660505d169277719508024cc61f\">PLP</span> as a coenzyme)</p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Dopamine to Norepinephrine</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Dopamine beta-hydroxylase (depends on</p>\n<p>Vitamin C)</p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Norepinephrine to epinephrine</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>N-methyl <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"2288cbf3741692777200318d2f5b39\">transferase</span> (S-adenosylmethionine (SAM) is the <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"bc09155adc169277719248f9543785\">methyl</span> donor)</p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n</tbody>\n\n\n\n<p style='font-size: 10px; color: #808080; font-style: italic;'>@dams_new_robot</p>", "bot": "@dams_new_robot", "audio": "https://image.prepladder.com/content/JduMP08TU8bQoRTmNZXs1744031851.mp3", "video": ""}, {"text": "A 5-month-old infant is brought to the pediatrician due to poor weight gain, vomiting, and yellowing of the skin and eyes. Genetic testing confirms a deficiency in fumarylacetoacetate hydrolase. The physician recommends a low-protein diet and the drug Nitisinone. Which of the following is not an indication of Nitisinone?", "options": [{"label": "A", "text": "Tyrosinemia type I", "correct": false}, {"label": "B", "text": "Alkaptonuria", "correct": false}, {"label": "C", "text": "Hawkinsinuria", "correct": false}, {"label": "D", "text": "Tyrosinemia type II", "correct": true}], "correct_answer": "D. Tyrosinemia type II", "question_images": [], "explanation_images": [], "explanation": "<table cellspacing=\"0\" style=\"border-collapse:collapse; width:626px\">\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Tyrosinemia type I</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Nitisinone inhibits the <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"0f160e4e42169277718771b715516a\">enzyme</span> Parahydroxy phenylpyruvate dioxygenase, preventing the tyrosine <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"5b1a045f5f169277719210c0ac7a1e\">metabolism</span> <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"c60a4a11081692777201800de5eef7\">upstream</span> and reducing the accumulation of toxic <strong>maleylacetoacetate</strong> and <strong>fumarylacetoacetate</strong>.</p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Alkaptonuria</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Nitisinone is used in the treatment of <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"8faf15f20c1692777181c2554f8c85\">Alkaptonuria</span> by inhibiting the formation of <strong>Homogentisic acid.</strong></p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Hawkinsinuria</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Nitisinone is used to treat Hawkinsinuria, which is caused by a <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"7a67bdf6f81692777193cfd480f228\">mutation</span> in 4-hydroxyphenylpyruvate dioxygenase.</p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n</tbody>\n\n\n<p style='font-size: 10px; color: #808080; font-style: italic;'>@dams_new_robot</p>", "bot": "@dams_new_robot", "audio": "https://image.prepladder.com/content/ElsJx5WrCmdtCNtMsjgs1744029846.mp3", "video": ""}, {"text": "A 4-month-old infant presents with jaundice, hepatomegaly, and failure to thrive. The parents also report that the infant has episodes of vomiting and lethargy. Laboratory tests reveal elevated levels of tyrosine and succinylacetone in the blood and urine, along with signs of coagulopathy and renal tubular dysfunction. What is the most likely underlying metabolic disorder?", "options": [{"label": "A", "text": "Phenylketonuria", "correct": false}, {"label": "B", "text": "Tyrosinemia type II", "correct": false}, {"label": "C", "text": "Tyrosinemia type I", "correct": true}, {"label": "D", "text": "Alkaptonuria", "correct": false}], "correct_answer": "C. Tyrosinemia type I", "question_images": [], "explanation_images": [], "explanation": "<table cellspacing=\"0\" style=\"border-collapse:collapse; width:609px\">\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p style=\"text-align:center\"><strong>Disorder</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p style=\"text-align:center\"><strong>Deficient Enzyme</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p style=\"text-align:center\"><strong>Key Clinical Features</strong></p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Tyrosinemia type I</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Fumarylacetoacetate hydrolase</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<ul>\n<li>Jaundice, hepatomegaly, hypoglycemia, HCC, liver cirrhosis</li>\n<li>Often presents with Fanconi syndrome and <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"b9356afdba16927771979d068c6587\">renal</span> failure</li>\n<li>Elevated tyrosine and <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"1bbb423a0e1692777199cf566e6b44\">succinylacetone</span> <strong>(pathognomonic)</strong><strong> </strong></li>\n</ul>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Tyrosinemia type II</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Tyrosine aminotransferase</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<ul>\n<li>Painful corneal erosions, palmoplantar hyperkeratosis</li>\n<li>Also known as <strong>oculocutaneous tyrosinemia</strong></li>\n<li>Elevated tyrosine</li>\n</ul>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Tyrosinemia type III</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>p-Hydroxyphenylpyruvate dioxygenase</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<ul>\n<li>Recurrent seizures, <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"8502a8f15e16927771909160b28bf2\">intermittent</span> ataxia</li>\n<li>Elevated tyrosine and 4-hydroxyphenylpyruvate</li>\n</ul>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Alkaptonuria (Black <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"0096f2a7631692777201eb9f21d5a7\">urine</span> disease)</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Homogentisate 1,2-dioxygenase</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<ul>\n<li>Dark urine, ochronosis, arthritis</li>\n<li>Black or brown <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"b5f46d7e431692777195efd6b43e9f\">pigmentation</span> of <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"3e4400809d16927771983252fc08b1\">sclera</span> <strong>(Ochronosis)</strong> and ear cartilage</li>\n<li>Elevated homogentisic acid</li>\n</ul>\n</td>\n</tr>\n</tbody>\n\n\n<p style='font-size: 10px; color: #808080; font-style: italic;'>@dams_new_robot</p>", "bot": "@dams_new_robot", "audio": "https://image.prepladder.com/content/VBBha6oYk7mkxN1r4Gdb1744029636.mp3", "video": ""}, {"text": "A 2-year-old child is brought to the clinic by his parents due to darkening of urine upon standing and brownish discolouration of the sclera and ear cartilage. The parents also report that their child has been experiencing joint pain. Upon further investigation, the physician suspects a tyrosine metabolic disorder and orders urine tests. Which of the following enzymes is most likely deficient in this patient?", "options": [{"label": "A", "text": "Parahydroxy phenylpyruvate dioxygenase", "correct": false}, {"label": "B", "text": "Tyrosine transaminase", "correct": false}, {"label": "C", "text": "Homogentisate oxidase", "correct": true}, {"label": "D", "text": "Fumarylacetoacetate hydrolase", "correct": false}], "correct_answer": "C. Homogentisate oxidase", "question_images": [], "explanation_images": ["https://image.prepladder.com/notes/7f0C1oOgiHTmfxTCXqkl1744016426.png", "https://image.prepladder.com/content/sLFVffhkneCzwIPedU921735045937.png", "https://image.prepladder.com/content/aXP2HwD8L6R3t4i625sg1735045949.png"], "explanation": "<table cellspacing=\"0\" style=\"border-collapse:collapse\">\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid black; border-left:1px solid black; border-right:1px solid black; border-top:1px solid black; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>1. Homogentisic Aciduria</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid black; border-left:none; border-right:1px solid black; border-top:1px solid black; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Presence of <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"d442747c48169277718942db69fa7e\">homogentisic acid</span> in the urine, which turns dark upon standing or when exposed to air.</p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid black; border-left:1px solid black; border-right:1px solid black; border-top:none; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>2. Ochronosis</strong></p>\n<p><img alt=\"onchronosis\" data-author=\"\" data-hash=\"7864\" data-license=\"\" data-source=\"\" data-tags=\"April2025\" height=\"243\" src=\"https://image.prepladder.com/notes/7f0C1oOgiHTmfxTCXqkl1744016426.png\" width=\"284\"/></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid black; border-left:none; border-right:1px solid black; border-top:none; vertical-align:top\">Deposition of dark <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"05e2e2617c16927771952bcbeea08b\">pigment</span> in <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"67e237a57c16927771859803f93ab3\">connective</span> tissues, particularly in the ear cartilage, sclera, and other <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"67e237a57c16927771859803f93ab3\">connective</span> tissues, leading to bluish-black discolouration.</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid black; border-left:1px solid black; border-right:1px solid black; border-top:none; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>3. Arthropathy</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid black; border-left:none; border-right:1px solid black; border-top:none; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Degenerative joint disease, especially affecting the spine and large joints, leading to chronic pain and stiffness.</p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid black; border-left:1px solid black; border-right:1px solid black; border-top:none; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>4. <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"e1fb96fd2416927771830dfed40e14\">Cardiac</span> Involvement</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid black; border-left:none; border-right:1px solid black; border-top:none; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Includes <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"efba33a3fd1692777189906f884236\">heart valve</span> <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"a1ee14c673169277718351bfe6afd4\">calcification</span> and <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"2991baa5dd16927771828a23544924\">atherosclerosis</span> due to the deposition of <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"05e2e2617c16927771952bcbeea08b\">pigment</span> in <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"e1fb96fd2416927771830dfed40e14\">cardiac</span> tissues.</p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n</tbody>\n</table>\n<table cellspacing=\"0\" style=\"border-collapse:collapse; width:618px\">\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p style=\"text-align:center\"><strong>Reaction</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p style=\"text-align:center\"><strong>Enzyme</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p style=\"text-align:center\"><strong>Associated Disorder</strong></p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Tyrosine → p-Hydroxyphenylpyruvate</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Tyrosine transaminase</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Tyrosinemia type II</p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>p-Hydroxyphenylpyruvate → Homogentisate</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>p-Hydroxyphenylpyruvate dioxygenase</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Tyrosinemia type III</p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Homogentisate → Maleylacetoacetate</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Homogentisate 1,2-dioxygenase</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Alkaptonuria</p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Maleylacetoacetate → Fumarylacetoacetate</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Maleylacetoacetate isomerase</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>-</p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Fumarylacetoacetate → <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"0063169a1b1692777203ba89eb2363\">Fumarate</span> + Acetoacetate</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Fumarylacetoacetate hydrolase</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Tyrosinemia type I</p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n</tbody>\n\n\n<p style='font-size: 10px; color: #808080; font-style: italic;'>@dams_new_robot</p>", "bot": "@dams_new_robot", "audio": "https://image.prepladder.com/content/E3ABEm0waer7MvwGWvOS1744029401.mp3", "video": ""}]; if (!Array.isArray(questions) || questions.length === 0) { throw new Error("Questions data is empty or invalid"); } debugLog(`Successfully parsed ${questions.length} questions`); } catch (e) { console.error("Failed to parse questions_json:", e); document.getElementById('error-message').innerHTML = "Error loading quiz data. Please check the console for details or contact support."; document.getElementById('error-message').classList.remove('hidden'); document.getElementById('start-test').disabled = true; // Fallback to sample questions for testing questions = [ { text: "What is 2 + 2?", options: [ { label: "A", text: "3", correct: false }, { label: "B", text: "4", correct: true }, { label: "C", text: "5", correct: false }, { label: "D", text: "6", correct: false } ], correct_answer: "B. 4", question_images: [], explanation_images: [], explanation: "<p>2 + 2 = 4</p><p>@dams_new_robot</p>", bot: "@dams_new_robot", audio: "", video: "" } ]; debugLog("Loaded fallback questions"); } // Quiz state let currentQuestion = 0; let answers = new Array(questions.length).fill(null); let markedForReview = new Array(questions.length).fill(false); let timeRemaining = 29 * 60; // Duration in seconds let timerInterval = null; const quizId = `{title.replace(/\s+/g, '_').toLowerCase()}`; // Unique ID for local storage // Load saved progress function loadProgress() { try { debugLog("Loading progress from localStorage"); const saved = localStorage.getItem(`quiz_${quizId}`); if (saved) { const { savedAnswers, savedMarked, savedTime } = JSON.parse(saved); answers = savedAnswers || answers; markedForReview = savedMarked || markedForReview; timeRemaining = savedTime !== undefined ? savedTime : timeRemaining; debugLog("Progress loaded successfully"); } else { debugLog("No saved progress found"); } } catch (e) { console.error("Error loading progress:", e); debugLog("Failed to load progress: " + e.message); } } // Save progress function saveProgress() { try { debugLog("Saving progress to localStorage"); localStorage.setItem(`quiz_${quizId}`, JSON.stringify({ savedAnswers: answers, savedMarked: markedForReview, savedTime: timeRemaining })); debugLog("Progress saved successfully"); } catch (e) { console.error("Error saving progress:", e); debugLog("Failed to save progress: " + e.message); } } // Initialize quiz function initQuiz() { try { debugLog("Initializing quiz"); loadProgress(); const startButton = document.getElementById('start-test'); if (!startButton) { throw new Error("Start test button not found"); } startButton.addEventListener('click', startQuiz); debugLog("Start test button listener attached"); document.getElementById('previous-btn').addEventListener('click', showPreviousQuestion); document.getElementById('next-btn').addEventListener('click', showNextQuestion); document.getElementById('mark-review').addEventListener('click', toggleMarkForReview); document.getElementById('nav-toggle').addEventListener('click', toggleNavPanel); document.getElementById('submit-test').addEventListener('click', showSubmitModal); document.getElementById('continue-test').addEventListener('click', closeExitModal); document.getElementById('exit-test').addEventListener('click', () => { debugLog("Exiting test"); localStorage.removeItem(`quiz_${quizId}`); window.location.reload(); }); document.getElementById('cancel-submit').addEventListener('click', closeSubmitModal); document.getElementById('confirm-submit').addEventListener('click', submitTest); document.getElementById('take-again').addEventListener('click', () => { debugLog("Restarting test"); localStorage.removeItem(`quiz_${quizId}`); window.location.reload(); }); document.getElementById('review-test').addEventListener('click', () => showResults(currentResultQuestion)); document.getElementById('close-nav').addEventListener('click', toggleNavPanel); document.getElementById('theme-toggle').addEventListener('click', toggleTheme); document.getElementById('nav-filter').addEventListener('change', updateNavPanel); document.getElementById('prev-result').addEventListener('click', showPreviousResult); document.getElementById('next-result').addEventListener('click', showNextResult); document.getElementById('results-nav-toggle').addEventListener('click', toggleResultsNavPanel); document.getElementById('close-results-nav').addEventListener('click', toggleResultsNavPanel); document.getElementById('results-nav-filter').addEventListener('change', updateResultsNavPanel); debugLog("Quiz initialized successfully"); } catch (e) { console.error("Failed to initialize quiz:", e); debugLog("Failed to initialize quiz: " + e.message); document.getElementById('error-message').innerHTML = "Error initializing quiz. Please check the console for details or contact support."; document.getElementById('error-message').classList.remove('hidden'); document.getElementById('start-test').disabled = true; } } // Start quiz function startQuiz() { try { debugLog("Starting quiz"); document.getElementById('instructions').classList.add('hidden'); document.getElementById('quiz').classList.remove('hidden'); showQuestion(currentQuestion); startTimer(); updateNavPanel(); debugLog("Quiz started successfully"); } catch (e) { console.error("Error starting quiz:", e); debugLog("Failed to start quiz: " + e.message); document.getElementById('error-message').innerHTML = "Error starting quiz. Please check the console for details or contact support."; document.getElementById('error-message').classList.remove('hidden'); document.getElementById('quiz').classList.add('hidden'); document.getElementById('instructions').classList.remove('hidden'); } } // Show question function showQuestion(index) { try { debugLog(`Showing question ${index + 1}`); currentQuestion = index; const q = questions[index]; if (!q) { throw new Error(`Question ${index} is undefined`); } document.getElementById('question-number').innerHTML = `Question <span>${index + 1}</span> of ${questions.length}`; document.getElementById('question-text').innerHTML = q.text || "No question text available"; const imagesDiv = document.getElementById('question-images'); imagesDiv.innerHTML = q.question_images && q.question_images.length > 0 ? q.question_images.map(url => `<img src="${url}" alt="Question Image" class="max-w-full h-auto rounded-lg">`).join('') : ''; const optionsDiv = document.getElementById('options'); optionsDiv.innerHTML = q.options && q.options.length > 0 ? q.options.map(opt => ` <button class="option-btn w-full text-left p-3 border rounded-lg ${answers[index] === opt.label ? 'selected' : ''}" onclick="selectOption(${index}, '${opt.label}')" aria-label="Option ${opt.label}: ${opt.text}"> ${opt.label}. ${opt.text} </button> `).join('') : '<p class="text-red-500">No options available</p>'; document.getElementById('previous-btn').disabled = index === 0; document.getElementById('next-btn').disabled = index === questions.length - 1; document.getElementById('mark-review').classList.toggle('marked', markedForReview[index]); updateProgressBar(); saveProgress(); window.scrollTo({ top: 0, behavior: 'smooth' }); debugLog(`Question ${index + 1} displayed successfully`); } catch (e) { console.error("Error displaying question:", e); debugLog("Failed to display question: " + e.message); } } // Select option function selectOption(index, label) { try { debugLog(`Selecting option ${label} for question ${index + 1}`); answers[index] = label; const optionsDiv = document.getElementById('options'); const optionButtons = optionsDiv.querySelectorAll('.option-btn'); optionButtons.forEach(btn => { const btnLabel = btn.textContent.trim().split('.')[0]; btn.classList.toggle('selected', btnLabel === label); }); updateNavPanel(); saveProgress(); debugLog(`Option ${label} selected for question ${index + 1}`); } catch (e) { console.error("Error selecting option:", e); debugLog("Failed to select option: " + e.message); } } // Toggle mark for review function toggleMarkForReview() { try { debugLog(`Toggling mark for review on question ${currentQuestion + 1}`); markedForReview[currentQuestion] = !markedForReview[currentQuestion]; document.getElementById('mark-review').classList.toggle('marked', markedForReview[currentQuestion]); updateNavPanel(); saveProgress(); debugLog(`Mark for review toggled for question ${currentQuestion + 1}`); } catch (e) { console.error("Error marking for review:", e); debugLog("Failed to mark for review: " + e.message); } } // Navigate to previous question function showPreviousQuestion() { try { debugLog(`Navigating to previous question from ${currentQuestion + 1}`); if (currentQuestion > 0) { currentQuestion--; showQuestion(currentQuestion); } } catch (e) { console.error("Error navigating to previous question:", e); debugLog("Failed to navigate to previous question: " + e.message); } } // Navigate to next question function showNextQuestion() { try { debugLog(`Navigating to next question from ${currentQuestion + 1}`); if (currentQuestion < questions.length - 1) { currentQuestion++; showQuestion(currentQuestion); } } catch (e) { console.error("Error navigating to next question:", e); debugLog("Failed to navigate to next question: " + e.message); } } // Handle question navigation click function handleQuestionNavClick(index) { try { debugLog(`Navigating to question ${index + 1} via nav panel`); showQuestion(index); toggleNavPanel(); } catch (e) { console.error("Error handling navigation click:", e); debugLog("Failed to navigate via nav panel: " + e.message); } } // Start timer function startTimer() { try { debugLog("Starting timer"); timerInterval = setInterval(() => { if (timeRemaining <= 0) { debugLog("Timer expired, submitting test"); clearInterval(timerInterval); submitTest(); } else { timeRemaining--; const minutes = Math.floor(timeRemaining / 60); const seconds = timeRemaining % 60; document.getElementById('timer').innerHTML = `Time Remaining: <span>${minutes.toString().padStart(2, '0')}:${seconds.toString().padStart(2, '0')}</span>`; saveProgress(); } }, 1000); debugLog("Timer started successfully"); } catch (e) { console.error("Error starting timer:", e); debugLog("Failed to start timer: " + e.message); } } // Update progress bar function updateProgressBar() { try { debugLog("Updating progress bar"); const progress = ((currentQuestion + 1) / questions.length) * 100; document.getElementById('progress-bar').style.width = `${progress}%`; debugLog("Progress bar updated"); } catch (e) { console.error("Error updating progress bar:", e); debugLog("Failed to update progress bar: " + e.message); } } // Update quiz navigation panel function updateNavPanel() { try { debugLog("Updating quiz navigation panel"); const filter = document.getElementById('nav-filter').value; const navGrid = document.getElementById('nav-grid'); navGrid.innerHTML = questions.map((_, i) => { if (filter === 'answered' && !answers[i]) return ''; if (filter === 'unanswered' && answers[i]) return ''; if (filter === 'marked' && !markedForReview[i]) return ''; return ` <button class="question-nav-btn ${answers[i] ? 'answered' : 'unanswered'} ${markedForReview[i] ? 'marked-nav' : ''}" onclick="handleQuestionNavClick(${i})" aria-label="Go to Question ${i + 1}"> ${i + 1} </button> `; }).join(''); debugLog("Quiz navigation panel updated"); } catch (e) { console.error("Error updating quiz navigation panel:", e); debugLog("Failed to update quiz navigation panel: " + e.message); } } // Update results navigation panel function updateResultsNavPanel() { try { debugLog("Updating results navigation panel"); const filter = document.getElementById('results-nav-filter').value; const navGrid = document.getElementById('results-nav-grid'); navGrid.innerHTML = questions.map((_, i) => { if (filter === 'answered' && !answers[i]) return ''; if (filter === 'unanswered' && answers[i]) return ''; if (filter === 'marked' && !markedForReview[i]) return ''; return ` <button class="result-nav-btn-grid ${answers[i] ? 'answered' : 'unanswered'} ${markedForReview[i] ? 'marked-nav' : ''}" onclick="handleResultNavClick(${i})" aria-label="Go to Result for Question ${i + 1}"> ${i + 1} </button> `; }).join(''); debugLog("Results navigation panel updated"); } catch (e) { console.error("Error updating results navigation panel:", e); debugLog("Failed to update results navigation panel: " + e.message); } } // Toggle quiz navigation panel function toggleNavPanel() { try { debugLog("Toggling quiz navigation panel"); const navPanel = document.getElementById('nav-panel'); navPanel.classList.toggle('hidden'); debugLog("Quiz navigation panel toggled"); } catch (e) { console.error("Error toggling quiz navigation panel:", e); debugLog("Failed to toggle quiz navigation panel: " + e.message); } } // Toggle results navigation panel function toggleResultsNavPanel() { try { debugLog("Toggling results navigation panel"); const resultsNavPanel = document.getElementById('results-nav-panel'); resultsNavPanel.classList.toggle('hidden'); if (!resultsNavPanel.classList.contains('hidden')) { updateResultsNavPanel(); } debugLog("Results navigation panel toggled"); } catch (e) { console.error("Error toggling results navigation panel:", e); debugLog("Failed to toggle results navigation panel: " + e.message); } } // Handle result navigation click function handleResultNavClick(index) { try { debugLog(`Navigating to result for question ${index + 1} via nav panel`); showResults(index); toggleResultsNavPanel(); } catch (e) { console.error("Error handling result navigation click:", e); debugLog("Failed to navigate to result: " + e.message); } } // Show submit modal function showSubmitModal() { try { debugLog("Showing submit modal"); const attempted = answers.filter(a => a !== null).length; document.getElementById('attempted-count').textContent = attempted; document.getElementById('unattempted-count').textContent = questions.length - attempted; document.getElementById('submit-modal').classList.remove('hidden'); debugLog("Submit modal displayed"); } catch (e) { console.error("Error showing submit modal:", e); debugLog("Failed to show submit modal: " + e.message); } } // Close submit modal function closeSubmitModal() { try { debugLog("Closing submit modal"); document.getElementById('submit-modal').classList.add('hidden'); debugLog("Submit modal closed"); } catch (e) { console.error("Error closing submit modal:", e); debugLog("Failed to close submit modal: " + e.message); } } // Close exit modal function closeExitModal() { try { debugLog("Closing exit modal"); document.getElementById('exit-modal').classList.add('hidden'); debugLog("Exit modal closed"); } catch (e) { console.error("Error closing exit modal:", e); debugLog("Failed to close exit modal: " + e.message); } } // Submit test function submitTest() { try { debugLog("Submitting test"); clearInterval(timerInterval); document.getElementById('quiz').classList.add('hidden'); document.getElementById('submit-modal').classList.add('hidden'); document.getElementById('results').classList.remove('hidden'); showResults(0); // Start with first question // Trigger confetti animation confetti({ particleCount: 100, spread: 70, origin: { y: 0.6 } }); localStorage.removeItem(`quiz_${quizId}`); debugLog("Test submitted successfully"); } catch (e) { console.error("Error submitting test:", e); debugLog("Failed to submit test: " + e.message); } } // Show result for a single question function showResults(index) { try { debugLog(`Showing result for question ${index + 1}`); currentResultQuestion = index; let correct = 0, wrong = 0, unanswered = 0, marked = 0; answers.forEach((answer, i) => { const isCorrect = answer && questions[i].options.find(opt => opt.label === answer)?.correct; if (answer === null) unanswered++; else if (isCorrect) correct++; else wrong++; if (markedForReview[i]) marked++; }); const q = questions[index]; if (!q) { throw new Error(`Question ${index} is undefined`); } const userAnswer = answers[index]; const isCorrect = userAnswer && q.options.find(opt => opt.label === userAnswer)?.correct; const resultsContent = document.getElementById('results-content'); resultsContent.innerHTML = ` <div class="border p-4 rounded-lg ${isCorrect ? 'bg-green-50' : userAnswer ? 'bg-red-50' : 'bg-gray-50'}"> <p class="font-semibold">Question ${index + 1}: ${q.text || 'No question text'}</p> ${q.question_images && q.question_images.length > 0 ? q.question_images.map(url => `<img src="${url}" alt="Question Image" class="max-w-full h-auto rounded-lg my-2">`).join('') : ''} <p><strong>Your Answer:</strong> ${userAnswer ? `${userAnswer}. ${q.options.find(opt => opt.label === userAnswer)?.text || 'Invalid option'}` : 'Unanswered'}</p> <p><strong>Correct Answer:</strong> ${q.correct_answer || 'Unknown'}</p> <div class="mt-2">${q.explanation || 'No explanation available'}</div> ${q.explanation_images && q.explanation_images.length > 0 ? q.explanation_images.map(url => `<img src="${url}" alt="Explanation Image" class="max-w-full h-auto rounded-lg my-2">`).join('') : ''} ${q.video ? ` <button class="play-video bg-blue-500 text-white px-4 py-2 rounded-lg mt-2" onclick="loadVideo(this, '${q.video}', 'video-${index}')" aria-label="Play explanation video for Question ${index + 1}"> Play Video Explanation </button> <div id="video-${index}" class="video-container mt-2"></div> ` : '<p class="text-gray-500 mt-2">No video available</p>'} ${q.audio ? ` <button class="play-audio bg-blue-500 text-white px-4 py-2 rounded-lg mt-2" onclick="loadAudio(this, '${q.audio}', 'audio-${index}')" aria-label="Play audio explanation for Question ${index + 1}"> Play Audio Explanation </button> <div id="audio-${index}" class="audio-container mt-2"></div> ` : ''} </div> `; document.getElementById('correct-count').textContent = correct; document.getElementById('wrong-count').textContent = wrong; document.getElementById('unanswered-count').textContent = unanswered; document.getElementById('marked-count').textContent = marked; document.getElementById('result-question-number').innerHTML = `Question <span>${index + 1}</span> of ${questions.length}`; document.getElementById('prev-result').disabled = index === 0; document.getElementById('next-result').disabled = index === questions.length - 1; updateResultsNavPanel(); window.scrollTo({ top: 0, behavior: 'smooth' }); debugLog(`Result for question ${index + 1} displayed successfully`); } catch (e) { console.error("Error displaying result:", e); debugLog("Failed to display result: " + e.message); } } // Navigate to previous result function showPreviousResult() { try { debugLog(`Navigating to previous result from question ${currentResultQuestion + 1}`); if (currentResultQuestion > 0) { showResults(currentResultQuestion - 1); } } catch (e) { console.error("Error navigating to previous result:", e); debugLog("Failed to navigate to previous result: " + e.message); } } // Navigate to next result function showNextResult() { try { debugLog(`Navigating to next result from question ${currentResultQuestion + 1}`); if (currentResultQuestion < questions.length - 1) { showResults(currentResultQuestion + 1); } } catch (e) { console.error("Error navigating to next result:", e); debugLog("Failed to navigate to next result: " + e.message); } } // Lazy-load video function loadVideo(button, videoUrl, containerId) { try { debugLog(`Loading video for ${containerId}: ${videoUrl}`); if (!videoUrl) { const container = document.getElementById(containerId); container.innerHTML = `<p class="text-gray-500">No video available</p>`; button.remove(); debugLog("No video URL provided"); return; } const container = document.getElementById(containerId); container.innerHTML = ` <div class="video-loading"></div> <video controls class="w-full max-w-[600px] rounded-lg" preload="metadata" aria-label="Video explanation"> <source src="${videoUrl}" type="${videoUrl.endsWith('.m3u8') ? 'application/x-mpegURL' : 'video/mp4'}"> Your browser does not support the video tag. </video> `; container.classList.add('active'); button.remove(); // Initialize HLS.js for .m3u8 videos const video = container.querySelector('video'); if (videoUrl.endsWith('.m3u8') && Hls.isSupported()) { const hls = new Hls(); hls.loadSource(videoUrl); hls.attachMedia(video); hls.on(Hls.Events.ERROR, (event, data) => { console.error("HLS.js error:", data); container.innerHTML = `<p class="text-red-500">Error loading video. <a href="${videoUrl}" target="_blank" aria-label="Open video in new tab">Open video</a></p>`; debugLog("HLS.js error: " + JSON.stringify(data)); }); } else if (videoUrl.endsWith('.m3u8') && video.canPlayType('application/vnd.apple.mpegurl')) { video.src = videoUrl; } // Handle video load errors video.onerror = () => { console.error("Video load error for URL:", videoUrl); container.innerHTML = `<p class="text-red-500">Error loading video. <a href="${videoUrl}" target="_blank" aria-label="Open video in new tab">Open video</a></p>`; debugLog("Video load error for URL: " + videoUrl); }; // Remove loading spinner when video is ready video.onloadedmetadata = () => { container.querySelector('.video-loading').remove(); debugLog("Video loaded successfully"); }; } catch (e) { console.error("Error loading video:", e); debugLog("Failed to load video: " + e.message); const container = document.getElementById(containerId); container.innerHTML = `<p class="text-red-500">Error loading video. <a href="${videoUrl}" target="_blank" aria-label="Open video in new tab">Open video</a></p>`; } } // Lazy-load audio function loadAudio(button, audioUrl, containerId) { try { debugLog(`Loading audio for ${containerId}: ${audioUrl}`); if (!audioUrl) { const container = document.getElementById(containerId); container.innerHTML = `<p class="text-gray-500">No audio available</p>`; button.remove(); debugLog("No audio URL provided"); return; } const container = document.getElementById(containerId); container.innerHTML = ` <audio controls class="w-full max-w-[600px]" preload="metadata" aria-label="Audio explanation"> <source src="${audioUrl}" type="audio/mpeg"> Your browser does not support the audio tag. </audio> `; container.classList.add('active'); button.remove(); // Handle audio load errors const audio = container.querySelector('audio'); audio.onerror = () => { console.error("Audio load error for URL:", audioUrl); container.innerHTML = `<p class="text-red-500">Error loading audio. <a href="${audioUrl}" target="_blank" aria-label="Open audio in new tab">Open audio</a></p>`; debugLog("Audio load error for URL: " + audioUrl); }; debugLog("Audio loaded successfully"); } catch (e) { console.error("Error loading audio:", e); debugLog("Failed to load audio: " + e.message); const container = document.getElementById(containerId); container.innerHTML = `<p class="text-red-500">Error loading audio. <a href="${audioUrl}" target="_blank" aria-label="Open audio in new tab">Open audio</a></p>`; } } // Toggle dark mode function toggleTheme() { try { debugLog("Toggling theme"); document.documentElement.classList.toggle('dark'); localStorage.setItem('theme', document.documentElement.classList.contains('dark') ? 'dark' : 'light'); debugLog("Theme toggled successfully"); } catch (e) { console.error("Error toggling theme:", e); debugLog("Failed to toggle theme: " + e.message); } } // Load theme preference function loadTheme() { try { debugLog("Loading theme preference"); const theme = localStorage.getItem('theme'); if (theme === 'dark') { document.documentElement.classList.add('dark'); } debugLog("Theme loaded successfully"); } catch (e) { console.error("Error loading theme:", e); debugLog("Failed to load theme: " + e.message); } } // Initialize on DOM content loaded window.addEventListener('DOMContentLoaded', () => { try { debugLog("DOM content loaded, initializing quiz"); loadTheme(); initQuiz(); } catch (e) { console.error("Error during DOMContentLoaded:", e); debugLog("Failed to initialize on DOMContentLoaded: " + e.message); document.getElementById('error-message').innerHTML = "Error initializing quiz. Please check the console for details or contact support."; document.getElementById('error-message').classList.remove('hidden'); } }); </script> </body> </html>" frameborder="0" width="100%" height="2000px">
<div class="bg-white rounded-lg shadow-md p-4 md:p-6"> <h2 class="text-xl font-semibold mb-4">Instructions</h2> <h4 class="text-gray-800 text-lg font-semibold mt-6 mb-4">Test Features:</h4> <ul class="space-y-3"> <li class="flex items-center gap-3"> <i class="fa-solid fa-circle-check text-green-500"></i> Multiple choice questions with single correct answers </li> <li class="flex items-center gap-3"> <i class="fa-solid fa-circle-check text-green-500"></i> Timer-based testing for realistic exam conditions </li> <li class="flex items-center gap-3"> <i class="fa-solid fa-circle-check text-green-500"></i> Mark questions for review functionality </li> <li class="flex items-center gap-3"> <i class="fa-solid fa-circle-check text-green-500"></i> Comprehensive results and performance analysis </li> <li class="flex items-center gap-3"> <i class="fa-solid fa-circle-check text-green-500"></i> Mobile-optimized interface for learning on-the-go </li> </ul> <div class="mt-6 flex space-x-4 button-group md:flex-row flex-col"> <button class="bg-[#2c5281] text-white px-6 py-2 rounded-lg hover:bg-[#2c5281] transition" id="start-test">Start Test</button> </div> <div class="error-message hidden" id="error-message"></div> </div> </section> <!-- Quiz Section --> <section class="container mx-auto px-4 md:px-6 pt-4 md:pt-6 pb-1 hidden section-transition" id="quiz"> <div class="bg-white rounded-lg shadow-md p-4 md:p-6"> <!-- Progress Bar --> <div class="w-full bg-gray-200 rounded-full h-3 mb-4"> <div class="progress-bar h-3 rounded-full" id="progress-bar" style="width: 0%"></div> </div> <!-- Question Header --> <div class="flex flex-col md:flex-row justify-between items-center mb-4"> <h2 class="text-lg font-semibold" id="question-number">Question <span>1</span> of 4</h2> <p class="text-lg font-semibold mt-2 md:mt-0" id="timer">Time Remaining: <span>00:00</span></p> </div> <!-- Question Content --> <div class="mb-6" id="question-content"> <p class="text-gray-800 mb-4" id="question-text"></p> <div class="flex flex-wrap gap-4 mb-4" id="question-images"></div> <div class="space-y-3" id="options"></div> </div> <!-- Navigation Buttons --> <div class="flex flex-col md:flex-row justify-between items-center gap-2 md:gap-4"> <div class="flex gap-2 w-full md:w-auto"> <button class="bg-[#2c5281] text-white px-4 py-3 w-full md:w-32 h-14 rounded-lg hover:bg-[#2c5281] transition" disabled="" id="previous-btn">Previous</button> <button class="bg-[#2c5281] text-white px-4 py-3 w-full md:w-32 h-14 rounded-lg hover:bg-[#2c5281] transition" id="next-btn">Next</button> </div> <div class="flex items-center gap-2"> <button class="bg-transparent text-gray-700 px-4 py-2 rounded-lg hover:bg-gray-100 transition flex items-center gap-1" id="mark-review"> Review <svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" class="h-5 w-5" viewBox="0 0 20 20" fill="currentColor"> <path d="M10 2a1 1 0 00-1 1v14l3.293-3.293a1 1 0 011.414 0L17 17V3a1 1 0 00-1-1H10z" /> </svg> </button> <button class="bg-transparent text-gray-700 px-4 py-2 rounded-lg hover:bg-gray-100 transition flex items-center gap-1" id="nav-toggle"> Question 🧭 </button> <button class="bg-green-500 text-white px-6 py-3 w-44 h-14 rounded-lg hover:bg-green-600 transition w-full md:w-auto" id="submit-test">Submit Test</button> </div> </div> </section> <!-- Results Section --> <section class="container mx-auto px-4 md:px-6 pt-4 md:pt-6 pb-1 hidden section-transition" id="results"> <div class="bg-white rounded-lg shadow-md p-4 md:p-6"> <h2 class="text-2xl font-semibold mb-4">Anaesthesia Machine - Results</h2> <div class="grid grid-cols-1 md:grid-cols-2 gap-4 mb-6"> <p><strong>Correct:</strong> <span id="correct-count" class="text-[#000000]">0</span></p> <p><strong>Wrong:</strong> <span id="wrong-count" class="text-[#000000]">0</span></p> <p><strong>Unanswered:</strong> <span id="unanswered-count" class="text-[#000000]-500">0</span></p> <p><strong>Marked for Review:</strong> <span id="marked-count" class="text-[#000000]">0</span></p> </div> <h3 class="text-lg font-semibold mb-4" id="result-question-number">Question <span>1</span> of 4</h3> <div class="space-y-6" id="results-content"></div> <div class="result-nav"> <button aria-label="Previous question result" class="result-nav-btn bg-[#2c5281] text-white px-6 py-2 rounded-lg hover:bg-[#2c5281] transition" disabled="" id="prev-result">Previous</button> <button aria-label="Toggle results navigation panel" class="result-nav-btn bg-[#2c5281] text-white px-6 py-2 rounded-lg hover:bg-[#2c5281] transition" id="results-nav-toggle">Result 🧭</button> <button aria-label="Next question result" class="result-nav-btn bg-[#2c5281] text-white px-6 py-2 rounded-lg hover:bg-[#2c5281] transition" id="next-result">Next</button> </div> <div class="mt-6 flex space-x-4 button-group md:flex-row flex-col"> <button class="bg-green-500 text-white px-6 py-2 rounded-lg hover:bg-green-600 transition" id="take-again">Take Again</button> </div> </div> </section> <!-- Exit Confirmation Modal --> <div class="fixed inset-0 bg-black bg-opacity-50 flex items-center justify-center hidden" id="exit-modal"> <div class="bg-white rounded-lg p-6 max-w-sm w-full"> <h2 class="text-xl font-semibold mb-4">Leave Test?</h2> <p class="text-gray-700 mb-4">Your progress will be lost if you leave this page. Are you sure you want to exit?</p> <div class="flex justify-end space-x-4"> <button class="bg-gray-300 text-gray-700 px-4 py-2 rounded-lg hover:bg-gray-400 transition" id="continue-test">No, Continue</button> <button class="bg-red-500 text-white px-4 py-2 rounded-lg hover:bg-red-600 transition" id="exit-test">Yes, Exit</button> </div> </div> </div> <!-- Submit Confirmation Modal --> <div class="fixed inset-0 bg-black bg-opacity-50 flex items-center justify-center hidden" id="submit-modal"> <div class="bg-white rounded-lg p-6 max-w-sm w-full"> <h2 class="text-xl font-semibold mb-4">Confirm Submission</h2> <p class="text-gray-700 mb-2">You have attempted <span id="attempted-count">0</span> of 54 questions.</p> <p class="text-gray-700 mb-4"><span id="unattempted-count">0</span> questions are unattempted.</p> <div class="flex justify-end space-x-4"> <button class="bg-gray-300 text-gray-700 px-4 py-2 rounded-lg hover:bg-gray-400 transition" id="cancel-submit">Cancel</button> <button class="bg-green-500 text-white px-4 py-2 rounded-lg hover:bg-green-600 transition" id="confirm-submit">Submit Test</button> </div> </div> </div> <!-- Quiz Navigation Panel --> <div class="fixed inset-y-0 right-0 nav-panel bg-white shadow-lg p-4 hidden overflow-y-auto" id="nav-panel"> <h2 class="text-lg font-semibold mb-4">Questions Navigation</h2> <div class="mb-4"> <select class="w-full p-2 border rounded-lg text-gray-700" id="nav-filter"> <option value="all">All Questions</option> <option value="answered">Answered</option> <option value="unanswered">Unanswered</option> <option value="marked">Marked for Review</option> </select> </div> <div class="grid grid-cols-5 gap-2 md:gap-3" id="nav-grid"></div> <button class="mt-4 bg-gray-500 text-white px-4 py-2 rounded-lg hover:bg-gray-600 transition w-full" id="close-nav">Close</button> </div> <!-- Results Navigation Panel --> <div class="fixed inset-y-0 right-0 results-nav-panel bg-white shadow-lg p-4 hidden overflow-y-auto" id="results-nav-panel"> <h2 class="text-lg font-semibold mb-4">Results Navigation</h2> <div class="mb-4"> <select class="w-full p-2 border rounded-lg text-gray-700" id="results-nav-filter"> <option value="all">All Questions</option> <option value="answered">Answered</option> <option value="unanswered">Unanswered</option> <option value="marked">Marked for Review</option> </select> </div> <div class="grid grid-cols-5 gap-2 md:gap-3" id="results-nav-grid"></div> <button class="mt-4 bg-gray-500 text-white px-4 py-2 rounded-lg hover:bg-gray-600 transition w-full" id="close-results-nav">Close</button> </div> <!-- JavaScript Logic --> <script> // Enable debug mode for detailed logging const DEBUG_MODE = true; // Log debug messages function debugLog(message) { if (DEBUG_MODE) { console.log(`[DEBUG] ${message}`); } } // Initialize questions with error handling let questions = []; let currentResultQuestion = 0; // State for current question in results try { debugLog("Attempting to parse questions_json"); questions = [{"text": "Which amino acid donates nitrogen to sodium benzoate when given for urea cycle disorders?", "options": [{"label": "A", "text": "Glutamine", "correct": false}, {"label": "B", "text": "Glutamate", "correct": false}, {"label": "C", "text": "Glycine", "correct": true}, {"label": "D", "text": "Arginine", "correct": false}], "correct_answer": "C. Glycine", "question_images": [], "explanation_images": [], "explanation": "\n\n<p style='font-size: 10px; color: #808080; font-style: italic;'>@dams_new_robot</p>", "bot": "@dams_new_robot", "audio": "", "video": ""}, {"text": "Nitric oxide is derived from:", "options": [{"label": "A", "text": "Arginine", "correct": true}, {"label": "B", "text": "Histidine", "correct": false}, {"label": "C", "text": "Glycine", "correct": false}, {"label": "D", "text": "Aspartate", "correct": false}], "correct_answer": "A. Arginine", "question_images": [], "explanation_images": [], "explanation": "\n<table>\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<td>\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><strong>Product</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td>\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><strong>Description</strong></p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td>\n<p>Nitric <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"e08c004e8f1692777194c9d37e17ad\">Oxide</span> (NO)</p>\n</td>\n<td>\n<p>A <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"f9016f36fd1692777198b0fd5e9c6d\">signaling</span> molecule involved in various <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"6c2c85ae6b16927771950809419a59\">physiological</span> processes</p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td>\n<p>Creatine</p>\n</td>\n<td>\n<p>Plays a role in <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"d2408af1a1169277718723820ab540\">energy metabolism</span> and muscle function</p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td>\n<p>Polyamines (Putrescine, Spermidine, Spermine)</p>\n</td>\n<td>\n<p>Essential for cell growth, proliferation, and differentiation</p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td>\n<p>Ornithine</p>\n</td>\n<td>\n<p>Precursor for the <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"3fda45538a1692777199ec2a5478a5\">synthesis</span> of polyamines</p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td>\n<p>Urea</p>\n</td>\n<td>\n<p>Produced as a byproduct of the <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"38d4be106e169277720105b006c26b\">urea</span> cycle</p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td>\n<p>Proline</p>\n</td>\n<td>\n<p>Non-essential <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"543f207eb51692777181723491a358\">amino</span> acid with structural and regulatory functions</p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td>\n<p>Glutamate</p>\n</td>\n<td>\n<p>A <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"e28fd027b416927771932bc23ba0a5\">neurotransmitter</span> and important <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"d92cbff33316927771927b4de10a5b\">metabolic</span> intermediate</p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td>\n<p>Agmatine</p>\n</td>\n<td>\n<p>Involved in <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"66748a30e91692777193358c35b2b0\">neurotransmission</span> and regulation of <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"5536b77611169277719356d32e638a\">nitric</span> oxide</p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n</tbody>\n\n<p style='font-size: 10px; color: #808080; font-style: italic;'>@dams_new_robot</p>", "bot": "@dams_new_robot", "audio": "", "video": ""}, {"text": "What do chaperones assist in?", "options": [{"label": "A", "text": "Ubiquitination of proteins", "correct": false}, {"label": "B", "text": "Protein modification", "correct": false}, {"label": "C", "text": "Protein folding", "correct": true}, {"label": "D", "text": "Protein cleavage", "correct": false}], "correct_answer": "C. Protein folding", "question_images": [], "explanation_images": [], "explanation": "<p>Correct Option C: Protein folding\n\n<p style='font-size: 10px; color: #808080; font-style: italic;'>@dams_new_robot</p>", "bot": "@dams_new_robot", "audio": "", "video": ""}, {"text": "The biochemical form of amyloid in hemodialysis-associated amyloidosis is:", "options": [{"label": "A", "text": "AL", "correct": false}, {"label": "B", "text": "AA", "correct": false}, {"label": "C", "text": "Aß2m", "correct": true}, {"label": "D", "text": "ATTR", "correct": false}], "correct_answer": "C. Aß2m", "question_images": [], "explanation_images": [], "explanation": "<table cellspacing=\"0\" style=\"border-collapse:collapse\">\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:middle\">\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><strong>Type of Amyloidosis</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:middle\">\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><strong>Responsible Protein</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:middle\">\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><strong>Organs Affected</strong></p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:middle\">\n<p><strong>Primary (AL) </strong></p>\n<p><strong>(Option A ruled out)</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:middle\">\n<p>Monoclonal light chains</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:middle\">\n<p>Heart, kidneys, liver, <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"255674f3271692777195c172d86daf\">peripheral</span> and <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"bd1c98736616927771820954b0a744\">autonomic</span> nervous system, GI tract</p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:middle\">\n<p><strong>Senile <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"8f2e7fd96116927771995b451b5c90\">systemic</span> (ATTR)</strong></p>\n<p><strong>(Option D ruled out)</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:middle\">\n<p>Wild-type transthyretin</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:middle\">\n<p>Heart</p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:middle\">\n<p><strong>Hereditary (ATTR)</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:middle\">\n<p>Mutant transthyretin</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:middle\">\n<p>Heart</p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:middle\">\n<p><strong>Hereditary (AApoA1)</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:middle\">\n<p>Apolipoprotein A1</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:middle\">\n<p>Heart, kidneys, liver, <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"255674f3271692777195c172d86daf\">peripheral</span> nervous system, skin</p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:middle\">\n<p><strong>Hereditary (AFib)</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:middle\">\n<p>Mutant <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"a137b7092a16927772025412d4ef05\">fibrinogen</span> A alpha</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:middle\">\n<p>Kidneys, liver</p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:middle\">\n<p><strong>Hereditary (ALys)</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:middle\">\n<p>Lysozyme</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:middle\">\n<p>Kidneys, liver</p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:middle\">\n<p><strong>Isolated atrial (AANF)</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:middle\">\n<p>Atrial <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"bd16654d3e169277719371077d7a8c\">natriuretic</span> factor</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:middle\">\n<p>Heart</p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:middle\">\n<p><strong>Secondary (AA)</strong></p>\n<p><strong>(Option B ruled out)</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:middle\">\n<p>Serum <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"51ad856e041692777181f80c9d507a\">amyloid</span> A</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:middle\">\n<p>Kidneys, GI tract, heart</p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:middle\">\n<p><strong>Dialysis-related (Aβ2M)</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:middle\">\n<p>β2-microglobulin</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:middle\">\n<p>Osteoarticular tissue, GI tract, <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"f3739d892c1692777184b2e134615c\">circulatory</span> system</p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:middle\">\n<p><strong>Finnish-type (AGel)</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:middle\">\n<p>Gelsolin</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:middle\">\n<p>Lattice <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"04568e3d19169277718672d9da94fd\">dystrophy</span> of cornea, corneal neuropathy</p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n</tbody>\n\n\n<p style='font-size: 10px; color: #808080; font-style: italic;'>@dams_new_robot</p>", "bot": "@dams_new_robot", "audio": "", "video": ""}, {"text": "What do chaperones assist in?", "options": [{"label": "A", "text": "Ubiquitinization of proteins", "correct": false}, {"label": "B", "text": "Protein modification", "correct": false}, {"label": "C", "text": "Protein folding", "correct": true}, {"label": "D", "text": "Protein cleavage", "correct": false}], "correct_answer": "C. Protein folding", "question_images": [], "explanation_images": [], "explanation": "\n\n<p style='font-size: 10px; color: #808080; font-style: italic;'>@dams_new_robot</p>", "bot": "@dams_new_robot", "audio": "", "video": ""}, {"text": "Which of the following is true about the structural organization of proteins?", "options": [{"label": "A", "text": "Tertiary structure is three-dimensional", "correct": true}, {"label": "B", "text": "The secondary structure is stabilized by disulfide bonds.", "correct": false}, {"label": "C", "text": "Primary, secondary, and tertiary structures are destroyed by denaturation.", "correct": false}, {"label": "D", "text": "The secondary and tertiary structure depends upon amino acid sequence.", "correct": false}], "correct_answer": "A. Tertiary structure is three-dimensional", "question_images": [], "explanation_images": ["https://image.prepladder.com/content/YGErXeNE35VjUtiZeWbg1746514429.png"], "explanation": "\n\n<p style='font-size: 10px; color: #808080; font-style: italic;'>@dams_new_robot</p>", "bot": "@dams_new_robot", "audio": "", "video": ""}, {"text": "What is the function of proteasomes?", "options": [{"label": "A", "text": "Protein folding", "correct": false}, {"label": "B", "text": "Post-translation modification", "correct": false}, {"label": "C", "text": "Protein degradation", "correct": true}, {"label": "D", "text": "Protein sorting", "correct": false}], "correct_answer": "C. Protein degradation", "question_images": [], "explanation_images": [], "explanation": "\n\n<p style='font-size: 10px; color: #808080; font-style: italic;'>@dams_new_robot</p>", "bot": "@dams_new_robot", "audio": "", "video": ""}, {"text": "Replacing alanine by which amino acid, will increase the UV absorbance of protein at 280nm wavelength?", "options": [{"label": "A", "text": "Leucine", "correct": false}, {"label": "B", "text": "Proline", "correct": false}, {"label": "C", "text": "Arginine", "correct": false}, {"label": "D", "text": "Tryptophan", "correct": true}], "correct_answer": "D. Tryptophan", "question_images": [], "explanation_images": [], "explanation": "\n\n<p style='font-size: 10px; color: #808080; font-style: italic;'>@dams_new_robot</p>", "bot": "@dams_new_robot", "audio": "", "video": ""}, {"text": "Which of the following methods cannot be used to precipitate proteins?", "options": [{"label": "A", "text": "Add alcohol and acetone", "correct": false}, {"label": "B", "text": "Using heavy metal ions", "correct": false}, {"label": "C", "text": "Moving pH away from isoelectric pH", "correct": true}, {"label": "D", "text": "Adding trichloroacetic acid", "correct": false}], "correct_answer": "C. Moving pH away from isoelectric pH", "question_images": [], "explanation_images": [], "explanation": "\n<table align=\"center\">\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid black; border-left:1px solid black; border-right:1px solid black; border-top:1px solid black\">\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><strong>Method</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid black; border-left:none; border-right:1px solid black; border-top:1px solid black\">\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><strong>Mechanism of precipitation</strong></p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid black; border-left:1px solid black; border-right:1px solid black; border-top:none\">\n<p>1. Heat</p>\n<p>2. Strong mineral acids</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid black; border-left:none; border-right:1px solid black; border-top:none\">\n<ul>\n<li>Cause <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"cc7b2f64b11692777196c8e39b7611\">precipitation</span> by denaturation</li>\n</ul>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid black; border-left:1px solid black; border-right:1px solid black; border-top:none\">\n<p>3. <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"6e8ada09fa1692777189bfbace851a\">Heavy metal</span> salts in <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"b95c7f7b821692777181df660ee7ff\">alkaline</span> medium</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid black; border-left:none; border-right:1px solid black; border-top:none\">\n<p>In <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"b95c7f7b821692777181df660ee7ff\">alkaline</span> medium</p>\n<ul>\n<li>Proteins are negatively are positively charged</li>\n<li>So, <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"ba72a5eeac169277719321468ee679\">Neutralization</span> of charges occur which leads to <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"cc7b2f64b11692777196c8e39b7611\">precipitation</span> known as positive <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"4b2f2a6d0a16927771902f60fa9ff7\">ion</span> precipitation</li>\n</ul>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid black; border-left:1px solid black; border-right:1px solid black; border-top:none\">\n<p>4. Alkaloidal reagents (Trichloroacetic acid, phosphotungstic acid, sulfosalicylic acid)</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid black; border-left:none; border-right:1px solid black; border-top:none\">\n<ul>\n<li>Alkaloidal reagents are negatively charged</li>\n<li>In <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"3a983e569716927771805ed22b90d7\">acidic</span> medium , protein are positively charged</li>\n<li>So, Neutrialization of charges occur &amp; leads to negative <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"4b2f2a6d0a16927771902f60fa9ff7\">ion</span> precipitation</li>\n</ul>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid black; border-left:1px solid black; border-right:1px solid black; border-top:none\">\n<p>5. Organic solvents e.g. alcohol &amp; acetone</p>\n<p>6. Neutral salts e.g. <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"3719e878a4169277718109b2d3f67e\">ammonium</span> sulfate</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid black; border-left:none; border-right:1px solid black; border-top:none\">\n<ul>\n<li>Both cause <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"cc7b2f64b11692777196c8e39b7611\">precipitation</span> by <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"da07fd59a11692777185e23c69af5e\">dehydration</span> of proteins</li>\n</ul>\n</td>\n</tr>\n</tbody>\n\n\n<p style='font-size: 10px; color: #808080; font-style: italic;'>@dams_new_robot</p>", "bot": "@dams_new_robot", "audio": "", "video": ""}, {"text": "Which of the following is the best method to detect HbA1c?", "options": [{"label": "A", "text": "lon-exchange chromatography", "correct": true}, {"label": "B", "text": "Immunoassay", "correct": false}, {"label": "C", "text": "Electrophoresis", "correct": false}, {"label": "D", "text": "Affinity chromatography", "correct": false}], "correct_answer": "A. lon-exchange chromatography", "question_images": [], "explanation_images": [], "explanation": "\n\n<p style='font-size: 10px; color: #808080; font-style: italic;'>@dams_new_robot</p>", "bot": "@dams_new_robot", "audio": "", "video": ""}, {"text": "Thermogenin protein is mainly found in:", "options": [{"label": "A", "text": "Golgi complex", "correct": false}, {"label": "B", "text": "Mitochondria", "correct": true}, {"label": "C", "text": "Endoplasmic reticulum", "correct": false}, {"label": "D", "text": "Nucleus", "correct": false}], "correct_answer": "B. Mitochondria", "question_images": [], "explanation_images": [], "explanation": "\n\n\n<p style='font-size: 10px; color: #808080; font-style: italic;'>@dams_new_robot</p>", "bot": "@dams_new_robot", "audio": "", "video": ""}, {"text": "Oxaloacetate is produced from which of the following amino acid?", "options": [{"label": "A", "text": "Alanine", "correct": false}, {"label": "B", "text": "Lysine", "correct": false}, {"label": "C", "text": "Leucine", "correct": false}, {"label": "D", "text": "Aspartate", "correct": true}], "correct_answer": "D. Aspartate", "question_images": [], "explanation_images": [], "explanation": "\n\n<p style='font-size: 10px; color: #808080; font-style: italic;'>@dams_new_robot</p>", "bot": "@dams_new_robot", "audio": "", "video": ""}, {"text": "A farmer sprayed a chemical in the pool which causes inhibition of complex-III of the electron transport chain. Identify the inhibitor?", "options": [{"label": "A", "text": "Rotenone", "correct": false}, {"label": "B", "text": "TTFA", "correct": false}, {"label": "C", "text": "Cyanide", "correct": false}, {"label": "D", "text": "Antimycin", "correct": true}], "correct_answer": "D. Antimycin", "question_images": [], "explanation_images": [], "explanation": "<table cellspacing=\"0\" style=\"border-collapse:collapse\">\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid black; border-left:1px solid black; border-right:1px solid black; border-top:1px solid black; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Inhibitor</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid black; border-left:none; border-right:1px solid black; border-top:1px solid black; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Target Site</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid black; border-left:none; border-right:1px solid black; border-top:1px solid black; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Mechanism</strong></p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid black; border-left:1px solid black; border-right:1px solid black; border-top:none; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Rotenone (Option A) </strong></p>\n<p><strong>Amobarbital</strong></p>\n<p><strong>Piericidin A</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid black; border-left:none; border-right:1px solid black; border-top:none; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Complex I</p>\n<p>(NADH dehydrogenase)</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid black; border-left:none; border-right:1px solid black; border-top:none; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Blocks <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"d416281a201692777187899c00aed8\">electron</span> transfer from Complex I to ubiquinone</p>\n<p> </p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid black; border-left:1px solid black; border-right:1px solid black; border-top:none; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>TTFA (Thenoyltrifluoroacetone) (Option B)</strong></p>\n<p><strong>Carboxin </strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid black; border-left:none; border-right:1px solid black; border-top:none; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Complex II</p>\n<p>(Succinate dehydrogenase)</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid black; border-left:none; border-right:1px solid black; border-top:none; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Blocks <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"d416281a201692777187899c00aed8\">electron</span> transfer from Complex II to ubiquinone</p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid black; border-left:1px solid black; border-right:1px solid black; border-top:none; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Malonate</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid black; border-left:none; border-right:1px solid black; border-top:none; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Complex II</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid black; border-left:none; border-right:1px solid black; border-top:none; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Malonate is a competitive <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"b5fb56a28b1692777190396ae8b625\">inhibitor</span> of Complex II.</p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid black; border-left:1px solid black; border-right:1px solid black; border-top:none; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Antimycin A (Option D) </strong></p>\n<p><strong>BAL</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid black; border-left:none; border-right:1px solid black; border-top:none; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Complex III</p>\n<p>Cytochrome bc1 complex</p>\n<p> </p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid black; border-left:none; border-right:1px solid black; border-top:none; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Blocks <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"d416281a201692777187899c00aed8\">electron</span> transfer from Complex III to <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"29e8e2a5dd16927771855db589c581\">Cytochrome</span> C.</p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid black; border-left:1px solid black; border-right:1px solid black; border-top:none; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Cyanide (CN−) (Option C)</strong></p>\n<p><strong>Carbon <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"03077f6c8716927771923763487a9e\">monoxide</span> (CO) </strong></p>\n<p><strong>Hydrogen <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"0e84bc8bb5169277719934af06eb80\">Sulfide</span> (H2S) </strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid black; border-left:none; border-right:1px solid black; border-top:none; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Complex IV</p>\n<p>(Cytochrome c Oxidase)</p>\n<p> </p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid black; border-left:none; border-right:1px solid black; border-top:none; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Prevents <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"d416281a201692777187899c00aed8\">electron</span> transfer from Complex IV to oxygen</p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid black; border-left:1px solid black; border-right:1px solid black; border-top:none; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Oligomycin </strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid black; border-left:none; border-right:1px solid black; border-top:none; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>ATP <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"d2bd91ccac169277719941254e1795\">Synthase</span> (Complex V)</p>\n<p> </p>\n<p> </p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid black; border-left:none; border-right:1px solid black; border-top:none; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Blocks the <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"9c823198d61692777196bc71097d6d\">proton</span> channel of <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"5abb3a7e7f1692777182a8f4c42522\">ATP</span> synthase, preventing <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"5abb3a7e7f1692777182a8f4c42522\">ATP</span> synthesis</p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid black; border-left:1px solid black; border-right:1px solid black; border-top:none; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Atractyloside</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid black; border-left:none; border-right:1px solid black; border-top:none; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Adenine <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"94a2f0970016927771932885a3d362\">Nucleotide</span> Translocase</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid black; border-left:none; border-right:1px solid black; border-top:none; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Blocks ADP/ATP exchange across the mitochondrial membrane</p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n</tbody>\n\n\n<p style='font-size: 10px; color: #808080; font-style: italic;'>@dams_new_robot</p>", "bot": "@dams_new_robot", "audio": "", "video": ""}, {"text": "If the RNA sequence is CAAGGU, what is the sequence of the template strand of DNA?", "options": [{"label": "A", "text": "CAAGGT", "correct": false}, {"label": "B", "text": "GTTCCA", "correct": false}, {"label": "C", "text": "ACCTTG", "correct": true}, {"label": "D", "text": "TGGAAC", "correct": false}], "correct_answer": "C. ACCTTG", "question_images": [], "explanation_images": [], "explanation": "\n\n<p style='font-size: 10px; color: #808080; font-style: italic;'>@dams_new_robot</p>", "bot": "@dams_new_robot", "audio": "", "video": ""}, {"text": "A patient presents with arthritis, and arthroscopy reveals blackening of the joints. Which enzyme deficiency is most likely responsible for this condition?", "options": [{"label": "A", "text": "Homogentisate oxidase", "correct": true}, {"label": "B", "text": "Branched-chain alpha-ketoacid dehydrogenase", "correct": false}, {"label": "C", "text": "Tyrosinase", "correct": false}, {"label": "D", "text": "Fumarase", "correct": false}], "correct_answer": "A. Homogentisate oxidase", "question_images": [], "explanation_images": [], "explanation": "<table cellspacing=\"0\" style=\"border-collapse:collapse; width:614px\">\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Feature</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Alkaptonuria (Homogentisate <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"4a14dfa14e1692777194882f818d87\">Oxidase</span> Deficiency)</strong></p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Deficient Enzyme</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Homogentisate oxidase</p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Accumulated Metabolite</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Homogentisic acid</p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Key Features</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Black <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"0096f2a7631692777201eb9f21d5a7\">urine</span> (on standing), <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"5aac9eb00e1692777194b0cca49c62\">ochronosis</span> (dark <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"67e237a57c16927771859803f93ab3\">connective</span> tissue pigmentation), early-onset arthritis</p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Affected Areas</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Joints, <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"c6f61cdbe41692777183fdc8f95f96\">cartilage</span> (ear, sclera, <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"95a8e326831692777190c5101eb835\">intervertebral</span> discs)</p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Diagnosis</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Urine darkening with alkalization, elevated <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"d442747c48169277718942db69fa7e\">homogentisic acid</span> in urine</p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Treatment</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Low-protein diet (restricting <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"5e52c07d0f1692777195dd08cc451f\">phenylalanine</span> &amp; tyrosine), vitamin C, <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"509310d4411692777199f2ffdb7769\">symptomatic</span> management</p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n</tbody>\n\n\n<p style='font-size: 10px; color: #808080; font-style: italic;'>@dams_new_robot</p>", "bot": "@dams_new_robot", "audio": "", "video": ""}, {"text": "Which of the following amino acids primarily acts as a buffer in blood due to its ability to accept and donate protons at physiological pH?", "options": [{"label": "A", "text": "Histidine", "correct": true}, {"label": "B", "text": "Arginine", "correct": false}, {"label": "C", "text": "Tryptophan", "correct": false}, {"label": "D", "text": "Tyrosine", "correct": false}], "correct_answer": "A. Histidine", "question_images": [], "explanation_images": [], "explanation": "<table cellspacing=\"0\" style=\"border-collapse:collapse; width:624px\">\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Amino Acid</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Buffering Ability</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Reason</strong></p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Histidine</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Strong buffer</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Imidazole group has pKa ~6.0, close to <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"6c2c85ae6b16927771950809419a59\">physiological</span> pH</p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Arginine</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Poor buffer</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Guanidinium group has pKa ~12.5, too high to act as a <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"9d374d494a169277718337f2820f3a\">buffer</span> at pH 7.4</p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Tryptophan</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Minimal buffering</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Indole group is non-ionizable at <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"6c2c85ae6b16927771950809419a59\">physiological</span> pH</p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Tyrosine</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Minimal buffering</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Phenol group has pKa ~10.1, too high to be effective</p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n</tbody>\n\n\n<p style='font-size: 10px; color: #808080; font-style: italic;'>@dams_new_robot</p>", "bot": "@dams_new_robot", "audio": "", "video": ""}, {"text": "Ammonia is transported from the brain to the liver in the form of which amino acid?", "options": [{"label": "A", "text": "Glutamate", "correct": false}, {"label": "B", "text": "Alanine", "correct": false}, {"label": "C", "text": "Glycine", "correct": false}, {"label": "D", "text": "Glutamine", "correct": true}], "correct_answer": "D. Glutamine", "question_images": [], "explanation_images": [], "explanation": "\n<table cellspacing=\"0\" style=\"border-collapse:collapse\">\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><strong>Transporter</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><strong>Formation Process</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><strong>Source</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><strong>Destination</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><strong>Mechanism/Role</strong></p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Glutamine</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Formed from <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"ada5fcf7e416927771886ff24152ff\">glutamate</span> and <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"edbc0adbb31692777181ed0ee792d4\">ammonia</span> by <strong>glutamine synthetase</strong>.</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Skeletal muscle, liver, CNS</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Liver, kidneys</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<ul>\n<li>Transports <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"edbc0adbb31692777181ed0ee792d4\">ammonia</span> from the brain and <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"7840cca3ed16927771901d2f6cb32b\">intestine</span> to the liver. In the liver, <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"2ce271388f1692777188515f75666c\">glutamine</span> is <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"cf14b794fb16927771847567191a08\">cleaved</span> by <strong>glutaminase</strong> to release <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"edbc0adbb31692777181ed0ee792d4\">ammonia</span> and glutamate.</li>\n<li>Glutamate is then deaminated by <strong>glutamate <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"0d1ed86c771692777185d6b762efd5\">dehydrogenase</span> (GDH)</strong>, releasing additional ammonia, which enters the <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"38d4be106e169277720105b006c26b\">urea</span> cycle for detoxification.</li>\n</ul>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Alanine</strong></p>\n<p><strong>(Option B ruled out)</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Formed from <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"f9129e152d16927771960c4ccc40bc\">pyruvate</span> and <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"edbc0adbb31692777181ed0ee792d4\">ammonia</span> in muscles during the <strong>glucose-alanine cycle</strong>.</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Muscles</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Liver</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<ul>\n<li>Transports <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"edbc0adbb31692777181ed0ee792d4\">ammonia</span> from muscle to the liver. In the liver, <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"7f4e6edbc91692777181c6fa295ae7\">alanine</span> is transaminated by <strong>alanine <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"e480f2b88f1692777200e20c981927\">transaminase</span> (ALT)</strong> to <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"a1b06f401f1692777203a53393ba98\">form</span> <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"f9129e152d16927771960c4ccc40bc\">pyruvate</span> and glutamate.</li>\n<li>The <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"f9129e152d16927771960c4ccc40bc\">pyruvate</span> is used to <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"37ab4f3d3a16927771991ff7316442\">synthesize</span> glucose, and the <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"ada5fcf7e416927771886ff24152ff\">glutamate</span> can be deaminated by GDH to release <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"edbc0adbb31692777181ed0ee792d4\">ammonia</span> for the <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"38d4be106e169277720105b006c26b\">urea</span> cycle.</li>\n</ul>\n</td>\n</tr>\n</tbody>\n\n\n<p style='font-size: 10px; color: #808080; font-style: italic;'>@dams_new_robot</p>", "bot": "@dams_new_robot", "audio": "", "video": ""}, {"text": "Aromatic ring is seen in which of the following amino acids?", "options": [{"label": "A", "text": "Phenylalanine, valine, tryptophan", "correct": false}, {"label": "B", "text": "Phenylalanine, tryptophan, tyrosine", "correct": true}, {"label": "C", "text": "Tyrosine, cysteine, tryptophan", "correct": false}, {"label": "D", "text": "Lysine, methionine, valine", "correct": false}], "correct_answer": "B. Phenylalanine, tryptophan, tyrosine", "question_images": [], "explanation_images": [], "explanation": "<table cellspacing=\"0\" style=\"border-collapse:collapse\">\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Amino acids</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Examples </strong></p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Basic <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"543f207eb51692777181723491a358\">amino</span> acids </strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Arginine, <strong>Lysine</strong>, Histidine <strong>(Option D ruled out)</strong></p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Acidic <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"543f207eb51692777181723491a358\">amino</span> acids</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Aspartic acid, Glutamic acid</p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>OH group-containing <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"543f207eb51692777181723491a358\">amino</span> acids</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Serine, Threonine, Tyrosine</p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>SH group-containing <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"543f207eb51692777181723491a358\">amino</span> acids</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Cysteine</strong>, <strong>Methionine </strong><strong>(Option C, D ruled out)</strong></p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>NH2 group-containing <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"543f207eb51692777181723491a358\">amino</span> acids</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Asparagine, Glutamine</p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Aromatic <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"543f207eb51692777181723491a358\">amino</span> acids</strong></p>\n<p><strong>(Option B)</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Phenylalanine, Tyrosine, Tryptophan, Histidine</strong></p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Aliphatic <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"543f207eb51692777181723491a358\">amino</span> acid</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Glycine, Alanine,</p>\n<p>Branched chain AA (<strong>Valine</strong>, Leucine, Isoleucine) <strong>(Option A, D ruled out)</strong></p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Imino acid</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Proline</p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n</tbody>\n\n<table cellspacing=\"0\" style=\"border-collapse:collapse\">\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Purely Ketogenic</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Purely Glucogenic</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Both Ketogenic and Glucogenic</strong></p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>On <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"67f82f0d211692777183f709777947\">catabolism</span> gives only <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"6ade0969281692777180216b0c3d76\">acetyl</span> CoA</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>On <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"67f82f0d211692777183f709777947\">catabolism</span> gives only pyruvate</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Substance on <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"67f82f0d211692777183f709777947\">catabolism</span> gives one of the <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"e55eb31d591692777188cb1fad1f5e\">glycolytic</span> <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"cf8f491dba169277719075ce2b5594\">intermediate</span> - <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"f9129e152d16927771960c4ccc40bc\">Pyruvate</span> or TCA cycle <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"cf8f491dba169277719075ce2b5594\">intermediate</span> other than <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"6ade0969281692777180216b0c3d76\">Acetyl</span> CoA</p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Amino acids are:</p>\n<ul>\n<li>Leucine</li>\n<li>Lysine</li>\n</ul>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Amino acids are:</p>\n<ul>\n<li><strong>Alanine: </strong>On <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"7d8529133f169277720000dc5165c2\">transamination</span> yields pyruvate.</li>\n<li><strong>Glycine: </strong>Simplest <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"543f207eb51692777181723491a358\">amino</span> acid.</li>\n<li><strong>3-hydroxyl group- containing <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"543f207eb51692777181723491a358\">amino</span> acids</strong>\n<ul>\n<li>Serine</li>\n<li>Threonine</li>\n<li>Hydroxyproline</li>\n</ul>\n</li>\n<li><strong>Sulphur-containing <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"543f207eb51692777181723491a358\">amino</span> acid</strong>\n<ul>\n<li>Cysteine</li>\n</ul>\n</li>\n</ul>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Amino acids are:</p>\n<ul>\n<li><strong>Aromatic <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"543f207eb51692777181723491a358\">amino</span> acids</strong>\n<ul>\n<li>Phenylalanine</li>\n<li>Tyrosine</li>\n<li>Tryptophan</li>\n</ul>\n</li>\n<li><strong>Branched-chain <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"543f207eb51692777181723491a358\">amino</span> acid</strong>\n<ul>\n<li>Isoleucine</li>\n</ul>\n</li>\n</ul>\n</td>\n</tr>\n</tbody>\n</table>\n<table cellspacing=\"0\" style=\"border-collapse:collapse\">\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Essential <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"543f207eb51692777181723491a358\">amino</span> acids</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Non-essential <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"543f207eb51692777181723491a358\">amino</span> acids</strong></p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<ul>\n<li>The human body cannot synthesise them, which must be obtained through the diet.</li>\n<li>They are crucial for various <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"6c2c85ae6b16927771950809419a59\">physiological</span> functions, including protein synthesis, tissue repair, and <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"0f160e4e42169277718771b715516a\">enzyme</span> production.<strong> </strong></li>\n</ul>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<ul>\n<li>The human body can synthesise these, which do not need to be obtained directly through diet.</li>\n</ul>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Examples:</strong></p>\n<table cellspacing=\"0\" style=\"border-collapse:collapse\">\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"vertical-align:top\">\n<ul>\n<li>Methionine</li>\n<li>Arginine</li>\n<li>Threonine</li>\n<li>Tryptophan</li>\n<li>Valine</li>\n</ul>\n</td>\n<td style=\"vertical-align:top\">\n<ul>\n<li>Isoleucine</li>\n<li>Leucine</li>\n<li>Phenylalanine</li>\n<li>Histidine</li>\n<li>Lysine</li>\n</ul>\n</td>\n</tr>\n</tbody>\n</table>\n\t\t\t \n\n\t\t\t<p>Mnemonic<strong>: MATT VIL PHLy</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\"> \n\t\t\t<table cellspacing=\"0\" style=\"border-collapse:collapse\">\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"vertical-align:top\">\n<ul>\n<li>Alanine</li>\n<li>Asparagine</li>\n<li>Aspartate</li>\n<li>Cysteine</li>\n<li>Glutamate</li>\n<li>Glutamine</li>\n</ul>\n</td>\n<td style=\"vertical-align:top\">\n<ul>\n<li>Glycine</li>\n<li>Hydroxyproline</li>\n<li>Hydroxylysine</li>\n<li>Proline</li>\n<li>Serine</li>\n<li>Tyrosine</li>\n</ul>\n</td>\n</tr>\n</tbody>\n</table>\n</td>\n</tr>\n</tbody>\n</table>\n<table cellspacing=\"0\" style=\"border-collapse:collapse\">\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"vertical-align:top\">\n<ul>\n<li>Methionine</li>\n<li>Arginine</li>\n<li>Threonine</li>\n<li>Tryptophan</li>\n<li>Valine</li>\n</ul>\n</td>\n<td style=\"vertical-align:top\">\n<ul>\n<li>Isoleucine</li>\n<li>Leucine</li>\n<li>Phenylalanine</li>\n<li>Histidine</li>\n<li>Lysine</li>\n</ul>\n</td>\n</tr>\n</tbody>\n</table>\n<table cellspacing=\"0\" style=\"border-collapse:collapse\">\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"vertical-align:top\">\n<ul>\n<li>Alanine</li>\n<li>Asparagine</li>\n<li>Aspartate</li>\n<li>Cysteine</li>\n<li>Glutamate</li>\n<li>Glutamine</li>\n</ul>\n</td>\n<td style=\"vertical-align:top\">\n<ul>\n<li>Glycine</li>\n<li>Hydroxyproline</li>\n<li>Hydroxylysine</li>\n<li>Proline</li>\n<li>Serine</li>\n<li>Tyrosine</li>\n</ul>\n</td>\n</tr>\n</tbody>\n\n\n<p style='font-size: 10px; color: #808080; font-style: italic;'>@dams_new_robot</p>", "bot": "@dams_new_robot", "audio": "", "video": ""}, {"text": "Which of the following neurotransmitter is not derived from amino acid?", "options": [{"label": "A", "text": "GABA", "correct": false}, {"label": "B", "text": "Acetylcholine", "correct": true}, {"label": "C", "text": "Dopamine", "correct": false}, {"label": "D", "text": "5 hydroxytryptamine", "correct": false}], "correct_answer": "B. Acetylcholine", "question_images": [], "explanation_images": [], "explanation": "\n\n<p style='font-size: 10px; color: #808080; font-style: italic;'>@dams_new_robot</p>", "bot": "@dams_new_robot", "audio": "", "video": ""}, {"text": "DNA sequence is determined by?", "options": [{"label": "A", "text": "Flow cytometry", "correct": false}, {"label": "B", "text": "FISH", "correct": false}, {"label": "C", "text": "RFLP", "correct": false}, {"label": "D", "text": "PCR", "correct": true}], "correct_answer": "D. PCR", "question_images": [], "explanation_images": [], "explanation": "\n\n<p style='font-size: 10px; color: #808080; font-style: italic;'>@dams_new_robot</p>", "bot": "@dams_new_robot", "audio": "", "video": ""}, {"text": "Match the following amino acid with derivatives: 1. Histidine a.Catecholamines 2. Tyrosine b. Histamine 3. Tryptophan c. Glutathione 4. Cysteine d. Melatonin", "options": [{"label": "A", "text": "1-b, 2-a, 3-d, 4-c", "correct": true}, {"label": "B", "text": "1-a, 2-c, 3-b, 4-d", "correct": false}, {"label": "C", "text": "1-d, 2-c, 3-b, 4-a", "correct": false}, {"label": "D", "text": "1-b, 2-c, 3-d, 4-a", "correct": false}], "correct_answer": "A. 1-b, 2-a, 3-d, 4-c", "question_images": [], "explanation_images": [], "explanation": "<table cellspacing=\"0\" style=\"border-collapse:collapse; width:719px\">\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><strong>Amino Acid</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><strong>Derivative</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><strong>Function/Importance</strong></p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Glutamine</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Glutamate</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Neurotransmitter</p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td rowspan=\"3\" style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Tyrosine</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Dopamine</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Neurotransmitter</p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Norepinephrine</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Neurotransmitter</p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Epinephrine (Adrenaline)</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Hormone</p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td rowspan=\"2\" style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Tryptophan</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Serotonin</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Neurotransmitter</p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Melatonin</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Hormone</p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Phenylalanine</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Tyrosine</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Precursor to dopamine, norepinephrine, and epinephrine.</p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Histidine</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Histamine</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Involved in immune response, regulates <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"12347b15191692777188bc86d226e1\">gastric</span> acid secretion, and neurotransmission.</p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Glutamic Acid</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>GABA (Gamma-Aminobutyric Acid)</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Inhibitory neurotransmitter</p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Arginine</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Nitric Oxide</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Signaling molecule, involved in vasodilation, immune response, and neurotransmission.</p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Cysteine</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Glutathione</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Antioxidant</p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Methionine</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>S-Adenosylmethionine (SAM)</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Methyl donor, involved in <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"9cabbec09d16927771920c9fdfcb29\">methylation</span> reactions, DNA synthesis, and regulation of gene expression.</p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n</tbody>\n\n\n<p style='font-size: 10px; color: #808080; font-style: italic;'>@dams_new_robot</p>", "bot": "@dams_new_robot", "audio": "", "video": ""}, {"text": "A patient who was in excruciating pain all over his body was taken to the hospital. In recent years, he has experienced these incidents frequently. When exercising vigorously, the ache begins. Anemia was detected on blood examination along with elongated RBC as opposed to concave ones. It was determined that he had sickle cell anemia. What substitution takes place in sickle cell anemia?", "options": [{"label": "A", "text": "Substitution of valine by glutamic acid at the 6th position", "correct": false}, {"label": "B", "text": "Substitution of glutamic acid by valine at the 6th position", "correct": true}, {"label": "C", "text": "Substitution of valine by glutamic acid at the 5th position", "correct": false}, {"label": "D", "text": "Substitution of glutamic acid by valine at the 5th position", "correct": false}], "correct_answer": "B. Substitution of glutamic acid by valine at the 6th position", "question_images": [], "explanation_images": ["https://image.prepladder.com/content/PwEeINbSZ2OWUjoHT6TB1746170763.png"], "explanation": "\n\n<p style='font-size: 10px; color: #808080; font-style: italic;'>@dams_new_robot</p>", "bot": "@dams_new_robot", "audio": "", "video": ""}, {"text": "What do chaperones assist in?", "options": [{"label": "A", "text": "Ubiquitinization of proteins", "correct": false}, {"label": "B", "text": "Protein modification", "correct": false}, {"label": "C", "text": "Protein folding", "correct": true}, {"label": "D", "text": "Protein cleavage", "correct": false}], "correct_answer": "C. Protein folding", "question_images": [], "explanation_images": [], "explanation": "\n\n<p style='font-size: 10px; color: #808080; font-style: italic;'>@dams_new_robot</p>", "bot": "@dams_new_robot", "audio": "", "video": ""}, {"text": "Which of the following is responsible for the negative charge in fibrinopeptide A?", "options": [{"label": "A", "text": "Glutamate and valine", "correct": false}, {"label": "B", "text": "Histidine and lysine", "correct": false}, {"label": "C", "text": "Aspartate and glutamate", "correct": true}, {"label": "D", "text": "Serine and threonine", "correct": false}], "correct_answer": "C. Aspartate and glutamate", "question_images": [], "explanation_images": [], "explanation": "<p>Correct Option C - Aspartate and glu\n\n<p style='font-size: 10px; color: #808080; font-style: italic;'>@dams_new_robot</p>", "bot": "@dams_new_robot", "audio": "", "video": ""}, {"text": "Vanillyl mandelic acid excreted in the urine in which of the following conditions?", "options": [{"label": "A", "text": "Pheochromocytoma", "correct": true}, {"label": "B", "text": "Alkaptonuria", "correct": false}, {"label": "C", "text": "Carcinoid syndrome", "correct": false}, {"label": "D", "text": "Diabetic ketoacidosis", "correct": false}], "correct_answer": "A. Pheochromocytoma", "question_images": [], "explanation_images": [], "explanation": "<p>Correct Option A - Pheoch\n\n<p style='font-size: 10px; color: #808080; font-style: italic;'>@dams_new_robot</p>", "bot": "@dams_new_robot", "audio": "", "video": ""}, {"text": "Serotonin is also known as?", "options": [{"label": "A", "text": "5 hydroxy tryptamine", "correct": true}, {"label": "B", "text": "5 hydroxytryptophan", "correct": false}, {"label": "C", "text": "5 carboxy tryptamine", "correct": false}, {"label": "D", "text": "5 carboxy tryptophan", "correct": false}], "correct_answer": "A. 5 hydroxy tryptamine", "question_images": [], "explanation_images": [], "explanation": "<p>Correct Option A - 5 h\n\n\n<p style='font-size: 10px; color: #808080; font-style: italic;'>@dams_new_robot</p>", "bot": "@dams_new_robot", "audio": "", "video": ""}, {"text": "What is absent in the urine of a patient who presents with recurrent kidney stones? Below in the microscopic eamination of the patient’s urine sample.", "options": [{"label": "A", "text": "Arginine", "correct": false}, {"label": "B", "text": "Lysine", "correct": false}, {"label": "C", "text": "Cystine", "correct": false}, {"label": "D", "text": "Cysteine", "correct": true}], "correct_answer": "D. Cysteine", "question_images": ["https://image.prepladder.com/content/54wSvhOtCl6XYmRYqY971715670830.png"], "explanation_images": [], "explanation": "<p>Correct Option D - C\n\n\n<p style='font-size: 10px; color: #808080; font-style: italic;'>@dams_new_robot</p>", "bot": "@dams_new_robot", "audio": "", "video": ""}, {"text": "In which condition is there an excessive excretion of 5-hydroxy indole acetic acid in the urine?", "options": [{"label": "A", "text": "Alkaptonuria", "correct": false}, {"label": "B", "text": "Albinism", "correct": false}, {"label": "C", "text": "Carcinoid syndrome", "correct": true}, {"label": "D", "text": "Phenylketonuria", "correct": false}], "correct_answer": "C. Carcinoid syndrome", "question_images": [], "explanation_images": [], "explanation": "<p>Correct Option C - Carcinoid S\n\n\n<p style='font-size: 10px; color: #808080; font-style: italic;'>@dams_new_robot</p>", "bot": "@dams_new_robot", "audio": "", "video": ""}, {"text": "An infant presented to the OPD with a history of vomiting and poor feeding. Musty odor is present in the baby’s sweat and urine. Guthrie test was done and it was found to be positive. All are true regarding this disease except:", "options": [{"label": "A", "text": "Phenylalanine hydroxylase enzyme defect", "correct": false}, {"label": "B", "text": "White patch of hair due to tryptophan deficiency", "correct": true}, {"label": "C", "text": "Phenylacetate positive in urine", "correct": false}, {"label": "D", "text": "Mental retardation is present", "correct": false}], "correct_answer": "B. White patch of hair due to tryptophan deficiency", "question_images": [], "explanation_images": [], "explanation": "<p>Correct Option B\n\n\n<p style='font-size: 10px; color: #808080; font-style: italic;'>@dams_new_robot</p>", "bot": "@dams_new_robot", "audio": "", "video": ""}, {"text": "Which of the following should be avoided by a patient with fish odor syndrome?", "options": [{"label": "A", "text": "Biotin", "correct": false}, {"label": "B", "text": "Choline", "correct": true}, {"label": "C", "text": "Niacin", "correct": false}, {"label": "D", "text": "Pantothenic acid", "correct": false}], "correct_answer": "B. Choline", "question_images": [], "explanation_images": [], "explanation": "<p>Correct Option B - Ch\n\n<p style='font-size: 10px; color: #808080; font-style: italic;'>@dams_new_robot</p>", "bot": "@dams_new_robot", "audio": "", "video": ""}, {"text": "Defective fumarylacetoacetate hydrolase enzyme is associated with___", "options": [{"label": "A", "text": "Type 1 Tyrosinemia", "correct": true}, {"label": "B", "text": "Type 2 Tyrosinemia", "correct": false}, {"label": "C", "text": "Type 3 Tyrosinemia", "correct": false}, {"label": "D", "text": "Type 4 Tyrosinemia", "correct": false}], "correct_answer": "A. Type 1 Tyrosinemia", "question_images": [], "explanation_images": [], "explanation": "<p>Correct Option A - Type 1 T\n\n<p style='font-size: 10px; color: #808080; font-style: italic;'>@dams_new_robot</p>", "bot": "@dams_new_robot", "audio": "", "video": ""}, {"text": "A 45-year-old woman with hypertriglyceridemia is considered for niacin therapy. She is a known diabetic managed adequately with sugars well under control. Why should niacin be used cautiously in this patient?", "options": [{"label": "A", "text": "It can cause hyperglycemia.", "correct": true}, {"label": "B", "text": "It can cause scleroderma, which makes injecting insulin difficult", "correct": false}, {"label": "C", "text": "It can increase the metabolism of oral hypoglycemic drugs", "correct": false}, {"label": "D", "text": "It can cause hypoglycemia", "correct": false}], "correct_answer": "A. It can cause hyperglycemia.", "question_images": [], "explanation_images": [], "explanation": "<p>Correct Option A - It can cause hyperg\n\n\n<p style='font-size: 10px; color: #808080; font-style: italic;'>@dams_new_robot</p>", "bot": "@dams_new_robot", "audio": "", "video": ""}, {"text": "Urea cycle occurs in which part of the cell?", "options": [{"label": "A", "text": "Mitochondria", "correct": false}, {"label": "B", "text": "Cytoplasm", "correct": false}, {"label": "C", "text": "Both", "correct": true}, {"label": "D", "text": "None", "correct": false}], "correct_answer": "C. Both", "question_images": [], "explanation_images": [], "explanation": "<p>Correct Option C\n\n\n<p style='font-size: 10px; color: #808080; font-style: italic;'>@dams_new_robot</p>", "bot": "@dams_new_robot", "audio": "", "video": ""}, {"text": "Melanin is synthesized from which of the following?", "options": [{"label": "A", "text": "Tyrosine", "correct": true}, {"label": "B", "text": "Tryptophan", "correct": false}, {"label": "C", "text": "Phenyl alanine", "correct": false}, {"label": "D", "text": "Threonine", "correct": false}], "correct_answer": "A. Tyrosine", "question_images": [], "explanation_images": [], "explanation": "<p>Correct Option A\n\n<p style='font-size: 10px; color: #808080; font-style: italic;'>@dams_new_robot</p>", "bot": "@dams_new_robot", "audio": "", "video": ""}, {"text": "Which of the following aids in the process of wound healing?", "options": [{"label": "A", "text": "Keratan sulfate", "correct": false}, {"label": "B", "text": "Dermatan sulfate", "correct": false}, {"label": "C", "text": "Hyaluronic acid", "correct": true}, {"label": "D", "text": "Chondroitin sulfate", "correct": false}], "correct_answer": "C. Hyaluronic acid", "question_images": [], "explanation_images": [], "explanation": "<p>Correct Option C\n\n<p style='font-size: 10px; color: #808080; font-style: italic;'>@dams_new_robot</p>", "bot": "@dams_new_robot", "audio": "", "video": ""}, {"text": "What is the reason behind the stability of adenosine receptors, which is attributed to the formation of numerous disulfide bonds between?", "options": [{"label": "A", "text": "Cysteine", "correct": true}, {"label": "B", "text": "Methionine", "correct": false}, {"label": "C", "text": "Arginine", "correct": false}, {"label": "D", "text": "Alanine", "correct": false}], "correct_answer": "A. Cysteine", "question_images": [], "explanation_images": [], "explanation": "<p>Correct Option A\n\n\n<p style='font-size: 10px; color: #808080; font-style: italic;'>@dams_new_robot</p>", "bot": "@dams_new_robot", "audio": "", "video": ""}, {"text": "In urea cycle disorders, which of the following can be used to reduce the levels of ammonia?", "options": [{"label": "A", "text": "Glutamate", "correct": false}, {"label": "B", "text": "Phenylbutyrate", "correct": true}, {"label": "C", "text": "Isoleucine", "correct": false}, {"label": "D", "text": "L-carnitine", "correct": false}], "correct_answer": "B. Phenylbutyrate", "question_images": [], "explanation_images": [], "explanation": "<p>Correct Option B - Phenylbu\n\n\n<p style='font-size: 10px; color: #808080; font-style: italic;'>@dams_new_robot</p>", "bot": "@dams_new_robot", "audio": "", "video": ""}, {"text": "A patient was brought to the OPD with complains of Mental retardation, mousy odur and hypopigmentation. What is the likely diagnosis?", "options": [{"label": "A", "text": "Phenylketonuria", "correct": true}, {"label": "B", "text": "Alkaptonuria", "correct": false}, {"label": "C", "text": "Albinism", "correct": false}, {"label": "D", "text": "MSUD", "correct": false}], "correct_answer": "A. Phenylketonuria", "question_images": [], "explanation_images": [], "explanation": "<p>Correct Option A - Phenylketonu\n\n<p style='font-size: 10px; color: #808080; font-style: italic;'>@dams_new_robot</p>", "bot": "@dams_new_robot", "audio": "", "video": ""}, {"text": "What is the shared precursor amino acid for urea, creatinine, and nitric oxide?", "options": [{"label": "A", "text": "Glycine", "correct": false}, {"label": "B", "text": "Arginine", "correct": true}, {"label": "C", "text": "Aspartate", "correct": false}, {"label": "D", "text": "Alanine", "correct": false}], "correct_answer": "B. Arginine", "question_images": [], "explanation_images": [], "explanation": "<p>Correct Option B\n<table>\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<td>\n<p><strong>Amino Acid</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td>\n<p><strong>Derivatives</strong></p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td>\n<p>Arginine</p>\n</td>\n<td>\n<ul>\n<li>Urea (through the <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"38d4be106e169277720105b006c26b\">urea</span> cycle)</li>\n</ul>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td>\n<p> </p>\n</td>\n<td>\n<ul>\n<li>Creatinine</li>\n</ul>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td>\n<p> </p>\n</td>\n<td>\n<ul>\n<li>Nitric oxide</li>\n</ul>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td>\n<p>Aspartate</p>\n</td>\n<td>\n<ul>\n<li>Urea (through the <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"38d4be106e169277720105b006c26b\">urea</span> cycle)</li>\n</ul>\n</td>\n</tr>\n</tbody>\n\n\n<p style='font-size: 10px; color: #808080; font-style: italic;'>@dams_new_robot</p>", "bot": "@dams_new_robot", "audio": "", "video": ""}, {"text": "Which substrate of the Krebs cycle is diminished by an excess amount of ammonia?", "options": [{"label": "A", "text": "Malate", "correct": false}, {"label": "B", "text": "Oxaloacetate", "correct": false}, {"label": "C", "text": "Fumarate", "correct": false}, {"label": "D", "text": "Alpha ketoglutarate", "correct": true}], "correct_answer": "D. Alpha ketoglutarate", "question_images": [], "explanation_images": [], "explanation": "<p>Correct Option D\n\n<p style='font-size: 10px; color: #808080; font-style: italic;'>@dams_new_robot</p>", "bot": "@dams_new_robot", "audio": "", "video": ""}, {"text": "Which amino acid is essential for the conversion of nor-epinephrine to epinephrine among the following options?", "options": [{"label": "A", "text": "Tyrosine", "correct": false}, {"label": "B", "text": "Tryptophan", "correct": false}, {"label": "C", "text": "Phenylalanine", "correct": false}, {"label": "D", "text": "Methionine", "correct": true}], "correct_answer": "D. Methionine", "question_images": [], "explanation_images": [], "explanation": "<p>Correct Option D\n<table cellspacing=\"0\" style=\"border-collapse:collapse; width:576px\">\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Methyl acceptor</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Methylated product</p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Norepinephrine</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Epinephrine</p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Epinephrine</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Metanephrine</p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Norepinephrine</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Normetanephrine</p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Serine</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Choline</p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Histidine</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Methyl histidine</p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Lysine</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Methyl lysine</p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Acetyl srotonin</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Melatonin</p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n</tbody>\n\n\n<p style='font-size: 10px; color: #808080; font-style: italic;'>@dams_new_robot</p>", "bot": "@dams_new_robot", "audio": "", "video": ""}, {"text": "Which of the following deficiencies leads to an elevation of glutamine levels in the bloodstream?", "options": [{"label": "A", "text": "Arginosuccinate lyase", "correct": false}, {"label": "B", "text": "Alpha-galactosidase-A", "correct": false}, {"label": "C", "text": "Ornithine transcarbamoylase", "correct": true}, {"label": "D", "text": "Arginase", "correct": false}], "correct_answer": "C. Ornithine transcarbamoylase", "question_images": [], "explanation_images": [], "explanation": "<p>Correct Option C\n\n<p style='font-size: 10px; color: #808080; font-style: italic;'>@dams_new_robot</p>", "bot": "@dams_new_robot", "audio": "", "video": ""}, {"text": "Which of the following releases histamine?", "options": [{"label": "A", "text": "Mast cells", "correct": true}, {"label": "B", "text": "Eosinophils", "correct": false}, {"label": "C", "text": "T — cells", "correct": false}, {"label": "D", "text": "NK cells", "correct": false}], "correct_answer": "A. Mast cells", "question_images": [], "explanation_images": [], "explanation": "<p>Correct Option A - &lt;span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"1f95a52091169277719133cc234fe0\"&gt;Mast&lt;/span&g\n<table>\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<td>\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><strong>Cells</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td>\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><strong>Chemicals Produced</strong></p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td>\n<p>Adrenal <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"cab8787ce916927771852a7e72f34d\">Cortex</span> Cells</p>\n</td>\n<td>\n<p>Cortisol, Aldosterone</p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td>\n<p>Adrenal <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"53abb386551692777192c4d1f1f5ed\">Medulla</span> Cells</p>\n</td>\n<td>\n<p>Epinephrine, Norepinephrine</p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td>\n<p>Parathyroid Chief Cells</p>\n</td>\n<td>\n<p>Parathyroid Hormone (PTH)</p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td>\n<p>Pituitary <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"1ba6a9cfe11692777181950edd7a6d\">Anterior</span> Cells</p>\n</td>\n<td>\n<p>Growth Hormone, Prolactin</p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td>\n<p>Pineal <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"4744bb90c21692777188c8957f9faa\">Gland</span> Cells</p>\n</td>\n<td>\n<p>Melatonin</p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td>\n<p>Testicular Leydig Cells</p>\n</td>\n<td>\n<p>Testosterone</p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td>\n<p>Mast Cells</p>\n</td>\n<td>\n<p>Histamine, Prostaglandins</p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td>\n<p>Adipocytes</p>\n</td>\n<td>\n<p>Leptin, Adiponectin</p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n</tbody>\n\n<p style='font-size: 10px; color: #808080; font-style: italic;'>@dams_new_robot</p>", "bot": "@dams_new_robot", "audio": "", "video": ""}, {"text": "Collagen is rich in which amino acid:", "options": [{"label": "A", "text": "Glycine", "correct": true}, {"label": "B", "text": "Arginine", "correct": false}, {"label": "C", "text": "Phenyl - alanine", "correct": false}, {"label": "D", "text": "Tyrosine", "correct": false}], "correct_answer": "A. Glycine", "question_images": [], "explanation_images": [], "explanation": "<p>Correct Option A\n\n<p style='font-size: 10px; color: #808080; font-style: italic;'>@dams_new_robot</p>", "bot": "@dams_new_robot", "audio": "", "video": ""}, {"text": "Maple syrup urine disease is due to a deficiency of:", "options": [{"label": "A", "text": "α-keto acid dehydrogenase", "correct": true}, {"label": "B", "text": "α-keto acid carboxylase", "correct": false}, {"label": "C", "text": "α-keto acid desulphate", "correct": false}, {"label": "D", "text": "α-keto acid oxidase", "correct": false}], "correct_answer": "A. α-keto acid dehydrogenase", "question_images": [], "explanation_images": [], "explanation": "<p>Correct Option A - α-keto acid dehydrog\n\n\n<p style='font-size: 10px; color: #808080; font-style: italic;'>@dams_new_robot</p>", "bot": "@dams_new_robot", "audio": "", "video": ""}, {"text": "Activation of trypsinogen is mainly done by:", "options": [{"label": "A", "text": "Chymotrypsinogen", "correct": false}, {"label": "B", "text": "Enteropeptidase", "correct": true}, {"label": "C", "text": "Trypsin", "correct": false}, {"label": "D", "text": "Hexokinase", "correct": false}], "correct_answer": "B. Enteropeptidase", "question_images": [], "explanation_images": [], "explanation": "<p>Correct Option B - E\n\n<p style='font-size: 10px; color: #808080; font-style: italic;'>@dams_new_robot</p>", "bot": "@dams_new_robot", "audio": "", "video": ""}, {"text": "All of the following are derivatives of tryptophan EXCEPT:", "options": [{"label": "A", "text": "Melatonin", "correct": false}, {"label": "B", "text": "Seratonin", "correct": false}, {"label": "C", "text": "Niacin", "correct": false}, {"label": "D", "text": "Creatinine", "correct": true}], "correct_answer": "D. Creatinine", "question_images": [], "explanation_images": [], "explanation": "<p>Correct Option D - C\n\n<p style='font-size: 10px; color: #808080; font-style: italic;'>@dams_new_robot</p>", "bot": "@dams_new_robot", "audio": "", "video": ""}, {"text": "The molecule responsible for the transport of ammonia from the brain to the liver is", "options": [{"label": "A", "text": "Glutamine", "correct": true}, {"label": "B", "text": "Leucine", "correct": false}, {"label": "C", "text": "Lysine", "correct": false}, {"label": "D", "text": "Aspartate", "correct": false}], "correct_answer": "A. Glutamine", "question_images": [], "explanation_images": ["https://image.prepladder.com/content/kfMvy30F5eF8FQ7RHSMw1715661860.png"], "explanation": "<p>Correct Option A\n\n<p style='font-size: 10px; color: #808080; font-style: italic;'>@dams_new_robot</p>", "bot": "@dams_new_robot", "audio": "", "video": ""}, {"text": "Which of the following would have no effect on the function of the protein product?", "options": [{"label": "A", "text": "Glutamine replaced by asparagine", "correct": true}, {"label": "B", "text": "Glutamine replaced by alanine", "correct": false}, {"label": "C", "text": "Glutamine replaced by glutamate", "correct": false}, {"label": "D", "text": "Glutamine replaced by arginine", "correct": false}], "correct_answer": "A. Glutamine replaced by asparagine", "question_images": [], "explanation_images": [], "explanation": "\n\n\n<p style='font-size: 10px; color: #808080; font-style: italic;'>@dams_new_robot</p>", "bot": "@dams_new_robot", "audio": "", "video": ""}, {"text": "Which modification will lead to a change in the biological activity of the hormone given in the picture?", "options": [{"label": "A", "text": "Hydrolysis of disulphide bonds", "correct": false}, {"label": "B", "text": "Change in 5-6 in A chain", "correct": false}, {"label": "C", "text": "Change in 29-30 in B chain", "correct": true}, {"label": "D", "text": "Change in 14-16 in A chain", "correct": false}], "correct_answer": "C. Change in 29-30 in B chain", "question_images": ["https://image.prepladder.com/content/dZCBaCWAmnZ5q3vB41jZ1715683239.png"], "explanation_images": [], "explanation": "<p>Correct Option C - Change in 29-30 in B ch\n\n\n<p style='font-size: 10px; color: #808080; font-style: italic;'>@dams_new_robot</p>", "bot": "@dams_new_robot", "audio": "", "video": ""}, {"text": "A body builder starts eating raw eggs for protein. He starts to develop fatigue on moderate exercise. The doctor prescribes a vitamin. Which enzyme is deficient in him?", "options": [{"label": "A", "text": "Glucose 6 phosphate", "correct": false}, {"label": "B", "text": "Pyruvate carboxylase", "correct": true}, {"label": "C", "text": "PEPCK", "correct": false}, {"label": "D", "text": "Glycogen phosphorylase", "correct": false}], "correct_answer": "B. Pyruvate carboxylase", "question_images": [], "explanation_images": [], "explanation": "<p>Correct Option B\n\n\n<p style='font-size: 10px; color: #808080; font-style: italic;'>@dams_new_robot</p>", "bot": "@dams_new_robot", "audio": "", "video": ""}, {"text": "The lab technician observes that a urine sample obtained from a 4-year-old male appeared normal initially, but underwent a change in color as depicted in the image after a few hours. Subsequently, the color intensified over the following hours. Which deficiency can potentially lead to this condition?", "options": [{"label": "A", "text": "Beta-carotene", "correct": false}, {"label": "B", "text": "Tyrosine aminotransferase", "correct": false}, {"label": "C", "text": "L-ascorbic acid", "correct": false}, {"label": "D", "text": "Homogentisic acid oxidase", "correct": true}], "correct_answer": "D. Homogentisic acid oxidase", "question_images": ["https://image.prepladder.com/content/lbeiqarOMJOZV1SQpfcm1685075936.png"], "explanation_images": [], "explanation": "<p>Correct Option D\n\n<p style='font-size: 10px; color: #808080; font-style: italic;'>@dams_new_robot</p>", "bot": "@dams_new_robot", "audio": "", "video": ""}, {"text": "Oxaloacetate is produced from which of the following amino acid?", "options": [{"label": "A", "text": "Alanine", "correct": false}, {"label": "B", "text": "Lysine", "correct": false}, {"label": "C", "text": "Leucine", "correct": false}, {"label": "D", "text": "Aspartate", "correct": true}], "correct_answer": "D. Aspartate", "question_images": [], "explanation_images": [], "explanation": "<p>Correct Option D - A\n\n<p style='font-size: 10px; color: #808080; font-style: italic;'>@dams_new_robot</p>", "bot": "@dams_new_robot", "audio": "", "video": ""}, {"text": "A farmer sprayed a chemical in the pool which causes inhibition of complex-III of the electron transport chain. Identify the inhibitor?", "options": [{"label": "A", "text": "Rotenone", "correct": false}, {"label": "B", "text": "TTFA", "correct": false}, {"label": "C", "text": "Cyanide", "correct": false}, {"label": "D", "text": "Antimycin", "correct": true}], "correct_answer": "D. Antimycin", "question_images": [], "explanation_images": [], "explanation": "<p>Correct Option D - A\n\n\n<p style='font-size: 10px; color: #808080; font-style: italic;'>@dams_new_robot</p>", "bot": "@dams_new_robot", "audio": "", "video": ""}]; if (!Array.isArray(questions) || questions.length === 0) { throw new Error("Questions data is empty or invalid"); } debugLog(`Successfully parsed ${questions.length} questions`); } catch (e) { console.error("Failed to parse questions_json:", e); document.getElementById('error-message').innerHTML = "Error loading quiz data. Please check the console for details or contact support."; document.getElementById('error-message').classList.remove('hidden'); document.getElementById('start-test').disabled = true; // Fallback to sample questions for testing questions = [ { text: "What is 2 + 2?", options: [ { label: "A", text: "3", correct: false }, { label: "B", text: "4", correct: true }, { label: "C", text: "5", correct: false }, { label: "D", text: "6", correct: false } ], correct_answer: "B. 4", question_images: [], explanation_images: [], explanation: "<p>2 + 2 = 4</p><p>@dams_new_robot</p>", bot: "@dams_new_robot", audio: "", video: "" } ]; debugLog("Loaded fallback questions"); } // Quiz state let currentQuestion = 0; let answers = new Array(questions.length).fill(null); let markedForReview = new Array(questions.length).fill(false); let timeRemaining = 64 * 60; // Duration in seconds let timerInterval = null; const quizId = `{title.replace(/\s+/g, '_').toLowerCase()}`; // Unique ID for local storage // Load saved progress function loadProgress() { try { debugLog("Loading progress from localStorage"); const saved = localStorage.getItem(`quiz_${quizId}`); if (saved) { const { savedAnswers, savedMarked, savedTime } = JSON.parse(saved); answers = savedAnswers || answers; markedForReview = savedMarked || markedForReview; timeRemaining = savedTime !== undefined ? savedTime : timeRemaining; debugLog("Progress loaded successfully"); } else { debugLog("No saved progress found"); } } catch (e) { console.error("Error loading progress:", e); debugLog("Failed to load progress: " + e.message); } } // Save progress function saveProgress() { try { debugLog("Saving progress to localStorage"); localStorage.setItem(`quiz_${quizId}`, JSON.stringify({ savedAnswers: answers, savedMarked: markedForReview, savedTime: timeRemaining })); debugLog("Progress saved successfully"); } catch (e) { console.error("Error saving progress:", e); debugLog("Failed to save progress: " + e.message); } } // Initialize quiz function initQuiz() { try { debugLog("Initializing quiz"); loadProgress(); const startButton = document.getElementById('start-test'); if (!startButton) { throw new Error("Start test button not found"); } startButton.addEventListener('click', startQuiz); debugLog("Start test button listener attached"); document.getElementById('previous-btn').addEventListener('click', showPreviousQuestion); document.getElementById('next-btn').addEventListener('click', showNextQuestion); document.getElementById('mark-review').addEventListener('click', toggleMarkForReview); document.getElementById('nav-toggle').addEventListener('click', toggleNavPanel); document.getElementById('submit-test').addEventListener('click', showSubmitModal); document.getElementById('continue-test').addEventListener('click', closeExitModal); document.getElementById('exit-test').addEventListener('click', () => { debugLog("Exiting test"); localStorage.removeItem(`quiz_${quizId}`); window.location.reload(); }); document.getElementById('cancel-submit').addEventListener('click', closeSubmitModal); document.getElementById('confirm-submit').addEventListener('click', submitTest); document.getElementById('take-again').addEventListener('click', () => { debugLog("Restarting test"); localStorage.removeItem(`quiz_${quizId}`); window.location.reload(); }); document.getElementById('review-test').addEventListener('click', () => showResults(currentResultQuestion)); document.getElementById('close-nav').addEventListener('click', toggleNavPanel); document.getElementById('theme-toggle').addEventListener('click', toggleTheme); document.getElementById('nav-filter').addEventListener('change', updateNavPanel); document.getElementById('prev-result').addEventListener('click', showPreviousResult); document.getElementById('next-result').addEventListener('click', showNextResult); document.getElementById('results-nav-toggle').addEventListener('click', toggleResultsNavPanel); document.getElementById('close-results-nav').addEventListener('click', toggleResultsNavPanel); document.getElementById('results-nav-filter').addEventListener('change', updateResultsNavPanel); debugLog("Quiz initialized successfully"); } catch (e) { console.error("Failed to initialize quiz:", e); debugLog("Failed to initialize quiz: " + e.message); document.getElementById('error-message').innerHTML = "Error initializing quiz. Please check the console for details or contact support."; document.getElementById('error-message').classList.remove('hidden'); document.getElementById('start-test').disabled = true; } } // Start quiz function startQuiz() { try { debugLog("Starting quiz"); document.getElementById('instructions').classList.add('hidden'); document.getElementById('quiz').classList.remove('hidden'); showQuestion(currentQuestion); startTimer(); updateNavPanel(); debugLog("Quiz started successfully"); } catch (e) { console.error("Error starting quiz:", e); debugLog("Failed to start quiz: " + e.message); document.getElementById('error-message').innerHTML = "Error starting quiz. Please check the console for details or contact support."; document.getElementById('error-message').classList.remove('hidden'); document.getElementById('quiz').classList.add('hidden'); document.getElementById('instructions').classList.remove('hidden'); } } // Show question function showQuestion(index) { try { debugLog(`Showing question ${index + 1}`); currentQuestion = index; const q = questions[index]; if (!q) { throw new Error(`Question ${index} is undefined`); } document.getElementById('question-number').innerHTML = `Question <span>${index + 1}</span> of ${questions.length}`; document.getElementById('question-text').innerHTML = q.text || "No question text available"; const imagesDiv = document.getElementById('question-images'); imagesDiv.innerHTML = q.question_images && q.question_images.length > 0 ? q.question_images.map(url => `<img src="${url}" alt="Question Image" class="max-w-full h-auto rounded-lg">`).join('') : ''; const optionsDiv = document.getElementById('options'); optionsDiv.innerHTML = q.options && q.options.length > 0 ? q.options.map(opt => ` <button class="option-btn w-full text-left p-3 border rounded-lg ${answers[index] === opt.label ? 'selected' : ''}" onclick="selectOption(${index}, '${opt.label}')" aria-label="Option ${opt.label}: ${opt.text}"> ${opt.label}. ${opt.text} </button> `).join('') : '<p class="text-red-500">No options available</p>'; document.getElementById('previous-btn').disabled = index === 0; document.getElementById('next-btn').disabled = index === questions.length - 1; document.getElementById('mark-review').classList.toggle('marked', markedForReview[index]); updateProgressBar(); saveProgress(); window.scrollTo({ top: 0, behavior: 'smooth' }); debugLog(`Question ${index + 1} displayed successfully`); } catch (e) { console.error("Error displaying question:", e); debugLog("Failed to display question: " + e.message); } } // Select option function selectOption(index, label) { try { debugLog(`Selecting option ${label} for question ${index + 1}`); answers[index] = label; const optionsDiv = document.getElementById('options'); const optionButtons = optionsDiv.querySelectorAll('.option-btn'); optionButtons.forEach(btn => { const btnLabel = btn.textContent.trim().split('.')[0]; btn.classList.toggle('selected', btnLabel === label); }); updateNavPanel(); saveProgress(); debugLog(`Option ${label} selected for question ${index + 1}`); } catch (e) { console.error("Error selecting option:", e); debugLog("Failed to select option: " + e.message); } } // Toggle mark for review function toggleMarkForReview() { try { debugLog(`Toggling mark for review on question ${currentQuestion + 1}`); markedForReview[currentQuestion] = !markedForReview[currentQuestion]; document.getElementById('mark-review').classList.toggle('marked', markedForReview[currentQuestion]); updateNavPanel(); saveProgress(); debugLog(`Mark for review toggled for question ${currentQuestion + 1}`); } catch (e) { console.error("Error marking for review:", e); debugLog("Failed to mark for review: " + e.message); } } // Navigate to previous question function showPreviousQuestion() { try { debugLog(`Navigating to previous question from ${currentQuestion + 1}`); if (currentQuestion > 0) { currentQuestion--; showQuestion(currentQuestion); } } catch (e) { console.error("Error navigating to previous question:", e); debugLog("Failed to navigate to previous question: " + e.message); } } // Navigate to next question function showNextQuestion() { try { debugLog(`Navigating to next question from ${currentQuestion + 1}`); if (currentQuestion < questions.length - 1) { currentQuestion++; showQuestion(currentQuestion); } } catch (e) { console.error("Error navigating to next question:", e); debugLog("Failed to navigate to next question: " + e.message); } } // Handle question navigation click function handleQuestionNavClick(index) { try { debugLog(`Navigating to question ${index + 1} via nav panel`); showQuestion(index); toggleNavPanel(); } catch (e) { console.error("Error handling navigation click:", e); debugLog("Failed to navigate via nav panel: " + e.message); } } // Start timer function startTimer() { try { debugLog("Starting timer"); timerInterval = setInterval(() => { if (timeRemaining <= 0) { debugLog("Timer expired, submitting test"); clearInterval(timerInterval); submitTest(); } else { timeRemaining--; const minutes = Math.floor(timeRemaining / 60); const seconds = timeRemaining % 60; document.getElementById('timer').innerHTML = `Time Remaining: <span>${minutes.toString().padStart(2, '0')}:${seconds.toString().padStart(2, '0')}</span>`; saveProgress(); } }, 1000); debugLog("Timer started successfully"); } catch (e) { console.error("Error starting timer:", e); debugLog("Failed to start timer: " + e.message); } } // Update progress bar function updateProgressBar() { try { debugLog("Updating progress bar"); const progress = ((currentQuestion + 1) / questions.length) * 100; document.getElementById('progress-bar').style.width = `${progress}%`; debugLog("Progress bar updated"); } catch (e) { console.error("Error updating progress bar:", e); debugLog("Failed to update progress bar: " + e.message); } } // Update quiz navigation panel function updateNavPanel() { try { debugLog("Updating quiz navigation panel"); const filter = document.getElementById('nav-filter').value; const navGrid = document.getElementById('nav-grid'); navGrid.innerHTML = questions.map((_, i) => { if (filter === 'answered' && !answers[i]) return ''; if (filter === 'unanswered' && answers[i]) return ''; if (filter === 'marked' && !markedForReview[i]) return ''; return ` <button class="question-nav-btn ${answers[i] ? 'answered' : 'unanswered'} ${markedForReview[i] ? 'marked-nav' : ''}" onclick="handleQuestionNavClick(${i})" aria-label="Go to Question ${i + 1}"> ${i + 1} </button> `; }).join(''); debugLog("Quiz navigation panel updated"); } catch (e) { console.error("Error updating quiz navigation panel:", e); debugLog("Failed to update quiz navigation panel: " + e.message); } } // Update results navigation panel function updateResultsNavPanel() { try { debugLog("Updating results navigation panel"); const filter = document.getElementById('results-nav-filter').value; const navGrid = document.getElementById('results-nav-grid'); navGrid.innerHTML = questions.map((_, i) => { if (filter === 'answered' && !answers[i]) return ''; if (filter === 'unanswered' && answers[i]) return ''; if (filter === 'marked' && !markedForReview[i]) return ''; return ` <button class="result-nav-btn-grid ${answers[i] ? 'answered' : 'unanswered'} ${markedForReview[i] ? 'marked-nav' : ''}" onclick="handleResultNavClick(${i})" aria-label="Go to Result for Question ${i + 1}"> ${i + 1} </button> `; }).join(''); debugLog("Results navigation panel updated"); } catch (e) { console.error("Error updating results navigation panel:", e); debugLog("Failed to update results navigation panel: " + e.message); } } // Toggle quiz navigation panel function toggleNavPanel() { try { debugLog("Toggling quiz navigation panel"); const navPanel = document.getElementById('nav-panel'); navPanel.classList.toggle('hidden'); debugLog("Quiz navigation panel toggled"); } catch (e) { console.error("Error toggling quiz navigation panel:", e); debugLog("Failed to toggle quiz navigation panel: " + e.message); } } // Toggle results navigation panel function toggleResultsNavPanel() { try { debugLog("Toggling results navigation panel"); const resultsNavPanel = document.getElementById('results-nav-panel'); resultsNavPanel.classList.toggle('hidden'); if (!resultsNavPanel.classList.contains('hidden')) { updateResultsNavPanel(); } debugLog("Results navigation panel toggled"); } catch (e) { console.error("Error toggling results navigation panel:", e); debugLog("Failed to toggle results navigation panel: " + e.message); } } // Handle result navigation click function handleResultNavClick(index) { try { debugLog(`Navigating to result for question ${index + 1} via nav panel`); showResults(index); toggleResultsNavPanel(); } catch (e) { console.error("Error handling result navigation click:", e); debugLog("Failed to navigate to result: " + e.message); } } // Show submit modal function showSubmitModal() { try { debugLog("Showing submit modal"); const attempted = answers.filter(a => a !== null).length; document.getElementById('attempted-count').textContent = attempted; document.getElementById('unattempted-count').textContent = questions.length - attempted; document.getElementById('submit-modal').classList.remove('hidden'); debugLog("Submit modal displayed"); } catch (e) { console.error("Error showing submit modal:", e); debugLog("Failed to show submit modal: " + e.message); } } // Close submit modal function closeSubmitModal() { try { debugLog("Closing submit modal"); document.getElementById('submit-modal').classList.add('hidden'); debugLog("Submit modal closed"); } catch (e) { console.error("Error closing submit modal:", e); debugLog("Failed to close submit modal: " + e.message); } } // Close exit modal function closeExitModal() { try { debugLog("Closing exit modal"); document.getElementById('exit-modal').classList.add('hidden'); debugLog("Exit modal closed"); } catch (e) { console.error("Error closing exit modal:", e); debugLog("Failed to close exit modal: " + e.message); } } // Submit test function submitTest() { try { debugLog("Submitting test"); clearInterval(timerInterval); document.getElementById('quiz').classList.add('hidden'); document.getElementById('submit-modal').classList.add('hidden'); document.getElementById('results').classList.remove('hidden'); showResults(0); // Start with first question // Trigger confetti animation confetti({ particleCount: 100, spread: 70, origin: { y: 0.6 } }); localStorage.removeItem(`quiz_${quizId}`); debugLog("Test submitted successfully"); } catch (e) { console.error("Error submitting test:", e); debugLog("Failed to submit test: " + e.message); } } // Show result for a single question function showResults(index) { try { debugLog(`Showing result for question ${index + 1}`); currentResultQuestion = index; let correct = 0, wrong = 0, unanswered = 0, marked = 0; answers.forEach((answer, i) => { const isCorrect = answer && questions[i].options.find(opt => opt.label === answer)?.correct; if (answer === null) unanswered++; else if (isCorrect) correct++; else wrong++; if (markedForReview[i]) marked++; }); const q = questions[index]; if (!q) { throw new Error(`Question ${index} is undefined`); } const userAnswer = answers[index]; const isCorrect = userAnswer && q.options.find(opt => opt.label === userAnswer)?.correct; const resultsContent = document.getElementById('results-content'); resultsContent.innerHTML = ` <div class="border p-4 rounded-lg ${isCorrect ? 'bg-green-50' : userAnswer ? 'bg-red-50' : 'bg-gray-50'}"> <p class="font-semibold">Question ${index + 1}: ${q.text || 'No question text'}</p> ${q.question_images && q.question_images.length > 0 ? q.question_images.map(url => `<img src="${url}" alt="Question Image" class="max-w-full h-auto rounded-lg my-2">`).join('') : ''} <p><strong>Your Answer:</strong> ${userAnswer ? `${userAnswer}. ${q.options.find(opt => opt.label === userAnswer)?.text || 'Invalid option'}` : 'Unanswered'}</p> <p><strong>Correct Answer:</strong> ${q.correct_answer || 'Unknown'}</p> <div class="mt-2">${q.explanation || 'No explanation available'}</div> ${q.explanation_images && q.explanation_images.length > 0 ? q.explanation_images.map(url => `<img src="${url}" alt="Explanation Image" class="max-w-full h-auto rounded-lg my-2">`).join('') : ''} ${q.video ? ` <button class="play-video bg-blue-500 text-white px-4 py-2 rounded-lg mt-2" onclick="loadVideo(this, '${q.video}', 'video-${index}')" aria-label="Play explanation video for Question ${index + 1}"> Play Video Explanation </button> <div id="video-${index}" class="video-container mt-2"></div> ` : '<p class="text-gray-500 mt-2">No video available</p>'} ${q.audio ? ` <button class="play-audio bg-blue-500 text-white px-4 py-2 rounded-lg mt-2" onclick="loadAudio(this, '${q.audio}', 'audio-${index}')" aria-label="Play audio explanation for Question ${index + 1}"> Play Audio Explanation </button> <div id="audio-${index}" class="audio-container mt-2"></div> ` : ''} </div> `; document.getElementById('correct-count').textContent = correct; document.getElementById('wrong-count').textContent = wrong; document.getElementById('unanswered-count').textContent = unanswered; document.getElementById('marked-count').textContent = marked; document.getElementById('result-question-number').innerHTML = `Question <span>${index + 1}</span> of ${questions.length}`; document.getElementById('prev-result').disabled = index === 0; document.getElementById('next-result').disabled = index === questions.length - 1; updateResultsNavPanel(); window.scrollTo({ top: 0, behavior: 'smooth' }); debugLog(`Result for question ${index + 1} displayed successfully`); } catch (e) { console.error("Error displaying result:", e); debugLog("Failed to display result: " + e.message); } } // Navigate to previous result function showPreviousResult() { try { debugLog(`Navigating to previous result from question ${currentResultQuestion + 1}`); if (currentResultQuestion > 0) { showResults(currentResultQuestion - 1); } } catch (e) { console.error("Error navigating to previous result:", e); debugLog("Failed to navigate to previous result: " + e.message); } } // Navigate to next result function showNextResult() { try { debugLog(`Navigating to next result from question ${currentResultQuestion + 1}`); if (currentResultQuestion < questions.length - 1) { showResults(currentResultQuestion + 1); } } catch (e) { console.error("Error navigating to next result:", e); debugLog("Failed to navigate to next result: " + e.message); } } // Lazy-load video function loadVideo(button, videoUrl, containerId) { try { debugLog(`Loading video for ${containerId}: ${videoUrl}`); if (!videoUrl) { const container = document.getElementById(containerId); container.innerHTML = `<p class="text-gray-500">No video available</p>`; button.remove(); debugLog("No video URL provided"); return; } const container = document.getElementById(containerId); container.innerHTML = ` <div class="video-loading"></div> <video controls class="w-full max-w-[600px] rounded-lg" preload="metadata" aria-label="Video explanation"> <source src="${videoUrl}" type="${videoUrl.endsWith('.m3u8') ? 'application/x-mpegURL' : 'video/mp4'}"> Your browser does not support the video tag. </video> `; container.classList.add('active'); button.remove(); // Initialize HLS.js for .m3u8 videos const video = container.querySelector('video'); if (videoUrl.endsWith('.m3u8') && Hls.isSupported()) { const hls = new Hls(); hls.loadSource(videoUrl); hls.attachMedia(video); hls.on(Hls.Events.ERROR, (event, data) => { console.error("HLS.js error:", data); container.innerHTML = `<p class="text-red-500">Error loading video. <a href="${videoUrl}" target="_blank" aria-label="Open video in new tab">Open video</a></p>`; debugLog("HLS.js error: " + JSON.stringify(data)); }); } else if (videoUrl.endsWith('.m3u8') && video.canPlayType('application/vnd.apple.mpegurl')) { video.src = videoUrl; } // Handle video load errors video.onerror = () => { console.error("Video load error for URL:", videoUrl); container.innerHTML = `<p class="text-red-500">Error loading video. <a href="${videoUrl}" target="_blank" aria-label="Open video in new tab">Open video</a></p>`; debugLog("Video load error for URL: " + videoUrl); }; // Remove loading spinner when video is ready video.onloadedmetadata = () => { container.querySelector('.video-loading').remove(); debugLog("Video loaded successfully"); }; } catch (e) { console.error("Error loading video:", e); debugLog("Failed to load video: " + e.message); const container = document.getElementById(containerId); container.innerHTML = `<p class="text-red-500">Error loading video. <a href="${videoUrl}" target="_blank" aria-label="Open video in new tab">Open video</a></p>`; } } // Lazy-load audio function loadAudio(button, audioUrl, containerId) { try { debugLog(`Loading audio for ${containerId}: ${audioUrl}`); if (!audioUrl) { const container = document.getElementById(containerId); container.innerHTML = `<p class="text-gray-500">No audio available</p>`; button.remove(); debugLog("No audio URL provided"); return; } const container = document.getElementById(containerId); container.innerHTML = ` <audio controls class="w-full max-w-[600px]" preload="metadata" aria-label="Audio explanation"> <source src="${audioUrl}" type="audio/mpeg"> Your browser does not support the audio tag. </audio> `; container.classList.add('active'); button.remove(); // Handle audio load errors const audio = container.querySelector('audio'); audio.onerror = () => { console.error("Audio load error for URL:", audioUrl); container.innerHTML = `<p class="text-red-500">Error loading audio. <a href="${audioUrl}" target="_blank" aria-label="Open audio in new tab">Open audio</a></p>`; debugLog("Audio load error for URL: " + audioUrl); }; debugLog("Audio loaded successfully"); } catch (e) { console.error("Error loading audio:", e); debugLog("Failed to load audio: " + e.message); const container = document.getElementById(containerId); container.innerHTML = `<p class="text-red-500">Error loading audio. <a href="${audioUrl}" target="_blank" aria-label="Open audio in new tab">Open audio</a></p>`; } } // Toggle dark mode function toggleTheme() { try { debugLog("Toggling theme"); document.documentElement.classList.toggle('dark'); localStorage.setItem('theme', document.documentElement.classList.contains('dark') ? 'dark' : 'light'); debugLog("Theme toggled successfully"); } catch (e) { console.error("Error toggling theme:", e); debugLog("Failed to toggle theme: " + e.message); } } // Load theme preference function loadTheme() { try { debugLog("Loading theme preference"); const theme = localStorage.getItem('theme'); if (theme === 'dark') { document.documentElement.classList.add('dark'); } debugLog("Theme loaded successfully"); } catch (e) { console.error("Error loading theme:", e); debugLog("Failed to load theme: " + e.message); } } // Initialize on DOM content loaded window.addEventListener('DOMContentLoaded', () => { try { debugLog("DOM content loaded, initializing quiz"); loadTheme(); initQuiz(); } catch (e) { console.error("Error during DOMContentLoaded:", e); debugLog("Failed to initialize on DOMContentLoaded: " + e.message); document.getElementById('error-message').innerHTML = "Error initializing quiz. Please check the console for details or contact support."; document.getElementById('error-message').classList.remove('hidden'); } }); </script> </body> </html>" frameborder="0" width="100%" height="2000px">
<div class="bg-white rounded-lg shadow-md p-4 md:p-6"> <h2 class="text-xl font-semibold mb-4">Instructions</h2> <h4 class="text-gray-800 text-lg font-semibold mt-6 mb-4">Test Features:</h4> <ul class="space-y-3"> <li class="flex items-center gap-3"> <i class="fa-solid fa-circle-check text-green-500"></i> Multiple choice questions with single correct answers </li> <li class="flex items-center gap-3"> <i class="fa-solid fa-circle-check text-green-500"></i> Timer-based testing for realistic exam conditions </li> <li class="flex items-center gap-3"> <i class="fa-solid fa-circle-check text-green-500"></i> Mark questions for review functionality </li> <li class="flex items-center gap-3"> <i class="fa-solid fa-circle-check text-green-500"></i> Comprehensive results and performance analysis </li> <li class="flex items-center gap-3"> <i class="fa-solid fa-circle-check text-green-500"></i> Mobile-optimized interface for learning on-the-go </li> </ul> <div class="mt-6 flex space-x-4 button-group md:flex-row flex-col"> <button class="bg-[#2c5281] text-white px-6 py-2 rounded-lg hover:bg-[#2c5281] transition" id="start-test">Start Test</button> </div> <div class="error-message hidden" id="error-message"></div> </div> </section> <!-- Quiz Section --> <section class="container mx-auto px-4 md:px-6 pt-4 md:pt-6 pb-1 hidden section-transition" id="quiz"> <div class="bg-white rounded-lg shadow-md p-4 md:p-6"> <!-- Progress Bar --> <div class="w-full bg-gray-200 rounded-full h-3 mb-4"> <div class="progress-bar h-3 rounded-full" id="progress-bar" style="width: 0%"></div> </div> <!-- Question Header --> <div class="flex flex-col md:flex-row justify-between items-center mb-4"> <h2 class="text-lg font-semibold" id="question-number">Question <span>1</span> of 4</h2> <p class="text-lg font-semibold mt-2 md:mt-0" id="timer">Time Remaining: <span>00:00</span></p> </div> <!-- Question Content --> <div class="mb-6" id="question-content"> <p class="text-gray-800 mb-4" id="question-text"></p> <div class="flex flex-wrap gap-4 mb-4" id="question-images"></div> <div class="space-y-3" id="options"></div> </div> <!-- Navigation Buttons --> <div class="flex flex-col md:flex-row justify-between items-center gap-2 md:gap-4"> <div class="flex gap-2 w-full md:w-auto"> <button class="bg-[#2c5281] text-white px-4 py-3 w-full md:w-32 h-14 rounded-lg hover:bg-[#2c5281] transition" disabled="" id="previous-btn">Previous</button> <button class="bg-[#2c5281] text-white px-4 py-3 w-full md:w-32 h-14 rounded-lg hover:bg-[#2c5281] transition" id="next-btn">Next</button> </div> <div class="flex items-center gap-2"> <button class="bg-transparent text-gray-700 px-4 py-2 rounded-lg hover:bg-gray-100 transition flex items-center gap-1" id="mark-review"> Review <svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" class="h-5 w-5" viewBox="0 0 20 20" fill="currentColor"> <path d="M10 2a1 1 0 00-1 1v14l3.293-3.293a1 1 0 011.414 0L17 17V3a1 1 0 00-1-1H10z" /> </svg> </button> <button class="bg-transparent text-gray-700 px-4 py-2 rounded-lg hover:bg-gray-100 transition flex items-center gap-1" id="nav-toggle"> Question 🧭 </button> <button class="bg-green-500 text-white px-6 py-3 w-44 h-14 rounded-lg hover:bg-green-600 transition w-full md:w-auto" id="submit-test">Submit Test</button> </div> </div> </section> <!-- Results Section --> <section class="container mx-auto px-4 md:px-6 pt-4 md:pt-6 pb-1 hidden section-transition" id="results"> <div class="bg-white rounded-lg shadow-md p-4 md:p-6"> <h2 class="text-2xl font-semibold mb-4">Anaesthesia Machine - Results</h2> <div class="grid grid-cols-1 md:grid-cols-2 gap-4 mb-6"> <p><strong>Correct:</strong> <span id="correct-count" class="text-[#000000]">0</span></p> <p><strong>Wrong:</strong> <span id="wrong-count" class="text-[#000000]">0</span></p> <p><strong>Unanswered:</strong> <span id="unanswered-count" class="text-[#000000]-500">0</span></p> <p><strong>Marked for Review:</strong> <span id="marked-count" class="text-[#000000]">0</span></p> </div> <h3 class="text-lg font-semibold mb-4" id="result-question-number">Question <span>1</span> of 4</h3> <div class="space-y-6" id="results-content"></div> <div class="result-nav"> <button aria-label="Previous question result" class="result-nav-btn bg-[#2c5281] text-white px-6 py-2 rounded-lg hover:bg-[#2c5281] transition" disabled="" id="prev-result">Previous</button> <button aria-label="Toggle results navigation panel" class="result-nav-btn bg-[#2c5281] text-white px-6 py-2 rounded-lg hover:bg-[#2c5281] transition" id="results-nav-toggle">Result 🧭</button> <button aria-label="Next question result" class="result-nav-btn bg-[#2c5281] text-white px-6 py-2 rounded-lg hover:bg-[#2c5281] transition" id="next-result">Next</button> </div> <div class="mt-6 flex space-x-4 button-group md:flex-row flex-col"> <button class="bg-green-500 text-white px-6 py-2 rounded-lg hover:bg-green-600 transition" id="take-again">Take Again</button> </div> </div> </section> <!-- Exit Confirmation Modal --> <div class="fixed inset-0 bg-black bg-opacity-50 flex items-center justify-center hidden" id="exit-modal"> <div class="bg-white rounded-lg p-6 max-w-sm w-full"> <h2 class="text-xl font-semibold mb-4">Leave Test?</h2> <p class="text-gray-700 mb-4">Your progress will be lost if you leave this page. Are you sure you want to exit?</p> <div class="flex justify-end space-x-4"> <button class="bg-gray-300 text-gray-700 px-4 py-2 rounded-lg hover:bg-gray-400 transition" id="continue-test">No, Continue</button> <button class="bg-red-500 text-white px-4 py-2 rounded-lg hover:bg-red-600 transition" id="exit-test">Yes, Exit</button> </div> </div> </div> <!-- Submit Confirmation Modal --> <div class="fixed inset-0 bg-black bg-opacity-50 flex items-center justify-center hidden" id="submit-modal"> <div class="bg-white rounded-lg p-6 max-w-sm w-full"> <h2 class="text-xl font-semibold mb-4">Confirm Submission</h2> <p class="text-gray-700 mb-2">You have attempted <span id="attempted-count">0</span> of 25 questions.</p> <p class="text-gray-700 mb-4"><span id="unattempted-count">0</span> questions are unattempted.</p> <div class="flex justify-end space-x-4"> <button class="bg-gray-300 text-gray-700 px-4 py-2 rounded-lg hover:bg-gray-400 transition" id="cancel-submit">Cancel</button> <button class="bg-green-500 text-white px-4 py-2 rounded-lg hover:bg-green-600 transition" id="confirm-submit">Submit Test</button> </div> </div> </div> <!-- Quiz Navigation Panel --> <div class="fixed inset-y-0 right-0 nav-panel bg-white shadow-lg p-4 hidden overflow-y-auto" id="nav-panel"> <h2 class="text-lg font-semibold mb-4">Questions Navigation</h2> <div class="mb-4"> <select class="w-full p-2 border rounded-lg text-gray-700" id="nav-filter"> <option value="all">All Questions</option> <option value="answered">Answered</option> <option value="unanswered">Unanswered</option> <option value="marked">Marked for Review</option> </select> </div> <div class="grid grid-cols-5 gap-2 md:gap-3" id="nav-grid"></div> <button class="mt-4 bg-gray-500 text-white px-4 py-2 rounded-lg hover:bg-gray-600 transition w-full" id="close-nav">Close</button> </div> <!-- Results Navigation Panel --> <div class="fixed inset-y-0 right-0 results-nav-panel bg-white shadow-lg p-4 hidden overflow-y-auto" id="results-nav-panel"> <h2 class="text-lg font-semibold mb-4">Results Navigation</h2> <div class="mb-4"> <select class="w-full p-2 border rounded-lg text-gray-700" id="results-nav-filter"> <option value="all">All Questions</option> <option value="answered">Answered</option> <option value="unanswered">Unanswered</option> <option value="marked">Marked for Review</option> </select> </div> <div class="grid grid-cols-5 gap-2 md:gap-3" id="results-nav-grid"></div> <button class="mt-4 bg-gray-500 text-white px-4 py-2 rounded-lg hover:bg-gray-600 transition w-full" id="close-results-nav">Close</button> </div> <!-- JavaScript Logic --> <script> // Enable debug mode for detailed logging const DEBUG_MODE = true; // Log debug messages function debugLog(message) { if (DEBUG_MODE) { console.log(`[DEBUG] ${message}`); } } // Initialize questions with error handling let questions = []; let currentResultQuestion = 0; // State for current question in results try { debugLog("Attempting to parse questions_json"); questions = [{"text": "Which of the following statements about selenocysteine and Pyrrolysine is correct?", "options": [{"label": "A", "text": "Pyrrolysine is incorporated into proteins at UGA codons with the help of a specific tRNA.", "correct": false}, {"label": "B", "text": "The incorporation of selenocysteine requires a special mRNA structure known as the selenocysteine insertion sequence (SECIS).", "correct": true}, {"label": "C", "text": "Selenocysteine is synthesized from cysteine during protein translation.", "correct": false}, {"label": "D", "text": "Pyrrolysine is only found in eukaryotic organisms and not in prokaryotes.", "correct": false}], "correct_answer": "B. The incorporation of selenocysteine requires a special mRNA structure known as the selenocysteine insertion sequence (SECIS).", "question_images": [], "explanation_images": ["https://image.prepladder.com/content/tis5FGaJEwAPyJKgKwti1735906303.png", "https://image.prepladder.com/content/mCCOs5yHauYekFa8hjT01735906348.png"], "explanation": "\n\n<p style='font-size: 10px; color: #808080; font-style: italic;'>@dams_new_robot</p>", "bot": "@dams_new_robot", "audio": "https://image.prepladder.com/content/7eUHi2NvfPdHNsYfQyJf1743773214.mp3", "video": ""}, {"text": "Which of the following statements correctly describes the metabolic fate of specific amino acids?", "options": [{"label": "A", "text": "All amino acids can be classified as either glucogenic or ketogenic without exceptions.", "correct": false}, {"label": "B", "text": "Aspartate is a purely ketogenic amino acid.", "correct": false}, {"label": "C", "text": "Phenylalanine can be converted to both glucose and ketone bodies.", "correct": true}, {"label": "D", "text": "Lysine is exclusively glucogenic.", "correct": false}], "correct_answer": "C. Phenylalanine can be converted to both glucose and ketone bodies.", "question_images": [], "explanation_images": [], "explanation": "<table>\n<thead>\n<tr>\n<th>\n<p><strong>Type</strong></p>\n</th>\n<th>\n<p><strong>Definition</strong></p>\n</th>\n<th>Examples:</th>\n</tr>\n</thead>\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<td>\n<p><strong>Purely Glucogenic</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td>\n<p>Amino acids that are converted into <strong>pyruvate or <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"a0c0c687e11692777200047d93f43e\">TCA</span> cycle intermediates</strong> (e.g., oxaloacetate, α-ketoglutarate) and contribute to <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"af3ae60c0c16927771889b84ca41c0\">glucose</span> <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"3fda45538a1692777199ec2a5478a5\">synthesis</span> via <strong>gluconeogenesis</strong>.</p>\n</td>\n<td>Aspartate, Alanine, Glycine, Serine, Cysteine</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td>\n<p><strong>Purely Ketogenic</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td>\n<p>Amino acids that yield only <strong>acetyl-CoA or acetoacetate</strong>, leading to the formation of <strong>ketone bodies</strong>.</p>\n</td>\n<td>Leucine, Lysine</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td>\n<p><strong>Both <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"0165f16ddb16927771886347c14bcf\">Glucogenic</span> &amp; Ketogenic</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td>\n<p>Amino acids that can be converted into <strong>both <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"af3ae60c0c16927771889b84ca41c0\">glucose</span> and <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"296c955ad216927771900bf1905f13\">ketone</span> bodies</strong>, contributing to <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"d2408af1a1169277718723820ab540\">energy metabolism</span> through multiple pathways.</p>\n</td>\n<td>Phenylalanine, Tyrosine, Tryptophan, Isoleucine, Threonine</td>\n</tr>\n</tbody>\n\n\n<p style='font-size: 10px; color: #808080; font-style: italic;'>@dams_new_robot</p>", "bot": "@dams_new_robot", "audio": "https://image.prepladder.com/content/eEeNcHrchd0j5FLowNku1743773803.mp3", "video": ""}, {"text": "An athlete undergoing high-altitude training adapts to decreased oxygen availability by altering haemoglobin to enhance oxygen delivery. Which structural form of haemoglobin is predominantly favoured to enhance oxygen release to tissues?", "options": [{"label": "A", "text": "Taut structure", "correct": true}, {"label": "B", "text": "Relaxed structure", "correct": false}, {"label": "C", "text": "Globular structure", "correct": false}, {"label": "D", "text": "Tertiary structure", "correct": false}], "correct_answer": "A. Taut structure", "question_images": [], "explanation_images": ["https://image.prepladder.com/content/w0YdGrdd0F70gG8TX9tL1735047529.png", "https://image.prepladder.com/content/j63IuvkMtKkl0mAG0S9y1735047903.png", "https://image.prepladder.com/content/Rx9HsIRnTeD4DVLPUmZu1735047929.png"], "explanation": "<table>\n<thead>\n<tr>\n<th><strong>Structural Form</strong></th>\n<th><strong>Description</strong></th>\n<th><strong>Effect on Oxygen Binding</strong></th>\n</tr>\n</thead>\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<td><strong>Taut (T) form</strong></td>\n<td>Low oxygen affinity, stabilized by CO₂, H⁺, and 2,3-BPG</td>\n<td>Favours oxygen release to tissues</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td><strong>Relaxed (R) form</strong></td>\n<td>High oxygen affinity, stabilized by oxygen binding</td>\n<td>Favours oxygen <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"cc20d2d7111692777201fb0caeb3f2\">uptake</span> in lungs</td>\n</tr>\n</tbody>\n\n\n<p style='font-size: 10px; color: #808080; font-style: italic;'>@dams_new_robot</p>", "bot": "@dams_new_robot", "audio": "https://image.prepladder.com/content/5aWovQCzvEQ04dXwpRZ21743780304.mp3", "video": ""}, {"text": "Which of the following techniques is most widely used to estimate a patient's HbA1c level for monitoring long-term glucose control?", "options": [{"label": "A", "text": "Cation exchange chromatography", "correct": true}, {"label": "B", "text": "Anion exchange chromatography", "correct": false}, {"label": "C", "text": "Gel filtration chromatography", "correct": false}, {"label": "D", "text": "Paper chromatography", "correct": false}], "correct_answer": "A. Cation exchange chromatography", "question_images": [], "explanation_images": ["https://image.prepladder.com/content/RzPCr8n70Ar7M1S1JVR81735049420.png"], "explanation": "<table cellspacing=\"0\" style=\"width:624px\">\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-color:#000000; border-style:solid\">\n<p style=\"text-align:center\"><strong><strong>Types of Chromatography</strong></strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-color:#000000; border-style:solid\">\n<p style=\"text-align:center\"><strong><strong>Description</strong></strong></p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-color:#000000; border-style:solid\">\n<p><strong><strong>Cation exchange chromatography</strong> </strong></p>\n<p><strong>(Option A)</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-color:#000000; border-style:solid\">\n<ul>\n<li>Carboxymethyl sepharose is a widely used example of <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"299c6a693916927771832f0615b65d\">cation</span> exchange chromatography, which is commonly employed for HbA1c estimation.</li>\n<li>This technique separates <strong>positively charged (cationic) molecules</strong> using an <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"74473c1f791692777181d324db5e69\">anionic</span> <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"9cf5375557169277719946c3651430\">stationary</span> phase.</li>\n<li>Initially, the protein mixture is held in the <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"9cf5375557169277719946c3651430\">stationary</span> phase to allow impurities to be removed.</li>\n<li>Once all the impurities are removed, a technique known as <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"7c0d452a441692777187ce1b15aae3\">elution</span> is used upon the <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"9cf5375557169277719946c3651430\">stationary</span> phase to derive the desired result.</li>\n</ul>\n<p>In this, <strong>positively charged proteins</strong> bind to the negatively charged <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"9cf5375557169277719946c3651430\">stationary</span> phase.</p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-color:#000000; border-style:solid\">\n<p><strong><strong>Anion exchange chromatography</strong> </strong></p>\n<p><strong>(Option B)</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-color:#000000; border-style:solid\">\n<ul>\n<li>It is used to separate proteins with a negative charge.</li>\n<li>The <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"9cf5375557169277719946c3651430\">stationary</span> phase consists of cationic groups, such as <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"2674d9b9c116927771966b234be5a7\">quaternary</span> <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"3719e878a4169277718109b2d3f67e\">ammonium</span> groups.</li>\n<li>This method retains anions while allowing other components to pass through.</li>\n</ul>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-color:#000000; border-style:solid\">\n<p><strong><strong>Gel <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"83d76f27051692777202029aee0cd3\">filtration</span> chromatography</strong> (Option C)</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-color:#000000; border-style:solid\">\n<ul>\n<li>Also known as size <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"1cc6e4677116927771870a10c66fe7\">exclusion</span> chromatography, this technique separates proteins based on their size.</li>\n<li>Smaller proteins get trapped in the pores of the <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"b0bdc3a1d416927771884d50c944ec\">gel</span> matrix, slowing their movement, while larger proteins move quickly through the column.</li>\n</ul>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-color:#000000; border-style:solid\">\n<p><strong><strong>Paper <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"fdf5ab514d1692777184d9fe915cba\">chromatography</span> </strong>(Option D)</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-color:#000000; border-style:solid\">\n<ul>\n<li>It is a type of <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"da48d0e44c1692777195a5c11d7545\">planar</span> <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"fdf5ab514d1692777184d9fe915cba\">chromatography</span> conducted on a flat surface.</li>\n<li>This method separates <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"543f207eb51692777181723491a358\">amino</span> acids based on their polarity.</li>\n<li>Nonpolar <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"543f207eb51692777181723491a358\">amino</span> acids move faster, while <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"a274393046169277719601ea5a6864\">polar</span> <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"543f207eb51692777181723491a358\">amino</span> acids stay closer to the application point.</li>\n</ul>\n</td>\n</tr>\n</tbody>\n\n\n<p style='font-size: 10px; color: #808080; font-style: italic;'>@dams_new_robot</p>", "bot": "@dams_new_robot", "audio": "https://image.prepladder.com/content/St01S3pdwXvkcWq5iXlB1743774144.mp3", "video": ""}, {"text": "Based on which characteristic the technique SDS-PAGE is used to separate proteins?", "options": [{"label": "A", "text": "Charge", "correct": false}, {"label": "B", "text": "Molecular Weight", "correct": true}, {"label": "C", "text": "Size", "correct": false}, {"label": "D", "text": "Shape", "correct": false}], "correct_answer": "B. Molecular Weight", "question_images": [], "explanation_images": ["https://image.prepladder.com/content/MAF7Xt3v8N5E0hk9H9l51735049371.png"], "explanation": "\n\n<p style='font-size: 10px; color: #808080; font-style: italic;'>@dams_new_robot</p>", "bot": "@dams_new_robot", "audio": "https://image.prepladder.com/content/IX73WAGG1DuIWLRiLO0m1743774795.mp3", "video": ""}, {"text": "The electrophoresis pattern in the image shows a prominent alpha-2 band. Which disease is most likely associated with this finding?", "options": [{"label": "A", "text": "Nephrotic syndrome", "correct": true}, {"label": "B", "text": "Multiple myeloma", "correct": false}, {"label": "C", "text": "Decompensated chronic liver disease", "correct": false}, {"label": "D", "text": "Nephritic syndrome", "correct": false}], "correct_answer": "A. Nephrotic syndrome", "question_images": ["https://image.prepladder.com/content/09DyC2AmL3vHvm66E5gS1735048765.png"], "explanation_images": ["https://image.prepladder.com/content/a2AvBskShMelDkHSyB9B1735906111.png", "https://image.prepladder.com/content/roSrHoCoQFkwF6hbAFti1735906051.png"], "explanation": "<table cellspacing=\"0\" style=\"border-collapse:collapse; width:623px\">\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p style=\"text-align:center\"><strong>Disorder</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p style=\"text-align:center\"><strong>EPP Pattern</strong></p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Multiple Myeloma</strong></p>\n<p><strong>(Option B)</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<ul>\n<li>It is characterised by a narrow and intense band in the <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"49be0416121692777188dc8944b7bc\">gamma</span> region, the M band.</li>\n<li>This band indicates the presence of a <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"b2b82438d6169277719287eb450079\">monoclonal</span> protein (M protein), which is a hallmark of multiple myeloma.</li>\n</ul>\n<div style=\"text-align:center\">\n<figure class=\"caption_element\" style=\"display:inline-block\"><img alt=\"\" data-author=\"Steven Fruitsmaak\" data-hash=\"\" data-license=\"CC BY-SA 3.0\" data-source=\"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Monoclonal_gammopathy#/media/File:Monoclonal_gammopathy_Multiple_Myeloma.png\" data-tags=\"\" height=\"1917\" src=\"https://image.prepladder.com/content/a2AvBskShMelDkHSyB9B1735906111.png\" width=\"4167\"/>\n<figcaption>{{caption_text}}</figcaption>\n</figure>\n</div>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Nephrotic syndrome</strong></p>\n<p><strong>(Option A)</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<ul>\n<li>It shows a relative <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"ebc4d593fd1692777196b50a4faad4\">prominence</span> of the alpha-2 band.</li>\n<li>This pattern results from the selective loss of smaller proteins, such as albumin, in the <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"0096f2a7631692777201eb9f21d5a7\">urine</span> while larger proteins, such as alpha-2 macroglobulin, remain in the blood.</li>\n</ul>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Decompensated chronic liver disease (DCLD)</strong></p>\n<p><strong>(Option C)</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>It exhibits beta-gamma bridging. This occurs due to <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"4e06aba06c1692777196db2236895a\">polyclonal</span> <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"f8fab286571692777189bdfd087071\">immunoglobulin</span> production, leading to a continuous <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"6777533153169277719804fcbbf2d1\">smear</span> between the <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"806eb8418c16927771822855b56695\">beta</span> and <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"49be0416121692777188dc8944b7bc\">gamma</span> regions.</p>\n<p style=\"text-align:center\"><img alt=\"\" data-author=\"\" data-hash=\"\" data-license=\"\" data-source=\"\" data-tags=\"\" height=\"1420\" src=\"https://image.prepladder.com/content/roSrHoCoQFkwF6hbAFti1735906051.png\" width=\"4167\"/></p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n</tbody>\n\n\n<p style='font-size: 10px; color: #808080; font-style: italic;'>@dams_new_robot</p>", "bot": "@dams_new_robot", "audio": "https://image.prepladder.com/content/I30cuIiFTQ7J5K3HilEg1743774942.mp3", "video": ""}, {"text": "A laboratory technician prepares samples for electrophoresis as the person is suspected to auffer from multiple myeloma. Which sample type is preferred for this test to ensure accurate results?", "options": [{"label": "A", "text": "Serum", "correct": true}, {"label": "B", "text": "Plasma", "correct": false}, {"label": "C", "text": "Whole blood", "correct": false}, {"label": "D", "text": "CSF", "correct": false}], "correct_answer": "A. Serum", "question_images": [], "explanation_images": ["https://image.prepladder.com/content/e7rPidlO7UacRLWOShkd1735048729.png"], "explanation": "\n\n<p style='font-size: 10px; color: #808080; font-style: italic;'>@dams_new_robot</p>", "bot": "@dams_new_robot", "audio": "https://image.prepladder.com/content/FV2bSSBJ1AW3txJcvtne1743779619.mp3", "video": ""}, {"text": "A 39-year-old male complains of unexplained fatigue and joint pain and visits his physician. The physician suspects chronic inflammatory disease and advises serum protein electrophoresis, which shows an increase in alpha 2 bands. Which of the following proteins shows an increase in alpha 2 bands?", "options": [{"label": "A", "text": "Albumin", "correct": false}, {"label": "B", "text": "Macroglobulin", "correct": true}, {"label": "C", "text": "Gamma globulin", "correct": false}, {"label": "D", "text": "Transferrin", "correct": false}], "correct_answer": "B. Macroglobulin", "question_images": [], "explanation_images": ["https://image.prepladder.com/content/xQ0bzv5pRPZtf58lL40a1735048695.png"], "explanation": "<table cellspacing=\"0\" style=\"border-collapse:collapse; width:624px\">\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p style=\"text-align:center\"><strong>Electrophoresis band</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p style=\"text-align:center\"><strong>Proteins</strong></p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Albumin band</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Albumin (Option A ruled out)</strong></p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Alpha 1 band</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Alpha 1 antitrypsin,alpha-fetoprotein, transthyretin</p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Alpha 2 band</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Macroglobulin (Option B)</strong>, haptoglobin, ceruloplasmin</p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Beta band</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Transferrin (Option D )</strong>, low-density lipoproteins</p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Gamma band</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Gamma <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"f8fab286571692777189bdfd087071\">immunoglobulin</span> (Option C)</strong>,fibrinogen</p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n</tbody>\n\n\n<p style='font-size: 10px; color: #808080; font-style: italic;'>@dams_new_robot</p>", "bot": "@dams_new_robot", "audio": "https://image.prepladder.com/content/fTJZ4ivanEcZLZtjcSMa1743779713.mp3", "video": ""}, {"text": "Which protein migrates the farthest from the application point towards the anode in serum protein electrophoresis?", "options": [{"label": "A", "text": "Albumin", "correct": true}, {"label": "B", "text": "Gamma globulin", "correct": false}, {"label": "C", "text": "Alpha-1 globulin", "correct": false}, {"label": "D", "text": "Beta globulin", "correct": false}], "correct_answer": "A. Albumin", "question_images": [], "explanation_images": ["https://image.prepladder.com/content/6lZ3oci9nwb1xug2DFH11735906232.png", "https://image.prepladder.com/content/3esiLK4AE5YgPLEaIVRn1735048487.png"], "explanation": "<table>\n<thead>\n<tr>\n<th><strong>Protein Fraction</strong></th>\n<th><strong>Charge</strong></th>\n<th><strong>Migration Distance (From <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"98f339c57716927771836df0bff47a\">Cathode</span> to Anode)</strong></th>\n</tr>\n</thead>\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<td><strong>Albumin</strong></td>\n<td>Most negative</td>\n<td><strong>Farthest migration</strong></td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td><strong>Alpha-1 globulin (Option C ruled out)</strong></td>\n<td>Less negative</td>\n<td>Closer to origin</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td><strong>Alpha-2 globulin</strong></td>\n<td>Less negative</td>\n<td>Closer to origin</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td><strong>Beta globulin (Option D ruled out)</strong></td>\n<td>Intermediate</td>\n<td>Closer to albumin</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td><strong>Gamma <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"1a8bcc07ca16927771882f63452d6e\">globulin</span> (Option B ruled out)</strong></td>\n<td>Least negative</td>\n<td><strong>Closest to the cathode</strong></td>\n</tr>\n</tbody>\n\n\n<p style='font-size: 10px; color: #808080; font-style: italic;'>@dams_new_robot</p>", "bot": "@dams_new_robot", "audio": "https://image.prepladder.com/content/PZ54AMX5hvBe2g2M3TVk1743781026.mp3", "video": ""}, {"text": "All the following factors determine the mobility of proteins in electrophoresis except?", "options": [{"label": "A", "text": "Charge", "correct": false}, {"label": "B", "text": "Isoelectric pH", "correct": true}, {"label": "C", "text": "Molecular weight", "correct": false}, {"label": "D", "text": "Shape", "correct": false}], "correct_answer": "B. Isoelectric pH", "question_images": [], "explanation_images": [], "explanation": "\n\n\n<p style='font-size: 10px; color: #808080; font-style: italic;'>@dams_new_robot</p>", "bot": "@dams_new_robot", "audio": "https://image.prepladder.com/content/wz0GZET9UUl9a2L78IfK1743780936.mp3", "video": ""}, {"text": "What is the most likely cause of the rightward shift of the oxyhemoglobin dissociation curve?", "options": [{"label": "A", "text": "Decreased 2,3 -BPG", "correct": false}, {"label": "B", "text": "Decreased CO2", "correct": false}, {"label": "C", "text": "Increased pH", "correct": false}, {"label": "D", "text": "Increased temperature", "correct": true}], "correct_answer": "D. Increased temperature", "question_images": [], "explanation_images": ["https://image.prepladder.com/content/kqnLo58CXnFIJXeLFkj81735048143.png"], "explanation": "<table>\n<thead>\n<tr>\n<th><strong>Factor</strong></th>\n<th><strong>Shifts Curve to the Right (↓ O2 Affinity, ↑ O2 Release)</strong></th>\n<th><strong>Shifts Curve to the Left (↑ O2 Affinity, ↓ O2 Release)</strong></th>\n</tr>\n</thead>\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<td><strong>pH (Bohr Effect)</strong></td>\n<td><strong>Decreased pH (Acidosis)</strong></td>\n<td><strong>Increased pH (Alkalosis) (Option C ruled out)</strong></td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td><strong>Carbon <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"0bd01a042116927771868e3482910e\">Dioxide</span> (CO₂)</strong></td>\n<td><strong>Increased CO₂ (Hypercapnia)</strong></td>\n<td><strong>Decreased CO₂ (Hypocapnia) (Option B ruled out)</strong></td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td><strong>Temperature</strong></td>\n<td><strong>Increased temperature (e.g., fever, exercise)</strong></td>\n<td><strong>Decreased temperature (e.g., hypothermia)</strong></td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td><strong>2,3-Bisphosphoglycerate (2,3-BPG)</strong></td>\n<td><strong>Increased 2,3-BPG (e.g., chronic hypoxia, anemia)</strong></td>\n<td><strong>Decreased 2,3-BPG (Option A ruled out)</strong></td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td><strong>Carbon <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"03077f6c8716927771923763487a9e\">Monoxide</span> (CO)</strong></td>\n<td><strong>-</strong></td>\n<td><strong>Presence of <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"44758fcec31692777184e24fa84582\">CO</span> (Increased oxygen affinity, prevents release)</strong></td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td><strong>Fetal <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"ad2073fe6716927771885f3c1ec652\">Hemoglobin</span> (HbF)</strong></td>\n<td><strong>-</strong></td>\n<td><strong>Presence of HbF (Higher oxygen affinity)</strong></td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td><strong>Exercise</strong></td>\n<td><strong>Increased exercise</strong></td>\n<td><strong>-</strong></td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td><strong>Altitude</strong></td>\n<td><strong>Acclimatization to high altitude</strong></td>\n<td><strong>-</strong></td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td><strong>Growth Hormone</strong></td>\n<td><strong>Increases O₂ release (Shifts right)</strong></td>\n<td><strong>-</strong></td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td><strong>Thyroxine (T₄)</strong></td>\n<td><strong>Increases O₂ release (Shifts right)</strong></td>\n<td><strong>-</strong></td>\n</tr>\n</tbody>\n\n\n<p style='font-size: 10px; color: #808080; font-style: italic;'>@dams_new_robot</p>", "bot": "@dams_new_robot", "audio": "https://image.prepladder.com/content/VdbU7n0VTetsQlC6pL7Q1743780683.mp3", "video": ""}, {"text": "A newborn is diagnosed with a condition where their haemoglobin has an unusually high affinity for oxygen. What is the physiological basis for the increased oxygen affinity of fetal haemoglobin compared to adult haemoglobin?", "options": [{"label": "A", "text": "Binds more 2,3-BPG, increasing oxygen affinity.", "correct": false}, {"label": "B", "text": "HbF contains serine that reduces the positive charge of the globin side chain.", "correct": true}, {"label": "C", "text": "Higher histidine content, reducing oxygen affinity.", "correct": false}, {"label": "D", "text": "Binds oxygen more loosely than adult Hb", "correct": false}], "correct_answer": "B. HbF contains serine that reduces the positive charge of the globin side chain.", "question_images": [], "explanation_images": [], "explanation": "<table cellspacing=\"0\" style=\"border-collapse:collapse; width:NaN\">\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p style=\"text-align:center\"><strong>Feature</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p style=\"text-align:center\"><strong>Adult <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"ad2073fe6716927771885f3c1ec652\">Hemoglobin</span> (HbA)</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p style=\"text-align:center\"><strong>Fetal <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"ad2073fe6716927771885f3c1ec652\">Hemoglobin</span> (HbF)</strong></p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Globin Side Chains</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>α₂β₂</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>α₂γ₂</p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Oxygen Affinity</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Lower</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Higher</p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>2,3-BPG Binding</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Higher</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Lower</p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Physiological Role</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Tissue oxygen delivery</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Oxygen <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"00456bf7d8169277718782edf9fa2c\">extraction</span> from <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"a191a950d7169277719148e72a75e2\">maternal</span> blood</p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Charge in Central Cavity</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>More positive</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Less positive</p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>pH Sensitivity</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>More sensitive</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Less sensitive</p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n</tbody>\n\n\n<p style='font-size: 10px; color: #808080; font-style: italic;'>@dams_new_robot</p>", "bot": "@dams_new_robot", "audio": "https://image.prepladder.com/content/iECfV3FU6rNOdEaQeuzG1743780546.mp3", "video": ""}, {"text": "A patient with anaemia has elevated levels of 2,3-Bisphosphoglycerate (2,3-BPG) in their red blood cells. How does this increased 2,3-BPG level affect the patient’s haemoglobin in terms of oxygen delivery?", "options": [{"label": "A", "text": "Forms salt bridges with positively charged residues forming a relaxed structure", "correct": false}, {"label": "B", "text": "Disrupts salt bridges formed in the taut structure, decreasing oxygen affinity", "correct": false}, {"label": "C", "text": "Forms salt bridges with positively charged residues stabilising taut structure", "correct": true}, {"label": "D", "text": "Binds to the heme directly, decreasing the oxygen affinity", "correct": false}], "correct_answer": "C. Forms salt bridges with positively charged residues stabilising taut structure", "question_images": [], "explanation_images": ["https://image.prepladder.com/content/bBUAqNREdb6M9Z3si8jv1735048084.png"], "explanation": "\n\n<p style='font-size: 10px; color: #808080; font-style: italic;'>@dams_new_robot</p>", "bot": "@dams_new_robot", "audio": "https://image.prepladder.com/content/XhZIBadqcaNeqeEly2KR1743780427.mp3", "video": ""}, {"text": "Which of the following statements is TRUE regarding pKa and its implications in biochemistry?", "options": [{"label": "A", "text": "The lower the pKa of the amino group, the weaker the acid.", "correct": false}, {"label": "B", "text": "pKa remains constant and does not change with the medium.", "correct": false}, {"label": "C", "text": "The net charge of a protein does not depend on the pKa value of the functional group.", "correct": false}, {"label": "D", "text": "When pH =pKa +/- 1, substances act as buffers.", "correct": true}], "correct_answer": "D. When pH =pKa +/- 1, substances act as buffers.", "question_images": [], "explanation_images": [], "explanation": "<table>\n<thead>\n<tr>\n<th><strong>Concept</strong></th>\n<th><strong>Explanation</strong></th>\n</tr>\n</thead>\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<td><strong>Definition</strong></td>\n<td>pKa is the <strong>pH at which 50% of a molecule is ionized</strong>.</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td><strong>Buffering Capacity</strong></td>\n<td>Maximum when <strong>pH ≈ pKa ±1</strong>.</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td><strong>Amino Acids &amp; Proteins</strong></td>\n<td>Ionization of <strong>functional groups</strong> depends on pKa, affecting <strong>protein charge and structure</strong>.</td>\n</tr>\n</tbody>\n\n\n\n<p style='font-size: 10px; color: #808080; font-style: italic;'>@dams_new_robot</p>", "bot": "@dams_new_robot", "audio": "https://image.prepladder.com/content/K69sWCjjh2DxASVQ0XsM1743772308.mp3", "video": ""}, {"text": "Which of the following correctly describes the role of histidine residues in myoglobin in relation to carbon monoxide (CO) binding?", "options": [{"label": "A", "text": "Prevent CO binding by increasing the heme's affinity for oxygen.", "correct": false}, {"label": "B", "text": "Enhance CO binding, similar to oxygen.", "correct": false}, {"label": "C", "text": "Inhibit CO binding by sterically hindering the heme iron.", "correct": true}, {"label": "D", "text": "It does not influence the binding of CO to the heme.", "correct": false}], "correct_answer": "C. Inhibit CO binding by sterically hindering the heme iron.", "question_images": [], "explanation_images": ["https://image.prepladder.com/content/2CKrhFP0TENlKNG3ykuR1735047501.png"], "explanation": "\n\n<p style='font-size: 10px; color: #808080; font-style: italic;'>@dams_new_robot</p>", "bot": "@dams_new_robot", "audio": "https://image.prepladder.com/content/Sya3yDZwMN5lkU0bOgiO1743780142.mp3", "video": ""}, {"text": "Which cellular component is primarily responsible for degrading intracellular proteins tagged with ubiquitin?", "options": [{"label": "A", "text": "Lysosomes", "correct": false}, {"label": "B", "text": "Proteasomes", "correct": true}, {"label": "C", "text": "Cathepsins", "correct": false}, {"label": "D", "text": "Endosomes", "correct": false}], "correct_answer": "B. Proteasomes", "question_images": [], "explanation_images": [], "explanation": "\n\n\n<p style='font-size: 10px; color: #808080; font-style: italic;'>@dams_new_robot</p>", "bot": "@dams_new_robot", "audio": "https://image.prepladder.com/content/6tX5SmrAtohQvkge69KD1743779783.mp3", "video": ""}, {"text": "Which protein assists in proper folding by binding to hydrophobic regions of other proteins during the folding process?", "options": [{"label": "A", "text": "Proteases", "correct": false}, {"label": "B", "text": "Chaperonins", "correct": true}, {"label": "C", "text": "Ubiquitin", "correct": false}, {"label": "D", "text": "Prions", "correct": false}], "correct_answer": "B. Chaperonins", "question_images": [], "explanation_images": [], "explanation": "<table>\n<thead>\n<tr>\n<th><strong>Function</strong></th>\n<th><strong>Chaperonin Action</strong></th>\n</tr>\n</thead>\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<td><strong>Prevents misfolding</strong></td>\n<td>Shields <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"e3be2eb847169277718953f0dae57d\">hydrophobic</span> regions to avoid aggregation</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td><strong>Assists refolding</strong></td>\n<td>Helps <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"a1c488290216927771859de5b86416\">denatured</span> proteins regain functional shape</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td><strong>Provides an isolated chamber</strong></td>\n<td>Forms a <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"ddba4206eb169277718335596e86da\">cavity</span> where proteins fold properly</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td><strong>ATP-dependent process</strong></td>\n<td>Uses <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"5abb3a7e7f1692777182a8f4c42522\">ATP</span> to facilitate conformational changes</td>\n</tr>\n</tbody>\n\n\n\n<p style='font-size: 10px; color: #808080; font-style: italic;'>@dams_new_robot</p>", "bot": "@dams_new_robot", "audio": "https://image.prepladder.com/content/WmVUWgs4sbksd8dQU2Lt1743779552.mp3", "video": ""}, {"text": "Which of the following techniques provides the highest resolution for determining the primary structure of proteins?", "options": [{"label": "A", "text": "Nuclear Magnetic Resonance (NMR) spectroscopy", "correct": false}, {"label": "B", "text": "X-ray crystallography", "correct": false}, {"label": "C", "text": "Sanger’s sequencing", "correct": true}, {"label": "D", "text": "Optical rotatory dispersion", "correct": false}], "correct_answer": "C. Sanger’s sequencing", "question_images": [], "explanation_images": [], "explanation": "<table cellspacing=\"0\" style=\"border-collapse:collapse; width:624px\">\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p style=\"text-align:center\"><strong>Structure</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p style=\"text-align:center\"><strong>Methods of Determination</strong></p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Primary </strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<ul>\n<li>Edman sequencing</li>\n<li>Sanger’s sequencing <strong>(Option C)</strong></li>\n<li>Reverse sequencing</li>\n</ul>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Secondary </strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<ul>\n<li>Optical <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"29a8793eb81692777197fd6c0f70b8\">rotatory</span> dispersion<strong> (Option D)</strong></li>\n<li>Ocular dichroism</li>\n</ul>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Tertiary </strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<ul>\n<li>X-ray <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"1ab23807771692777185b9e3f5a412\">crystallography</span> <strong>(Option B)</strong></li>\n<li>UV Spectroscopy</li>\n<li>NMR spectroscopy<strong> (Option A)</strong></li>\n</ul>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Quaternary</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<ul>\n<li>SDS PAGE (Sodium Dodecyl Sulfate-Polyacrylamide <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"b0bdc3a1d416927771884d50c944ec\">Gel</span> Electrophoresis)</li>\n</ul>\n</td>\n</tr>\n</tbody>\n\n\n<p style='font-size: 10px; color: #808080; font-style: italic;'>@dams_new_robot</p>", "bot": "@dams_new_robot", "audio": "https://image.prepladder.com/content/D41mR3Z45rxZMsMdiGZ71743779396.mp3", "video": ""}, {"text": "What type of bond is primarily responsible for stabilising the structure in proteins as shown in the image?", "options": [{"label": "A", "text": "Covalent bonds between side chains", "correct": false}, {"label": "B", "text": "Ionic bonds between charged amino acids", "correct": false}, {"label": "C", "text": "Hydrogen bonds between backbone atoms", "correct": true}, {"label": "D", "text": "Disulfide bridges between cysteine residues", "correct": false}], "correct_answer": "C. Hydrogen bonds between backbone atoms", "question_images": ["https://image.prepladder.com/content/vVoTt0z9fmxGOJXxKRAx1735047405.png"], "explanation_images": ["https://image.prepladder.com/content/aFQHjrZjhrCSdbHWMI6w1735047424.png"], "explanation": "<table cellspacing=\"0\" style=\"border-collapse:collapse; width:664px\">\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p style=\"text-align:center\"><strong>Characteristic</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p style=\"text-align:center\"><strong>Alpha Helix</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p style=\"text-align:center\"><strong>Beta-Pleated Sheet</strong></p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Shape</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Spiral or coiled structure</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Extended, zigzag structure, pleated</p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Hydrogen bonding</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Within the same <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"cf25c7ba04169277719946f465928b\">strand</span> (intrastrand)</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Between different strands (interstrand)</p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Compactness</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>More compact</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Less compact, more extended</p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Stability</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Stabilised by internal H-bonds</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Stabilised by H-bonds between strands</p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Flexibility</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>More flexible</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Less flexible, more rigid</p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Examples</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Keratin, Myoglobin</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Silk fibroin, immunoglobulins</p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n</tbody>\n\n\n<p style='font-size: 10px; color: #808080; font-style: italic;'>@dams_new_robot</p>", "bot": "@dams_new_robot", "audio": "https://image.prepladder.com/content/4WPfHBfKCFglB3rp962k1743775451.mp3", "video": ""}, {"text": "Which of the following interactions is primarily responsible for maintaining the structure of proteins, as shown in the image?", "options": [{"label": "A", "text": "Peptide bonds", "correct": true}, {"label": "B", "text": "Hydrogen bonds", "correct": false}, {"label": "C", "text": "Disulfide bridges", "correct": false}, {"label": "D", "text": "Van der Waals interactions", "correct": false}], "correct_answer": "A. Peptide bonds", "question_images": ["https://image.prepladder.com/content/IRbBnZflG7On5XXT2oYn1735047168.png"], "explanation_images": ["https://image.prepladder.com/content/Ph9F1Ly5hktS7QVKQrOL1735047177.png", "https://image.prepladder.com/content/6xsRQ8DVZ8DMvLxLAWky1735047195.png", "https://image.prepladder.com/content/DoZBszuzwImGjOZ38mIK1735047215.png", "https://image.prepladder.com/content/mRQMQhSKwYmAIqwyzWcY1735047226.png"], "explanation": "<table cellspacing=\"0\" style=\"border-collapse:collapse; width:630px\">\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p style=\"text-align:center\"><strong>Protein Structure</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p style=\"text-align:center\"><strong>Linkage</strong></p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Primary Structure: </strong>Linear sequence of <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"543f207eb51692777181723491a358\">amino</span> acids encoded by mRNA.</p>\n<p style=\"text-align:center\"><img alt=\"\" data-author=\"\" data-hash=\"\" data-license=\"\" data-source=\"\" data-tags=\"\" height=\"1029\" src=\"https://image.prepladder.com/content/Ph9F1Ly5hktS7QVKQrOL1735047177.png\" width=\"2106\"/></p>\n<p> </p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Peptide bonds (Covalent, via <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"da07fd59a11692777185e23c69af5e\">dehydration</span> reaction) <strong>(Option A)</strong></p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Secondary structure:</strong> Local folding into α-helices &amp; β-sheets due to <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"16af97a2ba1692777182d2c44386e4\">backbone</span> interactions and is of two types:</p>\n<ul>\n<li>Alpha-helix</li>\n<li>Beta-pleated sheet</li>\n</ul>\n<p style=\"text-align:center\"><img alt=\"\" data-author=\"\" data-hash=\"\" data-license=\"\" data-source=\"\" data-tags=\"\" height=\"1590\" src=\"https://image.prepladder.com/content/6xsRQ8DVZ8DMvLxLAWky1735047195.png\" width=\"1896\"/></p>\n<p style=\"text-align:center\"> </p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Hydrogen bonds (Between <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"b5b9b1a7be16927771838e3b99a7f2\">carbonyl</span> and <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"893810d3d51692777181098ec45a2b\">amide</span> groups) <strong>(Option B)</strong></p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Tertiary structure: </strong>Three-dimensional structure of a single <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"287fd897ad1692777196f583338128\">polypeptide</span> due to side-chain interactions.</p>\n<p style=\"text-align:center\"><img alt=\"\" data-author=\"\" data-hash=\"\" data-license=\"\" data-source=\"\" data-tags=\"\" height=\"1404\" src=\"https://image.prepladder.com/content/DoZBszuzwImGjOZ38mIK1735047215.png\" width=\"1997\"/></p>\n<p> </p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">Disulfide bonds <strong>(Option C)</strong> (Covalent), <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"e3be2eb847169277718953f0dae57d\">Hydrophobic</span> interactions, <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"11f7bcb8da16927771898e93932195\">Hydrogen</span> bonds, Ionic bonds, Van der Waals forces</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Quaternary structure: </strong>Assembly of multiple <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"287fd897ad1692777196f583338128\">polypeptide</span> subunits into a functional protein</p>\n<p style=\"text-align:center\"><img alt=\"\" data-author=\"\" data-hash=\"\" data-license=\"\" data-source=\"\" data-tags=\"\" height=\"1245\" src=\"https://image.prepladder.com/content/mRQMQhSKwYmAIqwyzWcY1735047226.png\" width=\"1942\"/></p>\n<p> </p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">Non-covalent interactions (Hydrogen bonds, Ionic bonds, <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"e3be2eb847169277718953f0dae57d\">Hydrophobic</span> interactions, Van der Waals forces); Rarely <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"dee47c70a41692777186cf17523799\">Disulfide</span> bonds</td>\n</tr>\n</tbody>\n\n\n<p style='font-size: 10px; color: #808080; font-style: italic;'>@dams_new_robot</p>", "bot": "@dams_new_robot", "audio": "https://image.prepladder.com/content/5Y73RPjIQHsOxfM2L7HX1743775212.mp3", "video": ""}, {"text": "Match the following protein tests with their primary purpose or detection target: 1.Ninhydrin test a. Detects compouds containing 2 or more peptide bonds 2.Xanthoproteic test b. Detects aromatic amino acids 3.Sakaguchi test c. Detects arginine 4.Biuret test d. Detects alpha-amino acids", "options": [{"label": "A", "text": "1-b, 2-c, 3-d, 4-a", "correct": false}, {"label": "B", "text": "1-d, 2-b, 3-c, 4-a", "correct": true}, {"label": "C", "text": "1-a, 2-d, 3-b, 4-c", "correct": false}, {"label": "D", "text": "1-c, 2-a, 3-d, 4-b", "correct": false}], "correct_answer": "B. 1-d, 2-b, 3-c, 4-a", "question_images": [], "explanation_images": [], "explanation": "<table>\n<thead>\n<tr>\n<th><strong>Test</strong></th>\n<th><strong>Principle</strong></th>\n<th><strong>Detection Target</strong></th>\n<th><strong>Positive Result</strong></th>\n</tr>\n</thead>\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<td><strong>Biuret Test</strong></td>\n<td>Peptide bonds react with Cu²⁺ in an <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"b95c7f7b821692777181df660ee7ff\">alkaline</span> medium</td>\n<td>Peptide bonds (proteins and polypeptides)</td>\n<td>Violet color</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td><strong>Ninhydrin Test</strong></td>\n<td>Ninhydrin reacts with free α-amino groups</td>\n<td>Free <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"543f207eb51692777181723491a358\">amino</span> acids and proteins with free NH₂</td>\n<td>Blue/Purple color</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td><strong>Xanthoproteic Test</strong></td>\n<td>Nitration of <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"5bdef37bf01692777182f5780db753\">aromatic</span> rings with HNO₃</td>\n<td>Aromatic <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"543f207eb51692777181723491a358\">amino</span> acids (tyrosine, tryptophan, phenylalanine)</td>\n<td>Yellow color</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td><strong>Sakaguchi Test</strong></td>\n<td>Reaction of α-naphthol with <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"536660a0831692777188becbc35ca5\">guanidino</span> group in the presence of NaOBr</td>\n<td>Arginine</td>\n<td>Red color</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td><strong>Lead <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"47765053a81692777180738f50cd4e\">Acetate</span> Test</strong></td>\n<td>Reaction of sulfur-containing <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"543f207eb51692777181723491a358\">amino</span> acids with lead acetate</td>\n<td>Sulfur-containing <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"543f207eb51692777181723491a358\">amino</span> acids (cysteine, methionine)</td>\n<td>Black precipitate</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td><strong>Hopkins-Cole Test</strong></td>\n<td>Reaction of <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"059bdf5c031692777200fedbf3ef66\">tryptophan</span> with <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"fa5cafee1e1692777188fcecfd5497\">glyoxylic acid</span> in a strong acid medium</td>\n<td>Tryptophan</td>\n<td>Violet ring</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td><strong>Millon's Test</strong></td>\n<td>Reaction of <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"0d5565e4a1169277719596227ebffd\">phenol</span> groups with <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"3e20a4eadb169277719290474ef049\">mercuric</span> <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"ad09a76257169277719349e2735418\">nitrate</span> in <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"3a983e569716927771805ed22b90d7\">acidic</span> medium</td>\n<td>Tyrosine</td>\n<td>Red color</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td><strong>Folin-Ciocalteu Test</strong></td>\n<td>Phenolic groups react with phosphomolybdic-phosphotungstic acid</td>\n<td>Tyrosine &amp; Tryptophan</td>\n<td>Blue color</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td><strong>Nitroprusside Test</strong></td>\n<td>Reaction of <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"dabfa103741692777185dac756c49b\">cysteine</span> with sodium nitroprusside</td>\n<td>Cysteine</td>\n<td>Red color</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td><strong>Heller’s Test</strong></td>\n<td>Proteins get precipitated by strong acids</td>\n<td>Proteins (albumins and globulins)</td>\n<td>White precipitate</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td><strong>Test for Casein</strong></td>\n<td>Acid <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"cc7b2f64b11692777196c8e39b7611\">precipitation</span> of casein</td>\n<td>Casein (milk protein)</td>\n<td>White precipitate</td>\n</tr>\n</tbody>\n\n\n\n<p style='font-size: 10px; color: #808080; font-style: italic;'>@dams_new_robot</p>", "bot": "@dams_new_robot", "audio": "https://image.prepladder.com/content/bTqIS67OspqrWmAIndZj1743775068.mp3", "video": ""}, {"text": "Which of the following is true regarding the properties of glycine?", "options": [{"label": "A", "text": "Has asymmetric carbon atoms", "correct": false}, {"label": "B", "text": "Doesn't exhibit stereoisomerism", "correct": true}, {"label": "C", "text": "Optically active", "correct": false}, {"label": "D", "text": "Complex amino acid", "correct": false}], "correct_answer": "B. Doesn't exhibit stereoisomerism", "question_images": [], "explanation_images": [], "explanation": "<table>\n<thead>\n<tr>\n<th><strong>Property</strong></th>\n<th><strong>Glycine</strong></th>\n<th><strong>Other <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"543f207eb51692777181723491a358\">Amino</span> Acids</strong></th>\n</tr>\n</thead>\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<td><strong>Chirality</strong></td>\n<td>Achiral</td>\n<td>Chiral (except glycine)</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td><strong>Stereoisomerism</strong></td>\n<td>Absent</td>\n<td>Present (D &amp; L forms)</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td><strong>Optical Activity</strong></td>\n<td>None</td>\n<td>Optically active</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td><strong>Asymmetrical Carbon</strong></td>\n<td>No</td>\n<td>Yes</td>\n</tr>\n</tbody>\n</table>\n<table>\n<thead>\n<tr>\n<th><strong>Property</strong></th>\n<th><strong>Description</strong></th>\n</tr>\n</thead>\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<td><strong>Simplest <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"543f207eb51692777181723491a358\">Amino</span> Acid</strong></td>\n<td>Has two <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"11f7bcb8da16927771898e93932195\">hydrogen</span> atoms attached to the α-carbon.</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td><strong>Polarity</strong></td>\n<td>Non-polar; fits into both <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"db283047011692777189a869dbce07\">hydrophilic</span> and <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"e3be2eb847169277718953f0dae57d\">hydrophobic</span> environments due to its small size.</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td><strong>Chirality</strong></td>\n<td>Lacks a <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"525b6ba96f1692777184a50772fc19\">chiral</span> center, making it optically inactive and incapable of stereoisomerism.</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td><strong>Glycine <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"db5610b3121692777184e0965a9fa4\">Cleavage</span> System</strong></td>\n<td>Produces <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"edbc0adbb31692777181ed0ee792d4\">ammonia</span> (NH₃), <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"c32b3a9fac16927771831530888fdf\">carbon dioxide</span> (CO₂), and N,N-methylene tetrahydrofolate.</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td><strong>Biosynthetic Role</strong></td>\n<td>Precursor for porphyrins, creatine, glutathione, serine, purines, and heme.</td>\n</tr>\n</tbody>\n\n\n\n<p style='font-size: 10px; color: #808080; font-style: italic;'>@dams_new_robot</p>", "bot": "@dams_new_robot", "audio": "https://image.prepladder.com/content/Fv6HI3Sipawb8FMVEtBO1743772875.mp3", "video": ""}, {"text": "A 22-year-old woman presents with complaints of chronic fatigue and frequent infections. She follows a strict vegetarian diet and consumes less protein-rich food. Laboratory tests reveal a decreased level of a particular amino acid. Which of the following amino acids is likely deficient in this patient?", "options": [{"label": "A", "text": "Threonine and Lysine", "correct": true}, {"label": "B", "text": "Tyrosine and Tryptophan", "correct": false}, {"label": "C", "text": "Alanine and Glycine", "correct": false}, {"label": "D", "text": "Cysteine and Methionine", "correct": false}], "correct_answer": "A. Threonine and Lysine", "question_images": [], "explanation_images": [], "explanation": "<table>\n<thead>\n<tr>\n<th><strong>Amino Acid</strong></th>\n<th><strong>Function</strong></th>\n<th><strong>Dietary Sources</strong></th>\n<th><strong>Deficiency Effects</strong></th>\n</tr>\n</thead>\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<td><strong>Threonine</strong></td>\n<td>Immune function, <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"d215f4a56c16927771842f34a24156\">collagen</span> formation, protein synthesis</td>\n<td>Meat, dairy, eggs, legumes</td>\n<td>Impaired immune response, fatigue</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td><strong>Lysine</strong></td>\n<td>Protein synthesis, <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"0f160e4e42169277718771b715516a\">enzyme</span> function, <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"54de8b79a91692777183e608bc0dd4\">calcium</span> absorption</td>\n<td>Meat, fish, dairy, legumes</td>\n<td>Poor wound healing, frequent infections, fatigue</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td><strong>Tryptophan (Option B)</strong></td>\n<td>Precursor for <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"06eba971ce169277719884f8c62937\">serotonin</span> and <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"acad87464816927771937783e41318\">niacin</span> (B3)</td>\n<td>Dairy, turkey, nuts, seeds</td>\n<td>Mood disturbances, <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"dc12d02bb21692777195bc0b91948a\">pellagra</span> (niacin deficiency)</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td><strong>Methionine (Option D)</strong></td>\n<td>Precursor for S-adenosylmethionine (SAM), involved in <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"9cabbec09d16927771920c9fdfcb29\">methylation</span> reactions</td>\n<td>Meat, eggs, dairy</td>\n<td>Fatty liver, slow growth</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td><strong>Phenylalanine</strong></td>\n<td>Precursor for tyrosine, neurotransmitters (dopamine, norepinephrine)</td>\n<td>Meat, dairy, soy, fish</td>\n<td>Growth retardation, mental impairment</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td><strong>Leucine</strong></td>\n<td>Muscle protein synthesis, energy production</td>\n<td>Meat, dairy, eggs, soybeans</td>\n<td>Muscle wasting, hypoglycemia</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td><strong>Isoleucine</strong></td>\n<td>Muscle metabolism, <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"ad2073fe6716927771885f3c1ec652\">hemoglobin</span> formation</td>\n<td>Meat, fish, eggs, soy</td>\n<td>Muscle weakness, dizziness</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td><strong>Valine</strong></td>\n<td>Muscle growth, tissue repair</td>\n<td>Meat, dairy, legumes</td>\n<td>Neurological symptoms, muscle weakness</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td><strong>Histidine</strong></td>\n<td>Precursor for histamine, important in immune function</td>\n<td>Meat, poultry, fish, dairy</td>\n<td>Anemia, impaired immunity</td>\n</tr>\n</tbody>\n</table>\n<table>\n<thead>\n<tr>\n<th><strong>Amino Acid</strong></th>\n<th><strong>Function</strong></th>\n<th><strong>Synthesized From</strong></th>\n<th><strong>Deficiency Effects</strong></th>\n</tr>\n</thead>\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<td><strong>Tyrosine (Option B ruled out)</strong></td>\n<td>Precursor for neurotransmitters, <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"799202e6fe16927772009a1501b0a8\">thyroid</span> hormones</td>\n<td>Phenylalanine</td>\n<td>Rare deficiency, <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"8d0fca798b1692777191b6cd41880f\">linked</span> to <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"d92cbff33316927771927b4de10a5b\">metabolic</span> disorders</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td><strong>Cysteine (Option D ruled out)</strong></td>\n<td>Antioxidant defense (glutathione synthesis)</td>\n<td>Methionine</td>\n<td>Rare deficiency, <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"60d563fe241692777194203742bf5b\">oxidative</span> stress</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td><strong>Alanine (Option C ruled out)</strong></td>\n<td>Gluconeogenesis, <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"391d32291016927771932bab695579\">nitrogen</span> transport</td>\n<td>Pyruvate</td>\n<td>No significant deficiency</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td><strong>Glycine (Option C ruled out)</strong></td>\n<td>Collagen synthesis, neurotransmission</td>\n<td>Serine</td>\n<td>No significant deficiency</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td><strong>Serine</strong></td>\n<td>Phospholipid synthesis, neurotransmission</td>\n<td>3-Phosphoglycerate</td>\n<td>No significant deficiency</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td><strong>Aspartate</strong></td>\n<td>Urea cycle, <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"a0c0c687e11692777200047d93f43e\">TCA</span> cycle</td>\n<td>Oxaloacetate</td>\n<td>No significant deficiency</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td><strong>Asparagine</strong></td>\n<td>Protein synthesis, <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"391d32291016927771932bab695579\">nitrogen</span> metabolism</td>\n<td>Aspartate</td>\n<td>No significant deficiency</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td><strong>Glutamate</strong></td>\n<td>Neurotransmitter, <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"ae13cdc5c3169277719683e9f6bda5\">precursor</span> for GABA</td>\n<td>α-Ketoglutarate</td>\n<td>No significant deficiency</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td><strong>Proline</strong></td>\n<td>Collagen synthesis, wound healing</td>\n<td>Glutamate</td>\n<td>No significant deficiency</td>\n</tr>\n</tbody>\n</table>\n<table>\n<thead>\n<tr>\n<th><strong>Amino Acid</strong></th>\n<th><strong>Function</strong></th>\n<th><strong>Synthesized From</strong></th>\n<th><strong>Deficiency Effects</strong></th>\n</tr>\n</thead>\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<td><strong>Arginine</strong></td>\n<td>Nitric <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"e08c004e8f1692777194c9d37e17ad\">oxide</span> production, wound healing</td>\n<td>Glutamate</td>\n<td>Poor wound healing, immune dysfunction</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td><strong>Glutamine</strong></td>\n<td>Nitrogen transport, immune function</td>\n<td>Glutamate</td>\n<td>Muscle wasting, immune dysfunction</td>\n</tr>\n</tbody>\n\n\n\n<p style='font-size: 10px; color: #808080; font-style: italic;'>@dams_new_robot</p>", "bot": "@dams_new_robot", "audio": "https://image.prepladder.com/content/TFhzcYJDM0JqSZ1p4NHe1743772763.mp3", "video": ""}, {"text": "Which of the following amino acids contains a hydroxyl group (OH) in its side chain?", "options": [{"label": "A", "text": "Phenylalanine", "correct": false}, {"label": "B", "text": "Serine", "correct": true}, {"label": "C", "text": "Cysteine", "correct": false}, {"label": "D", "text": "Glutamine", "correct": false}], "correct_answer": "B. Serine", "question_images": [], "explanation_images": [], "explanation": "<table>\n<thead>\n<tr>\n<th><strong>Category</strong></th>\n<th><strong>Amino Acids</strong></th>\n<th><strong>Functional Group</strong></th>\n<th><strong>Properties</strong></th>\n</tr>\n</thead>\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<td><strong>Hydroxyl (-OH) group</strong></td>\n<td><strong>Serine, Threonine, Tyrosine</strong></td>\n<td>Hydroxyl (-OH)</td>\n<td>Polar, involved in <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"11f7bcb8da16927771898e93932195\">hydrogen</span> <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"8de909bf2c16927771830a553b239f\">bonding</span> and phosphorylation.</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td><strong>Sulfur-containing</strong></td>\n<td><strong>Cysteine (Option B ruled out), Methionine</strong></td>\n<td>Thiol (-SH), <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"3736f51c3116927772006354e1c5f0\">Thioether</span> (-S-)</td>\n<td>Cysteine forms <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"dee47c70a41692777186cf17523799\">disulfide</span> bonds; <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"373f4a37af16927771920ee58f2edf\">Methionine</span> is involved in <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"bc09155adc169277719248f9543785\">methyl</span> transfer reactions.</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td><strong>Aromatic</strong></td>\n<td><strong>Phenylalanine (Option A ruled out), Tyrosine, Tryptophan</strong></td>\n<td>Benzene or <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"bc8d0dbfcf169277719012cdb493a1\">Indole</span> rings</td>\n<td>Hydrophobic, absorb UV light, involved in protein-protein interactions.</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td><strong>Amide (-CONH₂) group</strong></td>\n<td><strong>Asparagine, Glutamine (Option D ruled out)</strong></td>\n<td>Amide (-CONH₂)</td>\n<td>Polar, involved in <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"11f7bcb8da16927771898e93932195\">hydrogen</span> bonding.</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td><strong>Carboxyl (-COOH) group (Acidic)</strong></td>\n<td><strong>Aspartic acid, Glutamic acid</strong></td>\n<td>Carboxyl (-COOH)</td>\n<td>Negatively charged at <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"6c2c85ae6b16927771950809419a59\">physiological</span> pH, important in <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"0f160e4e42169277718771b715516a\">enzyme</span> active sites.</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td><strong>Amino (-NH₃⁺) group (Basic)</strong></td>\n<td><strong>Lysine, Arginine, Histidine</strong></td>\n<td>Amine (-NH₂, -C=NH, -NH⁺)</td>\n<td>Positively charged at <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"6c2c85ae6b16927771950809419a59\">physiological</span> pH, involved in <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"20989be3cb16927771975f9e3dec01\">salt bridge</span> formation.</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td><strong>Aliphatic (Non-polar <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"55164fe9f9169277718979ac034040\">hydrocarbon</span> chains)</strong></td>\n<td><strong>Glycine, Alanine, Valine, Leucine, Isoleucine, Proline</strong></td>\n<td>Hydrocarbon (-CH, -CH₂, -CH₃)</td>\n<td>Hydrophobic, contribute to protein stability.</td>\n</tr>\n</tbody>\n\n\n\n<p style='font-size: 10px; color: #808080; font-style: italic;'>@dams_new_robot</p>", "bot": "@dams_new_robot", "audio": "https://image.prepladder.com/content/MynvBUlWS17BiUuLNuZc1743772532.mp3", "video": ""}, {"text": "Which of the following is not a characteristic of the isoelectric pH (pI) of a protein?", "options": [{"label": "A", "text": "High solubility", "correct": true}, {"label": "B", "text": "Low buffering capacity", "correct": false}, {"label": "C", "text": "No net charge", "correct": false}, {"label": "D", "text": "Minimal mobility", "correct": false}], "correct_answer": "A. High solubility", "question_images": [], "explanation_images": [], "explanation": "<table>\n<thead>\n<tr>\n<th><strong>Characteristic</strong></th>\n<th><strong>Explanation</strong></th>\n</tr>\n</thead>\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<td><strong>No net charge</strong></td>\n<td>At pI, the total positive and negative charges on the protein cancel each other out.</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td><strong>Minimal mobility</strong></td>\n<td>Since the protein has no net charge, it does not migrate in an electric field.</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td><strong>Low <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"b1b457815716927771833294a8f64f\">buffering</span> capacity</strong></td>\n<td>Buffers work best when pH ≠ pI; at pI, there is minimal change in charge per unit of pH change.</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td><strong>Low solubility</strong></td>\n<td>Electrostatic <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"51207bf6d91692777197fff1a22545\">repulsion</span> is minimal at pI, promoting <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"a00e90be0416927771803afbbf099b\">aggregation</span> and precipitation.</td>\n</tr>\n</tbody>\n\n\n\n<p style='font-size: 10px; color: #808080; font-style: italic;'>@dams_new_robot</p>", "bot": "@dams_new_robot", "audio": "https://image.prepladder.com/content/mndo3VzddJHk1cOOoolF1743772452.mp3", "video": ""}]; if (!Array.isArray(questions) || questions.length === 0) { throw new Error("Questions data is empty or invalid"); } debugLog(`Successfully parsed ${questions.length} questions`); } catch (e) { console.error("Failed to parse questions_json:", e); document.getElementById('error-message').innerHTML = "Error loading quiz data. Please check the console for details or contact support."; document.getElementById('error-message').classList.remove('hidden'); document.getElementById('start-test').disabled = true; // Fallback to sample questions for testing questions = [ { text: "What is 2 + 2?", options: [ { label: "A", text: "3", correct: false }, { label: "B", text: "4", correct: true }, { label: "C", text: "5", correct: false }, { label: "D", text: "6", correct: false } ], correct_answer: "B. 4", question_images: [], explanation_images: [], explanation: "<p>2 + 2 = 4</p><p>@dams_new_robot</p>", bot: "@dams_new_robot", audio: "", video: "" } ]; debugLog("Loaded fallback questions"); } // Quiz state let currentQuestion = 0; let answers = new Array(questions.length).fill(null); let markedForReview = new Array(questions.length).fill(false); let timeRemaining = 35 * 60; // Duration in seconds let timerInterval = null; const quizId = `{title.replace(/\s+/g, '_').toLowerCase()}`; // Unique ID for local storage // Load saved progress function loadProgress() { try { debugLog("Loading progress from localStorage"); const saved = localStorage.getItem(`quiz_${quizId}`); if (saved) { const { savedAnswers, savedMarked, savedTime } = JSON.parse(saved); answers = savedAnswers || answers; markedForReview = savedMarked || markedForReview; timeRemaining = savedTime !== undefined ? savedTime : timeRemaining; debugLog("Progress loaded successfully"); } else { debugLog("No saved progress found"); } } catch (e) { console.error("Error loading progress:", e); debugLog("Failed to load progress: " + e.message); } } // Save progress function saveProgress() { try { debugLog("Saving progress to localStorage"); localStorage.setItem(`quiz_${quizId}`, JSON.stringify({ savedAnswers: answers, savedMarked: markedForReview, savedTime: timeRemaining })); debugLog("Progress saved successfully"); } catch (e) { console.error("Error saving progress:", e); debugLog("Failed to save progress: " + e.message); } } // Initialize quiz function initQuiz() { try { debugLog("Initializing quiz"); loadProgress(); const startButton = document.getElementById('start-test'); if (!startButton) { throw new Error("Start test button not found"); } startButton.addEventListener('click', startQuiz); debugLog("Start test button listener attached"); document.getElementById('previous-btn').addEventListener('click', showPreviousQuestion); document.getElementById('next-btn').addEventListener('click', showNextQuestion); document.getElementById('mark-review').addEventListener('click', toggleMarkForReview); document.getElementById('nav-toggle').addEventListener('click', toggleNavPanel); document.getElementById('submit-test').addEventListener('click', showSubmitModal); document.getElementById('continue-test').addEventListener('click', closeExitModal); document.getElementById('exit-test').addEventListener('click', () => { debugLog("Exiting test"); localStorage.removeItem(`quiz_${quizId}`); window.location.reload(); }); document.getElementById('cancel-submit').addEventListener('click', closeSubmitModal); document.getElementById('confirm-submit').addEventListener('click', submitTest); document.getElementById('take-again').addEventListener('click', () => { debugLog("Restarting test"); localStorage.removeItem(`quiz_${quizId}`); window.location.reload(); }); document.getElementById('review-test').addEventListener('click', () => showResults(currentResultQuestion)); document.getElementById('close-nav').addEventListener('click', toggleNavPanel); document.getElementById('theme-toggle').addEventListener('click', toggleTheme); document.getElementById('nav-filter').addEventListener('change', updateNavPanel); document.getElementById('prev-result').addEventListener('click', showPreviousResult); document.getElementById('next-result').addEventListener('click', showNextResult); document.getElementById('results-nav-toggle').addEventListener('click', toggleResultsNavPanel); document.getElementById('close-results-nav').addEventListener('click', toggleResultsNavPanel); document.getElementById('results-nav-filter').addEventListener('change', updateResultsNavPanel); debugLog("Quiz initialized successfully"); } catch (e) { console.error("Failed to initialize quiz:", e); debugLog("Failed to initialize quiz: " + e.message); document.getElementById('error-message').innerHTML = "Error initializing quiz. Please check the console for details or contact support."; document.getElementById('error-message').classList.remove('hidden'); document.getElementById('start-test').disabled = true; } } // Start quiz function startQuiz() { try { debugLog("Starting quiz"); document.getElementById('instructions').classList.add('hidden'); document.getElementById('quiz').classList.remove('hidden'); showQuestion(currentQuestion); startTimer(); updateNavPanel(); debugLog("Quiz started successfully"); } catch (e) { console.error("Error starting quiz:", e); debugLog("Failed to start quiz: " + e.message); document.getElementById('error-message').innerHTML = "Error starting quiz. Please check the console for details or contact support."; document.getElementById('error-message').classList.remove('hidden'); document.getElementById('quiz').classList.add('hidden'); document.getElementById('instructions').classList.remove('hidden'); } } // Show question function showQuestion(index) { try { debugLog(`Showing question ${index + 1}`); currentQuestion = index; const q = questions[index]; if (!q) { throw new Error(`Question ${index} is undefined`); } document.getElementById('question-number').innerHTML = `Question <span>${index + 1}</span> of ${questions.length}`; document.getElementById('question-text').innerHTML = q.text || "No question text available"; const imagesDiv = document.getElementById('question-images'); imagesDiv.innerHTML = q.question_images && q.question_images.length > 0 ? q.question_images.map(url => `<img src="${url}" alt="Question Image" class="max-w-full h-auto rounded-lg">`).join('') : ''; const optionsDiv = document.getElementById('options'); optionsDiv.innerHTML = q.options && q.options.length > 0 ? q.options.map(opt => ` <button class="option-btn w-full text-left p-3 border rounded-lg ${answers[index] === opt.label ? 'selected' : ''}" onclick="selectOption(${index}, '${opt.label}')" aria-label="Option ${opt.label}: ${opt.text}"> ${opt.label}. ${opt.text} </button> `).join('') : '<p class="text-red-500">No options available</p>'; document.getElementById('previous-btn').disabled = index === 0; document.getElementById('next-btn').disabled = index === questions.length - 1; document.getElementById('mark-review').classList.toggle('marked', markedForReview[index]); updateProgressBar(); saveProgress(); window.scrollTo({ top: 0, behavior: 'smooth' }); debugLog(`Question ${index + 1} displayed successfully`); } catch (e) { console.error("Error displaying question:", e); debugLog("Failed to display question: " + e.message); } } // Select option function selectOption(index, label) { try { debugLog(`Selecting option ${label} for question ${index + 1}`); answers[index] = label; const optionsDiv = document.getElementById('options'); const optionButtons = optionsDiv.querySelectorAll('.option-btn'); optionButtons.forEach(btn => { const btnLabel = btn.textContent.trim().split('.')[0]; btn.classList.toggle('selected', btnLabel === label); }); updateNavPanel(); saveProgress(); debugLog(`Option ${label} selected for question ${index + 1}`); } catch (e) { console.error("Error selecting option:", e); debugLog("Failed to select option: " + e.message); } } // Toggle mark for review function toggleMarkForReview() { try { debugLog(`Toggling mark for review on question ${currentQuestion + 1}`); markedForReview[currentQuestion] = !markedForReview[currentQuestion]; document.getElementById('mark-review').classList.toggle('marked', markedForReview[currentQuestion]); updateNavPanel(); saveProgress(); debugLog(`Mark for review toggled for question ${currentQuestion + 1}`); } catch (e) { console.error("Error marking for review:", e); debugLog("Failed to mark for review: " + e.message); } } // Navigate to previous question function showPreviousQuestion() { try { debugLog(`Navigating to previous question from ${currentQuestion + 1}`); if (currentQuestion > 0) { currentQuestion--; showQuestion(currentQuestion); } } catch (e) { console.error("Error navigating to previous question:", e); debugLog("Failed to navigate to previous question: " + e.message); } } // Navigate to next question function showNextQuestion() { try { debugLog(`Navigating to next question from ${currentQuestion + 1}`); if (currentQuestion < questions.length - 1) { currentQuestion++; showQuestion(currentQuestion); } } catch (e) { console.error("Error navigating to next question:", e); debugLog("Failed to navigate to next question: " + e.message); } } // Handle question navigation click function handleQuestionNavClick(index) { try { debugLog(`Navigating to question ${index + 1} via nav panel`); showQuestion(index); toggleNavPanel(); } catch (e) { console.error("Error handling navigation click:", e); debugLog("Failed to navigate via nav panel: " + e.message); } } // Start timer function startTimer() { try { debugLog("Starting timer"); timerInterval = setInterval(() => { if (timeRemaining <= 0) { debugLog("Timer expired, submitting test"); clearInterval(timerInterval); submitTest(); } else { timeRemaining--; const minutes = Math.floor(timeRemaining / 60); const seconds = timeRemaining % 60; document.getElementById('timer').innerHTML = `Time Remaining: <span>${minutes.toString().padStart(2, '0')}:${seconds.toString().padStart(2, '0')}</span>`; saveProgress(); } }, 1000); debugLog("Timer started successfully"); } catch (e) { console.error("Error starting timer:", e); debugLog("Failed to start timer: " + e.message); } } // Update progress bar function updateProgressBar() { try { debugLog("Updating progress bar"); const progress = ((currentQuestion + 1) / questions.length) * 100; document.getElementById('progress-bar').style.width = `${progress}%`; debugLog("Progress bar updated"); } catch (e) { console.error("Error updating progress bar:", e); debugLog("Failed to update progress bar: " + e.message); } } // Update quiz navigation panel function updateNavPanel() { try { debugLog("Updating quiz navigation panel"); const filter = document.getElementById('nav-filter').value; const navGrid = document.getElementById('nav-grid'); navGrid.innerHTML = questions.map((_, i) => { if (filter === 'answered' && !answers[i]) return ''; if (filter === 'unanswered' && answers[i]) return ''; if (filter === 'marked' && !markedForReview[i]) return ''; return ` <button class="question-nav-btn ${answers[i] ? 'answered' : 'unanswered'} ${markedForReview[i] ? 'marked-nav' : ''}" onclick="handleQuestionNavClick(${i})" aria-label="Go to Question ${i + 1}"> ${i + 1} </button> `; }).join(''); debugLog("Quiz navigation panel updated"); } catch (e) { console.error("Error updating quiz navigation panel:", e); debugLog("Failed to update quiz navigation panel: " + e.message); } } // Update results navigation panel function updateResultsNavPanel() { try { debugLog("Updating results navigation panel"); const filter = document.getElementById('results-nav-filter').value; const navGrid = document.getElementById('results-nav-grid'); navGrid.innerHTML = questions.map((_, i) => { if (filter === 'answered' && !answers[i]) return ''; if (filter === 'unanswered' && answers[i]) return ''; if (filter === 'marked' && !markedForReview[i]) return ''; return ` <button class="result-nav-btn-grid ${answers[i] ? 'answered' : 'unanswered'} ${markedForReview[i] ? 'marked-nav' : ''}" onclick="handleResultNavClick(${i})" aria-label="Go to Result for Question ${i + 1}"> ${i + 1} </button> `; }).join(''); debugLog("Results navigation panel updated"); } catch (e) { console.error("Error updating results navigation panel:", e); debugLog("Failed to update results navigation panel: " + e.message); } } // Toggle quiz navigation panel function toggleNavPanel() { try { debugLog("Toggling quiz navigation panel"); const navPanel = document.getElementById('nav-panel'); navPanel.classList.toggle('hidden'); debugLog("Quiz navigation panel toggled"); } catch (e) { console.error("Error toggling quiz navigation panel:", e); debugLog("Failed to toggle quiz navigation panel: " + e.message); } } // Toggle results navigation panel function toggleResultsNavPanel() { try { debugLog("Toggling results navigation panel"); const resultsNavPanel = document.getElementById('results-nav-panel'); resultsNavPanel.classList.toggle('hidden'); if (!resultsNavPanel.classList.contains('hidden')) { updateResultsNavPanel(); } debugLog("Results navigation panel toggled"); } catch (e) { console.error("Error toggling results navigation panel:", e); debugLog("Failed to toggle results navigation panel: " + e.message); } } // Handle result navigation click function handleResultNavClick(index) { try { debugLog(`Navigating to result for question ${index + 1} via nav panel`); showResults(index); toggleResultsNavPanel(); } catch (e) { console.error("Error handling result navigation click:", e); debugLog("Failed to navigate to result: " + e.message); } } // Show submit modal function showSubmitModal() { try { debugLog("Showing submit modal"); const attempted = answers.filter(a => a !== null).length; document.getElementById('attempted-count').textContent = attempted; document.getElementById('unattempted-count').textContent = questions.length - attempted; document.getElementById('submit-modal').classList.remove('hidden'); debugLog("Submit modal displayed"); } catch (e) { console.error("Error showing submit modal:", e); debugLog("Failed to show submit modal: " + e.message); } } // Close submit modal function closeSubmitModal() { try { debugLog("Closing submit modal"); document.getElementById('submit-modal').classList.add('hidden'); debugLog("Submit modal closed"); } catch (e) { console.error("Error closing submit modal:", e); debugLog("Failed to close submit modal: " + e.message); } } // Close exit modal function closeExitModal() { try { debugLog("Closing exit modal"); document.getElementById('exit-modal').classList.add('hidden'); debugLog("Exit modal closed"); } catch (e) { console.error("Error closing exit modal:", e); debugLog("Failed to close exit modal: " + e.message); } } // Submit test function submitTest() { try { debugLog("Submitting test"); clearInterval(timerInterval); document.getElementById('quiz').classList.add('hidden'); document.getElementById('submit-modal').classList.add('hidden'); document.getElementById('results').classList.remove('hidden'); showResults(0); // Start with first question // Trigger confetti animation confetti({ particleCount: 100, spread: 70, origin: { y: 0.6 } }); localStorage.removeItem(`quiz_${quizId}`); debugLog("Test submitted successfully"); } catch (e) { console.error("Error submitting test:", e); debugLog("Failed to submit test: " + e.message); } } // Show result for a single question function showResults(index) { try { debugLog(`Showing result for question ${index + 1}`); currentResultQuestion = index; let correct = 0, wrong = 0, unanswered = 0, marked = 0; answers.forEach((answer, i) => { const isCorrect = answer && questions[i].options.find(opt => opt.label === answer)?.correct; if (answer === null) unanswered++; else if (isCorrect) correct++; else wrong++; if (markedForReview[i]) marked++; }); const q = questions[index]; if (!q) { throw new Error(`Question ${index} is undefined`); } const userAnswer = answers[index]; const isCorrect = userAnswer && q.options.find(opt => opt.label === userAnswer)?.correct; const resultsContent = document.getElementById('results-content'); resultsContent.innerHTML = ` <div class="border p-4 rounded-lg ${isCorrect ? 'bg-green-50' : userAnswer ? 'bg-red-50' : 'bg-gray-50'}"> <p class="font-semibold">Question ${index + 1}: ${q.text || 'No question text'}</p> ${q.question_images && q.question_images.length > 0 ? q.question_images.map(url => `<img src="${url}" alt="Question Image" class="max-w-full h-auto rounded-lg my-2">`).join('') : ''} <p><strong>Your Answer:</strong> ${userAnswer ? `${userAnswer}. ${q.options.find(opt => opt.label === userAnswer)?.text || 'Invalid option'}` : 'Unanswered'}</p> <p><strong>Correct Answer:</strong> ${q.correct_answer || 'Unknown'}</p> <div class="mt-2">${q.explanation || 'No explanation available'}</div> ${q.explanation_images && q.explanation_images.length > 0 ? q.explanation_images.map(url => `<img src="${url}" alt="Explanation Image" class="max-w-full h-auto rounded-lg my-2">`).join('') : ''} ${q.video ? ` <button class="play-video bg-blue-500 text-white px-4 py-2 rounded-lg mt-2" onclick="loadVideo(this, '${q.video}', 'video-${index}')" aria-label="Play explanation video for Question ${index + 1}"> Play Video Explanation </button> <div id="video-${index}" class="video-container mt-2"></div> ` : '<p class="text-gray-500 mt-2">No video available</p>'} ${q.audio ? ` <button class="play-audio bg-blue-500 text-white px-4 py-2 rounded-lg mt-2" onclick="loadAudio(this, '${q.audio}', 'audio-${index}')" aria-label="Play audio explanation for Question ${index + 1}"> Play Audio Explanation </button> <div id="audio-${index}" class="audio-container mt-2"></div> ` : ''} </div> `; document.getElementById('correct-count').textContent = correct; document.getElementById('wrong-count').textContent = wrong; document.getElementById('unanswered-count').textContent = unanswered; document.getElementById('marked-count').textContent = marked; document.getElementById('result-question-number').innerHTML = `Question <span>${index + 1}</span> of ${questions.length}`; document.getElementById('prev-result').disabled = index === 0; document.getElementById('next-result').disabled = index === questions.length - 1; updateResultsNavPanel(); window.scrollTo({ top: 0, behavior: 'smooth' }); debugLog(`Result for question ${index + 1} displayed successfully`); } catch (e) { console.error("Error displaying result:", e); debugLog("Failed to display result: " + e.message); } } // Navigate to previous result function showPreviousResult() { try { debugLog(`Navigating to previous result from question ${currentResultQuestion + 1}`); if (currentResultQuestion > 0) { showResults(currentResultQuestion - 1); } } catch (e) { console.error("Error navigating to previous result:", e); debugLog("Failed to navigate to previous result: " + e.message); } } // Navigate to next result function showNextResult() { try { debugLog(`Navigating to next result from question ${currentResultQuestion + 1}`); if (currentResultQuestion < questions.length - 1) { showResults(currentResultQuestion + 1); } } catch (e) { console.error("Error navigating to next result:", e); debugLog("Failed to navigate to next result: " + e.message); } } // Lazy-load video function loadVideo(button, videoUrl, containerId) { try { debugLog(`Loading video for ${containerId}: ${videoUrl}`); if (!videoUrl) { const container = document.getElementById(containerId); container.innerHTML = `<p class="text-gray-500">No video available</p>`; button.remove(); debugLog("No video URL provided"); return; } const container = document.getElementById(containerId); container.innerHTML = ` <div class="video-loading"></div> <video controls class="w-full max-w-[600px] rounded-lg" preload="metadata" aria-label="Video explanation"> <source src="${videoUrl}" type="${videoUrl.endsWith('.m3u8') ? 'application/x-mpegURL' : 'video/mp4'}"> Your browser does not support the video tag. </video> `; container.classList.add('active'); button.remove(); // Initialize HLS.js for .m3u8 videos const video = container.querySelector('video'); if (videoUrl.endsWith('.m3u8') && Hls.isSupported()) { const hls = new Hls(); hls.loadSource(videoUrl); hls.attachMedia(video); hls.on(Hls.Events.ERROR, (event, data) => { console.error("HLS.js error:", data); container.innerHTML = `<p class="text-red-500">Error loading video. <a href="${videoUrl}" target="_blank" aria-label="Open video in new tab">Open video</a></p>`; debugLog("HLS.js error: " + JSON.stringify(data)); }); } else if (videoUrl.endsWith('.m3u8') && video.canPlayType('application/vnd.apple.mpegurl')) { video.src = videoUrl; } // Handle video load errors video.onerror = () => { console.error("Video load error for URL:", videoUrl); container.innerHTML = `<p class="text-red-500">Error loading video. <a href="${videoUrl}" target="_blank" aria-label="Open video in new tab">Open video</a></p>`; debugLog("Video load error for URL: " + videoUrl); }; // Remove loading spinner when video is ready video.onloadedmetadata = () => { container.querySelector('.video-loading').remove(); debugLog("Video loaded successfully"); }; } catch (e) { console.error("Error loading video:", e); debugLog("Failed to load video: " + e.message); const container = document.getElementById(containerId); container.innerHTML = `<p class="text-red-500">Error loading video. <a href="${videoUrl}" target="_blank" aria-label="Open video in new tab">Open video</a></p>`; } } // Lazy-load audio function loadAudio(button, audioUrl, containerId) { try { debugLog(`Loading audio for ${containerId}: ${audioUrl}`); if (!audioUrl) { const container = document.getElementById(containerId); container.innerHTML = `<p class="text-gray-500">No audio available</p>`; button.remove(); debugLog("No audio URL provided"); return; } const container = document.getElementById(containerId); container.innerHTML = ` <audio controls class="w-full max-w-[600px]" preload="metadata" aria-label="Audio explanation"> <source src="${audioUrl}" type="audio/mpeg"> Your browser does not support the audio tag. </audio> `; container.classList.add('active'); button.remove(); // Handle audio load errors const audio = container.querySelector('audio'); audio.onerror = () => { console.error("Audio load error for URL:", audioUrl); container.innerHTML = `<p class="text-red-500">Error loading audio. <a href="${audioUrl}" target="_blank" aria-label="Open audio in new tab">Open audio</a></p>`; debugLog("Audio load error for URL: " + audioUrl); }; debugLog("Audio loaded successfully"); } catch (e) { console.error("Error loading audio:", e); debugLog("Failed to load audio: " + e.message); const container = document.getElementById(containerId); container.innerHTML = `<p class="text-red-500">Error loading audio. <a href="${audioUrl}" target="_blank" aria-label="Open audio in new tab">Open audio</a></p>`; } } // Toggle dark mode function toggleTheme() { try { debugLog("Toggling theme"); document.documentElement.classList.toggle('dark'); localStorage.setItem('theme', document.documentElement.classList.contains('dark') ? 'dark' : 'light'); debugLog("Theme toggled successfully"); } catch (e) { console.error("Error toggling theme:", e); debugLog("Failed to toggle theme: " + e.message); } } // Load theme preference function loadTheme() { try { debugLog("Loading theme preference"); const theme = localStorage.getItem('theme'); if (theme === 'dark') { document.documentElement.classList.add('dark'); } debugLog("Theme loaded successfully"); } catch (e) { console.error("Error loading theme:", e); debugLog("Failed to load theme: " + e.message); } } // Initialize on DOM content loaded window.addEventListener('DOMContentLoaded', () => { try { debugLog("DOM content loaded, initializing quiz"); loadTheme(); initQuiz(); } catch (e) { console.error("Error during DOMContentLoaded:", e); debugLog("Failed to initialize on DOMContentLoaded: " + e.message); document.getElementById('error-message').innerHTML = "Error initializing quiz. Please check the console for details or contact support."; document.getElementById('error-message').classList.remove('hidden'); } }); </script> </body> </html>" frameborder="0" width="100%" height="2000px">
<div class="bg-white rounded-lg shadow-md p-4 md:p-6"> <h2 class="text-xl font-semibold mb-4">Instructions</h2> <h4 class="text-gray-800 text-lg font-semibold mt-6 mb-4">Test Features:</h4> <ul class="space-y-3"> <li class="flex items-center gap-3"> <i class="fa-solid fa-circle-check text-green-500"></i> Multiple choice questions with single correct answers </li> <li class="flex items-center gap-3"> <i class="fa-solid fa-circle-check text-green-500"></i> Timer-based testing for realistic exam conditions </li> <li class="flex items-center gap-3"> <i class="fa-solid fa-circle-check text-green-500"></i> Mark questions for review functionality </li> <li class="flex items-center gap-3"> <i class="fa-solid fa-circle-check text-green-500"></i> Comprehensive results and performance analysis </li> <li class="flex items-center gap-3"> <i class="fa-solid fa-circle-check text-green-500"></i> Mobile-optimized interface for learning on-the-go </li> </ul> <div class="mt-6 flex space-x-4 button-group md:flex-row flex-col"> <button class="bg-[#2c5281] text-white px-6 py-2 rounded-lg hover:bg-[#2c5281] transition" id="start-test">Start Test</button> </div> <div class="error-message hidden" id="error-message"></div> </div> </section> <!-- Quiz Section --> <section class="container mx-auto px-4 md:px-6 pt-4 md:pt-6 pb-1 hidden section-transition" id="quiz"> <div class="bg-white rounded-lg shadow-md p-4 md:p-6"> <!-- Progress Bar --> <div class="w-full bg-gray-200 rounded-full h-3 mb-4"> <div class="progress-bar h-3 rounded-full" id="progress-bar" style="width: 0%"></div> </div> <!-- Question Header --> <div class="flex flex-col md:flex-row justify-between items-center mb-4"> <h2 class="text-lg font-semibold" id="question-number">Question <span>1</span> of 4</h2> <p class="text-lg font-semibold mt-2 md:mt-0" id="timer">Time Remaining: <span>00:00</span></p> </div> <!-- Question Content --> <div class="mb-6" id="question-content"> <p class="text-gray-800 mb-4" id="question-text"></p> <div class="flex flex-wrap gap-4 mb-4" id="question-images"></div> <div class="space-y-3" id="options"></div> </div> <!-- Navigation Buttons --> <div class="flex flex-col md:flex-row justify-between items-center gap-2 md:gap-4"> <div class="flex gap-2 w-full md:w-auto"> <button class="bg-[#2c5281] text-white px-4 py-3 w-full md:w-32 h-14 rounded-lg hover:bg-[#2c5281] transition" disabled="" id="previous-btn">Previous</button> <button class="bg-[#2c5281] text-white px-4 py-3 w-full md:w-32 h-14 rounded-lg hover:bg-[#2c5281] transition" id="next-btn">Next</button> </div> <div class="flex items-center gap-2"> <button class="bg-transparent text-gray-700 px-4 py-2 rounded-lg hover:bg-gray-100 transition flex items-center gap-1" id="mark-review"> Review <svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" class="h-5 w-5" viewBox="0 0 20 20" fill="currentColor"> <path d="M10 2a1 1 0 00-1 1v14l3.293-3.293a1 1 0 011.414 0L17 17V3a1 1 0 00-1-1H10z" /> </svg> </button> <button class="bg-transparent text-gray-700 px-4 py-2 rounded-lg hover:bg-gray-100 transition flex items-center gap-1" id="nav-toggle"> Question 🧭 </button> <button class="bg-green-500 text-white px-6 py-3 w-44 h-14 rounded-lg hover:bg-green-600 transition w-full md:w-auto" id="submit-test">Submit Test</button> </div> </div> </section> <!-- Results Section --> <section class="container mx-auto px-4 md:px-6 pt-4 md:pt-6 pb-1 hidden section-transition" id="results"> <div class="bg-white rounded-lg shadow-md p-4 md:p-6"> <h2 class="text-2xl font-semibold mb-4">Anaesthesia Machine - Results</h2> <div class="grid grid-cols-1 md:grid-cols-2 gap-4 mb-6"> <p><strong>Correct:</strong> <span id="correct-count" class="text-[#000000]">0</span></p> <p><strong>Wrong:</strong> <span id="wrong-count" class="text-[#000000]">0</span></p> <p><strong>Unanswered:</strong> <span id="unanswered-count" class="text-[#000000]-500">0</span></p> <p><strong>Marked for Review:</strong> <span id="marked-count" class="text-[#000000]">0</span></p> </div> <h3 class="text-lg font-semibold mb-4" id="result-question-number">Question <span>1</span> of 4</h3> <div class="space-y-6" id="results-content"></div> <div class="result-nav"> <button aria-label="Previous question result" class="result-nav-btn bg-[#2c5281] text-white px-6 py-2 rounded-lg hover:bg-[#2c5281] transition" disabled="" id="prev-result">Previous</button> <button aria-label="Toggle results navigation panel" class="result-nav-btn bg-[#2c5281] text-white px-6 py-2 rounded-lg hover:bg-[#2c5281] transition" id="results-nav-toggle">Result 🧭</button> <button aria-label="Next question result" class="result-nav-btn bg-[#2c5281] text-white px-6 py-2 rounded-lg hover:bg-[#2c5281] transition" id="next-result">Next</button> </div> <div class="mt-6 flex space-x-4 button-group md:flex-row flex-col"> <button class="bg-green-500 text-white px-6 py-2 rounded-lg hover:bg-green-600 transition" id="take-again">Take Again</button> </div> </div> </section> <!-- Exit Confirmation Modal --> <div class="fixed inset-0 bg-black bg-opacity-50 flex items-center justify-center hidden" id="exit-modal"> <div class="bg-white rounded-lg p-6 max-w-sm w-full"> <h2 class="text-xl font-semibold mb-4">Leave Test?</h2> <p class="text-gray-700 mb-4">Your progress will be lost if you leave this page. Are you sure you want to exit?</p> <div class="flex justify-end space-x-4"> <button class="bg-gray-300 text-gray-700 px-4 py-2 rounded-lg hover:bg-gray-400 transition" id="continue-test">No, Continue</button> <button class="bg-red-500 text-white px-4 py-2 rounded-lg hover:bg-red-600 transition" id="exit-test">Yes, Exit</button> </div> </div> </div> <!-- Submit Confirmation Modal --> <div class="fixed inset-0 bg-black bg-opacity-50 flex items-center justify-center hidden" id="submit-modal"> <div class="bg-white rounded-lg p-6 max-w-sm w-full"> <h2 class="text-xl font-semibold mb-4">Confirm Submission</h2> <p class="text-gray-700 mb-2">You have attempted <span id="attempted-count">0</span> of 2 questions.</p> <p class="text-gray-700 mb-4"><span id="unattempted-count">0</span> questions are unattempted.</p> <div class="flex justify-end space-x-4"> <button class="bg-gray-300 text-gray-700 px-4 py-2 rounded-lg hover:bg-gray-400 transition" id="cancel-submit">Cancel</button> <button class="bg-green-500 text-white px-4 py-2 rounded-lg hover:bg-green-600 transition" id="confirm-submit">Submit Test</button> </div> </div> </div> <!-- Quiz Navigation Panel --> <div class="fixed inset-y-0 right-0 nav-panel bg-white shadow-lg p-4 hidden overflow-y-auto" id="nav-panel"> <h2 class="text-lg font-semibold mb-4">Questions Navigation</h2> <div class="mb-4"> <select class="w-full p-2 border rounded-lg text-gray-700" id="nav-filter"> <option value="all">All Questions</option> <option value="answered">Answered</option> <option value="unanswered">Unanswered</option> <option value="marked">Marked for Review</option> </select> </div> <div class="grid grid-cols-5 gap-2 md:gap-3" id="nav-grid"></div> <button class="mt-4 bg-gray-500 text-white px-4 py-2 rounded-lg hover:bg-gray-600 transition w-full" id="close-nav">Close</button> </div> <!-- Results Navigation Panel --> <div class="fixed inset-y-0 right-0 results-nav-panel bg-white shadow-lg p-4 hidden overflow-y-auto" id="results-nav-panel"> <h2 class="text-lg font-semibold mb-4">Results Navigation</h2> <div class="mb-4"> <select class="w-full p-2 border rounded-lg text-gray-700" id="results-nav-filter"> <option value="all">All Questions</option> <option value="answered">Answered</option> <option value="unanswered">Unanswered</option> <option value="marked">Marked for Review</option> </select> </div> <div class="grid grid-cols-5 gap-2 md:gap-3" id="results-nav-grid"></div> <button class="mt-4 bg-gray-500 text-white px-4 py-2 rounded-lg hover:bg-gray-600 transition w-full" id="close-results-nav">Close</button> </div> <!-- JavaScript Logic --> <script> // Enable debug mode for detailed logging const DEBUG_MODE = true; // Log debug messages function debugLog(message) { if (DEBUG_MODE) { console.log(`[DEBUG] ${message}`); } } // Initialize questions with error handling let questions = []; let currentResultQuestion = 0; // State for current question in results try { debugLog("Attempting to parse questions_json"); questions = [{"text": "In a case presented in the outpatient department (OPD), a patient reported experiencing abdominal pain and diarrhea. Upon further examination, the patient exhibited symptoms of cutaneous flushing, extensive wheezing, and tricuspid insufficiency. Subsequent contrast enhanced MRI scans indicated the presence of endocardial fibrosis. As a result of this condition, which substance is likely to be excreted excessively by the patient?", "options": [{"label": "A", "text": "Vanillylmandelic acid", "correct": false}, {"label": "B", "text": "Imidazoleacetic acid", "correct": false}, {"label": "C", "text": "5-hydroxy indole acetic acid", "correct": true}, {"label": "D", "text": "Choline", "correct": false}], "correct_answer": "C. 5-hydroxy indole acetic acid", "question_images": [], "explanation_images": [], "explanation": "\n\n\n<p style='font-size: 10px; color: #808080; font-style: italic;'>@dams_new_robot</p>", "bot": "@dams_new_robot", "audio": "", "video": ""}, {"text": "The best method for the detection of mutations with low allele frequency is:", "options": [{"label": "A", "text": "Droplet digital PCR", "correct": true}, {"label": "B", "text": "FISH", "correct": false}, {"label": "C", "text": "Nested PCR", "correct": false}, {"label": "D", "text": "Sanger sequencing", "correct": false}], "correct_answer": "A. Droplet digital PCR", "question_images": [], "explanation_images": ["https://image.prepladder.com/notes/h7hdrOm2Mv1QMqrKtDS11746698736.png"], "explanation": "<p><strong>Educational Objective:</strong></p>\n<ul><li>➤ Learning Objective:</li><li>➤ Assay Type Advantages Main Limitations Real-time PCR Rapid results Cost effectiveness Limited number of DNA sequences Digital droplet PCR High sensitivity (detection of low allele frequency,0.005-0.1) Limited number of DNA sequences Next-generation sequencing Larger number of DNA sequences. Detection of coexisting mutations. Higher allele frequency required compared to ddPCR (0.1%). Higher costs More complex data analysis and interpretation.</li><li>➤ Assay Type Advantages Main Limitations</li><li>➤ Main Limitations</li><li>➤ Main Limitations</li><li>➤ Main Limitations</li><li>➤ Real-time PCR Rapid results Cost effectiveness Limited number of DNA sequences</li><li>➤ Rapid results Cost effectiveness</li><li>➤ Rapid results Cost effectiveness</li><li>➤ Cost effectiveness</li><li>➤ Limited number of DNA sequences</li><li>➤ Limited number of DNA sequences</li><li>➤ Limited number of DNA sequences</li><li>➤ Digital droplet PCR High sensitivity (detection of low allele frequency,0.005-0.1) Limited number of DNA sequences</li><li>➤ Digital droplet PCR</li><li>➤ Digital droplet PCR</li><li>➤ Digital droplet PCR</li><li>➤ High sensitivity (detection of low allele frequency,0.005-0.1)</li><li>➤ High sensitivity (detection of low allele frequency,0.005-0.1)</li><li>➤ High sensitivity (detection of low allele frequency,0.005-0.1)</li><li>➤ Limited number of DNA sequences</li><li>➤ Limited number of DNA sequences</li><li>➤ Limited number of DNA sequences</li><li>➤ Next-generation sequencing Larger number of DNA sequences. Detection of coexisting mutations. Higher allele frequency required compared to ddPCR (0.1%). Higher costs More complex data analysis and interpretation.</li><li>➤ Next-generation sequencing</li><li>➤ Next-generation sequencing</li><li>➤ Next-generation sequencing</li><li>➤ Larger number of DNA sequences. Detection of coexisting mutations.</li><li>➤ Larger number of DNA sequences. Detection of coexisting mutations.</li><li>➤ Larger number of DNA sequences.</li><li>➤ Detection of coexisting mutations.</li><li>➤ Higher allele frequency required compared to ddPCR (0.1%). Higher costs More complex data analysis and interpretation.</li><li>➤ Higher allele frequency required compared to ddPCR (0.1%). Higher costs More complex data analysis and interpretation.</li><li>➤ Higher allele frequency required compared to ddPCR (0.1%).</li><li>➤ More complex data analysis and interpretation.</li></ul>\n<table cellspacing=\"0\" style=\"border-collapse:collapse\">\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Assay Type</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Advantages</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Main Limitations</strong></p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Real-time PCR</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<ul>\n<li>Rapid results</li>\n<li>Cost effectiveness</li>\n</ul>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<ul>\n<li>Limited number of DNA sequences</li>\n</ul>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Digital <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"33843a1c3716927771867f807275d2\">droplet</span> PCR</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<ul>\n<li>High sensitivity (detection of low <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"88c5dcbf0a1692777181e199712f81\">allele</span> frequency,0.005-0.1)</li>\n</ul>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<ul>\n<li>Limited number of DNA sequences</li>\n</ul>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Next-generation sequencing</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<ul>\n<li>Larger number of DNA sequences.</li>\n<li>Detection of coexisting mutations.</li>\n</ul>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<ul>\n<li>Higher <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"88c5dcbf0a1692777181e199712f81\">allele</span> frequency required compared to ddPCR (0.1%).</li>\n<li>Higher costs</li>\n<li>More complex data analysis and interpretation.</li>\n</ul>\n</td>\n</tr>\n</tbody>\n\n\n<p style='font-size: 10px; color: #808080; font-style: italic;'>@dams_new_robot</p>", "bot": "@dams_new_robot", "audio": "", "video": ""}]; if (!Array.isArray(questions) || questions.length === 0) { throw new Error("Questions data is empty or invalid"); } debugLog(`Successfully parsed ${questions.length} questions`); } catch (e) { console.error("Failed to parse questions_json:", e); document.getElementById('error-message').innerHTML = "Error loading quiz data. Please check the console for details or contact support."; document.getElementById('error-message').classList.remove('hidden'); document.getElementById('start-test').disabled = true; // Fallback to sample questions for testing questions = [ { text: "What is 2 + 2?", options: [ { label: "A", text: "3", correct: false }, { label: "B", text: "4", correct: true }, { label: "C", text: "5", correct: false }, { label: "D", text: "6", correct: false } ], correct_answer: "B. 4", question_images: [], explanation_images: [], explanation: "<p>2 + 2 = 4</p><p>@dams_new_robot</p>", bot: "@dams_new_robot", audio: "", video: "" } ]; debugLog("Loaded fallback questions"); } // Quiz state let currentQuestion = 0; let answers = new Array(questions.length).fill(null); let markedForReview = new Array(questions.length).fill(false); let timeRemaining = 12 * 60; // Duration in seconds let timerInterval = null; const quizId = `{title.replace(/\s+/g, '_').toLowerCase()}`; // Unique ID for local storage // Load saved progress function loadProgress() { try { debugLog("Loading progress from localStorage"); const saved = localStorage.getItem(`quiz_${quizId}`); if (saved) { const { savedAnswers, savedMarked, savedTime } = JSON.parse(saved); answers = savedAnswers || answers; markedForReview = savedMarked || markedForReview; timeRemaining = savedTime !== undefined ? savedTime : timeRemaining; debugLog("Progress loaded successfully"); } else { debugLog("No saved progress found"); } } catch (e) { console.error("Error loading progress:", e); debugLog("Failed to load progress: " + e.message); } } // Save progress function saveProgress() { try { debugLog("Saving progress to localStorage"); localStorage.setItem(`quiz_${quizId}`, JSON.stringify({ savedAnswers: answers, savedMarked: markedForReview, savedTime: timeRemaining })); debugLog("Progress saved successfully"); } catch (e) { console.error("Error saving progress:", e); debugLog("Failed to save progress: " + e.message); } } // Initialize quiz function initQuiz() { try { debugLog("Initializing quiz"); loadProgress(); const startButton = document.getElementById('start-test'); if (!startButton) { throw new Error("Start test button not found"); } startButton.addEventListener('click', startQuiz); debugLog("Start test button listener attached"); document.getElementById('previous-btn').addEventListener('click', showPreviousQuestion); document.getElementById('next-btn').addEventListener('click', showNextQuestion); document.getElementById('mark-review').addEventListener('click', toggleMarkForReview); document.getElementById('nav-toggle').addEventListener('click', toggleNavPanel); document.getElementById('submit-test').addEventListener('click', showSubmitModal); document.getElementById('continue-test').addEventListener('click', closeExitModal); document.getElementById('exit-test').addEventListener('click', () => { debugLog("Exiting test"); localStorage.removeItem(`quiz_${quizId}`); window.location.reload(); }); document.getElementById('cancel-submit').addEventListener('click', closeSubmitModal); document.getElementById('confirm-submit').addEventListener('click', submitTest); document.getElementById('take-again').addEventListener('click', () => { debugLog("Restarting test"); localStorage.removeItem(`quiz_${quizId}`); window.location.reload(); }); document.getElementById('review-test').addEventListener('click', () => showResults(currentResultQuestion)); document.getElementById('close-nav').addEventListener('click', toggleNavPanel); document.getElementById('theme-toggle').addEventListener('click', toggleTheme); document.getElementById('nav-filter').addEventListener('change', updateNavPanel); document.getElementById('prev-result').addEventListener('click', showPreviousResult); document.getElementById('next-result').addEventListener('click', showNextResult); document.getElementById('results-nav-toggle').addEventListener('click', toggleResultsNavPanel); document.getElementById('close-results-nav').addEventListener('click', toggleResultsNavPanel); document.getElementById('results-nav-filter').addEventListener('change', updateResultsNavPanel); debugLog("Quiz initialized successfully"); } catch (e) { console.error("Failed to initialize quiz:", e); debugLog("Failed to initialize quiz: " + e.message); document.getElementById('error-message').innerHTML = "Error initializing quiz. Please check the console for details or contact support."; document.getElementById('error-message').classList.remove('hidden'); document.getElementById('start-test').disabled = true; } } // Start quiz function startQuiz() { try { debugLog("Starting quiz"); document.getElementById('instructions').classList.add('hidden'); document.getElementById('quiz').classList.remove('hidden'); showQuestion(currentQuestion); startTimer(); updateNavPanel(); debugLog("Quiz started successfully"); } catch (e) { console.error("Error starting quiz:", e); debugLog("Failed to start quiz: " + e.message); document.getElementById('error-message').innerHTML = "Error starting quiz. Please check the console for details or contact support."; document.getElementById('error-message').classList.remove('hidden'); document.getElementById('quiz').classList.add('hidden'); document.getElementById('instructions').classList.remove('hidden'); } } // Show question function showQuestion(index) { try { debugLog(`Showing question ${index + 1}`); currentQuestion = index; const q = questions[index]; if (!q) { throw new Error(`Question ${index} is undefined`); } document.getElementById('question-number').innerHTML = `Question <span>${index + 1}</span> of ${questions.length}`; document.getElementById('question-text').innerHTML = q.text || "No question text available"; const imagesDiv = document.getElementById('question-images'); imagesDiv.innerHTML = q.question_images && q.question_images.length > 0 ? q.question_images.map(url => `<img src="${url}" alt="Question Image" class="max-w-full h-auto rounded-lg">`).join('') : ''; const optionsDiv = document.getElementById('options'); optionsDiv.innerHTML = q.options && q.options.length > 0 ? q.options.map(opt => ` <button class="option-btn w-full text-left p-3 border rounded-lg ${answers[index] === opt.label ? 'selected' : ''}" onclick="selectOption(${index}, '${opt.label}')" aria-label="Option ${opt.label}: ${opt.text}"> ${opt.label}. ${opt.text} </button> `).join('') : '<p class="text-red-500">No options available</p>'; document.getElementById('previous-btn').disabled = index === 0; document.getElementById('next-btn').disabled = index === questions.length - 1; document.getElementById('mark-review').classList.toggle('marked', markedForReview[index]); updateProgressBar(); saveProgress(); window.scrollTo({ top: 0, behavior: 'smooth' }); debugLog(`Question ${index + 1} displayed successfully`); } catch (e) { console.error("Error displaying question:", e); debugLog("Failed to display question: " + e.message); } } // Select option function selectOption(index, label) { try { debugLog(`Selecting option ${label} for question ${index + 1}`); answers[index] = label; const optionsDiv = document.getElementById('options'); const optionButtons = optionsDiv.querySelectorAll('.option-btn'); optionButtons.forEach(btn => { const btnLabel = btn.textContent.trim().split('.')[0]; btn.classList.toggle('selected', btnLabel === label); }); updateNavPanel(); saveProgress(); debugLog(`Option ${label} selected for question ${index + 1}`); } catch (e) { console.error("Error selecting option:", e); debugLog("Failed to select option: " + e.message); } } // Toggle mark for review function toggleMarkForReview() { try { debugLog(`Toggling mark for review on question ${currentQuestion + 1}`); markedForReview[currentQuestion] = !markedForReview[currentQuestion]; document.getElementById('mark-review').classList.toggle('marked', markedForReview[currentQuestion]); updateNavPanel(); saveProgress(); debugLog(`Mark for review toggled for question ${currentQuestion + 1}`); } catch (e) { console.error("Error marking for review:", e); debugLog("Failed to mark for review: " + e.message); } } // Navigate to previous question function showPreviousQuestion() { try { debugLog(`Navigating to previous question from ${currentQuestion + 1}`); if (currentQuestion > 0) { currentQuestion--; showQuestion(currentQuestion); } } catch (e) { console.error("Error navigating to previous question:", e); debugLog("Failed to navigate to previous question: " + e.message); } } // Navigate to next question function showNextQuestion() { try { debugLog(`Navigating to next question from ${currentQuestion + 1}`); if (currentQuestion < questions.length - 1) { currentQuestion++; showQuestion(currentQuestion); } } catch (e) { console.error("Error navigating to next question:", e); debugLog("Failed to navigate to next question: " + e.message); } } // Handle question navigation click function handleQuestionNavClick(index) { try { debugLog(`Navigating to question ${index + 1} via nav panel`); showQuestion(index); toggleNavPanel(); } catch (e) { console.error("Error handling navigation click:", e); debugLog("Failed to navigate via nav panel: " + e.message); } } // Start timer function startTimer() { try { debugLog("Starting timer"); timerInterval = setInterval(() => { if (timeRemaining <= 0) { debugLog("Timer expired, submitting test"); clearInterval(timerInterval); submitTest(); } else { timeRemaining--; const minutes = Math.floor(timeRemaining / 60); const seconds = timeRemaining % 60; document.getElementById('timer').innerHTML = `Time Remaining: <span>${minutes.toString().padStart(2, '0')}:${seconds.toString().padStart(2, '0')}</span>`; saveProgress(); } }, 1000); debugLog("Timer started successfully"); } catch (e) { console.error("Error starting timer:", e); debugLog("Failed to start timer: " + e.message); } } // Update progress bar function updateProgressBar() { try { debugLog("Updating progress bar"); const progress = ((currentQuestion + 1) / questions.length) * 100; document.getElementById('progress-bar').style.width = `${progress}%`; debugLog("Progress bar updated"); } catch (e) { console.error("Error updating progress bar:", e); debugLog("Failed to update progress bar: " + e.message); } } // Update quiz navigation panel function updateNavPanel() { try { debugLog("Updating quiz navigation panel"); const filter = document.getElementById('nav-filter').value; const navGrid = document.getElementById('nav-grid'); navGrid.innerHTML = questions.map((_, i) => { if (filter === 'answered' && !answers[i]) return ''; if (filter === 'unanswered' && answers[i]) return ''; if (filter === 'marked' && !markedForReview[i]) return ''; return ` <button class="question-nav-btn ${answers[i] ? 'answered' : 'unanswered'} ${markedForReview[i] ? 'marked-nav' : ''}" onclick="handleQuestionNavClick(${i})" aria-label="Go to Question ${i + 1}"> ${i + 1} </button> `; }).join(''); debugLog("Quiz navigation panel updated"); } catch (e) { console.error("Error updating quiz navigation panel:", e); debugLog("Failed to update quiz navigation panel: " + e.message); } } // Update results navigation panel function updateResultsNavPanel() { try { debugLog("Updating results navigation panel"); const filter = document.getElementById('results-nav-filter').value; const navGrid = document.getElementById('results-nav-grid'); navGrid.innerHTML = questions.map((_, i) => { if (filter === 'answered' && !answers[i]) return ''; if (filter === 'unanswered' && answers[i]) return ''; if (filter === 'marked' && !markedForReview[i]) return ''; return ` <button class="result-nav-btn-grid ${answers[i] ? 'answered' : 'unanswered'} ${markedForReview[i] ? 'marked-nav' : ''}" onclick="handleResultNavClick(${i})" aria-label="Go to Result for Question ${i + 1}"> ${i + 1} </button> `; }).join(''); debugLog("Results navigation panel updated"); } catch (e) { console.error("Error updating results navigation panel:", e); debugLog("Failed to update results navigation panel: " + e.message); } } // Toggle quiz navigation panel function toggleNavPanel() { try { debugLog("Toggling quiz navigation panel"); const navPanel = document.getElementById('nav-panel'); navPanel.classList.toggle('hidden'); debugLog("Quiz navigation panel toggled"); } catch (e) { console.error("Error toggling quiz navigation panel:", e); debugLog("Failed to toggle quiz navigation panel: " + e.message); } } // Toggle results navigation panel function toggleResultsNavPanel() { try { debugLog("Toggling results navigation panel"); const resultsNavPanel = document.getElementById('results-nav-panel'); resultsNavPanel.classList.toggle('hidden'); if (!resultsNavPanel.classList.contains('hidden')) { updateResultsNavPanel(); } debugLog("Results navigation panel toggled"); } catch (e) { console.error("Error toggling results navigation panel:", e); debugLog("Failed to toggle results navigation panel: " + e.message); } } // Handle result navigation click function handleResultNavClick(index) { try { debugLog(`Navigating to result for question ${index + 1} via nav panel`); showResults(index); toggleResultsNavPanel(); } catch (e) { console.error("Error handling result navigation click:", e); debugLog("Failed to navigate to result: " + e.message); } } // Show submit modal function showSubmitModal() { try { debugLog("Showing submit modal"); const attempted = answers.filter(a => a !== null).length; document.getElementById('attempted-count').textContent = attempted; document.getElementById('unattempted-count').textContent = questions.length - attempted; document.getElementById('submit-modal').classList.remove('hidden'); debugLog("Submit modal displayed"); } catch (e) { console.error("Error showing submit modal:", e); debugLog("Failed to show submit modal: " + e.message); } } // Close submit modal function closeSubmitModal() { try { debugLog("Closing submit modal"); document.getElementById('submit-modal').classList.add('hidden'); debugLog("Submit modal closed"); } catch (e) { console.error("Error closing submit modal:", e); debugLog("Failed to close submit modal: " + e.message); } } // Close exit modal function closeExitModal() { try { debugLog("Closing exit modal"); document.getElementById('exit-modal').classList.add('hidden'); debugLog("Exit modal closed"); } catch (e) { console.error("Error closing exit modal:", e); debugLog("Failed to close exit modal: " + e.message); } } // Submit test function submitTest() { try { debugLog("Submitting test"); clearInterval(timerInterval); document.getElementById('quiz').classList.add('hidden'); document.getElementById('submit-modal').classList.add('hidden'); document.getElementById('results').classList.remove('hidden'); showResults(0); // Start with first question // Trigger confetti animation confetti({ particleCount: 100, spread: 70, origin: { y: 0.6 } }); localStorage.removeItem(`quiz_${quizId}`); debugLog("Test submitted successfully"); } catch (e) { console.error("Error submitting test:", e); debugLog("Failed to submit test: " + e.message); } } // Show result for a single question function showResults(index) { try { debugLog(`Showing result for question ${index + 1}`); currentResultQuestion = index; let correct = 0, wrong = 0, unanswered = 0, marked = 0; answers.forEach((answer, i) => { const isCorrect = answer && questions[i].options.find(opt => opt.label === answer)?.correct; if (answer === null) unanswered++; else if (isCorrect) correct++; else wrong++; if (markedForReview[i]) marked++; }); const q = questions[index]; if (!q) { throw new Error(`Question ${index} is undefined`); } const userAnswer = answers[index]; const isCorrect = userAnswer && q.options.find(opt => opt.label === userAnswer)?.correct; const resultsContent = document.getElementById('results-content'); resultsContent.innerHTML = ` <div class="border p-4 rounded-lg ${isCorrect ? 'bg-green-50' : userAnswer ? 'bg-red-50' : 'bg-gray-50'}"> <p class="font-semibold">Question ${index + 1}: ${q.text || 'No question text'}</p> ${q.question_images && q.question_images.length > 0 ? q.question_images.map(url => `<img src="${url}" alt="Question Image" class="max-w-full h-auto rounded-lg my-2">`).join('') : ''} <p><strong>Your Answer:</strong> ${userAnswer ? `${userAnswer}. ${q.options.find(opt => opt.label === userAnswer)?.text || 'Invalid option'}` : 'Unanswered'}</p> <p><strong>Correct Answer:</strong> ${q.correct_answer || 'Unknown'}</p> <div class="mt-2">${q.explanation || 'No explanation available'}</div> ${q.explanation_images && q.explanation_images.length > 0 ? q.explanation_images.map(url => `<img src="${url}" alt="Explanation Image" class="max-w-full h-auto rounded-lg my-2">`).join('') : ''} ${q.video ? ` <button class="play-video bg-blue-500 text-white px-4 py-2 rounded-lg mt-2" onclick="loadVideo(this, '${q.video}', 'video-${index}')" aria-label="Play explanation video for Question ${index + 1}"> Play Video Explanation </button> <div id="video-${index}" class="video-container mt-2"></div> ` : '<p class="text-gray-500 mt-2">No video available</p>'} ${q.audio ? ` <button class="play-audio bg-blue-500 text-white px-4 py-2 rounded-lg mt-2" onclick="loadAudio(this, '${q.audio}', 'audio-${index}')" aria-label="Play audio explanation for Question ${index + 1}"> Play Audio Explanation </button> <div id="audio-${index}" class="audio-container mt-2"></div> ` : ''} </div> `; document.getElementById('correct-count').textContent = correct; document.getElementById('wrong-count').textContent = wrong; document.getElementById('unanswered-count').textContent = unanswered; document.getElementById('marked-count').textContent = marked; document.getElementById('result-question-number').innerHTML = `Question <span>${index + 1}</span> of ${questions.length}`; document.getElementById('prev-result').disabled = index === 0; document.getElementById('next-result').disabled = index === questions.length - 1; updateResultsNavPanel(); window.scrollTo({ top: 0, behavior: 'smooth' }); debugLog(`Result for question ${index + 1} displayed successfully`); } catch (e) { console.error("Error displaying result:", e); debugLog("Failed to display result: " + e.message); } } // Navigate to previous result function showPreviousResult() { try { debugLog(`Navigating to previous result from question ${currentResultQuestion + 1}`); if (currentResultQuestion > 0) { showResults(currentResultQuestion - 1); } } catch (e) { console.error("Error navigating to previous result:", e); debugLog("Failed to navigate to previous result: " + e.message); } } // Navigate to next result function showNextResult() { try { debugLog(`Navigating to next result from question ${currentResultQuestion + 1}`); if (currentResultQuestion < questions.length - 1) { showResults(currentResultQuestion + 1); } } catch (e) { console.error("Error navigating to next result:", e); debugLog("Failed to navigate to next result: " + e.message); } } // Lazy-load video function loadVideo(button, videoUrl, containerId) { try { debugLog(`Loading video for ${containerId}: ${videoUrl}`); if (!videoUrl) { const container = document.getElementById(containerId); container.innerHTML = `<p class="text-gray-500">No video available</p>`; button.remove(); debugLog("No video URL provided"); return; } const container = document.getElementById(containerId); container.innerHTML = ` <div class="video-loading"></div> <video controls class="w-full max-w-[600px] rounded-lg" preload="metadata" aria-label="Video explanation"> <source src="${videoUrl}" type="${videoUrl.endsWith('.m3u8') ? 'application/x-mpegURL' : 'video/mp4'}"> Your browser does not support the video tag. </video> `; container.classList.add('active'); button.remove(); // Initialize HLS.js for .m3u8 videos const video = container.querySelector('video'); if (videoUrl.endsWith('.m3u8') && Hls.isSupported()) { const hls = new Hls(); hls.loadSource(videoUrl); hls.attachMedia(video); hls.on(Hls.Events.ERROR, (event, data) => { console.error("HLS.js error:", data); container.innerHTML = `<p class="text-red-500">Error loading video. <a href="${videoUrl}" target="_blank" aria-label="Open video in new tab">Open video</a></p>`; debugLog("HLS.js error: " + JSON.stringify(data)); }); } else if (videoUrl.endsWith('.m3u8') && video.canPlayType('application/vnd.apple.mpegurl')) { video.src = videoUrl; } // Handle video load errors video.onerror = () => { console.error("Video load error for URL:", videoUrl); container.innerHTML = `<p class="text-red-500">Error loading video. <a href="${videoUrl}" target="_blank" aria-label="Open video in new tab">Open video</a></p>`; debugLog("Video load error for URL: " + videoUrl); }; // Remove loading spinner when video is ready video.onloadedmetadata = () => { container.querySelector('.video-loading').remove(); debugLog("Video loaded successfully"); }; } catch (e) { console.error("Error loading video:", e); debugLog("Failed to load video: " + e.message); const container = document.getElementById(containerId); container.innerHTML = `<p class="text-red-500">Error loading video. <a href="${videoUrl}" target="_blank" aria-label="Open video in new tab">Open video</a></p>`; } } // Lazy-load audio function loadAudio(button, audioUrl, containerId) { try { debugLog(`Loading audio for ${containerId}: ${audioUrl}`); if (!audioUrl) { const container = document.getElementById(containerId); container.innerHTML = `<p class="text-gray-500">No audio available</p>`; button.remove(); debugLog("No audio URL provided"); return; } const container = document.getElementById(containerId); container.innerHTML = ` <audio controls class="w-full max-w-[600px]" preload="metadata" aria-label="Audio explanation"> <source src="${audioUrl}" type="audio/mpeg"> Your browser does not support the audio tag. </audio> `; container.classList.add('active'); button.remove(); // Handle audio load errors const audio = container.querySelector('audio'); audio.onerror = () => { console.error("Audio load error for URL:", audioUrl); container.innerHTML = `<p class="text-red-500">Error loading audio. <a href="${audioUrl}" target="_blank" aria-label="Open audio in new tab">Open audio</a></p>`; debugLog("Audio load error for URL: " + audioUrl); }; debugLog("Audio loaded successfully"); } catch (e) { console.error("Error loading audio:", e); debugLog("Failed to load audio: " + e.message); const container = document.getElementById(containerId); container.innerHTML = `<p class="text-red-500">Error loading audio. <a href="${audioUrl}" target="_blank" aria-label="Open audio in new tab">Open audio</a></p>`; } } // Toggle dark mode function toggleTheme() { try { debugLog("Toggling theme"); document.documentElement.classList.toggle('dark'); localStorage.setItem('theme', document.documentElement.classList.contains('dark') ? 'dark' : 'light'); debugLog("Theme toggled successfully"); } catch (e) { console.error("Error toggling theme:", e); debugLog("Failed to toggle theme: " + e.message); } } // Load theme preference function loadTheme() { try { debugLog("Loading theme preference"); const theme = localStorage.getItem('theme'); if (theme === 'dark') { document.documentElement.classList.add('dark'); } debugLog("Theme loaded successfully"); } catch (e) { console.error("Error loading theme:", e); debugLog("Failed to load theme: " + e.message); } } // Initialize on DOM content loaded window.addEventListener('DOMContentLoaded', () => { try { debugLog("DOM content loaded, initializing quiz"); loadTheme(); initQuiz(); } catch (e) { console.error("Error during DOMContentLoaded:", e); debugLog("Failed to initialize on DOMContentLoaded: " + e.message); document.getElementById('error-message').innerHTML = "Error initializing quiz. Please check the console for details or contact support."; document.getElementById('error-message').classList.remove('hidden'); } }); </script> </body> </html>" frameborder="0" width="100%" height="2000px">
<div class="bg-white rounded-lg shadow-md p-4 md:p-6"> <h2 class="text-xl font-semibold mb-4">Instructions</h2> <h4 class="text-gray-800 text-lg font-semibold mt-6 mb-4">Test Features:</h4> <ul class="space-y-3"> <li class="flex items-center gap-3"> <i class="fa-solid fa-circle-check text-green-500"></i> Multiple choice questions with single correct answers </li> <li class="flex items-center gap-3"> <i class="fa-solid fa-circle-check text-green-500"></i> Timer-based testing for realistic exam conditions </li> <li class="flex items-center gap-3"> <i class="fa-solid fa-circle-check text-green-500"></i> Mark questions for review functionality </li> <li class="flex items-center gap-3"> <i class="fa-solid fa-circle-check text-green-500"></i> Comprehensive results and performance analysis </li> <li class="flex items-center gap-3"> <i class="fa-solid fa-circle-check text-green-500"></i> Mobile-optimized interface for learning on-the-go </li> </ul> <div class="mt-6 flex space-x-4 button-group md:flex-row flex-col"> <button class="bg-[#2c5281] text-white px-6 py-2 rounded-lg hover:bg-[#2c5281] transition" id="start-test">Start Test</button> </div> <div class="error-message hidden" id="error-message"></div> </div> </section> <!-- Quiz Section --> <section class="container mx-auto px-4 md:px-6 pt-4 md:pt-6 pb-1 hidden section-transition" id="quiz"> <div class="bg-white rounded-lg shadow-md p-4 md:p-6"> <!-- Progress Bar --> <div class="w-full bg-gray-200 rounded-full h-3 mb-4"> <div class="progress-bar h-3 rounded-full" id="progress-bar" style="width: 0%"></div> </div> <!-- Question Header --> <div class="flex flex-col md:flex-row justify-between items-center mb-4"> <h2 class="text-lg font-semibold" id="question-number">Question <span>1</span> of 4</h2> <p class="text-lg font-semibold mt-2 md:mt-0" id="timer">Time Remaining: <span>00:00</span></p> </div> <!-- Question Content --> <div class="mb-6" id="question-content"> <p class="text-gray-800 mb-4" id="question-text"></p> <div class="flex flex-wrap gap-4 mb-4" id="question-images"></div> <div class="space-y-3" id="options"></div> </div> <!-- Navigation Buttons --> <div class="flex flex-col md:flex-row justify-between items-center gap-2 md:gap-4"> <div class="flex gap-2 w-full md:w-auto"> <button class="bg-[#2c5281] text-white px-4 py-3 w-full md:w-32 h-14 rounded-lg hover:bg-[#2c5281] transition" disabled="" id="previous-btn">Previous</button> <button class="bg-[#2c5281] text-white px-4 py-3 w-full md:w-32 h-14 rounded-lg hover:bg-[#2c5281] transition" id="next-btn">Next</button> </div> <div class="flex items-center gap-2"> <button class="bg-transparent text-gray-700 px-4 py-2 rounded-lg hover:bg-gray-100 transition flex items-center gap-1" id="mark-review"> Review <svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" class="h-5 w-5" viewBox="0 0 20 20" fill="currentColor"> <path d="M10 2a1 1 0 00-1 1v14l3.293-3.293a1 1 0 011.414 0L17 17V3a1 1 0 00-1-1H10z" /> </svg> </button> <button class="bg-transparent text-gray-700 px-4 py-2 rounded-lg hover:bg-gray-100 transition flex items-center gap-1" id="nav-toggle"> Question 🧭 </button> <button class="bg-green-500 text-white px-6 py-3 w-44 h-14 rounded-lg hover:bg-green-600 transition w-full md:w-auto" id="submit-test">Submit Test</button> </div> </div> </section> <!-- Results Section --> <section class="container mx-auto px-4 md:px-6 pt-4 md:pt-6 pb-1 hidden section-transition" id="results"> <div class="bg-white rounded-lg shadow-md p-4 md:p-6"> <h2 class="text-2xl font-semibold mb-4">Anaesthesia Machine - Results</h2> <div class="grid grid-cols-1 md:grid-cols-2 gap-4 mb-6"> <p><strong>Correct:</strong> <span id="correct-count" class="text-[#000000]">0</span></p> <p><strong>Wrong:</strong> <span id="wrong-count" class="text-[#000000]">0</span></p> <p><strong>Unanswered:</strong> <span id="unanswered-count" class="text-[#000000]-500">0</span></p> <p><strong>Marked for Review:</strong> <span id="marked-count" class="text-[#000000]">0</span></p> </div> <h3 class="text-lg font-semibold mb-4" id="result-question-number">Question <span>1</span> of 4</h3> <div class="space-y-6" id="results-content"></div> <div class="result-nav"> <button aria-label="Previous question result" class="result-nav-btn bg-[#2c5281] text-white px-6 py-2 rounded-lg hover:bg-[#2c5281] transition" disabled="" id="prev-result">Previous</button> <button aria-label="Toggle results navigation panel" class="result-nav-btn bg-[#2c5281] text-white px-6 py-2 rounded-lg hover:bg-[#2c5281] transition" id="results-nav-toggle">Result 🧭</button> <button aria-label="Next question result" class="result-nav-btn bg-[#2c5281] text-white px-6 py-2 rounded-lg hover:bg-[#2c5281] transition" id="next-result">Next</button> </div> <div class="mt-6 flex space-x-4 button-group md:flex-row flex-col"> <button class="bg-green-500 text-white px-6 py-2 rounded-lg hover:bg-green-600 transition" id="take-again">Take Again</button> </div> </div> </section> <!-- Exit Confirmation Modal --> <div class="fixed inset-0 bg-black bg-opacity-50 flex items-center justify-center hidden" id="exit-modal"> <div class="bg-white rounded-lg p-6 max-w-sm w-full"> <h2 class="text-xl font-semibold mb-4">Leave Test?</h2> <p class="text-gray-700 mb-4">Your progress will be lost if you leave this page. Are you sure you want to exit?</p> <div class="flex justify-end space-x-4"> <button class="bg-gray-300 text-gray-700 px-4 py-2 rounded-lg hover:bg-gray-400 transition" id="continue-test">No, Continue</button> <button class="bg-red-500 text-white px-4 py-2 rounded-lg hover:bg-red-600 transition" id="exit-test">Yes, Exit</button> </div> </div> </div> <!-- Submit Confirmation Modal --> <div class="fixed inset-0 bg-black bg-opacity-50 flex items-center justify-center hidden" id="submit-modal"> <div class="bg-white rounded-lg p-6 max-w-sm w-full"> <h2 class="text-xl font-semibold mb-4">Confirm Submission</h2> <p class="text-gray-700 mb-2">You have attempted <span id="attempted-count">0</span> of 24 questions.</p> <p class="text-gray-700 mb-4"><span id="unattempted-count">0</span> questions are unattempted.</p> <div class="flex justify-end space-x-4"> <button class="bg-gray-300 text-gray-700 px-4 py-2 rounded-lg hover:bg-gray-400 transition" id="cancel-submit">Cancel</button> <button class="bg-green-500 text-white px-4 py-2 rounded-lg hover:bg-green-600 transition" id="confirm-submit">Submit Test</button> </div> </div> </div> <!-- Quiz Navigation Panel --> <div class="fixed inset-y-0 right-0 nav-panel bg-white shadow-lg p-4 hidden overflow-y-auto" id="nav-panel"> <h2 class="text-lg font-semibold mb-4">Questions Navigation</h2> <div class="mb-4"> <select class="w-full p-2 border rounded-lg text-gray-700" id="nav-filter"> <option value="all">All Questions</option> <option value="answered">Answered</option> <option value="unanswered">Unanswered</option> <option value="marked">Marked for Review</option> </select> </div> <div class="grid grid-cols-5 gap-2 md:gap-3" id="nav-grid"></div> <button class="mt-4 bg-gray-500 text-white px-4 py-2 rounded-lg hover:bg-gray-600 transition w-full" id="close-nav">Close</button> </div> <!-- Results Navigation Panel --> <div class="fixed inset-y-0 right-0 results-nav-panel bg-white shadow-lg p-4 hidden overflow-y-auto" id="results-nav-panel"> <h2 class="text-lg font-semibold mb-4">Results Navigation</h2> <div class="mb-4"> <select class="w-full p-2 border rounded-lg text-gray-700" id="results-nav-filter"> <option value="all">All Questions</option> <option value="answered">Answered</option> <option value="unanswered">Unanswered</option> <option value="marked">Marked for Review</option> </select> </div> <div class="grid grid-cols-5 gap-2 md:gap-3" id="results-nav-grid"></div> <button class="mt-4 bg-gray-500 text-white px-4 py-2 rounded-lg hover:bg-gray-600 transition w-full" id="close-results-nav">Close</button> </div> <!-- JavaScript Logic --> <script> // Enable debug mode for detailed logging const DEBUG_MODE = true; // Log debug messages function debugLog(message) { if (DEBUG_MODE) { console.log(`[DEBUG] ${message}`); } } // Initialize questions with error handling let questions = []; let currentResultQuestion = 0; // State for current question in results try { debugLog("Attempting to parse questions_json"); questions = [{"text": "A 55-year-old patient presents with symptoms suggestive of a metabolic disorder. Biochemical tests are performed to analyze protein structures and their carbohydrate components. The medical team needs to differentiate between glycoproteins and proteoglycans to better understand the patient’s condition. Which of the following statements is correct?", "options": [{"label": "A", "text": "Glycoproteins contain long mucopolysaccharide chains", "correct": false}, {"label": "B", "text": "Proteoglycans have long mucopolysaccharide chains and high carbohydrate content.", "correct": true}, {"label": "C", "text": "Glycoproteins have long mucopolysaccharide chains and higher carbohydrate content", "correct": false}, {"label": "D", "text": "Proteoglycans contain short oligosaccharide chains and lower carbohydrate content", "correct": false}], "correct_answer": "B. Proteoglycans have long mucopolysaccharide chains and high carbohydrate content.", "question_images": [], "explanation_images": [], "explanation": "<table cellspacing=\"0\" style=\"border-collapse:collapse; width:687px\">\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Property</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Glycoproteins</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Proteoglycans</strong></p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Carbohydrates content</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Low</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>High</p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Basic difference</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Oligosaccharide chain</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Mucopolysaccharide chain</p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Charge</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Not negatively charged</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<ul>\n<li>Negatively charged</li>\n<li>sulfated or acetylated</li>\n</ul>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Location</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<ul>\n<li>Plasma proteins</li>\n<li>Cellular receptors – except albumin</li>\n<li>Receptors made up of simple proteins can not be heterogenous, as simple proteins are made up of just 2- aminoacids which can be <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"8d0fca798b1692777191b6cd41880f\">linked</span> by <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"53172b32401692777195efbbb6b2e8\">peptide</span> linkages. Lack of <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"47acdb59a9169277718832c7a2df0b\">heterogeneity</span> causes lack of specificity</li>\n</ul>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<ul>\n<li>ECM - <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"ba366417791692777187229d34e597\">extracellular</span> matrix</li>\n</ul>\n</td>\n</tr>\n</tbody>\n\n\n<p style='font-size: 10px; color: #808080; font-style: italic;'>@dams_new_robot</p>", "bot": "@dams_new_robot", "audio": "https://image.prepladder.com/content/q5lbwHErt4mqWP5kWEEe1732540934.mp3", "video": ""}, {"text": "A 15-year-old girl is brought to the clinic by her parents because she is more fatigued than usual and frequently thirsty. A urinalysis reveals positive results for Benedict's test, Barfoed's test, and Glucose Oxidase Peroxidase Test are also positive. Which of the following is the most likely diagnosis?", "options": [{"label": "A", "text": "Diabetes Mellitus", "correct": true}, {"label": "B", "text": "Essential Fructosuria", "correct": false}, {"label": "C", "text": "Lactose due to pregnancy and lactation", "correct": false}, {"label": "D", "text": "Classical Galactosemia", "correct": false}], "correct_answer": "A. Diabetes Mellitus", "question_images": [], "explanation_images": [], "explanation": "<table cellspacing=\"0\" style=\"border-collapse:collapse; width:0px\">\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Test</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Purpose</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Interpretation</strong></p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Benedict's Test</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Detects reducing substances in urine.</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Positive indicates presence of reducing sugars, but not specific for monosaccharides.</p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Barfoed's Test</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Differentiates between reducing monosaccharides and other sugars.</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Positive indicates reducing monosaccharides (e.g., glucose, fructose, galactose).</p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Glucose <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"4a14dfa14e1692777194882f818d87\">Oxidase</span> <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"b3434346d71692777195b113bbab37\">Peroxidase</span> Test (GOD-POD)</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Specifically tests for <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"af3ae60c0c16927771889b84ca41c0\">glucose</span> presence.</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Positive confirms glucose, supporting diagnosis of diabetes mellitus.</p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Seliwanoff Test</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Distinguishes ketoses like <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"d5bac53d50169277720363f48a6b3a\">fructose</span> from aldoses like glucose.</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Positive indicates fructose; observed in <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"2419937ad01692777187911b099e2c\">essential fructosuria</span> if combined with other symptoms.</p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Mucic Acid Test</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Identifies <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"99e53092e01692777188465c49d9b8\">galactose</span> in the urine.</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Positive confirms galactose, supporting a diagnosis of classical galactosemia.</p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Bial's Test</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Identifies pentoses in the urine.</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Used for diagnosing conditions like essential pentosuria.</p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n</tbody>\n\n\n<p style='font-size: 10px; color: #808080; font-style: italic;'>@dams_new_robot</p>", "bot": "@dams_new_robot", "audio": "https://image.prepladder.com/content/xT8MhotlLYjtZBPgChon1732553257.mp3", "video": ""}, {"text": "A laboratory technician performs an Osazone test on a patient's urine sample and observes the formation of characteristic crystals. The results show the presence of fluffy, hedgehog-shaped crystals. Which sugar is most likely present in the urine sample?", "options": [{"label": "A", "text": "Glucose", "correct": false}, {"label": "B", "text": "Lactose", "correct": true}, {"label": "C", "text": "Maltose", "correct": false}, {"label": "D", "text": "Sucrose", "correct": false}], "correct_answer": "B. Lactose", "question_images": [], "explanation_images": ["https://image.prepladder.com/content/W88KRckHSnr5zwjr8nmY1736391012.png", "https://image.prepladder.com/content/Rqn75tJ4C2KjEyYLlmrl1736391054.png", "https://image.prepladder.com/content/7LdZ33xTXBnMrtFWo0eW1736391076.png"], "explanation": "<table cellspacing=\"0\" style=\"border-collapse:collapse; width:416px\">\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Sugar</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Crystal Shape</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Notes</strong></p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Lactose</strong></p>\n<p><strong>(Option B)</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><img alt=\"\" data-author=\"\" data-hash=\"\" data-license=\"\" data-source=\"\" data-tags=\"\" height=\"1315\" src=\"https://image.prepladder.com/content/W88KRckHSnr5zwjr8nmY1736391012.png\" width=\"1999\"/></p>\n<p>Hedgehog or “Pincushion with pins” or “flower of touch-me-not plant”</p>\n<p> </p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Indicates <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"0aa69e4ec11692777191c26eff3504\">lactose</span> presence, as seen in galactosemia.</p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Glucose </strong><strong>(Option A)</strong></p>\n\t\t\t \n\n\t\t\t<p><strong>Fructose</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Needle-shaped crystals arranged like a broom</p>\n<p><img alt=\"\" data-author=\"\" data-hash=\"\" data-license=\"\" data-source=\"\" data-tags=\"\" height=\"1450\" src=\"https://image.prepladder.com/content/Rqn75tJ4C2KjEyYLlmrl1736391054.png\" width=\"1999\"/></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Often associated with conditions like Diabetes Mellitus.</p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Maltose</strong></p>\n<p><strong>(Option C)</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><img alt=\"\" data-author=\"\" data-hash=\"\" data-license=\"\" data-source=\"\" data-tags=\"\" height=\"739\" src=\"https://image.prepladder.com/content/7LdZ33xTXBnMrtFWo0eW1736391076.png\" width=\"554\"/></p>\n<p> </p>\n<p> </p>\n<p>Sunflower-shaped or Petal-shaped</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Takes longer time to form, associated with menopausal status in women.</p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Sucrose</strong></p>\n<p><strong>(Option D)</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>No crystals</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Sucrose is a non-reducing sugar and does not <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"a1b06f401f1692777203a53393ba98\">form</span> crystals in the <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"26e5b61d991692777194799f7b6124\">Osazone</span> test.</p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n</tbody>\n\n\n<p style='font-size: 10px; color: #808080; font-style: italic;'>@dams_new_robot</p>", "bot": "@dams_new_robot", "audio": "https://image.prepladder.com/content/f7QmSY5MutZHvIRSw7v51732553126.mp3", "video": ""}, {"text": "What is the reagent used in Barfoed’s test to detect monosaccharides?", "options": [{"label": "A", "text": "Sodium carbonate, copper sulfate, and sodium citrate", "correct": false}, {"label": "B", "text": "Cupric acetate in acetic acid solution", "correct": true}, {"label": "C", "text": "Nitric acid", "correct": false}, {"label": "D", "text": "Phenolphthalein blue", "correct": false}], "correct_answer": "B. Cupric acetate in acetic acid solution", "question_images": [], "explanation_images": [], "explanation": "\n\n<p style='font-size: 10px; color: #808080; font-style: italic;'>@dams_new_robot</p>", "bot": "@dams_new_robot", "audio": "https://image.prepladder.com/content/yT8PSOcrTxZm81iRvh7h1732542926.mp3", "video": ""}, {"text": "A new mother comes to the pediatric OPD with her infant as she notices dark staining in diapers after the baby urinates. What is the possible enzyme defect here?", "options": [{"label": "A", "text": "Fumarylacetoacetase hydrolase", "correct": false}, {"label": "B", "text": "Homogentisic acid oxidase", "correct": true}, {"label": "C", "text": "Cystathionine β-synthase", "correct": false}, {"label": "D", "text": "Phenylalanine hydroxylase", "correct": false}], "correct_answer": "B. Homogentisic acid oxidase", "question_images": [], "explanation_images": [], "explanation": "<table cellspacing=\"0\" style=\"border-collapse:collapse; width:468px\">\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Enzyme</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Disease</p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Option A) <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"c0cd54d2451692777203d7ef6ba214\">Fumarylacetoacetate</span> hydrolase</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Tyrosinemia type I</p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Option B) <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"d442747c48169277718942db69fa7e\">Homogentisic acid</span> oxidase</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Alkaptonuria</p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Option C) <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"171a92caba1692777185cd85d29e10\">Cystathionine</span> β-synthase</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Homocystinuria</p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Option D) <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"5e52c07d0f1692777195dd08cc451f\">Phenylalanine</span> hydroxylase</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Phenylketonuria</p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n</tbody>\n\n\n<p style='font-size: 10px; color: #808080; font-style: italic;'>@dams_new_robot</p>", "bot": "@dams_new_robot", "audio": "https://image.prepladder.com/content/ENzSLM9EIOEvVGFTkctU1732542859.mp3", "video": ""}, {"text": "A urine sample of a diabetes patient was tested to see the presence of reducing sugars in the laboratory. Initial color of solution is blue. What would be the color of the solution after the test?", "options": [{"label": "A", "text": "Blue", "correct": false}, {"label": "B", "text": "Orange", "correct": true}, {"label": "C", "text": "Colourless", "correct": false}, {"label": "D", "text": "Black", "correct": false}], "correct_answer": "B. Orange", "question_images": [], "explanation_images": ["https://image.prepladder.com/content/VYzhiPabvDyRshHc3qRj1736390909.png"], "explanation": "\n\n<p style='font-size: 10px; color: #808080; font-style: italic;'>@dams_new_robot</p>", "bot": "@dams_new_robot", "audio": "https://image.prepladder.com/content/6nWElH1lQwbmhTdxFtN91732542774.mp3", "video": ""}, {"text": "A 55-year-old female patient presents with symptoms of increased thirst, frequent urination, and weight loss. The physician suspects diabetes mellitus and decides to test the patient's urine for reducing sugars using Benedict's and Fehling's solutions. Below are images of the test results. Image A: Benedict's Test Results Image B: Fehling's Test Results Based on the images provided, which of the following statements is correct?", "options": [{"label": "A", "text": "Both tests indicate the absence of reducing sugars in the urine sample.", "correct": false}, {"label": "B", "text": "Both tests indicate the presence of reducing sugars in the urine sample.", "correct": true}, {"label": "C", "text": "Benedict's test indicates the presence of reducing sugars, while Fehling's test indicates their absence.", "correct": false}, {"label": "D", "text": "Benedict's test indicates the absence of reducing sugars, while Fehling's test indicates their presence.", "correct": false}], "correct_answer": "B. Both tests indicate the presence of reducing sugars in the urine sample.", "question_images": ["https://image.prepladder.com/content/w3089mULPYcznbO8mOYy1736390819.png", "https://image.prepladder.com/content/CUmrO2yzklXmSyLyFOnw1736390837.png"], "explanation_images": [], "explanation": "<table cellspacing=\"0\" style=\"border-collapse:collapse; width:NaN\">\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Image A (Benedict's Test Results):</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>The color changes from blue to green, yellow, and red, indicating the presence of reducing substances in the <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"0096f2a7631692777201eb9f21d5a7\">urine</span> sample.</p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Image B (Fehling's Test Results)</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>The color changes from blue to brick-red, indicating the presence of reducing substances in the <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"0096f2a7631692777201eb9f21d5a7\">urine</span> sample.</p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n</tbody>\n\n\n<p style='font-size: 10px; color: #808080; font-style: italic;'>@dams_new_robot</p>", "bot": "@dams_new_robot", "audio": "https://image.prepladder.com/content/mmQhLYlN7LxjN2EJAroc1732542709.mp3", "video": ""}, {"text": "Which type of isomerism is exhibited by these two compounds?", "options": [{"label": "A", "text": "Functional Isomerism", "correct": true}, {"label": "B", "text": "Epimerism", "correct": false}, {"label": "C", "text": "Enantiomerism", "correct": false}, {"label": "D", "text": "Anomerism", "correct": false}], "correct_answer": "A. Functional Isomerism", "question_images": ["https://image.prepladder.com/content/gXxryuP856uCuqEtTFgo1736390758.png"], "explanation_images": [], "explanation": "<table cellspacing=\"0\" style=\"border-collapse:collapse; width:0px\">\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Type of Isomerism</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Description</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Examples</strong></p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Functional Isomerism</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Compounds with the same <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"1667a810831692777192949d5f3efe\">molecular formula</span> but different structural formulas, specifically due to different functional groups.</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Glucose (an aldehyde) and <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"d5bac53d50169277720363f48a6b3a\">Fructose</span> (a ketone)</p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Epimerism </strong><strong>(Option B)</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Compounds differing in <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"1792af7b92169277718423182d599d\">configuration</span> around just one <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"525b6ba96f1692777184a50772fc19\">chiral</span> carbon atom.</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>D-Glucose and D-Mannose are epimers because they differ at the C-2 carbon.</p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Enantiomerism</strong><strong> (Option C)</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Compounds that are non-superimposable mirror images, differing at all <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"525b6ba96f1692777184a50772fc19\">chiral</span> centers.</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>L-Glucose and D-Glucose are enantiomers, being mirror images of each other</p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Anomerism</strong><strong> (Option D)</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Compounds differing at the <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"731d7acee9169277718164eb2122d1\">anomeric</span> carbon formed during the ring <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"2b4569285f1692777184282b1ca3f1\">closure</span> of carbohydrates.</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>α-D-Glucose and β-D-Glucose differ in <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"1792af7b92169277718423182d599d\">configuration</span> at the <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"731d7acee9169277718164eb2122d1\">anomeric</span> carbon (C-1)</p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n</tbody>\n\n\n<p style='font-size: 10px; color: #808080; font-style: italic;'>@dams_new_robot</p>", "bot": "@dams_new_robot", "audio": "https://image.prepladder.com/content/zzwF63rkIp3JZ6XPLf5H1732542594.mp3", "video": ""}, {"text": "Xylose and arabinose are examples of?", "options": [{"label": "A", "text": "Optical isomerism", "correct": false}, {"label": "B", "text": "Diastereoisomerism", "correct": true}, {"label": "C", "text": "Enantiomerism", "correct": false}, {"label": "D", "text": "Epimerism", "correct": false}], "correct_answer": "B. Diastereoisomerism", "question_images": [], "explanation_images": ["https://image.prepladder.com/content/xyYNXqnxKC1KZX1RaM9E1736390698.png"], "explanation": "\n\n<p style='font-size: 10px; color: #808080; font-style: italic;'>@dams_new_robot</p>", "bot": "@dams_new_robot", "audio": "https://image.prepladder.com/content/Ca8JF9RVYV619G60iKv21732542342.mp3", "video": ""}, {"text": "Which type of isomerism involves two molecules that have the same molecular formula and structural formula but differ in the spatial arrangement of their groups?", "options": [{"label": "A", "text": "Optical Isomerism", "correct": false}, {"label": "B", "text": "Functional Isomerism", "correct": false}, {"label": "C", "text": "Stereoisomerism", "correct": true}, {"label": "D", "text": "All of the above", "correct": false}], "correct_answer": "C. Stereoisomerism", "question_images": [], "explanation_images": [], "explanation": "\n\n<p style='font-size: 10px; color: #808080; font-style: italic;'>@dams_new_robot</p>", "bot": "@dams_new_robot", "audio": "https://image.prepladder.com/content/fEQ3STDkEaYj6Jkz3ltT1732541974.mp3", "video": ""}, {"text": "Identify the type of linkage in the given Structure.", "options": [{"label": "A", "text": "O-linked glycoproteins", "correct": true}, {"label": "B", "text": "N- N-linked glycoproteins", "correct": false}, {"label": "C", "text": "GPI anchored Glycoproteins", "correct": false}, {"label": "D", "text": "None of the above", "correct": false}], "correct_answer": "A. O-linked glycoproteins", "question_images": ["https://image.prepladder.com/content/sF4qhbf3GCXxcz8CJWVV1736390567.png"], "explanation_images": [], "explanation": "<table cellspacing=\"0\" style=\"border-collapse:collapse; width:615px\">\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>O-linked glycoproteins</p>\n<p>(post-translation modification)</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<ul>\n<li>Carbohydrate chains are attached to the oxygen <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"435060133416927771829458eecc80\">atom</span> of serine or threonine residues.</li>\n<li><strong>Mucins:</strong> Major components of mucus, providing lubrication and protection to epithelial surfaces.</li>\n<li><strong>Glycoproteins in collagen</strong></li>\n</ul>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>N-linked glycoproteins</p>\n<p>(Option B)</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<ul>\n<li>Carbohydrate chains are attached to the <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"391d32291016927771932bab695579\">nitrogen</span> <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"435060133416927771829458eecc80\">atom</span> of <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"28ca653d321692777182331559c308\">asparagine</span> residues.</li>\n<li><strong>Immunoglobulins (IgG)</strong> &amp; <strong>Erythropoietin</strong></li>\n</ul>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>GPI anchored Glycoproteins</p>\n<p>(Option C)</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<ul>\n<li>Carbohydrates are not attached to any <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"543f207eb51692777181723491a358\">amino</span> acid</li>\n<li>Anchor consists of a <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"a99114a6c216927771916f45ffc66c\">lipid</span> tail (phosphatidylinositol) and a <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"9bd8101dd016927771880cc0805781\">glycan</span> chain, which covalently links the protein to the membrane.</li>\n</ul>\n</td>\n</tr>\n</tbody>\n\n\n<p style='font-size: 10px; color: #808080; font-style: italic;'>@dams_new_robot</p>", "bot": "@dams_new_robot", "audio": "https://image.prepladder.com/content/kC5tvccl030lrgdSMUPs1732541895.mp3", "video": ""}, {"text": "A 45-year-old patient presents with symptoms of fatigue, abdominal pain, and dark-coloured urine, especially noticed in the morning. Laboratory tests reveal elevated levels of hemoglobinuria. Which of the following tests is most appropriate for confirming a diagnosis of Paroxysmal Nocturnal Hemoglobinuria (PNH)?", "options": [{"label": "A", "text": "Bone Marrow Biopsy", "correct": false}, {"label": "B", "text": "Flow Cytometry", "correct": true}, {"label": "C", "text": "Serum Ferritin Test", "correct": false}, {"label": "D", "text": "Haemoglobin Electrophoresis", "correct": false}], "correct_answer": "B. Flow Cytometry", "question_images": [], "explanation_images": [], "explanation": "\n\n<p style='font-size: 10px; color: #808080; font-style: italic;'>@dams_new_robot</p>", "bot": "@dams_new_robot", "audio": "https://image.prepladder.com/content/BAEV7sG1xgv0DP7zshjB1732541053.mp3", "video": ""}, {"text": "Which category of carbohydrates consists of molecules that cannot be hydrolyzed into simpler sugars?", "options": [{"label": "A", "text": "Monosaccharides", "correct": true}, {"label": "B", "text": "Disaccharides", "correct": false}, {"label": "C", "text": "Oligosaccharides", "correct": false}, {"label": "D", "text": "Polysaccharides", "correct": false}], "correct_answer": "A. Monosaccharides", "question_images": [], "explanation_images": [], "explanation": "<table cellspacing=\"0\" style=\"border-collapse:collapse; width:624px\">\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Type</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Feature</strong></p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Monosaccharides</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Single </strong>carbohydrate unit in them</p>\n<p>Ex: glucose, fructose</p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Disaccharides</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Two </strong>monosaccharide units</p>\n<p>Ex: sucrose, maltose, isomaltose, trehalose, lactose</p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Oligosaccharides</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>3- 10</strong> <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"777b2f747616927771924b272ceabc\">monosaccharide</span> units</p>\n<p>Ex: Maltotriose</p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Polysaccharides</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>More than 10 </strong>monosaccharide units</p>\n<p>Ex: starch, cellulose, glycogen</p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n</tbody>\n\n\n<p style='font-size: 10px; color: #808080; font-style: italic;'>@dams_new_robot</p>", "bot": "@dams_new_robot", "audio": "https://image.prepladder.com/content/Y0TVHwjGbekJhSP0REPQ1730109920.mp3", "video": ""}, {"text": "Which of the following statements is a distinguishing feature between Hunter syndrome and Hurler syndrome?", "options": [{"label": "A", "text": "Hunter syndrome is associated with corneal clouding; Hurler is not.", "correct": false}, {"label": "B", "text": "Hurler syndrome is due to a deficiency in iduronate-2-sulfatase; Hunter syndrome is due to a deficiency in alpha-L-iduronidase.", "correct": false}, {"label": "C", "text": "Both syndromes result in the accumulation of heparan sulfate and dermatan sulfate.", "correct": false}, {"label": "D", "text": "Hunter syndrome is X-linked recessive; Hurler syndrome is autosomal recessive.", "correct": true}], "correct_answer": "D. Hunter syndrome is X-linked recessive; Hurler syndrome is autosomal recessive.", "question_images": [], "explanation_images": [], "explanation": "<table cellspacing=\"0\" style=\"border-collapse:collapse; width:0px\">\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Feature</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Hurler Syndrome (MPS I)</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Hunter Syndrome (MPS II)</strong></p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Deficient Enzyme</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>L-Iduronidase</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Iduronate sulfatase</p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Inheritance (Option D)</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Autosomal recessive</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>X-linked recessive</p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Mental Retardation</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Severe (MR+++)</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Mild to moderate (MR+)</p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Corneal Opacity</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Present (Corneal opacity++)</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Absent (No corneal clouding)</p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n</tbody>\n\n\n<p style='font-size: 10px; color: #808080; font-style: italic;'>@dams_new_robot</p>", "bot": "@dams_new_robot", "audio": "https://image.prepladder.com/content/OKGIvh0kxCL8eDjgaGAv1732540462.mp3", "video": ""}, {"text": "A 4-year-old child presents with developmental delay, behavioural problems, and progressive mental deterioration. Physical examination reveals coarse facial features and hepatosplenomegaly, his ocular findings are normal. The paediatrician suspects a type of mucopolysaccharidosis (MPS). Based on these clinical features, which kind of MPS is most likely?", "options": [{"label": "A", "text": "MPS I (Hurler syndrome)", "correct": false}, {"label": "B", "text": "MPS IX (Natowicz syndrome)", "correct": false}, {"label": "C", "text": "MPS III (Sanfilippo syndrome)", "correct": true}, {"label": "D", "text": "MPS IV (Morquio syndrome)", "correct": false}], "correct_answer": "C. MPS III (Sanfilippo syndrome)", "question_images": [], "explanation_images": [], "explanation": "<table cellspacing=\"0\" style=\"border-collapse:collapse; width:0px\">\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Disease Name</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Abbreviation</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Enzyme Defective</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>GAG(s) Affected</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Symptoms</strong></p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Hurler, Scheie, Hurler-Scheie syndrome</p>\n<p><strong>(Option A)</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>MPS I</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>α-L-Iduronidase</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Dermatan sulfate, heparan sulfate</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Mental retardation, <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"28606fa66a169277718407469e7e7c\">coarse</span> <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"9fdd7489051692777202cffe3f24cc\">facial</span> features, hepatosplenomegaly, <strong>cloudy cornea</strong></p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Hunter syndrome</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>MPS II</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Iduronate sulfatase</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Dermatan sulfate, heparan sulfate</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Mental retardation</p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Sanfilippo syndrome A</p>\n<p><strong>(Option C)</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>MPS IIIA</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Heparan sulfate-N-sulfatase</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Heparan sulfate</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Delay in development, motor dysfunction</p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Sanfilippo syndrome B</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>MPS IIIB</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>α-N-Acetylglucosaminidase</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Heparan sulfate</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>As <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"000d9cbd01169277719233833e8d4a\">MPS</span> IIIA</p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Sanfilippo syndrome C</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>MPS IIIC</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>α-Glucosaminide N-acetyltransferase</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Heparan sulfate</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>As <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"000d9cbd01169277719233833e8d4a\">MPS</span> IIIA</p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Sanfilippo syndrome D</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>MPS IIID</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>N-Acetylglucosamine 6-sulfatase</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Heparan sulfate</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>As <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"000d9cbd01169277719233833e8d4a\">MPS</span> IIIA</p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Morquio syndrome A</p>\n<p><strong>(Option D)</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>MPS IVA</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Galactosamine 6-sulfatase</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Keratan sulfate, chondroitin 6-sulfate</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Skeletal dysplasia, short stature</p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Morquio syndrome B</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>MPS IVB</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>β-Galactosidase</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Keratan sulfate</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Skeletal dysplasia, short stature</p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Maroteaux-Lamy syndrome</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>MPS VI</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>N-Acetylgalactosamine 4-sulfatase</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Dermatan sulfate</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Curvature of the spine, short stature, skeletal dysplasia, <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"e1fb96fd2416927771830dfed40e14\">cardiac</span> defects</p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Sly syndrome</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>MPS VII</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>β-Glucuronidase</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Dermatan sulfate, heparan sulfate, chondroitin 4-sulfate, chondroitin 6-sulfate</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Skeletal dysplasia, short stature, hepatosplenomegaly, <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"295793c5c1169277718471937601fb\">cloudy</span> cornea</p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Natowicz syndrome <strong>(Option B)</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>MPS IX</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Hyaluronidase</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Hyaluronic acid</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Joint pain, short stature</p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n</tbody>\n\n\n<p style='font-size: 10px; color: #808080; font-style: italic;'>@dams_new_robot</p>", "bot": "@dams_new_robot", "audio": "https://image.prepladder.com/content/HO8YEX96Wi1a75dUNyzN1732540309.mp3", "video": ""}, {"text": "A patient presents with symptoms indicative of joint issues, including pain and reduced mobility. Examination reveals that the patient's synovial fluid is lacking a key mucopolysaccharide responsible for lubrication. Which mucopolysaccharide is most likely deficient in this patient's synovial fluid?", "options": [{"label": "A", "text": "Heparin", "correct": false}, {"label": "B", "text": "Chondroitin Sulfate", "correct": false}, {"label": "C", "text": "Dermatan Sulfate", "correct": false}, {"label": "D", "text": "Hyaluronic Acid", "correct": true}], "correct_answer": "D. Hyaluronic Acid", "question_images": [], "explanation_images": [], "explanation": "<table cellspacing=\"0\" style=\"border-collapse:collapse; width:624px\">\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Mucopolysaccharide</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Functions</strong></p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Hyaluronic Acid </strong></p>\n<p>(Option D)</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Serves as a <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"ddc9f397e716927771916135359875\">lubricant</span> in joint cavities and contributes to the structure of <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"67e237a57c16927771859803f93ab3\">connective</span> tissues</p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Heparin</strong></p>\n<p>(Option A)</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Acts as an <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"b5fc7729f316927771817f809648f5\">anticoagulant</span> by activating <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"fa202015a216927771814a0dc268ba\">antithrombin</span> III, which inactivates <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"ac7e1f394f1692777200c5bb11e4d8\">thrombin</span> and other <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"58c17961c71692777184ab55a9c4df\">clotting</span> factors</p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Chondroitin Sulfate </strong></p>\n<p>(Option B)</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Provides structural support to <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"67e237a57c16927771859803f93ab3\">connective</span> tissues and contributes to their <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"b11364e7ed169277719777251a2bfe\">resilience</span> and elasticity</p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Dermatan Sulfate</strong></p>\n<p>(Option C)</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Contributes to the structure of the skin, blood vessels, and heart valves</p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n</tbody>\n\n\n<p style='font-size: 10px; color: #808080; font-style: italic;'>@dams_new_robot</p>", "bot": "@dams_new_robot", "audio": "https://image.prepladder.com/content/vigac7VpJKdMElwU04uX1732540068.mp3", "video": ""}, {"text": "A patient is diagnosed with a rare genetic disorder affecting the structural integrity of their skin and blood vessels, resulting in hyperextensible skin and increased susceptibility to vascular damage. Which mucopolysaccharide is present in the skin and blood vessels, most likely involved in this condition?", "options": [{"label": "A", "text": "Hyaluronic Acid", "correct": false}, {"label": "B", "text": "Heparin", "correct": false}, {"label": "C", "text": "Chondroitin Sulfate", "correct": false}, {"label": "D", "text": "Dermatan Sulfate", "correct": true}], "correct_answer": "D. Dermatan Sulfate", "question_images": [], "explanation_images": [], "explanation": "<table cellspacing=\"0\" style=\"border-collapse:collapse; width:0px\">\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top; width:244px\">\n<p style=\"text-align:center\"><strong>Mucopolysaccharide</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top; width:380px\">\n<p style=\"text-align:center\"><strong>Primary Locations</strong></p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top; width:244px\">\n<p><strong>Hyaluronic Acid </strong><strong>(Option A)</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top; width:380px\">\n<p>Connective tissues, tendons, <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"d27f9c7a1b16927771999b1679d949\">synovial</span> fluid, <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"636ccb4336169277720289af6a0778\">vitreous</span> humor</p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top; width:244px\">\n<p><strong>Heparin </strong><strong>(Option B)</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top; width:380px\">\n<p>Liver, lungs, spleen, monocytes</p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top; width:244px\">\n<p><strong>Chondroitin <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"535af9a2181692777199309af44d24\">Sulfate</span> </strong><strong>(Option C)</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top; width:380px\">\n<p>Cartilage, bone, tendons, cornea, skin</p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top; width:244px\">\n<p><strong>Keratan Sulfate</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top; width:380px\">\n<p>Cornea, cartilage</p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top; width:244px\">\n<p><strong>Dermatan <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"535af9a2181692777199309af44d24\">Sulfate</span> </strong><strong>(Option D)</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top; width:380px\">\n<p>Skin, blood vessels, heart valves</p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n</tbody>\n\n\n<p style='font-size: 10px; color: #808080; font-style: italic;'>@dams_new_robot</p>", "bot": "@dams_new_robot", "audio": "https://image.prepladder.com/content/QqRsplPdVgESfR9QnO7i1732539995.mp3", "video": ""}, {"text": "Analyse the structure of the mucopolysaccharide shown below: Which mucopolysaccharide is represented in this image?", "options": [{"label": "A", "text": "Heparan sulfate", "correct": false}, {"label": "B", "text": "Keratan sulfate", "correct": true}, {"label": "C", "text": "Chondroitin sulfate", "correct": false}, {"label": "D", "text": "Dermatan sulfate", "correct": false}], "correct_answer": "B. Keratan sulfate", "question_images": ["https://image.prepladder.com/content/TgzxOUKws0FgXgD3aslU1736390493.png"], "explanation_images": [], "explanation": "<table cellspacing=\"0\" style=\"border-collapse:collapse; width:5px\">\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Mucopolysaccharide (MPS)</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Components</strong></p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Keratan Sulfate</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Galactose and N-acetylglucosamine</p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Heparan Sulfate<strong> </strong><strong>(Option A)</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Glucuronic acid (or iduronic acid) and N-sulfated glucosamine</p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Dermatan Sulfate<strong> </strong><strong>(Option D)</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Iduronic acid and N-acetylgalactosamine</p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Chondroitin Sulfate<strong> </strong><strong>(Option C)</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Glucuronic acid and N-acetylgalactosamine</p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Hyaluronic Acid</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Glucuronic acid and N-acetylglucosamine</p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n</tbody>\n\n\n<p style='font-size: 10px; color: #808080; font-style: italic;'>@dams_new_robot</p>", "bot": "@dams_new_robot", "audio": "https://image.prepladder.com/content/S8xUqK7w0ChP2WF3O6Uw1730111790.mp3", "video": ""}, {"text": "Mucopolysaccharides are heteropolysaccharides containing uronic acid and amino sugars. Which among the following mucopolysaccharides contradicts the above statement?", "options": [{"label": "A", "text": "Keratan sulfate", "correct": true}, {"label": "B", "text": "Chondroitin sulfate", "correct": false}, {"label": "C", "text": "Dermatan sulfate", "correct": false}, {"label": "D", "text": "Heparin", "correct": false}], "correct_answer": "A. Keratan sulfate", "question_images": [], "explanation_images": [], "explanation": "<table cellspacing=\"0\" style=\"border-collapse:collapse; width:727px\">\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Keratan sulfate</p>\n<p>(Option A)</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Repeating units are <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"99e53092e01692777188465c49d9b8\">galactose</span> and N-acetyl <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"620c191cf91692777188cfc46657ab\">glucosamine</span> in <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"806eb8418c16927771822855b56695\">beta</span> linkage.</p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Chondroitin sulfate</p>\n<p>(Option B)</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Repeating units of <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"18167012bd16927771884c32cedf99\">glucuronic acid</span> → beta-1,3-N-acetyl <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"880d1656981692777188f34154ad50\">galactosamine</span> <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"535af9a2181692777199309af44d24\">sulfate</span> → beta-1,4 and so on.</p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Dermatan sulfate</p>\n<p>(Option C)</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>It Contains L-iduronic acid and N-acetyl <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"880d1656981692777188f34154ad50\">galactosamine</span> in beta-1, 3 linkages.</p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Heparin</p>\n<p>(Option D)</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<ul>\n<li>An <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"b5fc7729f316927771817f809648f5\">anticoagulant</span> widely used</li>\n<li>Repeating units of sulphated <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"620c191cf91692777188cfc46657ab\">glucosamine</span> → alpha-1, 4-L-iduronic acid → and so on</li>\n<li>Iduronic acid is the oxidized <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"a1b06f401f1692777203a53393ba98\">form</span> of idose.</li>\n</ul>\n</td>\n</tr>\n</tbody>\n\n\n<p style='font-size: 10px; color: #808080; font-style: italic;'>@dams_new_robot</p>", "bot": "@dams_new_robot", "audio": "https://image.prepladder.com/content/y7Ofbve8Wcx10mP9Fwld1730111510.mp3", "video": ""}, {"text": "Which of the following is accurate about dietary fibres?", "options": [{"label": "A", "text": "Insoluble fibre is fermented in the large intestine", "correct": false}, {"label": "B", "text": "Dietary fibre provides a significant source of energy", "correct": false}, {"label": "C", "text": "Soluble fibre helps lower LDL cholesterol", "correct": true}, {"label": "D", "text": "Soluble fibre promotes bowel movements", "correct": false}], "correct_answer": "C. Soluble fibre helps lower LDL cholesterol", "question_images": [], "explanation_images": [], "explanation": "<table cellspacing=\"0\" style=\"border-collapse:collapse; width:NaN\">\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Soluble fiber</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Insoluble fiber</strong></p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<ul>\n<li>Lower <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"4e4438ab5c16927771919ca536a59f\">LDL</span> cholesterol levels by increasing <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"cf978047b61692777183c0569f21f2\">bile</span> acid <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"0f7653c9ef1692777187deaa35f749\">excretion</span> and <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"653140d1dc16927771903445309f4e\">interfering</span> with <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"cf978047b61692777183c0569f21f2\">bile</span> acid reabsorption</li>\n<li>Fermented in the large <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"7840cca3ed16927771901d2f6cb32b\">intestine</span> to short-chain <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"bc6cd9a9f9169277720261812ea113\">fatty</span> acids (Option A)</li>\n<li>Ex: Oats, barley, psyllium, brussel sprouts, etc</li>\n</ul>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<ul>\n<li>Adds bulk and promotes <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"37863e7aec169277718310f33c6a11\">bowel</span> movements. (Option D)</li>\n<li>Passes through the <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"a32cad4dbc169277718669cfb165a5\">digestive</span> <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"1a1307223f16927772017a994bfc39\">tract</span> largely unchanged (Option A)</li>\n<li>Ex: whole wheat, walnuts, chickpeas, etc</li>\n</ul>\n</td>\n</tr>\n</tbody>\n\n\n<p style='font-size: 10px; color: #808080; font-style: italic;'>@dams_new_robot</p>", "bot": "@dams_new_robot", "audio": "https://image.prepladder.com/content/ICvtvhTN7S2Jd9gMXz6t1730111305.mp3", "video": ""}, {"text": "Which of the following pairs correctly distinguishes between homoglycans and heteroglycans?", "options": [{"label": "A", "text": "Homoglycans - repeated units of the same monosaccharide; Heteroglycans - two or more different types of monosaccharide units.", "correct": true}, {"label": "B", "text": "Homoglycans - used for structural purposes; Heteroglycans - energy storage.", "correct": false}, {"label": "C", "text": "Homoglycans- typically soluble in water; Heteroglycans - insoluble.", "correct": false}, {"label": "D", "text": "Homoglycans - only in plant cells; Heteroglycans - only in animal cells.", "correct": false}], "correct_answer": "A. Homoglycans - repeated units of the same monosaccharide; Heteroglycans - two or more different types of monosaccharide units.", "question_images": [], "explanation_images": [], "explanation": "<table cellspacing=\"0\" style=\"border-collapse:collapse; width:NaN\">\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Homoglycans/ homopolysaccharides</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Heteroglycans/ heteropolysaccharides</strong></p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<ul>\n<li>Made of a single kind of <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"777b2f747616927771924b272ceabc\">monosaccharide</span> unit.</li>\n</ul>\n<p>(Option A)</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<ul>\n<li>Made of two or more different monosaccharides.</li>\n</ul>\n<p>(Option A)</p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<ul>\n<li>Used for both structural and energy storage.</li>\n</ul>\n<p>(Option B)<br/>\n\t\t\t </p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<ul>\n<li>Used for both structural and energy storage.</li>\n</ul>\n<p>(Option B)</p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<ul>\n<li>Variable <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"a9295e67a41692777198dce0de3f34\">solubility</span> (dextran, cellulose)</li>\n</ul>\n<p>(Option C)</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<ul>\n<li>Variable <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"a9295e67a41692777198dce0de3f34\">solubility</span> (agar, hyaluronic acid, <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"d0e68b82ed1692777190fa10f7d4ba\">keratin</span> sulphate)</li>\n</ul>\n<p>(Option C)</p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<ul>\n<li>Found in both plants and animals ( <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"24511b2ef716927771990798c3d939\">starch</span> &amp; glycogen)</li>\n</ul>\n<p>(Option D)</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<ul>\n<li>Found in both plants &amp; animals (agar &amp; keratan sulfate)</li>\n</ul>\n<p>(Option D)</p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<ul>\n<li>Ex: starch, <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"2e2aa646ab1692777188e3eb8286d8\">glycogen</span> and cellulose.</li>\n</ul>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<ul>\n<li>Ex: hyaluronic acid, chondroitin sulfate.</li>\n</ul>\n</td>\n</tr>\n</tbody>\n\n\n<p style='font-size: 10px; color: #808080; font-style: italic;'>@dams_new_robot</p>", "bot": "@dams_new_robot", "audio": "https://image.prepladder.com/content/VCy4yIZuEbtHtsWrziPe1730111080.mp3", "video": ""}, {"text": "A patient comes with complaints of abdominal pain, bloating, flatulence and frothy stools. It is noticed that these symptoms arise only when he consumes milk or other dairy products. Which of the following is the IOC in this situation to diagnose him?", "options": [{"label": "A", "text": "Lactose tolerance test", "correct": false}, {"label": "B", "text": "Hydrogen breath test", "correct": true}, {"label": "C", "text": "Stool osmolarity test", "correct": false}, {"label": "D", "text": "Serum calcium test", "correct": false}], "correct_answer": "B. Hydrogen breath test", "question_images": [], "explanation_images": [], "explanation": "\n\n<p style='font-size: 10px; color: #808080; font-style: italic;'>@dams_new_robot</p>", "bot": "@dams_new_robot", "audio": "https://image.prepladder.com/content/HlnAKxXBUGBAh6MEGDVG1730110815.mp3", "video": ""}, {"text": "Which of the following is non-reducing sugar?", "options": [{"label": "A", "text": "Maltose", "correct": false}, {"label": "B", "text": "Glucose", "correct": false}, {"label": "C", "text": "Sucrose", "correct": true}, {"label": "D", "text": "Fructose", "correct": false}], "correct_answer": "C. Sucrose", "question_images": [], "explanation_images": ["https://image.prepladder.com/content/so9lwRTRoGoXB2hxYYiu1736390372.png"], "explanation": "\n\n<p style='font-size: 10px; color: #808080; font-style: italic;'>@dams_new_robot</p>", "bot": "@dams_new_robot", "audio": "https://image.prepladder.com/content/dHllw1ocL6OdvpwByaDD1730110609.mp3", "video": ""}, {"text": "A 28-year-old patient with a history of gastrointestinal issues is undergoing metabolic testing. The clinical team is investigating the role of different types of disaccharides in digestion and absorption. Which of the following are the constituent monosaccharides of the disaccharide lactose?", "options": [{"label": "A", "text": "Galactose and glucose", "correct": true}, {"label": "B", "text": "Glucose and Fructose", "correct": false}, {"label": "C", "text": "Galactose and Sucrose", "correct": false}, {"label": "D", "text": "Maltose and Glucose", "correct": false}], "correct_answer": "A. Galactose and glucose", "question_images": [], "explanation_images": [], "explanation": "<table cellspacing=\"0\" style=\"border-collapse:collapse; width:624px\">\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Disaccharide</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Sugars present</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Linkage</strong></p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Maltose (Basic thumb rule)</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>2 <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"af3ae60c0c16927771889b84ca41c0\">glucose</span> residues - <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"af3ae60c0c16927771889b84ca41c0\">glucose</span> + glucose</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>alpha(1,4)</p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Isomaltose (Six atoms)</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>2 <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"af3ae60c0c16927771889b84ca41c0\">glucose</span> residues - <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"af3ae60c0c16927771889b84ca41c0\">glucose</span> + glucose</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>a(1,6)</p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Trehalose</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>2 <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"af3ae60c0c16927771889b84ca41c0\">glucose</span> residues - <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"af3ae60c0c16927771889b84ca41c0\">glucose</span> + glucose</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>a(1,1)</p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Sucrose </strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Glucose + fructose</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>a(1,2)</p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Lactose</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Galactose + glucose</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>beta(1,4)</p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n</tbody>\n\n\n<p style='font-size: 10px; color: #808080; font-style: italic;'>@dams_new_robot</p>", "bot": "@dams_new_robot", "audio": "https://image.prepladder.com/content/JNje7etnpJaPNpn3hX0u1730110373.mp3", "video": ""}]; if (!Array.isArray(questions) || questions.length === 0) { throw new Error("Questions data is empty or invalid"); } debugLog(`Successfully parsed ${questions.length} questions`); } catch (e) { console.error("Failed to parse questions_json:", e); document.getElementById('error-message').innerHTML = "Error loading quiz data. Please check the console for details or contact support."; document.getElementById('error-message').classList.remove('hidden'); document.getElementById('start-test').disabled = true; // Fallback to sample questions for testing questions = [ { text: "What is 2 + 2?", options: [ { label: "A", text: "3", correct: false }, { label: "B", text: "4", correct: true }, { label: "C", text: "5", correct: false }, { label: "D", text: "6", correct: false } ], correct_answer: "B. 4", question_images: [], explanation_images: [], explanation: "<p>2 + 2 = 4</p><p>@dams_new_robot</p>", bot: "@dams_new_robot", audio: "", video: "" } ]; debugLog("Loaded fallback questions"); } // Quiz state let currentQuestion = 0; let answers = new Array(questions.length).fill(null); let markedForReview = new Array(questions.length).fill(false); let timeRemaining = 34 * 60; // Duration in seconds let timerInterval = null; const quizId = `{title.replace(/\s+/g, '_').toLowerCase()}`; // Unique ID for local storage // Load saved progress function loadProgress() { try { debugLog("Loading progress from localStorage"); const saved = localStorage.getItem(`quiz_${quizId}`); if (saved) { const { savedAnswers, savedMarked, savedTime } = JSON.parse(saved); answers = savedAnswers || answers; markedForReview = savedMarked || markedForReview; timeRemaining = savedTime !== undefined ? savedTime : timeRemaining; debugLog("Progress loaded successfully"); } else { debugLog("No saved progress found"); } } catch (e) { console.error("Error loading progress:", e); debugLog("Failed to load progress: " + e.message); } } // Save progress function saveProgress() { try { debugLog("Saving progress to localStorage"); localStorage.setItem(`quiz_${quizId}`, JSON.stringify({ savedAnswers: answers, savedMarked: markedForReview, savedTime: timeRemaining })); debugLog("Progress saved successfully"); } catch (e) { console.error("Error saving progress:", e); debugLog("Failed to save progress: " + e.message); } } // Initialize quiz function initQuiz() { try { debugLog("Initializing quiz"); loadProgress(); const startButton = document.getElementById('start-test'); if (!startButton) { throw new Error("Start test button not found"); } startButton.addEventListener('click', startQuiz); debugLog("Start test button listener attached"); document.getElementById('previous-btn').addEventListener('click', showPreviousQuestion); document.getElementById('next-btn').addEventListener('click', showNextQuestion); document.getElementById('mark-review').addEventListener('click', toggleMarkForReview); document.getElementById('nav-toggle').addEventListener('click', toggleNavPanel); document.getElementById('submit-test').addEventListener('click', showSubmitModal); document.getElementById('continue-test').addEventListener('click', closeExitModal); document.getElementById('exit-test').addEventListener('click', () => { debugLog("Exiting test"); localStorage.removeItem(`quiz_${quizId}`); window.location.reload(); }); document.getElementById('cancel-submit').addEventListener('click', closeSubmitModal); document.getElementById('confirm-submit').addEventListener('click', submitTest); document.getElementById('take-again').addEventListener('click', () => { debugLog("Restarting test"); localStorage.removeItem(`quiz_${quizId}`); window.location.reload(); }); document.getElementById('review-test').addEventListener('click', () => showResults(currentResultQuestion)); document.getElementById('close-nav').addEventListener('click', toggleNavPanel); document.getElementById('theme-toggle').addEventListener('click', toggleTheme); document.getElementById('nav-filter').addEventListener('change', updateNavPanel); document.getElementById('prev-result').addEventListener('click', showPreviousResult); document.getElementById('next-result').addEventListener('click', showNextResult); document.getElementById('results-nav-toggle').addEventListener('click', toggleResultsNavPanel); document.getElementById('close-results-nav').addEventListener('click', toggleResultsNavPanel); document.getElementById('results-nav-filter').addEventListener('change', updateResultsNavPanel); debugLog("Quiz initialized successfully"); } catch (e) { console.error("Failed to initialize quiz:", e); debugLog("Failed to initialize quiz: " + e.message); document.getElementById('error-message').innerHTML = "Error initializing quiz. Please check the console for details or contact support."; document.getElementById('error-message').classList.remove('hidden'); document.getElementById('start-test').disabled = true; } } // Start quiz function startQuiz() { try { debugLog("Starting quiz"); document.getElementById('instructions').classList.add('hidden'); document.getElementById('quiz').classList.remove('hidden'); showQuestion(currentQuestion); startTimer(); updateNavPanel(); debugLog("Quiz started successfully"); } catch (e) { console.error("Error starting quiz:", e); debugLog("Failed to start quiz: " + e.message); document.getElementById('error-message').innerHTML = "Error starting quiz. Please check the console for details or contact support."; document.getElementById('error-message').classList.remove('hidden'); document.getElementById('quiz').classList.add('hidden'); document.getElementById('instructions').classList.remove('hidden'); } } // Show question function showQuestion(index) { try { debugLog(`Showing question ${index + 1}`); currentQuestion = index; const q = questions[index]; if (!q) { throw new Error(`Question ${index} is undefined`); } document.getElementById('question-number').innerHTML = `Question <span>${index + 1}</span> of ${questions.length}`; document.getElementById('question-text').innerHTML = q.text || "No question text available"; const imagesDiv = document.getElementById('question-images'); imagesDiv.innerHTML = q.question_images && q.question_images.length > 0 ? q.question_images.map(url => `<img src="${url}" alt="Question Image" class="max-w-full h-auto rounded-lg">`).join('') : ''; const optionsDiv = document.getElementById('options'); optionsDiv.innerHTML = q.options && q.options.length > 0 ? q.options.map(opt => ` <button class="option-btn w-full text-left p-3 border rounded-lg ${answers[index] === opt.label ? 'selected' : ''}" onclick="selectOption(${index}, '${opt.label}')" aria-label="Option ${opt.label}: ${opt.text}"> ${opt.label}. ${opt.text} </button> `).join('') : '<p class="text-red-500">No options available</p>'; document.getElementById('previous-btn').disabled = index === 0; document.getElementById('next-btn').disabled = index === questions.length - 1; document.getElementById('mark-review').classList.toggle('marked', markedForReview[index]); updateProgressBar(); saveProgress(); window.scrollTo({ top: 0, behavior: 'smooth' }); debugLog(`Question ${index + 1} displayed successfully`); } catch (e) { console.error("Error displaying question:", e); debugLog("Failed to display question: " + e.message); } } // Select option function selectOption(index, label) { try { debugLog(`Selecting option ${label} for question ${index + 1}`); answers[index] = label; const optionsDiv = document.getElementById('options'); const optionButtons = optionsDiv.querySelectorAll('.option-btn'); optionButtons.forEach(btn => { const btnLabel = btn.textContent.trim().split('.')[0]; btn.classList.toggle('selected', btnLabel === label); }); updateNavPanel(); saveProgress(); debugLog(`Option ${label} selected for question ${index + 1}`); } catch (e) { console.error("Error selecting option:", e); debugLog("Failed to select option: " + e.message); } } // Toggle mark for review function toggleMarkForReview() { try { debugLog(`Toggling mark for review on question ${currentQuestion + 1}`); markedForReview[currentQuestion] = !markedForReview[currentQuestion]; document.getElementById('mark-review').classList.toggle('marked', markedForReview[currentQuestion]); updateNavPanel(); saveProgress(); debugLog(`Mark for review toggled for question ${currentQuestion + 1}`); } catch (e) { console.error("Error marking for review:", e); debugLog("Failed to mark for review: " + e.message); } } // Navigate to previous question function showPreviousQuestion() { try { debugLog(`Navigating to previous question from ${currentQuestion + 1}`); if (currentQuestion > 0) { currentQuestion--; showQuestion(currentQuestion); } } catch (e) { console.error("Error navigating to previous question:", e); debugLog("Failed to navigate to previous question: " + e.message); } } // Navigate to next question function showNextQuestion() { try { debugLog(`Navigating to next question from ${currentQuestion + 1}`); if (currentQuestion < questions.length - 1) { currentQuestion++; showQuestion(currentQuestion); } } catch (e) { console.error("Error navigating to next question:", e); debugLog("Failed to navigate to next question: " + e.message); } } // Handle question navigation click function handleQuestionNavClick(index) { try { debugLog(`Navigating to question ${index + 1} via nav panel`); showQuestion(index); toggleNavPanel(); } catch (e) { console.error("Error handling navigation click:", e); debugLog("Failed to navigate via nav panel: " + e.message); } } // Start timer function startTimer() { try { debugLog("Starting timer"); timerInterval = setInterval(() => { if (timeRemaining <= 0) { debugLog("Timer expired, submitting test"); clearInterval(timerInterval); submitTest(); } else { timeRemaining--; const minutes = Math.floor(timeRemaining / 60); const seconds = timeRemaining % 60; document.getElementById('timer').innerHTML = `Time Remaining: <span>${minutes.toString().padStart(2, '0')}:${seconds.toString().padStart(2, '0')}</span>`; saveProgress(); } }, 1000); debugLog("Timer started successfully"); } catch (e) { console.error("Error starting timer:", e); debugLog("Failed to start timer: " + e.message); } } // Update progress bar function updateProgressBar() { try { debugLog("Updating progress bar"); const progress = ((currentQuestion + 1) / questions.length) * 100; document.getElementById('progress-bar').style.width = `${progress}%`; debugLog("Progress bar updated"); } catch (e) { console.error("Error updating progress bar:", e); debugLog("Failed to update progress bar: " + e.message); } } // Update quiz navigation panel function updateNavPanel() { try { debugLog("Updating quiz navigation panel"); const filter = document.getElementById('nav-filter').value; const navGrid = document.getElementById('nav-grid'); navGrid.innerHTML = questions.map((_, i) => { if (filter === 'answered' && !answers[i]) return ''; if (filter === 'unanswered' && answers[i]) return ''; if (filter === 'marked' && !markedForReview[i]) return ''; return ` <button class="question-nav-btn ${answers[i] ? 'answered' : 'unanswered'} ${markedForReview[i] ? 'marked-nav' : ''}" onclick="handleQuestionNavClick(${i})" aria-label="Go to Question ${i + 1}"> ${i + 1} </button> `; }).join(''); debugLog("Quiz navigation panel updated"); } catch (e) { console.error("Error updating quiz navigation panel:", e); debugLog("Failed to update quiz navigation panel: " + e.message); } } // Update results navigation panel function updateResultsNavPanel() { try { debugLog("Updating results navigation panel"); const filter = document.getElementById('results-nav-filter').value; const navGrid = document.getElementById('results-nav-grid'); navGrid.innerHTML = questions.map((_, i) => { if (filter === 'answered' && !answers[i]) return ''; if (filter === 'unanswered' && answers[i]) return ''; if (filter === 'marked' && !markedForReview[i]) return ''; return ` <button class="result-nav-btn-grid ${answers[i] ? 'answered' : 'unanswered'} ${markedForReview[i] ? 'marked-nav' : ''}" onclick="handleResultNavClick(${i})" aria-label="Go to Result for Question ${i + 1}"> ${i + 1} </button> `; }).join(''); debugLog("Results navigation panel updated"); } catch (e) { console.error("Error updating results navigation panel:", e); debugLog("Failed to update results navigation panel: " + e.message); } } // Toggle quiz navigation panel function toggleNavPanel() { try { debugLog("Toggling quiz navigation panel"); const navPanel = document.getElementById('nav-panel'); navPanel.classList.toggle('hidden'); debugLog("Quiz navigation panel toggled"); } catch (e) { console.error("Error toggling quiz navigation panel:", e); debugLog("Failed to toggle quiz navigation panel: " + e.message); } } // Toggle results navigation panel function toggleResultsNavPanel() { try { debugLog("Toggling results navigation panel"); const resultsNavPanel = document.getElementById('results-nav-panel'); resultsNavPanel.classList.toggle('hidden'); if (!resultsNavPanel.classList.contains('hidden')) { updateResultsNavPanel(); } debugLog("Results navigation panel toggled"); } catch (e) { console.error("Error toggling results navigation panel:", e); debugLog("Failed to toggle results navigation panel: " + e.message); } } // Handle result navigation click function handleResultNavClick(index) { try { debugLog(`Navigating to result for question ${index + 1} via nav panel`); showResults(index); toggleResultsNavPanel(); } catch (e) { console.error("Error handling result navigation click:", e); debugLog("Failed to navigate to result: " + e.message); } } // Show submit modal function showSubmitModal() { try { debugLog("Showing submit modal"); const attempted = answers.filter(a => a !== null).length; document.getElementById('attempted-count').textContent = attempted; document.getElementById('unattempted-count').textContent = questions.length - attempted; document.getElementById('submit-modal').classList.remove('hidden'); debugLog("Submit modal displayed"); } catch (e) { console.error("Error showing submit modal:", e); debugLog("Failed to show submit modal: " + e.message); } } // Close submit modal function closeSubmitModal() { try { debugLog("Closing submit modal"); document.getElementById('submit-modal').classList.add('hidden'); debugLog("Submit modal closed"); } catch (e) { console.error("Error closing submit modal:", e); debugLog("Failed to close submit modal: " + e.message); } } // Close exit modal function closeExitModal() { try { debugLog("Closing exit modal"); document.getElementById('exit-modal').classList.add('hidden'); debugLog("Exit modal closed"); } catch (e) { console.error("Error closing exit modal:", e); debugLog("Failed to close exit modal: " + e.message); } } // Submit test function submitTest() { try { debugLog("Submitting test"); clearInterval(timerInterval); document.getElementById('quiz').classList.add('hidden'); document.getElementById('submit-modal').classList.add('hidden'); document.getElementById('results').classList.remove('hidden'); showResults(0); // Start with first question // Trigger confetti animation confetti({ particleCount: 100, spread: 70, origin: { y: 0.6 } }); localStorage.removeItem(`quiz_${quizId}`); debugLog("Test submitted successfully"); } catch (e) { console.error("Error submitting test:", e); debugLog("Failed to submit test: " + e.message); } } // Show result for a single question function showResults(index) { try { debugLog(`Showing result for question ${index + 1}`); currentResultQuestion = index; let correct = 0, wrong = 0, unanswered = 0, marked = 0; answers.forEach((answer, i) => { const isCorrect = answer && questions[i].options.find(opt => opt.label === answer)?.correct; if (answer === null) unanswered++; else if (isCorrect) correct++; else wrong++; if (markedForReview[i]) marked++; }); const q = questions[index]; if (!q) { throw new Error(`Question ${index} is undefined`); } const userAnswer = answers[index]; const isCorrect = userAnswer && q.options.find(opt => opt.label === userAnswer)?.correct; const resultsContent = document.getElementById('results-content'); resultsContent.innerHTML = ` <div class="border p-4 rounded-lg ${isCorrect ? 'bg-green-50' : userAnswer ? 'bg-red-50' : 'bg-gray-50'}"> <p class="font-semibold">Question ${index + 1}: ${q.text || 'No question text'}</p> ${q.question_images && q.question_images.length > 0 ? q.question_images.map(url => `<img src="${url}" alt="Question Image" class="max-w-full h-auto rounded-lg my-2">`).join('') : ''} <p><strong>Your Answer:</strong> ${userAnswer ? `${userAnswer}. ${q.options.find(opt => opt.label === userAnswer)?.text || 'Invalid option'}` : 'Unanswered'}</p> <p><strong>Correct Answer:</strong> ${q.correct_answer || 'Unknown'}</p> <div class="mt-2">${q.explanation || 'No explanation available'}</div> ${q.explanation_images && q.explanation_images.length > 0 ? q.explanation_images.map(url => `<img src="${url}" alt="Explanation Image" class="max-w-full h-auto rounded-lg my-2">`).join('') : ''} ${q.video ? ` <button class="play-video bg-blue-500 text-white px-4 py-2 rounded-lg mt-2" onclick="loadVideo(this, '${q.video}', 'video-${index}')" aria-label="Play explanation video for Question ${index + 1}"> Play Video Explanation </button> <div id="video-${index}" class="video-container mt-2"></div> ` : '<p class="text-gray-500 mt-2">No video available</p>'} ${q.audio ? ` <button class="play-audio bg-blue-500 text-white px-4 py-2 rounded-lg mt-2" onclick="loadAudio(this, '${q.audio}', 'audio-${index}')" aria-label="Play audio explanation for Question ${index + 1}"> Play Audio Explanation </button> <div id="audio-${index}" class="audio-container mt-2"></div> ` : ''} </div> `; document.getElementById('correct-count').textContent = correct; document.getElementById('wrong-count').textContent = wrong; document.getElementById('unanswered-count').textContent = unanswered; document.getElementById('marked-count').textContent = marked; document.getElementById('result-question-number').innerHTML = `Question <span>${index + 1}</span> of ${questions.length}`; document.getElementById('prev-result').disabled = index === 0; document.getElementById('next-result').disabled = index === questions.length - 1; updateResultsNavPanel(); window.scrollTo({ top: 0, behavior: 'smooth' }); debugLog(`Result for question ${index + 1} displayed successfully`); } catch (e) { console.error("Error displaying result:", e); debugLog("Failed to display result: " + e.message); } } // Navigate to previous result function showPreviousResult() { try { debugLog(`Navigating to previous result from question ${currentResultQuestion + 1}`); if (currentResultQuestion > 0) { showResults(currentResultQuestion - 1); } } catch (e) { console.error("Error navigating to previous result:", e); debugLog("Failed to navigate to previous result: " + e.message); } } // Navigate to next result function showNextResult() { try { debugLog(`Navigating to next result from question ${currentResultQuestion + 1}`); if (currentResultQuestion < questions.length - 1) { showResults(currentResultQuestion + 1); } } catch (e) { console.error("Error navigating to next result:", e); debugLog("Failed to navigate to next result: " + e.message); } } // Lazy-load video function loadVideo(button, videoUrl, containerId) { try { debugLog(`Loading video for ${containerId}: ${videoUrl}`); if (!videoUrl) { const container = document.getElementById(containerId); container.innerHTML = `<p class="text-gray-500">No video available</p>`; button.remove(); debugLog("No video URL provided"); return; } const container = document.getElementById(containerId); container.innerHTML = ` <div class="video-loading"></div> <video controls class="w-full max-w-[600px] rounded-lg" preload="metadata" aria-label="Video explanation"> <source src="${videoUrl}" type="${videoUrl.endsWith('.m3u8') ? 'application/x-mpegURL' : 'video/mp4'}"> Your browser does not support the video tag. </video> `; container.classList.add('active'); button.remove(); // Initialize HLS.js for .m3u8 videos const video = container.querySelector('video'); if (videoUrl.endsWith('.m3u8') && Hls.isSupported()) { const hls = new Hls(); hls.loadSource(videoUrl); hls.attachMedia(video); hls.on(Hls.Events.ERROR, (event, data) => { console.error("HLS.js error:", data); container.innerHTML = `<p class="text-red-500">Error loading video. <a href="${videoUrl}" target="_blank" aria-label="Open video in new tab">Open video</a></p>`; debugLog("HLS.js error: " + JSON.stringify(data)); }); } else if (videoUrl.endsWith('.m3u8') && video.canPlayType('application/vnd.apple.mpegurl')) { video.src = videoUrl; } // Handle video load errors video.onerror = () => { console.error("Video load error for URL:", videoUrl); container.innerHTML = `<p class="text-red-500">Error loading video. <a href="${videoUrl}" target="_blank" aria-label="Open video in new tab">Open video</a></p>`; debugLog("Video load error for URL: " + videoUrl); }; // Remove loading spinner when video is ready video.onloadedmetadata = () => { container.querySelector('.video-loading').remove(); debugLog("Video loaded successfully"); }; } catch (e) { console.error("Error loading video:", e); debugLog("Failed to load video: " + e.message); const container = document.getElementById(containerId); container.innerHTML = `<p class="text-red-500">Error loading video. <a href="${videoUrl}" target="_blank" aria-label="Open video in new tab">Open video</a></p>`; } } // Lazy-load audio function loadAudio(button, audioUrl, containerId) { try { debugLog(`Loading audio for ${containerId}: ${audioUrl}`); if (!audioUrl) { const container = document.getElementById(containerId); container.innerHTML = `<p class="text-gray-500">No audio available</p>`; button.remove(); debugLog("No audio URL provided"); return; } const container = document.getElementById(containerId); container.innerHTML = ` <audio controls class="w-full max-w-[600px]" preload="metadata" aria-label="Audio explanation"> <source src="${audioUrl}" type="audio/mpeg"> Your browser does not support the audio tag. </audio> `; container.classList.add('active'); button.remove(); // Handle audio load errors const audio = container.querySelector('audio'); audio.onerror = () => { console.error("Audio load error for URL:", audioUrl); container.innerHTML = `<p class="text-red-500">Error loading audio. <a href="${audioUrl}" target="_blank" aria-label="Open audio in new tab">Open audio</a></p>`; debugLog("Audio load error for URL: " + audioUrl); }; debugLog("Audio loaded successfully"); } catch (e) { console.error("Error loading audio:", e); debugLog("Failed to load audio: " + e.message); const container = document.getElementById(containerId); container.innerHTML = `<p class="text-red-500">Error loading audio. <a href="${audioUrl}" target="_blank" aria-label="Open audio in new tab">Open audio</a></p>`; } } // Toggle dark mode function toggleTheme() { try { debugLog("Toggling theme"); document.documentElement.classList.toggle('dark'); localStorage.setItem('theme', document.documentElement.classList.contains('dark') ? 'dark' : 'light'); debugLog("Theme toggled successfully"); } catch (e) { console.error("Error toggling theme:", e); debugLog("Failed to toggle theme: " + e.message); } } // Load theme preference function loadTheme() { try { debugLog("Loading theme preference"); const theme = localStorage.getItem('theme'); if (theme === 'dark') { document.documentElement.classList.add('dark'); } debugLog("Theme loaded successfully"); } catch (e) { console.error("Error loading theme:", e); debugLog("Failed to load theme: " + e.message); } } // Initialize on DOM content loaded window.addEventListener('DOMContentLoaded', () => { try { debugLog("DOM content loaded, initializing quiz"); loadTheme(); initQuiz(); } catch (e) { console.error("Error during DOMContentLoaded:", e); debugLog("Failed to initialize on DOMContentLoaded: " + e.message); document.getElementById('error-message').innerHTML = "Error initializing quiz. Please check the console for details or contact support."; document.getElementById('error-message').classList.remove('hidden'); } }); </script> </body> </html>" frameborder="0" width="100%" height="2000px">
<div class="bg-white rounded-lg shadow-md p-4 md:p-6"> <h2 class="text-xl font-semibold mb-4">Instructions</h2> <h4 class="text-gray-800 text-lg font-semibold mt-6 mb-4">Test Features:</h4> <ul class="space-y-3"> <li class="flex items-center gap-3"> <i class="fa-solid fa-circle-check text-green-500"></i> Multiple choice questions with single correct answers </li> <li class="flex items-center gap-3"> <i class="fa-solid fa-circle-check text-green-500"></i> Timer-based testing for realistic exam conditions </li> <li class="flex items-center gap-3"> <i class="fa-solid fa-circle-check text-green-500"></i> Mark questions for review functionality </li> <li class="flex items-center gap-3"> <i class="fa-solid fa-circle-check text-green-500"></i> Comprehensive results and performance analysis </li> <li class="flex items-center gap-3"> <i class="fa-solid fa-circle-check text-green-500"></i> Mobile-optimized interface for learning on-the-go </li> </ul> <div class="mt-6 flex space-x-4 button-group md:flex-row flex-col"> <button class="bg-[#2c5281] text-white px-6 py-2 rounded-lg hover:bg-[#2c5281] transition" id="start-test">Start Test</button> </div> <div class="error-message hidden" id="error-message"></div> </div> </section> <!-- Quiz Section --> <section class="container mx-auto px-4 md:px-6 pt-4 md:pt-6 pb-1 hidden section-transition" id="quiz"> <div class="bg-white rounded-lg shadow-md p-4 md:p-6"> <!-- Progress Bar --> <div class="w-full bg-gray-200 rounded-full h-3 mb-4"> <div class="progress-bar h-3 rounded-full" id="progress-bar" style="width: 0%"></div> </div> <!-- Question Header --> <div class="flex flex-col md:flex-row justify-between items-center mb-4"> <h2 class="text-lg font-semibold" id="question-number">Question <span>1</span> of 4</h2> <p class="text-lg font-semibold mt-2 md:mt-0" id="timer">Time Remaining: <span>00:00</span></p> </div> <!-- Question Content --> <div class="mb-6" id="question-content"> <p class="text-gray-800 mb-4" id="question-text"></p> <div class="flex flex-wrap gap-4 mb-4" id="question-images"></div> <div class="space-y-3" id="options"></div> </div> <!-- Navigation Buttons --> <div class="flex flex-col md:flex-row justify-between items-center gap-2 md:gap-4"> <div class="flex gap-2 w-full md:w-auto"> <button class="bg-[#2c5281] text-white px-4 py-3 w-full md:w-32 h-14 rounded-lg hover:bg-[#2c5281] transition" disabled="" id="previous-btn">Previous</button> <button class="bg-[#2c5281] text-white px-4 py-3 w-full md:w-32 h-14 rounded-lg hover:bg-[#2c5281] transition" id="next-btn">Next</button> </div> <div class="flex items-center gap-2"> <button class="bg-transparent text-gray-700 px-4 py-2 rounded-lg hover:bg-gray-100 transition flex items-center gap-1" id="mark-review"> Review <svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" class="h-5 w-5" viewBox="0 0 20 20" fill="currentColor"> <path d="M10 2a1 1 0 00-1 1v14l3.293-3.293a1 1 0 011.414 0L17 17V3a1 1 0 00-1-1H10z" /> </svg> </button> <button class="bg-transparent text-gray-700 px-4 py-2 rounded-lg hover:bg-gray-100 transition flex items-center gap-1" id="nav-toggle"> Question 🧭 </button> <button class="bg-green-500 text-white px-6 py-3 w-44 h-14 rounded-lg hover:bg-green-600 transition w-full md:w-auto" id="submit-test">Submit Test</button> </div> </div> </section> <!-- Results Section --> <section class="container mx-auto px-4 md:px-6 pt-4 md:pt-6 pb-1 hidden section-transition" id="results"> <div class="bg-white rounded-lg shadow-md p-4 md:p-6"> <h2 class="text-2xl font-semibold mb-4">Anaesthesia Machine - Results</h2> <div class="grid grid-cols-1 md:grid-cols-2 gap-4 mb-6"> <p><strong>Correct:</strong> <span id="correct-count" class="text-[#000000]">0</span></p> <p><strong>Wrong:</strong> <span id="wrong-count" class="text-[#000000]">0</span></p> <p><strong>Unanswered:</strong> <span id="unanswered-count" class="text-[#000000]-500">0</span></p> <p><strong>Marked for Review:</strong> <span id="marked-count" class="text-[#000000]">0</span></p> </div> <h3 class="text-lg font-semibold mb-4" id="result-question-number">Question <span>1</span> of 4</h3> <div class="space-y-6" id="results-content"></div> <div class="result-nav"> <button aria-label="Previous question result" class="result-nav-btn bg-[#2c5281] text-white px-6 py-2 rounded-lg hover:bg-[#2c5281] transition" disabled="" id="prev-result">Previous</button> <button aria-label="Toggle results navigation panel" class="result-nav-btn bg-[#2c5281] text-white px-6 py-2 rounded-lg hover:bg-[#2c5281] transition" id="results-nav-toggle">Result 🧭</button> <button aria-label="Next question result" class="result-nav-btn bg-[#2c5281] text-white px-6 py-2 rounded-lg hover:bg-[#2c5281] transition" id="next-result">Next</button> </div> <div class="mt-6 flex space-x-4 button-group md:flex-row flex-col"> <button class="bg-green-500 text-white px-6 py-2 rounded-lg hover:bg-green-600 transition" id="take-again">Take Again</button> </div> </div> </section> <!-- Exit Confirmation Modal --> <div class="fixed inset-0 bg-black bg-opacity-50 flex items-center justify-center hidden" id="exit-modal"> <div class="bg-white rounded-lg p-6 max-w-sm w-full"> <h2 class="text-xl font-semibold mb-4">Leave Test?</h2> <p class="text-gray-700 mb-4">Your progress will be lost if you leave this page. Are you sure you want to exit?</p> <div class="flex justify-end space-x-4"> <button class="bg-gray-300 text-gray-700 px-4 py-2 rounded-lg hover:bg-gray-400 transition" id="continue-test">No, Continue</button> <button class="bg-red-500 text-white px-4 py-2 rounded-lg hover:bg-red-600 transition" id="exit-test">Yes, Exit</button> </div> </div> </div> <!-- Submit Confirmation Modal --> <div class="fixed inset-0 bg-black bg-opacity-50 flex items-center justify-center hidden" id="submit-modal"> <div class="bg-white rounded-lg p-6 max-w-sm w-full"> <h2 class="text-xl font-semibold mb-4">Confirm Submission</h2> <p class="text-gray-700 mb-2">You have attempted <span id="attempted-count">0</span> of 18 questions.</p> <p class="text-gray-700 mb-4"><span id="unattempted-count">0</span> questions are unattempted.</p> <div class="flex justify-end space-x-4"> <button class="bg-gray-300 text-gray-700 px-4 py-2 rounded-lg hover:bg-gray-400 transition" id="cancel-submit">Cancel</button> <button class="bg-green-500 text-white px-4 py-2 rounded-lg hover:bg-green-600 transition" id="confirm-submit">Submit Test</button> </div> </div> </div> <!-- Quiz Navigation Panel --> <div class="fixed inset-y-0 right-0 nav-panel bg-white shadow-lg p-4 hidden overflow-y-auto" id="nav-panel"> <h2 class="text-lg font-semibold mb-4">Questions Navigation</h2> <div class="mb-4"> <select class="w-full p-2 border rounded-lg text-gray-700" id="nav-filter"> <option value="all">All Questions</option> <option value="answered">Answered</option> <option value="unanswered">Unanswered</option> <option value="marked">Marked for Review</option> </select> </div> <div class="grid grid-cols-5 gap-2 md:gap-3" id="nav-grid"></div> <button class="mt-4 bg-gray-500 text-white px-4 py-2 rounded-lg hover:bg-gray-600 transition w-full" id="close-nav">Close</button> </div> <!-- Results Navigation Panel --> <div class="fixed inset-y-0 right-0 results-nav-panel bg-white shadow-lg p-4 hidden overflow-y-auto" id="results-nav-panel"> <h2 class="text-lg font-semibold mb-4">Results Navigation</h2> <div class="mb-4"> <select class="w-full p-2 border rounded-lg text-gray-700" id="results-nav-filter"> <option value="all">All Questions</option> <option value="answered">Answered</option> <option value="unanswered">Unanswered</option> <option value="marked">Marked for Review</option> </select> </div> <div class="grid grid-cols-5 gap-2 md:gap-3" id="results-nav-grid"></div> <button class="mt-4 bg-gray-500 text-white px-4 py-2 rounded-lg hover:bg-gray-600 transition w-full" id="close-results-nav">Close</button> </div> <!-- JavaScript Logic --> <script> // Enable debug mode for detailed logging const DEBUG_MODE = true; // Log debug messages function debugLog(message) { if (DEBUG_MODE) { console.log(`[DEBUG] ${message}`); } } // Initialize questions with error handling let questions = []; let currentResultQuestion = 0; // State for current question in results try { debugLog("Attempting to parse questions_json"); questions = [{"text": "Which enzyme is the rate-limiting enzyme of gluconeogenesis?", "options": [{"label": "A", "text": "PEP Carboxykinase", "correct": false}, {"label": "B", "text": "Pyruvate Carboxylase", "correct": false}, {"label": "C", "text": "Glucose-6-phosphatase", "correct": false}, {"label": "D", "text": "Fructose 1,6-bisphosphatase", "correct": true}], "correct_answer": "D. Fructose 1,6-bisphosphatase", "question_images": [], "explanation_images": ["https://image.prepladder.com/content/8TJjri1oP9qson9zwiJc1736355292.png"], "explanation": "\n\n<p style='font-size: 10px; color: #808080; font-style: italic;'>@dams_new_robot</p>", "bot": "@dams_new_robot", "audio": "https://image.prepladder.com/content/j6eYV2BITqPt0zqrBu8z1743697103.mp3", "video": ""}, {"text": "In patients with uncontrolled diabetes, which of the following intermediates is depleted, suppressing the TCA cycle?", "options": [{"label": "A", "text": "Acetyl CoA", "correct": false}, {"label": "B", "text": "Oxaloacetate", "correct": true}, {"label": "C", "text": "Succinyl-CoA", "correct": false}, {"label": "D", "text": "Malate", "correct": false}], "correct_answer": "B. Oxaloacetate", "question_images": [], "explanation_images": [], "explanation": "<table>\n<thead>\n<tr>\n<th><strong>Function</strong></th>\n<th><strong>Effect in Uncontrolled Diabetes</strong></th>\n</tr>\n</thead>\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<td>Combines with acetyl-CoA to <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"a1b06f401f1692777203a53393ba98\">form</span> citrate</td>\n<td><strong>Depleted due to increased gluconeogenesis</strong></td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td>Essential for <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"a0c0c687e11692777200047d93f43e\">TCA</span> cycle continuation</td>\n<td><strong>Suppression of the <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"a0c0c687e11692777200047d93f43e\">TCA</span> cycle</strong></td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td>Deficiency leads to <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"296c955ad216927771900bf1905f13\">ketone</span> body formation</td>\n<td><strong>Ketogenesis → Ketoacidosis</strong></td>\n</tr>\n</tbody>\n\n\n<p style='font-size: 10px; color: #808080; font-style: italic;'>@dams_new_robot</p>", "bot": "@dams_new_robot", "audio": "https://image.prepladder.com/content/iNc9qf37vfrc4nFvsPRz1743694881.mp3", "video": ""}, {"text": "Which of the following factors regulates the expression of PEPCK in liver cells?", "options": [{"label": "A", "text": "Glucagon", "correct": true}, {"label": "B", "text": "Insulin", "correct": false}, {"label": "C", "text": "Citrate", "correct": false}, {"label": "D", "text": "Acetyl-CoA", "correct": false}], "correct_answer": "A. Glucagon", "question_images": [], "explanation_images": [], "explanation": "<table>\n<thead>\n<tr>\n<th><strong>Regulator</strong></th>\n<th><strong>Effect on PEPCK</strong></th>\n<th><strong>Mechanism</strong></th>\n</tr>\n</thead>\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<td><strong>Glucagon</strong></td>\n<td><strong>Increases</strong></td>\n<td>↑ cAMP → ↑ PKA → ↑ PEPCK transcription</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td><strong>Insulin</strong></td>\n<td><strong>Decreases</strong></td>\n<td>↓ cAMP → ↓ PKA → ↓ PEPCK transcription</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td><strong>Cortisol</strong></td>\n<td><strong>Increases</strong></td>\n<td>Activates PEPCK gene transcription</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td><strong>Glucose</strong></td>\n<td><strong>Decreases</strong></td>\n<td>Inhibits gluconeogenic enzymes</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td><strong>Acetyl-CoA</strong></td>\n<td><strong>Activates <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"f9129e152d16927771960c4ccc40bc\">pyruvate</span> carboxylase</strong></td>\n<td>Does not directly regulate PEPCK</td>\n</tr>\n</tbody>\n\n\n<p style='font-size: 10px; color: #808080; font-style: italic;'>@dams_new_robot</p>", "bot": "@dams_new_robot", "audio": "https://image.prepladder.com/content/7l3bAusKEJvn1IQEkaPJ1743694994.mp3", "video": ""}, {"text": "A 45-year-old woman presents with fatigue and muscle weakness. Laboratory tests reveal hypoglycemia and elevated lactate levels. The physician suspects a deficiency in a coenzyme essential for gluconeogenesis. Which coenzyme is most likely deficient in this patient?", "options": [{"label": "A", "text": "Magnesium", "correct": false}, {"label": "B", "text": "Thiamine Pyrophosphate", "correct": false}, {"label": "C", "text": "Biotin", "correct": true}, {"label": "D", "text": "Fluoride", "correct": false}], "correct_answer": "C. Biotin", "question_images": [], "explanation_images": ["https://image.prepladder.com/content/tapxMAmBo3jEoSSPuZKx1736355530.png"], "explanation": "<table>\n<thead>\n<tr>\n<th><strong>Step</strong></th>\n<th><strong>Enzyme</strong></th>\n<th><strong>Required Coenzyme</strong></th>\n<th><strong>Location</strong></th>\n</tr>\n</thead>\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<td><strong>Pyruvate → Oxaloacetate</strong></td>\n<td><strong>Pyruvate carboxylase</strong></td>\n<td><strong>Biotin</strong></td>\n<td><strong>Mitochondria</strong></td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td><strong>Oxaloacetate → PEP</strong></td>\n<td><strong>PEPCK</strong></td>\n<td><strong>GTP</strong></td>\n<td><strong>Cytoplasm/Mitochondria</strong></td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td><strong>F-1,6-BP → F-6-P</strong></td>\n<td><strong>Fructose-1,6-bisphosphatase</strong></td>\n<td><strong>Mg²⁺</strong></td>\n<td><strong>Cytoplasm</strong></td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td><strong>G-6-P → Glucose</strong></td>\n<td><strong>Glucose-6-phosphatase</strong></td>\n<td><strong>Mg²⁺</strong></td>\n<td><strong>Endoplasmic Reticulum</strong></td>\n</tr>\n</tbody>\n\n\n<p style='font-size: 10px; color: #808080; font-style: italic;'>@dams_new_robot</p>", "bot": "@dams_new_robot", "audio": "https://image.prepladder.com/content/qr1hwvBZn7WU1XPgkHaW1743695400.mp3", "video": ""}, {"text": "Which of the following enzymes in gluconeogenesis is considered a \"tandem enzyme\" with fructose-2,6-bisphosphatase, functioning in the opposite direction?", "options": [{"label": "A", "text": "Pyruvate carboxylase", "correct": false}, {"label": "B", "text": "Phosphoenolpyruvate carboxykinase", "correct": false}, {"label": "C", "text": "Phosphofructokinase I", "correct": false}, {"label": "D", "text": "Phosphofructokinase-2", "correct": true}], "correct_answer": "D. Phosphofructokinase-2", "question_images": [], "explanation_images": [], "explanation": "<table>\n<thead>\n<tr>\n<th><strong>Tandem <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"0f160e4e42169277718771b715516a\">Enzyme</span> Pair</strong></th>\n<th><strong>Glycolysis Enzyme</strong></th>\n<th><strong>Gluconeogenesis Enzyme</strong></th>\n<th><strong>Function &amp; Regulation</strong></th>\n</tr>\n</thead>\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<td><strong>PFK-2 / FBPase-2</strong></td>\n<td><strong>Phosphofructokinase-2 (PFK-2)</strong></td>\n<td><strong>Fructose-2,6-bisphosphatase (FBPase-2)</strong></td>\n<td><strong>Regulates fructose-2,6-bisphosphate levels</strong>, controlling <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"185a500ee91692777188b3044db06d\">glycolysis</span> &amp; gluconeogenesis.</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td><strong>Hexokinase / Glucose-6-phosphatase</strong></td>\n<td><strong>Hexokinase/Glucokinase</strong></td>\n<td><strong>Glucose-6-phosphatase</strong></td>\n<td>Controls <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"619ba5e99c16927771958308fb8687\">phosphorylation</span> and <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"faadc77f171692777186b7a2721322\">dephosphorylation</span> of glucose.</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td><strong>Pyruvate <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"9863da498e1692777190e1c6515b48\">kinase</span> / PEPCK</strong></td>\n<td><strong>Pyruvate kinase</strong></td>\n<td><strong>Phosphoenolpyruvate carboxykinase (PEPCK)</strong></td>\n<td>Controls conversion between <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"624ee3cb8d1692777195f4dce9b626\">PEP</span> and pyruvate, linking <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"185a500ee91692777188b3044db06d\">glycolysis</span> and gluconeogenesis.</td>\n</tr>\n</tbody>\n</table>\n<table>\n<thead>\n<tr>\n<th><strong>Condition</strong></th>\n<th><strong>PFK-2 Activity</strong></th>\n<th><strong>FBPase-2 Activity</strong></th>\n<th><strong>Metabolic Effect</strong></th>\n</tr>\n</thead>\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<td><strong>Fed state (Insulin ↑)</strong></td>\n<td><strong>Active</strong></td>\n<td>Inhibited</td>\n<td>↑ Fructose-2,6-bisphosphate → ↑ Glycolysis</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td><strong>Fasting state (Glucagon ↑, cAMP ↑, PKA ↑)</strong></td>\n<td>Inhibited</td>\n<td><strong>Active</strong></td>\n<td>↓ Fructose-2,6-bisphosphate → ↑ Gluconeogenesis</td>\n</tr>\n</tbody>\n</table>\n<table>\n<thead>\n<tr>\n<th>\n<p><strong>Regulatory Factor</strong></p>\n</th>\n<th>\n<p><strong>Effect on PFK-2/FBPase-2</strong></p>\n</th>\n<th>\n<p><strong>Metabolic Outcome</strong></p>\n</th>\n</tr>\n</thead>\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<td>\n<p><strong>Insulin (Fed State)</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td>\n<p>Activates <strong>PFK-2</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td>\n<p>↑ Glycolysis, ↓ Gluconeogenesis</p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td>\n<p><strong>Glucagon (Fasting State)</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td>\n<p>Activates <strong>FBPase-2</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td>\n<p>↓ Glycolysis, ↑ Gluconeogenesis</p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td>\n<p><strong>Fructose-2,6-bisphosphate</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td>\n<p>Stimulates <strong>PFK-1</strong>, inhibits <strong>FBPase-1</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td>\n<p>↑ Glycolysis, ↓ Gluconeogenesis</p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td>\n<p><strong>cAMP / PKA Activation</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td>\n<p>Phosphorylates <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"0f160e4e42169277718771b715516a\">enzyme</span> → Activates <strong>FBPase-2</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td>\n<p>Promotes gluconeogenesis</p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n</tbody>\n\n\n<p style='font-size: 10px; color: #808080; font-style: italic;'>@dams_new_robot</p>", "bot": "@dams_new_robot", "audio": "https://image.prepladder.com/content/BkbAW5igjlWOznumz0qL1743696234.mp3", "video": ""}, {"text": "A patient presents with symptoms of hypoglycemia shortly after consuming a high-carbohydrate meal. Laboratory tests reveal elevated insulin levels. Which of the following enzymes in the gluconeogenesis pathway is most likely to be strongly inhibited in this scenario?", "options": [{"label": "A", "text": "Pyruvate carboxylase", "correct": false}, {"label": "B", "text": "Phosphoenolpyruvate carboxykinase (PEPCK)", "correct": false}, {"label": "C", "text": "Fructose-1,6-bisphosphatase", "correct": true}, {"label": "D", "text": "Glucose-6-phosphatase", "correct": false}], "correct_answer": "C. Fructose-1,6-bisphosphatase", "question_images": [], "explanation_images": [], "explanation": "<table>\n<thead>\n<tr>\n<th><strong>Regulatory Mechanism</strong></th>\n<th><strong>Effect on Gluconeogenesis</strong></th>\n<th><strong>Key Enzymes Affected</strong></th>\n</tr>\n</thead>\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<td colspan=\"3\"><strong>Hormonal Regulation</strong></td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td><strong>Insulin (Fed State)</strong></td>\n<td>Inhibits <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"724a9faafe1692777188ca8840ec5c\">gluconeogenesis</span> by increasing <strong>fructose-2,6-bisphosphate</strong>, which inhibits fructose-1,6-bisphosphatase.</td>\n<td><strong>Fructose-1,6-bisphosphatase</strong>, <strong>PEPCK</strong>, <strong>Glucose-6-phosphatase</strong></td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td><strong>Glucagon (Fasting State)</strong></td>\n<td>Stimulates <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"724a9faafe1692777188ca8840ec5c\">gluconeogenesis</span> by decreasing <strong>fructose-2,6-bisphosphate</strong>.</td>\n<td><strong>Fructose-1,6-bisphosphatase</strong>, <strong>PEPCK</strong>, <strong>Glucose-6-phosphatase</strong></td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td colspan=\"3\"><strong>Allosteric Regulation</strong></td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td><strong>Fructose-2,6-bisphosphate</strong></td>\n<td>Strongly inhibits <strong>fructose-1,6-bisphosphatase</strong>, suppressing gluconeogenesis.</td>\n<td><strong>Fructose-1,6-bisphosphatase</strong></td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td><strong>AMP (Low Energy State)</strong></td>\n<td>Inhibits gluconeogenesis, <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"f9016f36fd1692777198b0fd5e9c6d\">signaling</span> low <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"5abb3a7e7f1692777182a8f4c42522\">ATP</span> levels.</td>\n<td><strong>Fructose-1,6-bisphosphatase</strong></td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td><strong>Acetyl-CoA (High Energy State)</strong></td>\n<td>Activates <strong>pyruvate carboxylase</strong>, promoting gluconeogenesis.</td>\n<td><strong>Pyruvate carboxylase</strong></td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td colspan=\"3\"><strong>Substrate Availability</strong></td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td><strong>Lactate</strong></td>\n<td>Enters <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"724a9faafe1692777188ca8840ec5c\">gluconeogenesis</span> via pyruvate.</td>\n<td><strong>Pyruvate carboxylase</strong>, <strong>PEPCK</strong></td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td><strong>Glycerol</strong></td>\n<td>Converted to <strong>DHAP</strong>, <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"11a5eea407169277720251b8446fa7\">feeding</span> into gluconeogenesis.</td>\n<td><strong>Glycerol kinase</strong>, <strong>G3P dehydrogenase</strong></td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td><strong>Alanine</strong></td>\n<td>Converted to <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"f9129e152d16927771960c4ccc40bc\">pyruvate</span> for gluconeogenesis.</td>\n<td><strong>Alanine aminotransferase</strong>, <strong>PEPCK</strong></td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td colspan=\"3\"><strong>Energy Status</strong></td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td><strong>High ATP/Low AMP</strong></td>\n<td>Promotes gluconeogenesis.</td>\n<td><strong>Fructose-1,6-bisphosphatase</strong>, <strong>PEPCK</strong></td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td><strong>Low ATP/High AMP</strong></td>\n<td>Inhibits gluconeogenesis.</td>\n<td><strong>Fructose-1,6-bisphosphatase</strong></td>\n</tr>\n</tbody>\n\n\n<p style='font-size: 10px; color: #808080; font-style: italic;'>@dams_new_robot</p>", "bot": "@dams_new_robot", "audio": "https://image.prepladder.com/content/Fj9DiJYpH5TC1txa4M0O1743696803.mp3", "video": ""}, {"text": "Which of the following statements about the malate shuttle in gluconeogenesis is not true?", "options": [{"label": "A", "text": "Helps transfer reducing equivalents from the cytoplasm to mitochondria", "correct": false}, {"label": "B", "text": "Involves the interconversion of oxaloacetate and malate", "correct": false}, {"label": "C", "text": "Requires the enzyme malate dehydrogenase in both mitochondria and cytosol", "correct": false}, {"label": "D", "text": "Directly transports NADH across the mitochondrial membrane", "correct": true}], "correct_answer": "D. Directly transports NADH across the mitochondrial membrane", "question_images": [], "explanation_images": ["https://image.prepladder.com/content/7uofOB9soGwx0hipbSDa1736355422.png", "https://image.prepladder.com/content/DbejkFDatrwnVDkxttU51736355442.png"], "explanation": "<table>\n<thead>\n<tr>\n<th><strong>Step</strong></th>\n<th><strong>Process</strong></th>\n</tr>\n</thead>\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<td><strong>Cytosol</strong></td>\n<td>Oxaloacetate → <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"4864ab36e7169277719104321f281f\">Malate</span> (via cytosolic <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"4864ab36e7169277719104321f281f\">malate</span> dehydrogenase, using NADH)</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td><strong>Transport</strong></td>\n<td>Malate crosses mitochondrial <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"34cd707428169277719272942b7905\">membrane</span> via malate-α-ketoglutarate antiporter</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td><strong>Mitochondria</strong></td>\n<td>Malate → <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"0aa20d5343169277719438bfdae95f\">Oxaloacetate</span> (via mitochondrial <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"4864ab36e7169277719104321f281f\">malate</span> dehydrogenase, regenerating NADH)</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td><strong>Return Pathway</strong></td>\n<td>Oxaloacetate → <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"3d988dbcc816927771821e9a2544f7\">Aspartate</span> (via transamination), which exits <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"18c9e7b9721692777192bd042528cc\">mitochondria</span> via the glutamate-aspartate antiporter</td>\n</tr>\n</tbody>\n\n\n<p style='font-size: 10px; color: #808080; font-style: italic;'>@dams_new_robot</p>", "bot": "@dams_new_robot", "audio": "https://image.prepladder.com/content/2enCaOgN58SIJfN73jWm1743697056.mp3", "video": ""}, {"text": "Which of the following enzymes involved in gluconeogenesis is located in the endoplasmic reticulum?", "options": [{"label": "A", "text": "Pyruvate carboxylase", "correct": false}, {"label": "B", "text": "Phosphoenolpyruvate carboxykinase (PEPCK)", "correct": false}, {"label": "C", "text": "Fructose-1,6-bisphosphatase", "correct": false}, {"label": "D", "text": "Glucose-6-phosphatase", "correct": true}], "correct_answer": "D. Glucose-6-phosphatase", "question_images": [], "explanation_images": [], "explanation": "<table>\n<thead>\n<tr>\n<th><strong>Enzyme</strong></th>\n<th><strong>Location</strong></th>\n<th><strong>Function</strong></th>\n<th><strong>Cofactors</strong></th>\n</tr>\n</thead>\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<td><strong>Pyruvate <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"0991be8b0016927771839a46b6bbd3\">Carboxylase</span> (Option A ruled out)</strong></td>\n<td>Mitochondria</td>\n<td>Converts <strong>pyruvate to oxaloacetate</strong></td>\n<td><strong>Biotin, ATP, CO₂</strong></td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td><strong>Phosphoenolpyruvate Carboxykinase (PEPCK) (Option B ruled out)</strong></td>\n<td>Cytoplasm &amp; Mitochondria</td>\n<td>Converts <strong>oxaloacetate to PEP</strong></td>\n<td><strong>GTP (as a <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"189b6fc834169277719580eb39bb4c\">phosphate</span> donor)</strong></td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td><strong>Fructose-1,6-bisphosphatase (Option C ruled out)</strong></td>\n<td>Cytoplasm</td>\n<td>Converts <strong>F-1,6-BP to F-6-P</strong></td>\n<td><strong>Mg²⁺</strong></td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td><strong>Glucose-6-phosphatase</strong></td>\n<td><strong>Endoplasmic Reticulum</strong></td>\n<td>Converts <strong>G-6-P to free glucose</strong></td>\n<td><strong>Mg²</strong></td>\n</tr>\n</tbody>\n\n\n<p style='font-size: 10px; color: #808080; font-style: italic;'>@dams_new_robot</p>", "bot": "@dams_new_robot", "audio": "https://image.prepladder.com/content/FBoalDwsQEBF82kdr0oS1743697221.mp3", "video": ""}, {"text": "Which of the following is NOT a substrate for gluconeogenesis?", "options": [{"label": "A", "text": "Lactate", "correct": false}, {"label": "B", "text": "Glycerol", "correct": false}, {"label": "C", "text": "Alanine", "correct": false}, {"label": "D", "text": "Acetyl-CoA", "correct": true}], "correct_answer": "D. Acetyl-CoA", "question_images": [], "explanation_images": ["https://image.prepladder.com/notes/sJWfPDwD3rNHArorWvgt1744019109.png", "https://image.prepladder.com/content/BUb6E7OATZ9jN772ZqBi1739777878.png"], "explanation": "<table>\n<thead>\n<tr>\n<th><strong>Substrate</strong></th>\n<th><strong>Source</strong></th>\n<th><strong>Entry Point in Gluconeogenesis</strong></th>\n</tr>\n</thead>\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<td>Lactate</td>\n<td>Anaerobic <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"185a500ee91692777188b3044db06d\">glycolysis</span> (muscles, RBCs)</td>\n<td>Converted to <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"f9129e152d16927771960c4ccc40bc\">pyruvate</span> via the Cori cycle</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td>Glycerol</td>\n<td>Lipolysis (adipose tissue)</td>\n<td>Converted to DHAP</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td>Alanine</td>\n<td>Muscle protein breakdown</td>\n<td>Converted to <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"f9129e152d16927771960c4ccc40bc\">pyruvate</span> via transamination</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td>Propionate</td>\n<td>Odd-chain <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"bc6cd9a9f9169277720261812ea113\">fatty</span> acid oxidation</td>\n<td>Converted to succinyl-CoA (TCA cycle)</td>\n</tr>\n</tbody>\n\n\n<p style='font-size: 10px; color: #808080; font-style: italic;'>@dams_new_robot</p>", "bot": "@dams_new_robot", "audio": "https://image.prepladder.com/content/DRwvZquDRd7PlHYioPkc1743697165.mp3", "video": ""}, {"text": "All of the following metabolic pathways occur in the cytoplasm except?", "options": [{"label": "A", "text": "Glycolysis", "correct": false}, {"label": "B", "text": "Pentose Phosphate Pathway", "correct": false}, {"label": "C", "text": "Fatty Acid Synthesis", "correct": false}, {"label": "D", "text": "Citric Acid Cycle", "correct": true}], "correct_answer": "D. Citric Acid Cycle", "question_images": [], "explanation_images": [], "explanation": "<table cellspacing=\"0\" style=\"border-collapse:collapse; width:NaN\">\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Cytoplasm</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Mitochondria</strong></p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<ul>\n<li>Glycolysis <strong>(Option A ruled out)</strong></li>\n<li>Pentose <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"189b6fc834169277719580eb39bb4c\">Phosphate</span> <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"3aa5abc2fa169277719488e088076d\">Pathway</span> <strong>(Option B ruled out)</strong></li>\n<li>Fatty Acid <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"3fda45538a1692777199ec2a5478a5\">Synthesis</span> <strong>(Option C ruled out)</strong></li>\n<li>Urea Cycle (partial- <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"728bb228361692777185b98c34534b\">Cytoplasm</span> &amp; Mitochondria)</li>\n<li>HMP Shunt</li>\n</ul>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<ul>\n<li>Krebs Cycle (Citric Acid Cycle)</li>\n<li>Electron Transport Chain</li>\n<li>Fatty Acid Oxidation</li>\n<li>Ketogenesis</li>\n</ul>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td colspan=\"2\" style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\"><strong>Gluconeogenesis </strong>occurs in the <strong>cytoplasm, mitochondria, and endoplasmic reticulum.</strong></td>\n</tr>\n</tbody>\n\n\n<p style='font-size: 10px; color: #808080; font-style: italic;'>@dams_new_robot</p>", "bot": "@dams_new_robot", "audio": "https://image.prepladder.com/content/aICwrWev4w9ToZuhghkf1743694484.mp3", "video": ""}, {"text": "Which of the following best describes the amphibolic nature of the citric acid cycle?", "options": [{"label": "A", "text": "It generates ATP and produces citrate for fatty acid synthesis.", "correct": true}, {"label": "B", "text": "It exclusively produces NADH for oxidative phosphorylation.", "correct": false}, {"label": "C", "text": "It breaks down fatty acids and synthesises only cholesterol.", "correct": false}, {"label": "D", "text": "It provides intermediates solely for glucose synthesis.", "correct": false}], "correct_answer": "A. It generates ATP and produces citrate for fatty acid synthesis.", "question_images": [], "explanation_images": [], "explanation": "\n\n<p style='font-size: 10px; color: #808080; font-style: italic;'>@dams_new_robot</p>", "bot": "@dams_new_robot", "audio": "https://image.prepladder.com/content/bH1evgumZcCK9KaGUYum1743696480.mp3", "video": ""}, {"text": "Which of the following is correct regarding anaplerotic reactions?", "options": [{"label": "A", "text": "Produce ATP", "correct": false}, {"label": "B", "text": "Replenish TCA intermediates", "correct": true}, {"label": "C", "text": "Reduction of NAD+ to NADH", "correct": false}, {"label": "D", "text": "Breakdown of fatty acids", "correct": false}], "correct_answer": "B. Replenish TCA intermediates", "question_images": [], "explanation_images": ["https://image.prepladder.com/content/TdpJp8ioPggDbdd3kPzJ1736355209.png"], "explanation": "<table>\n<thead>\n<tr>\n<th><strong>Reaction</strong></th>\n<th><strong>Enzyme</strong></th>\n<th><strong>Intermediate Replenished</strong></th>\n<th><strong>Source</strong></th>\n</tr>\n</thead>\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<td><strong>Pyruvate → Oxaloacetate</strong></td>\n<td>Pyruvate carboxylase</td>\n<td>Oxaloacetate</td>\n<td>Pyruvate (from glycolysis)</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td><strong>Glutamate → α-Ketoglutarate</strong></td>\n<td>Glutamate dehydrogenase</td>\n<td>α-Ketoglutarate</td>\n<td>Glutamate (from <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"543f207eb51692777181723491a358\">amino</span> acid metabolism)</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td><strong>Propionyl-CoA → Succinyl-CoA</strong></td>\n<td>Propionyl-CoA carboxylase</td>\n<td>Succinyl-CoA</td>\n<td>Odd-chain <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"bc6cd9a9f9169277720261812ea113\">fatty</span> acids, Valine, Isoleucine, Methionine</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td><strong>Aspartate → Oxaloacetate</strong></td>\n<td>Aspartate transaminase</td>\n<td>Oxaloacetate</td>\n<td>Aspartate (from protein metabolism)</td>\n</tr>\n</tbody>\n\n\n<p style='font-size: 10px; color: #808080; font-style: italic;'>@dams_new_robot</p>", "bot": "@dams_new_robot", "audio": "https://image.prepladder.com/content/ObHi7VD8gDQq4uD6uIjj1743695922.mp3", "video": ""}, {"text": "ATP inhibits all of the following enzymes in the citric acid cycle except:", "options": [{"label": "A", "text": "Citrate synthase", "correct": false}, {"label": "B", "text": "Isocitrate dehydrogenase", "correct": false}, {"label": "C", "text": "α-Ketoglutarate dehydrogenase", "correct": false}, {"label": "D", "text": "Succinate dehydrogenase", "correct": true}], "correct_answer": "D. Succinate dehydrogenase", "question_images": [], "explanation_images": [], "explanation": "<table>\n<thead>\n<tr>\n<th><strong>Enzyme</strong></th>\n<th><strong>Activators</strong></th>\n<th><strong>Inhibitors</strong></th>\n</tr>\n</thead>\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<td><strong>Citrate <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"d2bd91ccac169277719941254e1795\">Synthase</span> (Option A ruled out)</strong></td>\n<td>ADP</td>\n<td>ATP, Citrate, NADH, Succinyl-CoA</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td><strong>Isocitrate Dehydrogenase (Option B ruled out)</strong></td>\n<td>ADP, NAD+, Ca²⁺</td>\n<td>ATP, NADH</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td><strong>α-Ketoglutarate Dehydrogenase (Option C ruled out)</strong></td>\n<td>ADP, Ca²⁺</td>\n<td>ATP, NADH, Succinyl-CoA</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td><strong>Succinate Dehydrogenase</strong></td>\n<td>Succinate availability</td>\n<td>Oxaloacetate</td>\n</tr>\n</tbody>\n\n\n<p style='font-size: 10px; color: #808080; font-style: italic;'>@dams_new_robot</p>", "bot": "@dams_new_robot", "audio": "https://image.prepladder.com/content/V3nBv6I2xpMn5zJYco3A1743695666.mp3", "video": ""}, {"text": "Which of the following toxins directly inhibits the activity of the enzyme aconitase in the Citric Acid Cycle?", "options": [{"label": "A", "text": "Cyanide", "correct": false}, {"label": "B", "text": "Fluoroacetate", "correct": true}, {"label": "C", "text": "Rotenone", "correct": false}, {"label": "D", "text": "Antimycin A", "correct": false}], "correct_answer": "B. Fluoroacetate", "question_images": [], "explanation_images": [], "explanation": "<table cellspacing=\"0\" style=\"border-collapse:collapse; width:624px\">\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Inhibitor </strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Enzyme </strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Result </strong></p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Fluoroacetate </strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Aconitase</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Accumulation of citrate</p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Arsenite </strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Alpha-ketoglutarate <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"0d1ed86c771692777185d6b762efd5\">dehydrogenase</span> complex</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Accumulation of alpha-ketoglutarate</p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Malonate </strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Succinate dehydrogenase</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Accumulation of succinate</p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n</tbody>\n\n\n<p style='font-size: 10px; color: #808080; font-style: italic;'>@dams_new_robot</p>", "bot": "@dams_new_robot", "audio": "https://image.prepladder.com/content/M8APLBg5bsG8ZTHJsSH71743695248.mp3", "video": ""}, {"text": "Calculate the total amount of ATP produced from the Citric Acid Cycle alone for one glucose molecule.", "options": [{"label": "A", "text": "30 ATP", "correct": false}, {"label": "B", "text": "9 ATP", "correct": false}, {"label": "C", "text": "18 ATP", "correct": false}, {"label": "D", "text": "20 ATP", "correct": true}], "correct_answer": "D. 20 ATP", "question_images": [], "explanation_images": [], "explanation": "<table>\n<thead>\n<tr>\n<th><strong>Molecule Produced</strong></th>\n<th><strong>ATP Yield per Molecule</strong></th>\n<th><strong>Total <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"5abb3a7e7f1692777182a8f4c42522\">ATP</span> for 2 Cycles</strong></th>\n</tr>\n</thead>\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<td><strong>NADH</strong> (3 per cycle)</td>\n<td>2.5 ATP</td>\n<td>3 × 2.5 × 2 = <strong>15 ATP</strong></td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td><strong>FADH₂</strong> (1 per cycle)</td>\n<td>1.5 ATP</td>\n<td>1 × 1.5 × 2 = <strong>3 ATP</strong></td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td><strong>GTP (Direct ATP)</strong> (1 per cycle)</td>\n<td>1 ATP</td>\n<td>1 × 2 = <strong>2 ATP</strong></td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td><strong>Total ATP</strong></td>\n<td> </td>\n<td><strong>20 ATP</strong></td>\n</tr>\n</tbody>\n</table>\n<table>\n<thead>\n<tr>\n<th><strong>Feature</strong></th>\n<th><strong>Details</strong></th>\n</tr>\n</thead>\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<td><strong>Location</strong></td>\n<td>Mitochondrial matrix</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td><strong>Purpose</strong></td>\n<td>Oxidation of Acetyl-CoA to generate ATP, NADH, and FADH₂</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td><strong>Entry Molecule</strong></td>\n<td>Acetyl-CoA (from glycolysis, <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"bc6cd9a9f9169277720261812ea113\">fatty</span> acid oxidation, or <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"543f207eb51692777181723491a358\">amino</span> acid metabolism)</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td><strong>End Products per Cycle</strong></td>\n<td><strong>3 NADH</strong> (Produces 7.5 ATP)<br/>\n<strong>1 FADH₂</strong> (Produces 1.5 ATP)<br/>\n<strong>1 <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"5abb3a7e7f1692777182a8f4c42522\">ATP</span> (GTP)</strong><br/>\n<strong>2 CO₂</strong> (Byproduct)</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td><strong>ATP Yield per Glucose</strong></td>\n<td><strong>20 <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"5abb3a7e7f1692777182a8f4c42522\">ATP</span> (from 2 Acetyl-CoA)</strong></td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td><strong>Regulatory Enzymes</strong></td>\n<td><strong>Citrate Synthase</strong> (Inhibited by ATP, NADH, and Succinyl-CoA)<br/>\n<strong>Isocitrate Dehydrogenase</strong> (Rate-limiting step, inhibited by <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"5abb3a7e7f1692777182a8f4c42522\">ATP</span> and NADH)<br/>\n<strong>α-Ketoglutarate Dehydrogenase</strong> (Inhibited by ATP, NADH, and Succinyl-CoA)</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td><strong>Significance</strong></td>\n<td>Provides intermediates for <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"859a34e1061692777183872a5e4441\">biosynthesis</span> (e.g., <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"543f207eb51692777181723491a358\">amino</span> acids, heme, <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"bc6cd9a9f9169277720261812ea113\">fatty</span> acids)<br/>\n\t\t\tGenerates reducing equivalents (NADH, FADH₂) for the <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"d416281a201692777187899c00aed8\">electron</span> transport chain<br/>\n\t\t\tIntegrates carbohydrate, lipid, and protein metabolism</td>\n</tr>\n</tbody>\n</table>\n<table>\n<thead>\n<tr>\n<th><strong>Step</strong></th>\n<th><strong>Reaction</strong></th>\n<th><strong>Enzyme</strong></th>\n<th><strong>ATP/NADH/FADH₂ Produced</strong></th>\n</tr>\n</thead>\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<td>1</td>\n<td>Acetyl-CoA + <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"0aa20d5343169277719438bfdae95f\">Oxaloacetate</span> → Citrate</td>\n<td><strong>Citrate Synthase</strong></td>\n<td>-</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td>2</td>\n<td>Citrate → Isocitrate</td>\n<td><strong>Aconitase</strong></td>\n<td>-</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td>3</td>\n<td>Isocitrate → α-Ketoglutarate + CO₂</td>\n<td><strong>Isocitrate Dehydrogenase</strong></td>\n<td><strong>1 <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"70e624dfd41692777193efc364d5b4\">NADH</span> (2.5 ATP)</strong></td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td>4</td>\n<td>α-Ketoglutarate → Succinyl-CoA + CO₂</td>\n<td><strong>α-Ketoglutarate Dehydrogenase</strong></td>\n<td><strong>1 <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"70e624dfd41692777193efc364d5b4\">NADH</span> (2.5 ATP)</strong></td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td>5</td>\n<td>Succinyl-CoA → Succinate</td>\n<td><strong>Succinyl-CoA Synthetase</strong></td>\n<td><strong>1 <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"5abb3a7e7f1692777182a8f4c42522\">ATP</span> (GTP)</strong></td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td>6</td>\n<td>Succinate → Fumarate</td>\n<td><strong>Succinate Dehydrogenase</strong></td>\n<td><strong>1 FADH₂ (1.5 ATP)</strong></td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td>7</td>\n<td>Fumarate → Malate</td>\n<td><strong>Fumarase</strong></td>\n<td>-</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td>8</td>\n<td>Malate → Oxaloacetate</td>\n<td><strong>Malate Dehydrogenase</strong></td>\n<td><strong>1 <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"70e624dfd41692777193efc364d5b4\">NADH</span> (2.5 ATP)</strong></td>\n</tr>\n</tbody>\n</table>\n<table>\n<thead>\n<tr>\n<th><strong>Regulator</strong></th>\n<th><strong>Effect on <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"a0c0c687e11692777200047d93f43e\">TCA</span> Cycle</strong></th>\n<th><strong>Mechanism</strong></th>\n</tr>\n</thead>\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<td><strong>ATP</strong></td>\n<td>Inhibits</td>\n<td>High energy status</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td><strong>NADH</strong></td>\n<td>Inhibits</td>\n<td>High reducing equivalents</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td><strong>ADP</strong></td>\n<td>Activates</td>\n<td>Low energy status</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td><strong>Ca²⁺</strong></td>\n<td>Activates</td>\n<td>Stimulates muscle <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"ca2289e348169277718516017eb2ba\">contraction</span> and energy demand</td>\n</tr>\n</tbody>\n\n\n<p style='font-size: 10px; color: #808080; font-style: italic;'>@dams_new_robot</p>", "bot": "@dams_new_robot", "audio": "https://image.prepladder.com/content/KiRHxiSNOYLWiuHMPZMx1743695144.mp3", "video": ""}, {"text": "Which of the following by-products from the Krebs Cycle is involved in heme synthesis?", "options": [{"label": "A", "text": "Citrate", "correct": false}, {"label": "B", "text": "α-Ketoglutarate", "correct": false}, {"label": "C", "text": "Succinyl-CoA", "correct": true}, {"label": "D", "text": "Malate", "correct": false}], "correct_answer": "C. Succinyl-CoA", "question_images": [], "explanation_images": [], "explanation": "\n\n<p style='font-size: 10px; color: #808080; font-style: italic;'>@dams_new_robot</p>", "bot": "@dams_new_robot", "audio": "https://image.prepladder.com/content/9V9I7b4as9EtbRq92huN1743695088.mp3", "video": ""}, {"text": "Which of the following steps in the Citric acid cycle involves oxidative phosphorylation and decarboxylation? Isocitrate → α-Ketoglutarate Succinate → Fumarate Malate → Oxaloacetate α-Ketoglutarate → Succinyl-CoA", "options": [{"label": "A", "text": "1 and 4 are correct", "correct": true}, {"label": "B", "text": "2 and 3 are correct", "correct": false}, {"label": "C", "text": "1, 3, and 4 are correct", "correct": false}, {"label": "D", "text": "All are correct", "correct": false}], "correct_answer": "A. 1 and 4 are correct", "question_images": [], "explanation_images": ["https://image.prepladder.com/content/H1XIbWhioarB0e6cDp9s1736355140.png"], "explanation": "<table>\n<thead>\n<tr>\n<th><strong>Reaction Type</strong></th>\n<th><strong>Enzyme</strong></th>\n<th><strong>Reaction</strong></th>\n<th><strong>Product Formed</strong></th>\n</tr>\n</thead>\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<td colspan=\"1\" rowspan=\"2\"><strong>Oxidative Decarboxylation</strong></td>\n<td>Isocitrate Dehydrogenase</td>\n<td>Isocitrate → α-Ketoglutarate</td>\n<td>CO₂ + NADH</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td>α-Ketoglutarate Dehydrogenase</td>\n<td>α-Ketoglutarate → Succinyl-CoA</td>\n<td>CO₂ + NADH</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td colspan=\"1\" rowspan=\"4\"><strong>Oxidation (Production of NADH/FADH₂)</strong></td>\n<td>Isocitrate Dehydrogenase</td>\n<td>Isocitrate → α-Ketoglutarate</td>\n<td>NADH</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td>α-Ketoglutarate Dehydrogenase</td>\n<td>α-Ketoglutarate → Succinyl-CoA</td>\n<td>NADH</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td>Succinate Dehydrogenase</td>\n<td>Succinate → Fumarate</td>\n<td>FADH₂</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td>Malate Dehydrogenase</td>\n<td>Malate → Oxaloacetate</td>\n<td>NADH</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td><strong>Substrate-Level Phosphorylation</strong></td>\n<td>Succinyl-CoA Synthetase</td>\n<td>Succinyl-CoA → Succinate</td>\n<td>GTP (or ATP)</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td><strong>Hydration</strong></td>\n<td>Fumarase</td>\n<td>Fumarate → Malate</td>\n<td>H₂O Addition</td>\n</tr>\n</tbody>\n\n\n<p style='font-size: 10px; color: #808080; font-style: italic;'>@dams_new_robot</p>", "bot": "@dams_new_robot", "audio": "https://image.prepladder.com/content/PMITSp454T0iWuQkR1Yt1743694710.mp3", "video": ""}, {"text": "Which of the following is not a cofactor for the enzyme catalysing α-Ketoglutarate → Succinyl-CoA?", "options": [{"label": "A", "text": "Fe2+", "correct": true}, {"label": "B", "text": "Thiamine", "correct": false}, {"label": "C", "text": "Lipoic Acid", "correct": false}, {"label": "D", "text": "Pantothenic acid", "correct": false}], "correct_answer": "A. Fe2+", "question_images": [], "explanation_images": [], "explanation": "\n\n<p style='font-size: 10px; color: #808080; font-style: italic;'>@dams_new_robot</p>", "bot": "@dams_new_robot", "audio": "https://image.prepladder.com/content/pMpl8vMuiMZ0PhN5qrfm1743694579.mp3", "video": ""}]; if (!Array.isArray(questions) || questions.length === 0) { throw new Error("Questions data is empty or invalid"); } debugLog(`Successfully parsed ${questions.length} questions`); } catch (e) { console.error("Failed to parse questions_json:", e); document.getElementById('error-message').innerHTML = "Error loading quiz data. Please check the console for details or contact support."; document.getElementById('error-message').classList.remove('hidden'); document.getElementById('start-test').disabled = true; // Fallback to sample questions for testing questions = [ { text: "What is 2 + 2?", options: [ { label: "A", text: "3", correct: false }, { label: "B", text: "4", correct: true }, { label: "C", text: "5", correct: false }, { label: "D", text: "6", correct: false } ], correct_answer: "B. 4", question_images: [], explanation_images: [], explanation: "<p>2 + 2 = 4</p><p>@dams_new_robot</p>", bot: "@dams_new_robot", audio: "", video: "" } ]; debugLog("Loaded fallback questions"); } // Quiz state let currentQuestion = 0; let answers = new Array(questions.length).fill(null); let markedForReview = new Array(questions.length).fill(false); let timeRemaining = 28 * 60; // Duration in seconds let timerInterval = null; const quizId = `{title.replace(/\s+/g, '_').toLowerCase()}`; // Unique ID for local storage // Load saved progress function loadProgress() { try { debugLog("Loading progress from localStorage"); const saved = localStorage.getItem(`quiz_${quizId}`); if (saved) { const { savedAnswers, savedMarked, savedTime } = JSON.parse(saved); answers = savedAnswers || answers; markedForReview = savedMarked || markedForReview; timeRemaining = savedTime !== undefined ? savedTime : timeRemaining; debugLog("Progress loaded successfully"); } else { debugLog("No saved progress found"); } } catch (e) { console.error("Error loading progress:", e); debugLog("Failed to load progress: " + e.message); } } // Save progress function saveProgress() { try { debugLog("Saving progress to localStorage"); localStorage.setItem(`quiz_${quizId}`, JSON.stringify({ savedAnswers: answers, savedMarked: markedForReview, savedTime: timeRemaining })); debugLog("Progress saved successfully"); } catch (e) { console.error("Error saving progress:", e); debugLog("Failed to save progress: " + e.message); } } // Initialize quiz function initQuiz() { try { debugLog("Initializing quiz"); loadProgress(); const startButton = document.getElementById('start-test'); if (!startButton) { throw new Error("Start test button not found"); } startButton.addEventListener('click', startQuiz); debugLog("Start test button listener attached"); document.getElementById('previous-btn').addEventListener('click', showPreviousQuestion); document.getElementById('next-btn').addEventListener('click', showNextQuestion); document.getElementById('mark-review').addEventListener('click', toggleMarkForReview); document.getElementById('nav-toggle').addEventListener('click', toggleNavPanel); document.getElementById('submit-test').addEventListener('click', showSubmitModal); document.getElementById('continue-test').addEventListener('click', closeExitModal); document.getElementById('exit-test').addEventListener('click', () => { debugLog("Exiting test"); localStorage.removeItem(`quiz_${quizId}`); window.location.reload(); }); document.getElementById('cancel-submit').addEventListener('click', closeSubmitModal); document.getElementById('confirm-submit').addEventListener('click', submitTest); document.getElementById('take-again').addEventListener('click', () => { debugLog("Restarting test"); localStorage.removeItem(`quiz_${quizId}`); window.location.reload(); }); document.getElementById('review-test').addEventListener('click', () => showResults(currentResultQuestion)); document.getElementById('close-nav').addEventListener('click', toggleNavPanel); document.getElementById('theme-toggle').addEventListener('click', toggleTheme); document.getElementById('nav-filter').addEventListener('change', updateNavPanel); document.getElementById('prev-result').addEventListener('click', showPreviousResult); document.getElementById('next-result').addEventListener('click', showNextResult); document.getElementById('results-nav-toggle').addEventListener('click', toggleResultsNavPanel); document.getElementById('close-results-nav').addEventListener('click', toggleResultsNavPanel); document.getElementById('results-nav-filter').addEventListener('change', updateResultsNavPanel); debugLog("Quiz initialized successfully"); } catch (e) { console.error("Failed to initialize quiz:", e); debugLog("Failed to initialize quiz: " + e.message); document.getElementById('error-message').innerHTML = "Error initializing quiz. Please check the console for details or contact support."; document.getElementById('error-message').classList.remove('hidden'); document.getElementById('start-test').disabled = true; } } // Start quiz function startQuiz() { try { debugLog("Starting quiz"); document.getElementById('instructions').classList.add('hidden'); document.getElementById('quiz').classList.remove('hidden'); showQuestion(currentQuestion); startTimer(); updateNavPanel(); debugLog("Quiz started successfully"); } catch (e) { console.error("Error starting quiz:", e); debugLog("Failed to start quiz: " + e.message); document.getElementById('error-message').innerHTML = "Error starting quiz. Please check the console for details or contact support."; document.getElementById('error-message').classList.remove('hidden'); document.getElementById('quiz').classList.add('hidden'); document.getElementById('instructions').classList.remove('hidden'); } } // Show question function showQuestion(index) { try { debugLog(`Showing question ${index + 1}`); currentQuestion = index; const q = questions[index]; if (!q) { throw new Error(`Question ${index} is undefined`); } document.getElementById('question-number').innerHTML = `Question <span>${index + 1}</span> of ${questions.length}`; document.getElementById('question-text').innerHTML = q.text || "No question text available"; const imagesDiv = document.getElementById('question-images'); imagesDiv.innerHTML = q.question_images && q.question_images.length > 0 ? q.question_images.map(url => `<img src="${url}" alt="Question Image" class="max-w-full h-auto rounded-lg">`).join('') : ''; const optionsDiv = document.getElementById('options'); optionsDiv.innerHTML = q.options && q.options.length > 0 ? q.options.map(opt => ` <button class="option-btn w-full text-left p-3 border rounded-lg ${answers[index] === opt.label ? 'selected' : ''}" onclick="selectOption(${index}, '${opt.label}')" aria-label="Option ${opt.label}: ${opt.text}"> ${opt.label}. ${opt.text} </button> `).join('') : '<p class="text-red-500">No options available</p>'; document.getElementById('previous-btn').disabled = index === 0; document.getElementById('next-btn').disabled = index === questions.length - 1; document.getElementById('mark-review').classList.toggle('marked', markedForReview[index]); updateProgressBar(); saveProgress(); window.scrollTo({ top: 0, behavior: 'smooth' }); debugLog(`Question ${index + 1} displayed successfully`); } catch (e) { console.error("Error displaying question:", e); debugLog("Failed to display question: " + e.message); } } // Select option function selectOption(index, label) { try { debugLog(`Selecting option ${label} for question ${index + 1}`); answers[index] = label; const optionsDiv = document.getElementById('options'); const optionButtons = optionsDiv.querySelectorAll('.option-btn'); optionButtons.forEach(btn => { const btnLabel = btn.textContent.trim().split('.')[0]; btn.classList.toggle('selected', btnLabel === label); }); updateNavPanel(); saveProgress(); debugLog(`Option ${label} selected for question ${index + 1}`); } catch (e) { console.error("Error selecting option:", e); debugLog("Failed to select option: " + e.message); } } // Toggle mark for review function toggleMarkForReview() { try { debugLog(`Toggling mark for review on question ${currentQuestion + 1}`); markedForReview[currentQuestion] = !markedForReview[currentQuestion]; document.getElementById('mark-review').classList.toggle('marked', markedForReview[currentQuestion]); updateNavPanel(); saveProgress(); debugLog(`Mark for review toggled for question ${currentQuestion + 1}`); } catch (e) { console.error("Error marking for review:", e); debugLog("Failed to mark for review: " + e.message); } } // Navigate to previous question function showPreviousQuestion() { try { debugLog(`Navigating to previous question from ${currentQuestion + 1}`); if (currentQuestion > 0) { currentQuestion--; showQuestion(currentQuestion); } } catch (e) { console.error("Error navigating to previous question:", e); debugLog("Failed to navigate to previous question: " + e.message); } } // Navigate to next question function showNextQuestion() { try { debugLog(`Navigating to next question from ${currentQuestion + 1}`); if (currentQuestion < questions.length - 1) { currentQuestion++; showQuestion(currentQuestion); } } catch (e) { console.error("Error navigating to next question:", e); debugLog("Failed to navigate to next question: " + e.message); } } // Handle question navigation click function handleQuestionNavClick(index) { try { debugLog(`Navigating to question ${index + 1} via nav panel`); showQuestion(index); toggleNavPanel(); } catch (e) { console.error("Error handling navigation click:", e); debugLog("Failed to navigate via nav panel: " + e.message); } } // Start timer function startTimer() { try { debugLog("Starting timer"); timerInterval = setInterval(() => { if (timeRemaining <= 0) { debugLog("Timer expired, submitting test"); clearInterval(timerInterval); submitTest(); } else { timeRemaining--; const minutes = Math.floor(timeRemaining / 60); const seconds = timeRemaining % 60; document.getElementById('timer').innerHTML = `Time Remaining: <span>${minutes.toString().padStart(2, '0')}:${seconds.toString().padStart(2, '0')}</span>`; saveProgress(); } }, 1000); debugLog("Timer started successfully"); } catch (e) { console.error("Error starting timer:", e); debugLog("Failed to start timer: " + e.message); } } // Update progress bar function updateProgressBar() { try { debugLog("Updating progress bar"); const progress = ((currentQuestion + 1) / questions.length) * 100; document.getElementById('progress-bar').style.width = `${progress}%`; debugLog("Progress bar updated"); } catch (e) { console.error("Error updating progress bar:", e); debugLog("Failed to update progress bar: " + e.message); } } // Update quiz navigation panel function updateNavPanel() { try { debugLog("Updating quiz navigation panel"); const filter = document.getElementById('nav-filter').value; const navGrid = document.getElementById('nav-grid'); navGrid.innerHTML = questions.map((_, i) => { if (filter === 'answered' && !answers[i]) return ''; if (filter === 'unanswered' && answers[i]) return ''; if (filter === 'marked' && !markedForReview[i]) return ''; return ` <button class="question-nav-btn ${answers[i] ? 'answered' : 'unanswered'} ${markedForReview[i] ? 'marked-nav' : ''}" onclick="handleQuestionNavClick(${i})" aria-label="Go to Question ${i + 1}"> ${i + 1} </button> `; }).join(''); debugLog("Quiz navigation panel updated"); } catch (e) { console.error("Error updating quiz navigation panel:", e); debugLog("Failed to update quiz navigation panel: " + e.message); } } // Update results navigation panel function updateResultsNavPanel() { try { debugLog("Updating results navigation panel"); const filter = document.getElementById('results-nav-filter').value; const navGrid = document.getElementById('results-nav-grid'); navGrid.innerHTML = questions.map((_, i) => { if (filter === 'answered' && !answers[i]) return ''; if (filter === 'unanswered' && answers[i]) return ''; if (filter === 'marked' && !markedForReview[i]) return ''; return ` <button class="result-nav-btn-grid ${answers[i] ? 'answered' : 'unanswered'} ${markedForReview[i] ? 'marked-nav' : ''}" onclick="handleResultNavClick(${i})" aria-label="Go to Result for Question ${i + 1}"> ${i + 1} </button> `; }).join(''); debugLog("Results navigation panel updated"); } catch (e) { console.error("Error updating results navigation panel:", e); debugLog("Failed to update results navigation panel: " + e.message); } } // Toggle quiz navigation panel function toggleNavPanel() { try { debugLog("Toggling quiz navigation panel"); const navPanel = document.getElementById('nav-panel'); navPanel.classList.toggle('hidden'); debugLog("Quiz navigation panel toggled"); } catch (e) { console.error("Error toggling quiz navigation panel:", e); debugLog("Failed to toggle quiz navigation panel: " + e.message); } } // Toggle results navigation panel function toggleResultsNavPanel() { try { debugLog("Toggling results navigation panel"); const resultsNavPanel = document.getElementById('results-nav-panel'); resultsNavPanel.classList.toggle('hidden'); if (!resultsNavPanel.classList.contains('hidden')) { updateResultsNavPanel(); } debugLog("Results navigation panel toggled"); } catch (e) { console.error("Error toggling results navigation panel:", e); debugLog("Failed to toggle results navigation panel: " + e.message); } } // Handle result navigation click function handleResultNavClick(index) { try { debugLog(`Navigating to result for question ${index + 1} via nav panel`); showResults(index); toggleResultsNavPanel(); } catch (e) { console.error("Error handling result navigation click:", e); debugLog("Failed to navigate to result: " + e.message); } } // Show submit modal function showSubmitModal() { try { debugLog("Showing submit modal"); const attempted = answers.filter(a => a !== null).length; document.getElementById('attempted-count').textContent = attempted; document.getElementById('unattempted-count').textContent = questions.length - attempted; document.getElementById('submit-modal').classList.remove('hidden'); debugLog("Submit modal displayed"); } catch (e) { console.error("Error showing submit modal:", e); debugLog("Failed to show submit modal: " + e.message); } } // Close submit modal function closeSubmitModal() { try { debugLog("Closing submit modal"); document.getElementById('submit-modal').classList.add('hidden'); debugLog("Submit modal closed"); } catch (e) { console.error("Error closing submit modal:", e); debugLog("Failed to close submit modal: " + e.message); } } // Close exit modal function closeExitModal() { try { debugLog("Closing exit modal"); document.getElementById('exit-modal').classList.add('hidden'); debugLog("Exit modal closed"); } catch (e) { console.error("Error closing exit modal:", e); debugLog("Failed to close exit modal: " + e.message); } } // Submit test function submitTest() { try { debugLog("Submitting test"); clearInterval(timerInterval); document.getElementById('quiz').classList.add('hidden'); document.getElementById('submit-modal').classList.add('hidden'); document.getElementById('results').classList.remove('hidden'); showResults(0); // Start with first question // Trigger confetti animation confetti({ particleCount: 100, spread: 70, origin: { y: 0.6 } }); localStorage.removeItem(`quiz_${quizId}`); debugLog("Test submitted successfully"); } catch (e) { console.error("Error submitting test:", e); debugLog("Failed to submit test: " + e.message); } } // Show result for a single question function showResults(index) { try { debugLog(`Showing result for question ${index + 1}`); currentResultQuestion = index; let correct = 0, wrong = 0, unanswered = 0, marked = 0; answers.forEach((answer, i) => { const isCorrect = answer && questions[i].options.find(opt => opt.label === answer)?.correct; if (answer === null) unanswered++; else if (isCorrect) correct++; else wrong++; if (markedForReview[i]) marked++; }); const q = questions[index]; if (!q) { throw new Error(`Question ${index} is undefined`); } const userAnswer = answers[index]; const isCorrect = userAnswer && q.options.find(opt => opt.label === userAnswer)?.correct; const resultsContent = document.getElementById('results-content'); resultsContent.innerHTML = ` <div class="border p-4 rounded-lg ${isCorrect ? 'bg-green-50' : userAnswer ? 'bg-red-50' : 'bg-gray-50'}"> <p class="font-semibold">Question ${index + 1}: ${q.text || 'No question text'}</p> ${q.question_images && q.question_images.length > 0 ? q.question_images.map(url => `<img src="${url}" alt="Question Image" class="max-w-full h-auto rounded-lg my-2">`).join('') : ''} <p><strong>Your Answer:</strong> ${userAnswer ? `${userAnswer}. ${q.options.find(opt => opt.label === userAnswer)?.text || 'Invalid option'}` : 'Unanswered'}</p> <p><strong>Correct Answer:</strong> ${q.correct_answer || 'Unknown'}</p> <div class="mt-2">${q.explanation || 'No explanation available'}</div> ${q.explanation_images && q.explanation_images.length > 0 ? q.explanation_images.map(url => `<img src="${url}" alt="Explanation Image" class="max-w-full h-auto rounded-lg my-2">`).join('') : ''} ${q.video ? ` <button class="play-video bg-blue-500 text-white px-4 py-2 rounded-lg mt-2" onclick="loadVideo(this, '${q.video}', 'video-${index}')" aria-label="Play explanation video for Question ${index + 1}"> Play Video Explanation </button> <div id="video-${index}" class="video-container mt-2"></div> ` : '<p class="text-gray-500 mt-2">No video available</p>'} ${q.audio ? ` <button class="play-audio bg-blue-500 text-white px-4 py-2 rounded-lg mt-2" onclick="loadAudio(this, '${q.audio}', 'audio-${index}')" aria-label="Play audio explanation for Question ${index + 1}"> Play Audio Explanation </button> <div id="audio-${index}" class="audio-container mt-2"></div> ` : ''} </div> `; document.getElementById('correct-count').textContent = correct; document.getElementById('wrong-count').textContent = wrong; document.getElementById('unanswered-count').textContent = unanswered; document.getElementById('marked-count').textContent = marked; document.getElementById('result-question-number').innerHTML = `Question <span>${index + 1}</span> of ${questions.length}`; document.getElementById('prev-result').disabled = index === 0; document.getElementById('next-result').disabled = index === questions.length - 1; updateResultsNavPanel(); window.scrollTo({ top: 0, behavior: 'smooth' }); debugLog(`Result for question ${index + 1} displayed successfully`); } catch (e) { console.error("Error displaying result:", e); debugLog("Failed to display result: " + e.message); } } // Navigate to previous result function showPreviousResult() { try { debugLog(`Navigating to previous result from question ${currentResultQuestion + 1}`); if (currentResultQuestion > 0) { showResults(currentResultQuestion - 1); } } catch (e) { console.error("Error navigating to previous result:", e); debugLog("Failed to navigate to previous result: " + e.message); } } // Navigate to next result function showNextResult() { try { debugLog(`Navigating to next result from question ${currentResultQuestion + 1}`); if (currentResultQuestion < questions.length - 1) { showResults(currentResultQuestion + 1); } } catch (e) { console.error("Error navigating to next result:", e); debugLog("Failed to navigate to next result: " + e.message); } } // Lazy-load video function loadVideo(button, videoUrl, containerId) { try { debugLog(`Loading video for ${containerId}: ${videoUrl}`); if (!videoUrl) { const container = document.getElementById(containerId); container.innerHTML = `<p class="text-gray-500">No video available</p>`; button.remove(); debugLog("No video URL provided"); return; } const container = document.getElementById(containerId); container.innerHTML = ` <div class="video-loading"></div> <video controls class="w-full max-w-[600px] rounded-lg" preload="metadata" aria-label="Video explanation"> <source src="${videoUrl}" type="${videoUrl.endsWith('.m3u8') ? 'application/x-mpegURL' : 'video/mp4'}"> Your browser does not support the video tag. </video> `; container.classList.add('active'); button.remove(); // Initialize HLS.js for .m3u8 videos const video = container.querySelector('video'); if (videoUrl.endsWith('.m3u8') && Hls.isSupported()) { const hls = new Hls(); hls.loadSource(videoUrl); hls.attachMedia(video); hls.on(Hls.Events.ERROR, (event, data) => { console.error("HLS.js error:", data); container.innerHTML = `<p class="text-red-500">Error loading video. <a href="${videoUrl}" target="_blank" aria-label="Open video in new tab">Open video</a></p>`; debugLog("HLS.js error: " + JSON.stringify(data)); }); } else if (videoUrl.endsWith('.m3u8') && video.canPlayType('application/vnd.apple.mpegurl')) { video.src = videoUrl; } // Handle video load errors video.onerror = () => { console.error("Video load error for URL:", videoUrl); container.innerHTML = `<p class="text-red-500">Error loading video. <a href="${videoUrl}" target="_blank" aria-label="Open video in new tab">Open video</a></p>`; debugLog("Video load error for URL: " + videoUrl); }; // Remove loading spinner when video is ready video.onloadedmetadata = () => { container.querySelector('.video-loading').remove(); debugLog("Video loaded successfully"); }; } catch (e) { console.error("Error loading video:", e); debugLog("Failed to load video: " + e.message); const container = document.getElementById(containerId); container.innerHTML = `<p class="text-red-500">Error loading video. <a href="${videoUrl}" target="_blank" aria-label="Open video in new tab">Open video</a></p>`; } } // Lazy-load audio function loadAudio(button, audioUrl, containerId) { try { debugLog(`Loading audio for ${containerId}: ${audioUrl}`); if (!audioUrl) { const container = document.getElementById(containerId); container.innerHTML = `<p class="text-gray-500">No audio available</p>`; button.remove(); debugLog("No audio URL provided"); return; } const container = document.getElementById(containerId); container.innerHTML = ` <audio controls class="w-full max-w-[600px]" preload="metadata" aria-label="Audio explanation"> <source src="${audioUrl}" type="audio/mpeg"> Your browser does not support the audio tag. </audio> `; container.classList.add('active'); button.remove(); // Handle audio load errors const audio = container.querySelector('audio'); audio.onerror = () => { console.error("Audio load error for URL:", audioUrl); container.innerHTML = `<p class="text-red-500">Error loading audio. <a href="${audioUrl}" target="_blank" aria-label="Open audio in new tab">Open audio</a></p>`; debugLog("Audio load error for URL: " + audioUrl); }; debugLog("Audio loaded successfully"); } catch (e) { console.error("Error loading audio:", e); debugLog("Failed to load audio: " + e.message); const container = document.getElementById(containerId); container.innerHTML = `<p class="text-red-500">Error loading audio. <a href="${audioUrl}" target="_blank" aria-label="Open audio in new tab">Open audio</a></p>`; } } // Toggle dark mode function toggleTheme() { try { debugLog("Toggling theme"); document.documentElement.classList.toggle('dark'); localStorage.setItem('theme', document.documentElement.classList.contains('dark') ? 'dark' : 'light'); debugLog("Theme toggled successfully"); } catch (e) { console.error("Error toggling theme:", e); debugLog("Failed to toggle theme: " + e.message); } } // Load theme preference function loadTheme() { try { debugLog("Loading theme preference"); const theme = localStorage.getItem('theme'); if (theme === 'dark') { document.documentElement.classList.add('dark'); } debugLog("Theme loaded successfully"); } catch (e) { console.error("Error loading theme:", e); debugLog("Failed to load theme: " + e.message); } } // Initialize on DOM content loaded window.addEventListener('DOMContentLoaded', () => { try { debugLog("DOM content loaded, initializing quiz"); loadTheme(); initQuiz(); } catch (e) { console.error("Error during DOMContentLoaded:", e); debugLog("Failed to initialize on DOMContentLoaded: " + e.message); document.getElementById('error-message').innerHTML = "Error initializing quiz. Please check the console for details or contact support."; document.getElementById('error-message').classList.remove('hidden'); } }); </script> </body> </html>" frameborder="0" width="100%" height="2000px">
<div class="bg-white rounded-lg shadow-md p-4 md:p-6"> <h2 class="text-xl font-semibold mb-4">Instructions</h2> <h4 class="text-gray-800 text-lg font-semibold mt-6 mb-4">Test Features:</h4> <ul class="space-y-3"> <li class="flex items-center gap-3"> <i class="fa-solid fa-circle-check text-green-500"></i> Multiple choice questions with single correct answers </li> <li class="flex items-center gap-3"> <i class="fa-solid fa-circle-check text-green-500"></i> Timer-based testing for realistic exam conditions </li> <li class="flex items-center gap-3"> <i class="fa-solid fa-circle-check text-green-500"></i> Mark questions for review functionality </li> <li class="flex items-center gap-3"> <i class="fa-solid fa-circle-check text-green-500"></i> Comprehensive results and performance analysis </li> <li class="flex items-center gap-3"> <i class="fa-solid fa-circle-check text-green-500"></i> Mobile-optimized interface for learning on-the-go </li> </ul> <div class="mt-6 flex space-x-4 button-group md:flex-row flex-col"> <button class="bg-[#2c5281] text-white px-6 py-2 rounded-lg hover:bg-[#2c5281] transition" id="start-test">Start Test</button> </div> <div class="error-message hidden" id="error-message"></div> </div> </section> <!-- Quiz Section --> <section class="container mx-auto px-4 md:px-6 pt-4 md:pt-6 pb-1 hidden section-transition" id="quiz"> <div class="bg-white rounded-lg shadow-md p-4 md:p-6"> <!-- Progress Bar --> <div class="w-full bg-gray-200 rounded-full h-3 mb-4"> <div class="progress-bar h-3 rounded-full" id="progress-bar" style="width: 0%"></div> </div> <!-- Question Header --> <div class="flex flex-col md:flex-row justify-between items-center mb-4"> <h2 class="text-lg font-semibold" id="question-number">Question <span>1</span> of 4</h2> <p class="text-lg font-semibold mt-2 md:mt-0" id="timer">Time Remaining: <span>00:00</span></p> </div> <!-- Question Content --> <div class="mb-6" id="question-content"> <p class="text-gray-800 mb-4" id="question-text"></p> <div class="flex flex-wrap gap-4 mb-4" id="question-images"></div> <div class="space-y-3" id="options"></div> </div> <!-- Navigation Buttons --> <div class="flex flex-col md:flex-row justify-between items-center gap-2 md:gap-4"> <div class="flex gap-2 w-full md:w-auto"> <button class="bg-[#2c5281] text-white px-4 py-3 w-full md:w-32 h-14 rounded-lg hover:bg-[#2c5281] transition" disabled="" id="previous-btn">Previous</button> <button class="bg-[#2c5281] text-white px-4 py-3 w-full md:w-32 h-14 rounded-lg hover:bg-[#2c5281] transition" id="next-btn">Next</button> </div> <div class="flex items-center gap-2"> <button class="bg-transparent text-gray-700 px-4 py-2 rounded-lg hover:bg-gray-100 transition flex items-center gap-1" id="mark-review"> Review <svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" class="h-5 w-5" viewBox="0 0 20 20" fill="currentColor"> <path d="M10 2a1 1 0 00-1 1v14l3.293-3.293a1 1 0 011.414 0L17 17V3a1 1 0 00-1-1H10z" /> </svg> </button> <button class="bg-transparent text-gray-700 px-4 py-2 rounded-lg hover:bg-gray-100 transition flex items-center gap-1" id="nav-toggle"> Question 🧭 </button> <button class="bg-green-500 text-white px-6 py-3 w-44 h-14 rounded-lg hover:bg-green-600 transition w-full md:w-auto" id="submit-test">Submit Test</button> </div> </div> </section> <!-- Results Section --> <section class="container mx-auto px-4 md:px-6 pt-4 md:pt-6 pb-1 hidden section-transition" id="results"> <div class="bg-white rounded-lg shadow-md p-4 md:p-6"> <h2 class="text-2xl font-semibold mb-4">Anaesthesia Machine - Results</h2> <div class="grid grid-cols-1 md:grid-cols-2 gap-4 mb-6"> <p><strong>Correct:</strong> <span id="correct-count" class="text-[#000000]">0</span></p> <p><strong>Wrong:</strong> <span id="wrong-count" class="text-[#000000]">0</span></p> <p><strong>Unanswered:</strong> <span id="unanswered-count" class="text-[#000000]-500">0</span></p> <p><strong>Marked for Review:</strong> <span id="marked-count" class="text-[#000000]">0</span></p> </div> <h3 class="text-lg font-semibold mb-4" id="result-question-number">Question <span>1</span> of 4</h3> <div class="space-y-6" id="results-content"></div> <div class="result-nav"> <button aria-label="Previous question result" class="result-nav-btn bg-[#2c5281] text-white px-6 py-2 rounded-lg hover:bg-[#2c5281] transition" disabled="" id="prev-result">Previous</button> <button aria-label="Toggle results navigation panel" class="result-nav-btn bg-[#2c5281] text-white px-6 py-2 rounded-lg hover:bg-[#2c5281] transition" id="results-nav-toggle">Result 🧭</button> <button aria-label="Next question result" class="result-nav-btn bg-[#2c5281] text-white px-6 py-2 rounded-lg hover:bg-[#2c5281] transition" id="next-result">Next</button> </div> <div class="mt-6 flex space-x-4 button-group md:flex-row flex-col"> <button class="bg-green-500 text-white px-6 py-2 rounded-lg hover:bg-green-600 transition" id="take-again">Take Again</button> </div> </div> </section> <!-- Exit Confirmation Modal --> <div class="fixed inset-0 bg-black bg-opacity-50 flex items-center justify-center hidden" id="exit-modal"> <div class="bg-white rounded-lg p-6 max-w-sm w-full"> <h2 class="text-xl font-semibold mb-4">Leave Test?</h2> <p class="text-gray-700 mb-4">Your progress will be lost if you leave this page. Are you sure you want to exit?</p> <div class="flex justify-end space-x-4"> <button class="bg-gray-300 text-gray-700 px-4 py-2 rounded-lg hover:bg-gray-400 transition" id="continue-test">No, Continue</button> <button class="bg-red-500 text-white px-4 py-2 rounded-lg hover:bg-red-600 transition" id="exit-test">Yes, Exit</button> </div> </div> </div> <!-- Submit Confirmation Modal --> <div class="fixed inset-0 bg-black bg-opacity-50 flex items-center justify-center hidden" id="submit-modal"> <div class="bg-white rounded-lg p-6 max-w-sm w-full"> <h2 class="text-xl font-semibold mb-4">Confirm Submission</h2> <p class="text-gray-700 mb-2">You have attempted <span id="attempted-count">0</span> of 13 questions.</p> <p class="text-gray-700 mb-4"><span id="unattempted-count">0</span> questions are unattempted.</p> <div class="flex justify-end space-x-4"> <button class="bg-gray-300 text-gray-700 px-4 py-2 rounded-lg hover:bg-gray-400 transition" id="cancel-submit">Cancel</button> <button class="bg-green-500 text-white px-4 py-2 rounded-lg hover:bg-green-600 transition" id="confirm-submit">Submit Test</button> </div> </div> </div> <!-- Quiz Navigation Panel --> <div class="fixed inset-y-0 right-0 nav-panel bg-white shadow-lg p-4 hidden overflow-y-auto" id="nav-panel"> <h2 class="text-lg font-semibold mb-4">Questions Navigation</h2> <div class="mb-4"> <select class="w-full p-2 border rounded-lg text-gray-700" id="nav-filter"> <option value="all">All Questions</option> <option value="answered">Answered</option> <option value="unanswered">Unanswered</option> <option value="marked">Marked for Review</option> </select> </div> <div class="grid grid-cols-5 gap-2 md:gap-3" id="nav-grid"></div> <button class="mt-4 bg-gray-500 text-white px-4 py-2 rounded-lg hover:bg-gray-600 transition w-full" id="close-nav">Close</button> </div> <!-- Results Navigation Panel --> <div class="fixed inset-y-0 right-0 results-nav-panel bg-white shadow-lg p-4 hidden overflow-y-auto" id="results-nav-panel"> <h2 class="text-lg font-semibold mb-4">Results Navigation</h2> <div class="mb-4"> <select class="w-full p-2 border rounded-lg text-gray-700" id="results-nav-filter"> <option value="all">All Questions</option> <option value="answered">Answered</option> <option value="unanswered">Unanswered</option> <option value="marked">Marked for Review</option> </select> </div> <div class="grid grid-cols-5 gap-2 md:gap-3" id="results-nav-grid"></div> <button class="mt-4 bg-gray-500 text-white px-4 py-2 rounded-lg hover:bg-gray-600 transition w-full" id="close-results-nav">Close</button> </div> <!-- JavaScript Logic --> <script> // Enable debug mode for detailed logging const DEBUG_MODE = true; // Log debug messages function debugLog(message) { if (DEBUG_MODE) { console.log(`[DEBUG] ${message}`); } } // Initialize questions with error handling let questions = []; let currentResultQuestion = 0; // State for current question in results try { debugLog("Attempting to parse questions_json"); questions = [{"text": "In red blood cells under low energy states, which of the following best describes the fate of pyruvate?", "options": [{"label": "A", "text": "Converted to acetyl-CoA to enter the citric acid cycle.", "correct": false}, {"label": "B", "text": "Converted to oxaloacetate to replenish the citric acid cycle.", "correct": false}, {"label": "C", "text": "Converted to lactate by lactate dehydrogenase to regenerate NAD + .", "correct": true}, {"label": "D", "text": "Converted to alanine via transamination.", "correct": false}], "correct_answer": "C. Converted to lactate by lactate dehydrogenase to regenerate NAD + .", "question_images": [], "explanation_images": ["https://image.prepladder.com/content/U5OkCViyG6oDY7BctEyE1736353535.png", "https://image.prepladder.com/content/B79Oo4kUki8do6PesmEE1736353572.png"], "explanation": "<table cellspacing=\"0\" style=\"border-collapse:collapse; width:720px\">\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>In <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"789c9dd31a16927771801dd2426384\">aerobic</span> conditions:</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>In <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"4880fc99551692777181e25a64560f\">anaerobic</span> conditions:</strong></p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<ul>\n<li>In the presence of oxygen, <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"789c9dd31a16927771801dd2426384\">aerobic</span> <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"aea081ceb416927771976e2c17be74\">respiration</span> will continue.</li>\n</ul>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<ul>\n<li>In the absence of oxygen, <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"4880fc99551692777181e25a64560f\">anaerobic</span> <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"185a500ee91692777188b3044db06d\">glycolysis</span> takes place.</li>\n</ul>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<ul>\n<li>Pyruvate, which is produced at the end of glycolysis, is transported to mitochondria.</li>\n</ul>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<ul>\n<li>It takes place in <strong>mitochondria deficit cells </strong>such as <strong>RBCs</strong> and <strong>neurons </strong>and also in <strong>muscle cells during exercise</strong> <strong>(Option C)</strong></li>\n</ul>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<ul>\n<li><strong>In mitochondria, </strong>pyruvate combines with <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"cf1469795816927771840da7c58a72\">coenzyme</span> A to produce<strong> <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"6ade0969281692777180216b0c3d76\">Acetyl</span> CoA,</strong> which enters the <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"16e9bd9e7316927771848e824cf71e\">citric acid</span> pathway <strong>(Option A ruled out).</strong></li>\n</ul>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<ul>\n<li>In these cells, <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"f9129e152d16927771960c4ccc40bc\">pyruvate</span> is converted to <strong>lactate </strong>by <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"5a751dc161169277719123aae1b764\">lactate</span> dehydrogenase, using <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"70e624dfd41692777193efc364d5b4\">NADH</span> to regenerate NAD<sup>+</sup>, which is necessary for <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"5abb3a7e7f1692777182a8f4c42522\">ATP</span> production.</li>\n</ul>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<ul>\n<li>The byproducts of this reaction include CO2 and NADH</li>\n</ul>\n<p><img alt=\"\" data-author=\"\" data-hash=\"\" data-license=\"\" data-source=\"\" data-tags=\"\" height=\"306\" src=\"https://image.prepladder.com/content/U5OkCViyG6oDY7BctEyE1736353535.png\" width=\"1092\"/></p>\n<p> </p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<ul>\n<li>The byproduct is NAD+.</li>\n</ul>\n<p><img alt=\"\" data-author=\"\" data-hash=\"\" data-license=\"\" data-source=\"\" data-tags=\"\" height=\"315\" src=\"https://image.prepladder.com/content/B79Oo4kUki8do6PesmEE1736353572.png\" width=\"546\"/></p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n</tbody>\n\n\n\n<p style='font-size: 10px; color: #808080; font-style: italic;'>@dams_new_robot</p>", "bot": "@dams_new_robot", "audio": "https://image.prepladder.com/content/Ym8EuUNyYpWiZH3W4N2W1741939905.mp3", "video": ""}, {"text": "Which of the following metabolic disturbances is most likely to be seen in a patient with pyruvate dehydrogenase deficiency?", "options": [{"label": "A", "text": "Hypoglycemia due to impaired gluconeogenesis.", "correct": false}, {"label": "B", "text": "Hyperglycemia due to increased gluconeogenesis.", "correct": false}, {"label": "C", "text": "Ketoacidosis due to excessive fatty acid oxidation.", "correct": false}, {"label": "D", "text": "Lactic acidosis due to impaired conversion of pyruvate to acetyl-CoA.", "correct": true}], "correct_answer": "D. Lactic acidosis due to impaired conversion of pyruvate to acetyl-CoA.", "question_images": [], "explanation_images": ["https://image.prepladder.com/content/7KHgibvbvO55whiqAVKr1736353670.png"], "explanation": "\n\n<p style='font-size: 10px; color: #808080; font-style: italic;'>@dams_new_robot</p>", "bot": "@dams_new_robot", "audio": "https://image.prepladder.com/content/QvQqbzyj3OF3EbCI8hqj1743556720.mp3", "video": ""}, {"text": "During fasting, after how many hours does gluconeogenesis become the primary source of blood glucose?", "options": [{"label": "A", "text": "8 to 12 hours", "correct": false}, {"label": "B", "text": "12 to 24 hours", "correct": false}, {"label": "C", "text": "16 to 48 hours", "correct": true}, {"label": "D", "text": "48 to 72 hours", "correct": false}], "correct_answer": "C. 16 to 48 hours", "question_images": [], "explanation_images": ["https://image.prepladder.com/content/qweFZPfzNjeteOqa5rJ61736353747.png"], "explanation": "\n\n<p style='font-size: 10px; color: #808080; font-style: italic;'>@dams_new_robot</p>", "bot": "@dams_new_robot", "audio": "https://image.prepladder.com/content/ocnghcxzN19zzJbbVOLr1743556800.mp3", "video": ""}, {"text": "Which of the following is the primary site for peripheral lipolysis?", "options": [{"label": "A", "text": "Liver", "correct": false}, {"label": "B", "text": "Skeletal muscle", "correct": false}, {"label": "C", "text": "Adipose tissue", "correct": true}, {"label": "D", "text": "Pancreas", "correct": false}], "correct_answer": "C. Adipose tissue", "question_images": [], "explanation_images": ["https://image.prepladder.com/content/shFnryArUkQHSS9sL2Id1736353869.png"], "explanation": "\n\n\n<p style='font-size: 10px; color: #808080; font-style: italic;'>@dams_new_robot</p>", "bot": "@dams_new_robot", "audio": "https://image.prepladder.com/content/op5xLK2EG6umIvA9ZV7w1743556872.mp3", "video": ""}, {"text": "A 5-year-old boy presents with severe lethargy, vomiting and ataxia for 24 hours. Lab tests show metabolic acidosis, elevated lactate, and pyruvate. Genetic testing confirms pyruvate dehydrogenase complex deficiency. What is the underlying mechanism for his metabolic derangements?", "options": [{"label": "A", "text": "Impaired conversion of pyruvate to acetyl-CoA.", "correct": true}, {"label": "B", "text": "Increased conversion of pyruvate to ribose-5-phosphate.", "correct": false}, {"label": "C", "text": "Reduced activity of the electron transport chain.", "correct": false}, {"label": "D", "text": "Inhibition of gluconeogenesis in the liver.", "correct": false}], "correct_answer": "A. Impaired conversion of pyruvate to acetyl-CoA.", "question_images": [], "explanation_images": ["https://image.prepladder.com/content/cUwIbncgXUYyHsQie7au1736353955.png", "https://image.prepladder.com/content/008FfzBwDPncI6QAc3ph1728119744.png"], "explanation": "\n\n<p style='font-size: 10px; color: #808080; font-style: italic;'>@dams_new_robot</p>", "bot": "@dams_new_robot", "audio": "https://image.prepladder.com/content/fAZr3OdOtM5QNfQzbZ861743557149.mp3", "video": ""}, {"text": "Which of the following regulatory effects best explains the anti-neoplastic effect of the ketogenic diet?", "options": [{"label": "A", "text": "Acetyl CoA stimulates pyruvate carboxylase.", "correct": false}, {"label": "B", "text": "Malonyl CoA inhibits carnitine acyltransferase-1.", "correct": false}, {"label": "C", "text": "Citrate inhibits PFK1.", "correct": true}, {"label": "D", "text": "Acyl CoA stimulates carnitine acyltransferase-1.", "correct": false}], "correct_answer": "C. Citrate inhibits PFK1.", "question_images": [], "explanation_images": [], "explanation": "<table cellspacing=\"0\" style=\"border-collapse:collapse; width:662px\">\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Effect</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Definition</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Clinical Significance</strong></p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\"><strong>Glucose-Sparing Effect</strong></td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>The <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"f03ca2d2a716927771901227bc175a\">inhibition</span> of <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"af3ae60c0c16927771889b84ca41c0\">glucose</span> <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"224ea8a9e41692777194e81be113d8\">oxidation</span> <strong>by <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"bc6cd9a9f9169277720261812ea113\">fatty</span> acid oxidation.</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<ul>\n<li>Neurons and red blood cells <strong>exclusively</strong> use <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"af3ae60c0c16927771889b84ca41c0\">glucose</span> for fuel.</li>\n<li>Red and <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"e1fb96fd2416927771830dfed40e14\">cardiac</span> muscle fibers can utilize <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"af3ae60c0c16927771889b84ca41c0\">glucose</span> or <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"bc6cd9a9f9169277720261812ea113\">fatty</span> acids.</li>\n<li>The glucose-sparing effect ensures <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"e1fb96fd2416927771830dfed40e14\">cardiac</span> muscle prioritizes <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"bc6cd9a9f9169277720261812ea113\">fatty</span> acids, preserving <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"af3ae60c0c16927771889b84ca41c0\">glucose</span> for neurons and red blood cells.</li>\n</ul>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Pasteur Effect</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">he i<strong>nhibition of anaerobic</strong> <strong>glycolysis</strong> by <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"789c9dd31a16927771801dd2426384\">aerobic</span> <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"224ea8a9e41692777194e81be113d8\">oxidation</span> products.</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<ul>\n<li>The <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"ba68c82ba4169277719001ff37f9ae\">ketogenic</span> diet limits carbohydrate intake, thereby reducing <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"af3ae60c0c16927771889b84ca41c0\">glucose</span> availability and glycolysis.</li>\n<li>Lower <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"f9129e152d16927771960c4ccc40bc\">pyruvate</span> reduces <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"16e9bd9e7316927771848e824cf71e\">citric acid</span> cycle activity.</li>\n<li>Increased <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"bc6cd9a9f9169277720261812ea113\">fatty</span> acid <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"224ea8a9e41692777194e81be113d8\">oxidation</span> raises acetyl-CoA, forming citrate.</li>\n<li>Citrate inhibits PFK-1, suppressing <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"185a500ee91692777188b3044db06d\">glycolysis</span> and limiting <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"af3ae60c0c16927771889b84ca41c0\">glucose</span> use by neoplasia.</li>\n</ul>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Warburg Effect</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>The phenomenon in <strong>cancer cells</strong> where, even in the presence of oxygen, <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"af3ae60c0c16927771889b84ca41c0\">glucose</span> is primarily converted to <strong>lactate </strong>through <strong>aerobic glycolysis.</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<ul>\n<li>This allows faster <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"5abb3a7e7f1692777182a8f4c42522\">ATP</span> production and provides intermediates for <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"c82360aadd16927771936d67fa30a4\">neoplastic</span> cell growth and multiplication.</li>\n<li>It increases <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"7c9e482521169277719313219f1bbe\">NADPH</span> production, <strong>protecting <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"c82360aadd16927771936d67fa30a4\">neoplastic</span> cells from <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"60d563fe241692777194203742bf5b\">oxidative</span> stress.</strong></li>\n</ul>\n</td>\n</tr>\n</tbody>\n\n\n\n<p style='font-size: 10px; color: #808080; font-style: italic;'>@dams_new_robot</p>", "bot": "@dams_new_robot", "audio": "https://image.prepladder.com/content/B929m8bSnF5KeccSJeLQ1743557725.mp3", "video": ""}, {"text": "A 25-year-old athlete presents with exercise intolerance and muscle fatigue, particularly during high-intensity training. Genetic testing reveals a deficiency in the enzyme that facilitates the transfer of electrons from cytosolic NADH to mitochondrial FADH 2 in skeletal muscle. Which shuttle system is likely impaired in this athlete?", "options": [{"label": "A", "text": "Malate shuttle", "correct": false}, {"label": "B", "text": "Glycerol phosphate shuttle", "correct": true}, {"label": "C", "text": "Citrate shuttle", "correct": false}, {"label": "D", "text": "Aspartate shuttle", "correct": false}], "correct_answer": "B. Glycerol phosphate shuttle", "question_images": [], "explanation_images": ["https://image.prepladder.com/content/qoWHEp6JriVmZJSZp9vZ1736354077.png", "https://image.prepladder.com/content/fHUFCYAFfsuzJVFg5cXy1736354135.png"], "explanation": "<table cellspacing=\"0\" style=\"border-collapse:collapse; width:559px\">\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Property</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Malate Shuttle </strong><strong>(Option A ruled out)</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Glycerol <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"189b6fc834169277719580eb39bb4c\">Phosphate</span> Shuttle</strong></p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Location</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">Present in most cells except white muscle fibers and neurons.</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>White muscle fibers and neurons</p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Energy</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\"No net ATP loss\" → Consumes 2 ATP per <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"af3ae60c0c16927771889b84ca41c0\">glucose</span> molecule.</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Loss of 2 ATPs per <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"af3ae60c0c16927771889b84ca41c0\">glucose</span> molecule</p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Electron Carrier</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">Electron Carrier: Transfers electrons to mitochondrial NADH, maintaining cytosolic NAD+/NADH balance.</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Transfers electrons to mitochondrial FADH2</p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Enzymes</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">Cytoplasmic and mitochondrial glycerol-3-phosphate dehydrogenase.</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Cytoplasmic &amp; mitochondrial glycerol-3-phosphate dehydrogenase</p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n</tbody>\n\n\n<p style='font-size: 10px; color: #808080; font-style: italic;'>@dams_new_robot</p>", "bot": "@dams_new_robot", "audio": "https://image.prepladder.com/content/s2Xg2xnC9dG0Dhye9G361743557937.mp3", "video": ""}, {"text": "Which of the following statements regarding the electron transport chain (ETC) is incorrect?", "options": [{"label": "A", "text": "Electrons from NADH enter the ETC through Complex I", "correct": false}, {"label": "B", "text": "Complex II is the only complex that does not pump protons.", "correct": false}, {"label": "C", "text": "Coenzyme Q and cytochrome c transfer electrons between complexes", "correct": false}, {"label": "D", "text": "Complex IV is the only complex that contains iron-sulfur proteins.", "correct": true}], "correct_answer": "D. Complex IV is the only complex that contains iron-sulfur proteins.", "question_images": [], "explanation_images": ["https://image.prepladder.com/content/SCAeNBkNab6CtvxmpPOr1736354206.png"], "explanation": "<table cellspacing=\"0\" style=\"border-collapse:collapse; width:653px\">\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Complex</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Name</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Electron Donor</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Electron Acceptor</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Protons Pumped</strong></p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Complex I</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>NADH dehydrogenase</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>NADH</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Coenzyme Q<br/>\n\t\t\t(or Ubiquinone)</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>4</p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Complex II</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Succinate dehydrogenase</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Succinate (FADH2)</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Coenzyme Q</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>0</strong></p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Complex III</strong><br/>\n<strong>(Cytochrome b &amp; c1)</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Q-cytochrome c oxidoreductase</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Coenzyme Q (QH2)</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Cytochrome C</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>4</p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Complex IV</strong><br/>\n<strong>(Cytochrome a &amp; a3)</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Cytochrome c oxidase</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Cytochrome C</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Oxygen</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>2</p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Complex V</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>ATP Synthase</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\"> </td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\"> </td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\"> </td>\n</tr>\n</tbody>\n\n\n<p style='font-size: 10px; color: #808080; font-style: italic;'>@dams_new_robot</p>", "bot": "@dams_new_robot", "audio": "https://image.prepladder.com/content/g5wBvuHM0JGgEqchEQaA1743558204.mp3", "video": ""}, {"text": "A patient, with a history of attempting weight loss, presents with fatigue, muscle weakness, and vision problems. Genetic testing confirms MELAS (mitochondrial encephalopathy, lactic acidosis, and stroke). Which electron transport chain complex is most likely affected in this patient", "options": [{"label": "A", "text": "Complex I", "correct": true}, {"label": "B", "text": "Complex II", "correct": false}, {"label": "C", "text": "Complex III", "correct": false}, {"label": "D", "text": "Complex V", "correct": false}], "correct_answer": "A. Complex I", "question_images": [], "explanation_images": [], "explanation": "<table>\n<thead>\n<tr>\n<th><strong>Complex</strong></th>\n<th><strong>Role in ETC</strong></th>\n<th><strong>Association with Disease</strong></th>\n</tr>\n</thead>\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<td><strong>Complex I (NADH dehydrogenase)</strong></td>\n<td>Transfers electrons from <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"70e624dfd41692777193efc364d5b4\">NADH</span> to <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"cf1469795816927771840da7c58a72\">Coenzyme</span> Q</td>\n<td><strong>MELAS, Leber's <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"ee5175c06116927771880846d1cbe0\">Hereditary</span> <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"1b9a354cdb1692777194802683234d\">Optic</span> <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"2d9476094c16927771933bcb162f19\">Neuropathy</span> (LHON)</strong></td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td><strong>Complex II (Succinate dehydrogenase)</strong></td>\n<td>Transfers electrons from FADH₂ to <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"cf1469795816927771840da7c58a72\">Coenzyme</span> Q</td>\n<td><strong>Rarely affected in mitochondrial diseases</strong></td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td><strong>Complex III (Cytochrome bc₁ complex)</strong></td>\n<td>Transfers electrons from <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"cf1469795816927771840da7c58a72\">Coenzyme</span> Q to <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"29e8e2a5dd16927771855db589c581\">cytochrome</span> c</td>\n<td><strong>Rare disorders (e.g., Mitochondrial Complex III deficiency)</strong></td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td><strong>Complex IV (Cytochrome c oxidase)</strong></td>\n<td>Transfers electrons from <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"29e8e2a5dd16927771855db589c581\">cytochrome</span> c to oxygen</td>\n<td><strong>Mitochondrial disorders like Leigh syndrome</strong></td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td><strong>Complex V (ATP synthase)</strong></td>\n<td>Synthesizes <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"5abb3a7e7f1692777182a8f4c42522\">ATP</span> from <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"9c823198d61692777196bc71097d6d\">proton</span> gradient</td>\n<td><strong>Neuromuscular disorders, Leigh syndrome</strong></td>\n</tr>\n</tbody>\n\n\n<p style='font-size: 10px; color: #808080; font-style: italic;'>@dams_new_robot</p>", "bot": "@dams_new_robot", "audio": "https://image.prepladder.com/content/HJWONmT5BPh3mTHO2AO61743558962.mp3", "video": ""}, {"text": "In the electron transport chain, how many ATP molecules are produced per NADH and FADH 2 , respectively? How many protons (H+) are translocated across the inner mitochondrial membrane for each?", "options": [{"label": "A", "text": "2.5 ATP per NADH and 1.5 ATP per FADH 2 ; with 10 H + and 6 H + translocated, respectively.", "correct": true}, {"label": "B", "text": "3 ATP per NADH and 2 ATP per FADH 2 ; with 12 H + and 8 H + translocated, respectively.", "correct": false}, {"label": "C", "text": "2 ATP per NADH and 1 ATP per FADH 2 ; with 8 H + and 4 H + translocated, respectively.", "correct": false}, {"label": "D", "text": "1 ATP per NADH and 0.5 ATP per FADH 2 ; with 6 H + and 3 H + translocated, respectively.", "correct": false}], "correct_answer": "A. 2.5 ATP per NADH and 1.5 ATP per FADH 2 ; with 10 H + and 6 H + translocated, respectively.", "question_images": [], "explanation_images": ["https://image.prepladder.com/content/hKTrJCKJwdZmAIBAtnYI1736354484.png"], "explanation": "\n\n<p style='font-size: 10px; color: #808080; font-style: italic;'>@dams_new_robot</p>", "bot": "@dams_new_robot", "audio": "https://image.prepladder.com/content/TIF7TZqFVQbWtSYkfdyU1743558828.mp3", "video": ""}, {"text": "The image below shows the sites of action for different ETC inhibitors. Based on the image, which of the following is the site of action of Cyanide?", "options": [{"label": "A", "text": "A", "correct": false}, {"label": "B", "text": "E", "correct": false}, {"label": "C", "text": "C", "correct": false}, {"label": "D", "text": "D", "correct": true}], "correct_answer": "D. D", "question_images": ["https://image.prepladder.com/content/wlGjaBiJHX78qvDH0JUj1736354626.png"], "explanation_images": ["https://image.prepladder.com/content/5rZedwWgQRPlIfk3DzOg1736354702.png"], "explanation": "<table cellspacing=\"0\" style=\"border-collapse:collapse; width:0px\">\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Inhibitor</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Target Site</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Mechanism</strong></p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Rotenone</strong></p>\n<p><strong>Amobarbital</strong></p>\n<p><strong>Piericidin A</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Complex I <strong>(Option A ruled out)</strong></p>\n<p>(NADH dehydrogenase)</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">Blocks <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"d416281a201692777187899c00aed8\">electron</span> transfer from <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"70e624dfd41692777193efc364d5b4\">NADH</span> in Complex I to ubiquinone.</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>TTFA (Thenoyltrifluoroacetone)</strong></p>\n<p><strong>Carboxin</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Complex II</p>\n<p>(Succinate dehydrogenase)</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Blocks <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"d416281a201692777187899c00aed8\">electron</span> transfer from Complex II to ubiquinone</p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Malonate</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Complex II</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">Blocks Complex II activity via competitive inhibition.</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Antimycin A</strong></p>\n<p><strong>BAL</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Complex III <strong>(Option C ruled out)</strong></p>\n<p>Cytochrome bc1 complex</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">Blocks <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"d416281a201692777187899c00aed8\">electron</span> transfer from Complex III to <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"29e8e2a5dd16927771855db589c581\">cytochrome</span> C.</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Cyanide (CN−)</strong></p>\n<p><strong>Carbon <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"03077f6c8716927771923763487a9e\">monoxide</span> (CO)</strong></p>\n<p><strong>Hydrogen <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"0e84bc8bb5169277719934af06eb80\">Sulfide</span> (H2S)</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Complex IV <strong>(Option D)</strong></p>\n<p>(Cytochrome c Oxidase)</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">Inhibits <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"d416281a201692777187899c00aed8\">electron</span> transfer from Complex IV to oxygen, halting respiration.</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Oligomycin</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>ATP <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"d2bd91ccac169277719941254e1795\">Synthase</span> (Complex V)</p>\n<p><strong>(Option B ruled out)</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">Inhibits the <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"9c823198d61692777196bc71097d6d\">proton</span> channel of <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"5abb3a7e7f1692777182a8f4c42522\">ATP</span> synthase, preventing <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"5abb3a7e7f1692777182a8f4c42522\">ATP</span> formation.</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Atractyloside</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Adenine <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"94a2f0970016927771932885a3d362\">Nucleotide</span> Translocase</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Blocks ADP/ATP exchange across the mitochondrial membrane</p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n</tbody>\n\n\n<p style='font-size: 10px; color: #808080; font-style: italic;'>@dams_new_robot</p>", "bot": "@dams_new_robot", "audio": "https://image.prepladder.com/content/UmSdGurLpErOcWLILhiW1743558645.mp3", "video": ""}, {"text": "Which of the following is a physiological uncoupler?", "options": [{"label": "A", "text": "2,4-dinitrophenol", "correct": false}, {"label": "B", "text": "Uncoupling protein 1 [UCP1]", "correct": true}, {"label": "C", "text": "Valinomycin", "correct": false}, {"label": "D", "text": "Nigericin", "correct": false}], "correct_answer": "B. Uncoupling protein 1 [UCP1]", "question_images": [], "explanation_images": ["https://image.prepladder.com/content/BlCRYEPt04QLwSzXBkyA1736354796.png"], "explanation": "<table cellspacing=\"0\" style=\"border-collapse:collapse; width:643px\">\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Physiological uncouplers</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Artificial uncouplers</strong></p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<ul>\n<li>Present in brown <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"5c2a4a949d16927771802ba54640cc\">adipose</span> tissue</li>\n<li>Aid in <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"6288b9e9991692777200201916078d\">thermogenesis</span> in newborns</li>\n<li>Stimulated by hormones such as thyroxine</li>\n</ul>\n<p>Ex:</p>\n<ul>\n<li>Thermogenin (UCP1)<strong> (Option B)</strong></li>\n<li>Thyroxine</li>\n<li>Free <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"bc6cd9a9f9169277720261812ea113\">fatty</span> acids (long chain)</li>\n</ul>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<ul>\n<li>These were once used as anti-obesity drugs.</li>\n</ul>\n<p>Ex:</p>\n<ul>\n<li>2,4 <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"f4704d228a1692777186b89ab09a73\">Dinitrophenol</span> <strong>(Option A ruled out)</strong></li>\n<li>Valinomycin <strong>(Option C ruled out)</strong></li>\n<li>Nigericin <strong>(Option D ruled out)</strong></li>\n<li>High dose aspirin</li>\n</ul>\n</td>\n</tr>\n</tbody>\n\n\n<p style='font-size: 10px; color: #808080; font-style: italic;'>@dams_new_robot</p>", "bot": "@dams_new_robot", "audio": "https://image.prepladder.com/content/8V9wMVD77tbveO3SdH221743558538.mp3", "video": ""}, {"text": "A 28-year-old woman presents with recurrent episodes of neurologic disturbances and lactic acidosis, particularly after carbohydrate-rich meals. Genetic testing reveals a mutation affecting one of the components of the pyruvate dehydrogenase complex. Which of the following is most likely to be directly affected by this mutation?", "options": [{"label": "A", "text": "Flavin adenine dinucleotide (FAD)", "correct": false}, {"label": "B", "text": "Dihydrolipoyl transacetylase", "correct": true}, {"label": "C", "text": "Thiamine diphosphate", "correct": false}, {"label": "D", "text": "Coenzyme A", "correct": false}], "correct_answer": "B. Dihydrolipoyl transacetylase", "question_images": [], "explanation_images": ["https://image.prepladder.com/content/zz9JZ5UVcoGypf8tvAjy1736354910.png"], "explanation": "\n\n\n<p style='font-size: 10px; color: #808080; font-style: italic;'>@dams_new_robot</p>", "bot": "@dams_new_robot", "audio": "https://image.prepladder.com/content/nwQG13qbah6FXuzMBkAb1743558392.mp3", "video": ""}]; if (!Array.isArray(questions) || questions.length === 0) { throw new Error("Questions data is empty or invalid"); } debugLog(`Successfully parsed ${questions.length} questions`); } catch (e) { console.error("Failed to parse questions_json:", e); document.getElementById('error-message').innerHTML = "Error loading quiz data. Please check the console for details or contact support."; document.getElementById('error-message').classList.remove('hidden'); document.getElementById('start-test').disabled = true; // Fallback to sample questions for testing questions = [ { text: "What is 2 + 2?", options: [ { label: "A", text: "3", correct: false }, { label: "B", text: "4", correct: true }, { label: "C", text: "5", correct: false }, { label: "D", text: "6", correct: false } ], correct_answer: "B. 4", question_images: [], explanation_images: [], explanation: "<p>2 + 2 = 4</p><p>@dams_new_robot</p>", bot: "@dams_new_robot", audio: "", video: "" } ]; debugLog("Loaded fallback questions"); } // Quiz state let currentQuestion = 0; let answers = new Array(questions.length).fill(null); let markedForReview = new Array(questions.length).fill(false); let timeRemaining = 23 * 60; // Duration in seconds let timerInterval = null; const quizId = `{title.replace(/\s+/g, '_').toLowerCase()}`; // Unique ID for local storage // Load saved progress function loadProgress() { try { debugLog("Loading progress from localStorage"); const saved = localStorage.getItem(`quiz_${quizId}`); if (saved) { const { savedAnswers, savedMarked, savedTime } = JSON.parse(saved); answers = savedAnswers || answers; markedForReview = savedMarked || markedForReview; timeRemaining = savedTime !== undefined ? savedTime : timeRemaining; debugLog("Progress loaded successfully"); } else { debugLog("No saved progress found"); } } catch (e) { console.error("Error loading progress:", e); debugLog("Failed to load progress: " + e.message); } } // Save progress function saveProgress() { try { debugLog("Saving progress to localStorage"); localStorage.setItem(`quiz_${quizId}`, JSON.stringify({ savedAnswers: answers, savedMarked: markedForReview, savedTime: timeRemaining })); debugLog("Progress saved successfully"); } catch (e) { console.error("Error saving progress:", e); debugLog("Failed to save progress: " + e.message); } } // Initialize quiz function initQuiz() { try { debugLog("Initializing quiz"); loadProgress(); const startButton = document.getElementById('start-test'); if (!startButton) { throw new Error("Start test button not found"); } startButton.addEventListener('click', startQuiz); debugLog("Start test button listener attached"); document.getElementById('previous-btn').addEventListener('click', showPreviousQuestion); document.getElementById('next-btn').addEventListener('click', showNextQuestion); document.getElementById('mark-review').addEventListener('click', toggleMarkForReview); document.getElementById('nav-toggle').addEventListener('click', toggleNavPanel); document.getElementById('submit-test').addEventListener('click', showSubmitModal); document.getElementById('continue-test').addEventListener('click', closeExitModal); document.getElementById('exit-test').addEventListener('click', () => { debugLog("Exiting test"); localStorage.removeItem(`quiz_${quizId}`); window.location.reload(); }); document.getElementById('cancel-submit').addEventListener('click', closeSubmitModal); document.getElementById('confirm-submit').addEventListener('click', submitTest); document.getElementById('take-again').addEventListener('click', () => { debugLog("Restarting test"); localStorage.removeItem(`quiz_${quizId}`); window.location.reload(); }); document.getElementById('review-test').addEventListener('click', () => showResults(currentResultQuestion)); document.getElementById('close-nav').addEventListener('click', toggleNavPanel); document.getElementById('theme-toggle').addEventListener('click', toggleTheme); document.getElementById('nav-filter').addEventListener('change', updateNavPanel); document.getElementById('prev-result').addEventListener('click', showPreviousResult); document.getElementById('next-result').addEventListener('click', showNextResult); document.getElementById('results-nav-toggle').addEventListener('click', toggleResultsNavPanel); document.getElementById('close-results-nav').addEventListener('click', toggleResultsNavPanel); document.getElementById('results-nav-filter').addEventListener('change', updateResultsNavPanel); debugLog("Quiz initialized successfully"); } catch (e) { console.error("Failed to initialize quiz:", e); debugLog("Failed to initialize quiz: " + e.message); document.getElementById('error-message').innerHTML = "Error initializing quiz. Please check the console for details or contact support."; document.getElementById('error-message').classList.remove('hidden'); document.getElementById('start-test').disabled = true; } } // Start quiz function startQuiz() { try { debugLog("Starting quiz"); document.getElementById('instructions').classList.add('hidden'); document.getElementById('quiz').classList.remove('hidden'); showQuestion(currentQuestion); startTimer(); updateNavPanel(); debugLog("Quiz started successfully"); } catch (e) { console.error("Error starting quiz:", e); debugLog("Failed to start quiz: " + e.message); document.getElementById('error-message').innerHTML = "Error starting quiz. Please check the console for details or contact support."; document.getElementById('error-message').classList.remove('hidden'); document.getElementById('quiz').classList.add('hidden'); document.getElementById('instructions').classList.remove('hidden'); } } // Show question function showQuestion(index) { try { debugLog(`Showing question ${index + 1}`); currentQuestion = index; const q = questions[index]; if (!q) { throw new Error(`Question ${index} is undefined`); } document.getElementById('question-number').innerHTML = `Question <span>${index + 1}</span> of ${questions.length}`; document.getElementById('question-text').innerHTML = q.text || "No question text available"; const imagesDiv = document.getElementById('question-images'); imagesDiv.innerHTML = q.question_images && q.question_images.length > 0 ? q.question_images.map(url => `<img src="${url}" alt="Question Image" class="max-w-full h-auto rounded-lg">`).join('') : ''; const optionsDiv = document.getElementById('options'); optionsDiv.innerHTML = q.options && q.options.length > 0 ? q.options.map(opt => ` <button class="option-btn w-full text-left p-3 border rounded-lg ${answers[index] === opt.label ? 'selected' : ''}" onclick="selectOption(${index}, '${opt.label}')" aria-label="Option ${opt.label}: ${opt.text}"> ${opt.label}. ${opt.text} </button> `).join('') : '<p class="text-red-500">No options available</p>'; document.getElementById('previous-btn').disabled = index === 0; document.getElementById('next-btn').disabled = index === questions.length - 1; document.getElementById('mark-review').classList.toggle('marked', markedForReview[index]); updateProgressBar(); saveProgress(); window.scrollTo({ top: 0, behavior: 'smooth' }); debugLog(`Question ${index + 1} displayed successfully`); } catch (e) { console.error("Error displaying question:", e); debugLog("Failed to display question: " + e.message); } } // Select option function selectOption(index, label) { try { debugLog(`Selecting option ${label} for question ${index + 1}`); answers[index] = label; const optionsDiv = document.getElementById('options'); const optionButtons = optionsDiv.querySelectorAll('.option-btn'); optionButtons.forEach(btn => { const btnLabel = btn.textContent.trim().split('.')[0]; btn.classList.toggle('selected', btnLabel === label); }); updateNavPanel(); saveProgress(); debugLog(`Option ${label} selected for question ${index + 1}`); } catch (e) { console.error("Error selecting option:", e); debugLog("Failed to select option: " + e.message); } } // Toggle mark for review function toggleMarkForReview() { try { debugLog(`Toggling mark for review on question ${currentQuestion + 1}`); markedForReview[currentQuestion] = !markedForReview[currentQuestion]; document.getElementById('mark-review').classList.toggle('marked', markedForReview[currentQuestion]); updateNavPanel(); saveProgress(); debugLog(`Mark for review toggled for question ${currentQuestion + 1}`); } catch (e) { console.error("Error marking for review:", e); debugLog("Failed to mark for review: " + e.message); } } // Navigate to previous question function showPreviousQuestion() { try { debugLog(`Navigating to previous question from ${currentQuestion + 1}`); if (currentQuestion > 0) { currentQuestion--; showQuestion(currentQuestion); } } catch (e) { console.error("Error navigating to previous question:", e); debugLog("Failed to navigate to previous question: " + e.message); } } // Navigate to next question function showNextQuestion() { try { debugLog(`Navigating to next question from ${currentQuestion + 1}`); if (currentQuestion < questions.length - 1) { currentQuestion++; showQuestion(currentQuestion); } } catch (e) { console.error("Error navigating to next question:", e); debugLog("Failed to navigate to next question: " + e.message); } } // Handle question navigation click function handleQuestionNavClick(index) { try { debugLog(`Navigating to question ${index + 1} via nav panel`); showQuestion(index); toggleNavPanel(); } catch (e) { console.error("Error handling navigation click:", e); debugLog("Failed to navigate via nav panel: " + e.message); } } // Start timer function startTimer() { try { debugLog("Starting timer"); timerInterval = setInterval(() => { if (timeRemaining <= 0) { debugLog("Timer expired, submitting test"); clearInterval(timerInterval); submitTest(); } else { timeRemaining--; const minutes = Math.floor(timeRemaining / 60); const seconds = timeRemaining % 60; document.getElementById('timer').innerHTML = `Time Remaining: <span>${minutes.toString().padStart(2, '0')}:${seconds.toString().padStart(2, '0')}</span>`; saveProgress(); } }, 1000); debugLog("Timer started successfully"); } catch (e) { console.error("Error starting timer:", e); debugLog("Failed to start timer: " + e.message); } } // Update progress bar function updateProgressBar() { try { debugLog("Updating progress bar"); const progress = ((currentQuestion + 1) / questions.length) * 100; document.getElementById('progress-bar').style.width = `${progress}%`; debugLog("Progress bar updated"); } catch (e) { console.error("Error updating progress bar:", e); debugLog("Failed to update progress bar: " + e.message); } } // Update quiz navigation panel function updateNavPanel() { try { debugLog("Updating quiz navigation panel"); const filter = document.getElementById('nav-filter').value; const navGrid = document.getElementById('nav-grid'); navGrid.innerHTML = questions.map((_, i) => { if (filter === 'answered' && !answers[i]) return ''; if (filter === 'unanswered' && answers[i]) return ''; if (filter === 'marked' && !markedForReview[i]) return ''; return ` <button class="question-nav-btn ${answers[i] ? 'answered' : 'unanswered'} ${markedForReview[i] ? 'marked-nav' : ''}" onclick="handleQuestionNavClick(${i})" aria-label="Go to Question ${i + 1}"> ${i + 1} </button> `; }).join(''); debugLog("Quiz navigation panel updated"); } catch (e) { console.error("Error updating quiz navigation panel:", e); debugLog("Failed to update quiz navigation panel: " + e.message); } } // Update results navigation panel function updateResultsNavPanel() { try { debugLog("Updating results navigation panel"); const filter = document.getElementById('results-nav-filter').value; const navGrid = document.getElementById('results-nav-grid'); navGrid.innerHTML = questions.map((_, i) => { if (filter === 'answered' && !answers[i]) return ''; if (filter === 'unanswered' && answers[i]) return ''; if (filter === 'marked' && !markedForReview[i]) return ''; return ` <button class="result-nav-btn-grid ${answers[i] ? 'answered' : 'unanswered'} ${markedForReview[i] ? 'marked-nav' : ''}" onclick="handleResultNavClick(${i})" aria-label="Go to Result for Question ${i + 1}"> ${i + 1} </button> `; }).join(''); debugLog("Results navigation panel updated"); } catch (e) { console.error("Error updating results navigation panel:", e); debugLog("Failed to update results navigation panel: " + e.message); } } // Toggle quiz navigation panel function toggleNavPanel() { try { debugLog("Toggling quiz navigation panel"); const navPanel = document.getElementById('nav-panel'); navPanel.classList.toggle('hidden'); debugLog("Quiz navigation panel toggled"); } catch (e) { console.error("Error toggling quiz navigation panel:", e); debugLog("Failed to toggle quiz navigation panel: " + e.message); } } // Toggle results navigation panel function toggleResultsNavPanel() { try { debugLog("Toggling results navigation panel"); const resultsNavPanel = document.getElementById('results-nav-panel'); resultsNavPanel.classList.toggle('hidden'); if (!resultsNavPanel.classList.contains('hidden')) { updateResultsNavPanel(); } debugLog("Results navigation panel toggled"); } catch (e) { console.error("Error toggling results navigation panel:", e); debugLog("Failed to toggle results navigation panel: " + e.message); } } // Handle result navigation click function handleResultNavClick(index) { try { debugLog(`Navigating to result for question ${index + 1} via nav panel`); showResults(index); toggleResultsNavPanel(); } catch (e) { console.error("Error handling result navigation click:", e); debugLog("Failed to navigate to result: " + e.message); } } // Show submit modal function showSubmitModal() { try { debugLog("Showing submit modal"); const attempted = answers.filter(a => a !== null).length; document.getElementById('attempted-count').textContent = attempted; document.getElementById('unattempted-count').textContent = questions.length - attempted; document.getElementById('submit-modal').classList.remove('hidden'); debugLog("Submit modal displayed"); } catch (e) { console.error("Error showing submit modal:", e); debugLog("Failed to show submit modal: " + e.message); } } // Close submit modal function closeSubmitModal() { try { debugLog("Closing submit modal"); document.getElementById('submit-modal').classList.add('hidden'); debugLog("Submit modal closed"); } catch (e) { console.error("Error closing submit modal:", e); debugLog("Failed to close submit modal: " + e.message); } } // Close exit modal function closeExitModal() { try { debugLog("Closing exit modal"); document.getElementById('exit-modal').classList.add('hidden'); debugLog("Exit modal closed"); } catch (e) { console.error("Error closing exit modal:", e); debugLog("Failed to close exit modal: " + e.message); } } // Submit test function submitTest() { try { debugLog("Submitting test"); clearInterval(timerInterval); document.getElementById('quiz').classList.add('hidden'); document.getElementById('submit-modal').classList.add('hidden'); document.getElementById('results').classList.remove('hidden'); showResults(0); // Start with first question // Trigger confetti animation confetti({ particleCount: 100, spread: 70, origin: { y: 0.6 } }); localStorage.removeItem(`quiz_${quizId}`); debugLog("Test submitted successfully"); } catch (e) { console.error("Error submitting test:", e); debugLog("Failed to submit test: " + e.message); } } // Show result for a single question function showResults(index) { try { debugLog(`Showing result for question ${index + 1}`); currentResultQuestion = index; let correct = 0, wrong = 0, unanswered = 0, marked = 0; answers.forEach((answer, i) => { const isCorrect = answer && questions[i].options.find(opt => opt.label === answer)?.correct; if (answer === null) unanswered++; else if (isCorrect) correct++; else wrong++; if (markedForReview[i]) marked++; }); const q = questions[index]; if (!q) { throw new Error(`Question ${index} is undefined`); } const userAnswer = answers[index]; const isCorrect = userAnswer && q.options.find(opt => opt.label === userAnswer)?.correct; const resultsContent = document.getElementById('results-content'); resultsContent.innerHTML = ` <div class="border p-4 rounded-lg ${isCorrect ? 'bg-green-50' : userAnswer ? 'bg-red-50' : 'bg-gray-50'}"> <p class="font-semibold">Question ${index + 1}: ${q.text || 'No question text'}</p> ${q.question_images && q.question_images.length > 0 ? q.question_images.map(url => `<img src="${url}" alt="Question Image" class="max-w-full h-auto rounded-lg my-2">`).join('') : ''} <p><strong>Your Answer:</strong> ${userAnswer ? `${userAnswer}. ${q.options.find(opt => opt.label === userAnswer)?.text || 'Invalid option'}` : 'Unanswered'}</p> <p><strong>Correct Answer:</strong> ${q.correct_answer || 'Unknown'}</p> <div class="mt-2">${q.explanation || 'No explanation available'}</div> ${q.explanation_images && q.explanation_images.length > 0 ? q.explanation_images.map(url => `<img src="${url}" alt="Explanation Image" class="max-w-full h-auto rounded-lg my-2">`).join('') : ''} ${q.video ? ` <button class="play-video bg-blue-500 text-white px-4 py-2 rounded-lg mt-2" onclick="loadVideo(this, '${q.video}', 'video-${index}')" aria-label="Play explanation video for Question ${index + 1}"> Play Video Explanation </button> <div id="video-${index}" class="video-container mt-2"></div> ` : '<p class="text-gray-500 mt-2">No video available</p>'} ${q.audio ? ` <button class="play-audio bg-blue-500 text-white px-4 py-2 rounded-lg mt-2" onclick="loadAudio(this, '${q.audio}', 'audio-${index}')" aria-label="Play audio explanation for Question ${index + 1}"> Play Audio Explanation </button> <div id="audio-${index}" class="audio-container mt-2"></div> ` : ''} </div> `; document.getElementById('correct-count').textContent = correct; document.getElementById('wrong-count').textContent = wrong; document.getElementById('unanswered-count').textContent = unanswered; document.getElementById('marked-count').textContent = marked; document.getElementById('result-question-number').innerHTML = `Question <span>${index + 1}</span> of ${questions.length}`; document.getElementById('prev-result').disabled = index === 0; document.getElementById('next-result').disabled = index === questions.length - 1; updateResultsNavPanel(); window.scrollTo({ top: 0, behavior: 'smooth' }); debugLog(`Result for question ${index + 1} displayed successfully`); } catch (e) { console.error("Error displaying result:", e); debugLog("Failed to display result: " + e.message); } } // Navigate to previous result function showPreviousResult() { try { debugLog(`Navigating to previous result from question ${currentResultQuestion + 1}`); if (currentResultQuestion > 0) { showResults(currentResultQuestion - 1); } } catch (e) { console.error("Error navigating to previous result:", e); debugLog("Failed to navigate to previous result: " + e.message); } } // Navigate to next result function showNextResult() { try { debugLog(`Navigating to next result from question ${currentResultQuestion + 1}`); if (currentResultQuestion < questions.length - 1) { showResults(currentResultQuestion + 1); } } catch (e) { console.error("Error navigating to next result:", e); debugLog("Failed to navigate to next result: " + e.message); } } // Lazy-load video function loadVideo(button, videoUrl, containerId) { try { debugLog(`Loading video for ${containerId}: ${videoUrl}`); if (!videoUrl) { const container = document.getElementById(containerId); container.innerHTML = `<p class="text-gray-500">No video available</p>`; button.remove(); debugLog("No video URL provided"); return; } const container = document.getElementById(containerId); container.innerHTML = ` <div class="video-loading"></div> <video controls class="w-full max-w-[600px] rounded-lg" preload="metadata" aria-label="Video explanation"> <source src="${videoUrl}" type="${videoUrl.endsWith('.m3u8') ? 'application/x-mpegURL' : 'video/mp4'}"> Your browser does not support the video tag. </video> `; container.classList.add('active'); button.remove(); // Initialize HLS.js for .m3u8 videos const video = container.querySelector('video'); if (videoUrl.endsWith('.m3u8') && Hls.isSupported()) { const hls = new Hls(); hls.loadSource(videoUrl); hls.attachMedia(video); hls.on(Hls.Events.ERROR, (event, data) => { console.error("HLS.js error:", data); container.innerHTML = `<p class="text-red-500">Error loading video. <a href="${videoUrl}" target="_blank" aria-label="Open video in new tab">Open video</a></p>`; debugLog("HLS.js error: " + JSON.stringify(data)); }); } else if (videoUrl.endsWith('.m3u8') && video.canPlayType('application/vnd.apple.mpegurl')) { video.src = videoUrl; } // Handle video load errors video.onerror = () => { console.error("Video load error for URL:", videoUrl); container.innerHTML = `<p class="text-red-500">Error loading video. <a href="${videoUrl}" target="_blank" aria-label="Open video in new tab">Open video</a></p>`; debugLog("Video load error for URL: " + videoUrl); }; // Remove loading spinner when video is ready video.onloadedmetadata = () => { container.querySelector('.video-loading').remove(); debugLog("Video loaded successfully"); }; } catch (e) { console.error("Error loading video:", e); debugLog("Failed to load video: " + e.message); const container = document.getElementById(containerId); container.innerHTML = `<p class="text-red-500">Error loading video. <a href="${videoUrl}" target="_blank" aria-label="Open video in new tab">Open video</a></p>`; } } // Lazy-load audio function loadAudio(button, audioUrl, containerId) { try { debugLog(`Loading audio for ${containerId}: ${audioUrl}`); if (!audioUrl) { const container = document.getElementById(containerId); container.innerHTML = `<p class="text-gray-500">No audio available</p>`; button.remove(); debugLog("No audio URL provided"); return; } const container = document.getElementById(containerId); container.innerHTML = ` <audio controls class="w-full max-w-[600px]" preload="metadata" aria-label="Audio explanation"> <source src="${audioUrl}" type="audio/mpeg"> Your browser does not support the audio tag. </audio> `; container.classList.add('active'); button.remove(); // Handle audio load errors const audio = container.querySelector('audio'); audio.onerror = () => { console.error("Audio load error for URL:", audioUrl); container.innerHTML = `<p class="text-red-500">Error loading audio. <a href="${audioUrl}" target="_blank" aria-label="Open audio in new tab">Open audio</a></p>`; debugLog("Audio load error for URL: " + audioUrl); }; debugLog("Audio loaded successfully"); } catch (e) { console.error("Error loading audio:", e); debugLog("Failed to load audio: " + e.message); const container = document.getElementById(containerId); container.innerHTML = `<p class="text-red-500">Error loading audio. <a href="${audioUrl}" target="_blank" aria-label="Open audio in new tab">Open audio</a></p>`; } } // Toggle dark mode function toggleTheme() { try { debugLog("Toggling theme"); document.documentElement.classList.toggle('dark'); localStorage.setItem('theme', document.documentElement.classList.contains('dark') ? 'dark' : 'light'); debugLog("Theme toggled successfully"); } catch (e) { console.error("Error toggling theme:", e); debugLog("Failed to toggle theme: " + e.message); } } // Load theme preference function loadTheme() { try { debugLog("Loading theme preference"); const theme = localStorage.getItem('theme'); if (theme === 'dark') { document.documentElement.classList.add('dark'); } debugLog("Theme loaded successfully"); } catch (e) { console.error("Error loading theme:", e); debugLog("Failed to load theme: " + e.message); } } // Initialize on DOM content loaded window.addEventListener('DOMContentLoaded', () => { try { debugLog("DOM content loaded, initializing quiz"); loadTheme(); initQuiz(); } catch (e) { console.error("Error during DOMContentLoaded:", e); debugLog("Failed to initialize on DOMContentLoaded: " + e.message); document.getElementById('error-message').innerHTML = "Error initializing quiz. Please check the console for details or contact support."; document.getElementById('error-message').classList.remove('hidden'); } }); </script> </body> </html>" frameborder="0" width="100%" height="2000px">
<div class="bg-white rounded-lg shadow-md p-4 md:p-6"> <h2 class="text-xl font-semibold mb-4">Instructions</h2> <h4 class="text-gray-800 text-lg font-semibold mt-6 mb-4">Test Features:</h4> <ul class="space-y-3"> <li class="flex items-center gap-3"> <i class="fa-solid fa-circle-check text-green-500"></i> Multiple choice questions with single correct answers </li> <li class="flex items-center gap-3"> <i class="fa-solid fa-circle-check text-green-500"></i> Timer-based testing for realistic exam conditions </li> <li class="flex items-center gap-3"> <i class="fa-solid fa-circle-check text-green-500"></i> Mark questions for review functionality </li> <li class="flex items-center gap-3"> <i class="fa-solid fa-circle-check text-green-500"></i> Comprehensive results and performance analysis </li> <li class="flex items-center gap-3"> <i class="fa-solid fa-circle-check text-green-500"></i> Mobile-optimized interface for learning on-the-go </li> </ul> <div class="mt-6 flex space-x-4 button-group md:flex-row flex-col"> <button class="bg-[#2c5281] text-white px-6 py-2 rounded-lg hover:bg-[#2c5281] transition" id="start-test">Start Test</button> </div> <div class="error-message hidden" id="error-message"></div> </div> </section> <!-- Quiz Section --> <section class="container mx-auto px-4 md:px-6 pt-4 md:pt-6 pb-1 hidden section-transition" id="quiz"> <div class="bg-white rounded-lg shadow-md p-4 md:p-6"> <!-- Progress Bar --> <div class="w-full bg-gray-200 rounded-full h-3 mb-4"> <div class="progress-bar h-3 rounded-full" id="progress-bar" style="width: 0%"></div> </div> <!-- Question Header --> <div class="flex flex-col md:flex-row justify-between items-center mb-4"> <h2 class="text-lg font-semibold" id="question-number">Question <span>1</span> of 4</h2> <p class="text-lg font-semibold mt-2 md:mt-0" id="timer">Time Remaining: <span>00:00</span></p> </div> <!-- Question Content --> <div class="mb-6" id="question-content"> <p class="text-gray-800 mb-4" id="question-text"></p> <div class="flex flex-wrap gap-4 mb-4" id="question-images"></div> <div class="space-y-3" id="options"></div> </div> <!-- Navigation Buttons --> <div class="flex flex-col md:flex-row justify-between items-center gap-2 md:gap-4"> <div class="flex gap-2 w-full md:w-auto"> <button class="bg-[#2c5281] text-white px-4 py-3 w-full md:w-32 h-14 rounded-lg hover:bg-[#2c5281] transition" disabled="" id="previous-btn">Previous</button> <button class="bg-[#2c5281] text-white px-4 py-3 w-full md:w-32 h-14 rounded-lg hover:bg-[#2c5281] transition" id="next-btn">Next</button> </div> <div class="flex items-center gap-2"> <button class="bg-transparent text-gray-700 px-4 py-2 rounded-lg hover:bg-gray-100 transition flex items-center gap-1" id="mark-review"> Review <svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" class="h-5 w-5" viewBox="0 0 20 20" fill="currentColor"> <path d="M10 2a1 1 0 00-1 1v14l3.293-3.293a1 1 0 011.414 0L17 17V3a1 1 0 00-1-1H10z" /> </svg> </button> <button class="bg-transparent text-gray-700 px-4 py-2 rounded-lg hover:bg-gray-100 transition flex items-center gap-1" id="nav-toggle"> Question 🧭 </button> <button class="bg-green-500 text-white px-6 py-3 w-44 h-14 rounded-lg hover:bg-green-600 transition w-full md:w-auto" id="submit-test">Submit Test</button> </div> </div> </section> <!-- Results Section --> <section class="container mx-auto px-4 md:px-6 pt-4 md:pt-6 pb-1 hidden section-transition" id="results"> <div class="bg-white rounded-lg shadow-md p-4 md:p-6"> <h2 class="text-2xl font-semibold mb-4">Anaesthesia Machine - Results</h2> <div class="grid grid-cols-1 md:grid-cols-2 gap-4 mb-6"> <p><strong>Correct:</strong> <span id="correct-count" class="text-[#000000]">0</span></p> <p><strong>Wrong:</strong> <span id="wrong-count" class="text-[#000000]">0</span></p> <p><strong>Unanswered:</strong> <span id="unanswered-count" class="text-[#000000]-500">0</span></p> <p><strong>Marked for Review:</strong> <span id="marked-count" class="text-[#000000]">0</span></p> </div> <h3 class="text-lg font-semibold mb-4" id="result-question-number">Question <span>1</span> of 4</h3> <div class="space-y-6" id="results-content"></div> <div class="result-nav"> <button aria-label="Previous question result" class="result-nav-btn bg-[#2c5281] text-white px-6 py-2 rounded-lg hover:bg-[#2c5281] transition" disabled="" id="prev-result">Previous</button> <button aria-label="Toggle results navigation panel" class="result-nav-btn bg-[#2c5281] text-white px-6 py-2 rounded-lg hover:bg-[#2c5281] transition" id="results-nav-toggle">Result 🧭</button> <button aria-label="Next question result" class="result-nav-btn bg-[#2c5281] text-white px-6 py-2 rounded-lg hover:bg-[#2c5281] transition" id="next-result">Next</button> </div> <div class="mt-6 flex space-x-4 button-group md:flex-row flex-col"> <button class="bg-green-500 text-white px-6 py-2 rounded-lg hover:bg-green-600 transition" id="take-again">Take Again</button> </div> </div> </section> <!-- Exit Confirmation Modal --> <div class="fixed inset-0 bg-black bg-opacity-50 flex items-center justify-center hidden" id="exit-modal"> <div class="bg-white rounded-lg p-6 max-w-sm w-full"> <h2 class="text-xl font-semibold mb-4">Leave Test?</h2> <p class="text-gray-700 mb-4">Your progress will be lost if you leave this page. Are you sure you want to exit?</p> <div class="flex justify-end space-x-4"> <button class="bg-gray-300 text-gray-700 px-4 py-2 rounded-lg hover:bg-gray-400 transition" id="continue-test">No, Continue</button> <button class="bg-red-500 text-white px-4 py-2 rounded-lg hover:bg-red-600 transition" id="exit-test">Yes, Exit</button> </div> </div> </div> <!-- Submit Confirmation Modal --> <div class="fixed inset-0 bg-black bg-opacity-50 flex items-center justify-center hidden" id="submit-modal"> <div class="bg-white rounded-lg p-6 max-w-sm w-full"> <h2 class="text-xl font-semibold mb-4">Confirm Submission</h2> <p class="text-gray-700 mb-2">You have attempted <span id="attempted-count">0</span> of 13 questions.</p> <p class="text-gray-700 mb-4"><span id="unattempted-count">0</span> questions are unattempted.</p> <div class="flex justify-end space-x-4"> <button class="bg-gray-300 text-gray-700 px-4 py-2 rounded-lg hover:bg-gray-400 transition" id="cancel-submit">Cancel</button> <button class="bg-green-500 text-white px-4 py-2 rounded-lg hover:bg-green-600 transition" id="confirm-submit">Submit Test</button> </div> </div> </div> <!-- Quiz Navigation Panel --> <div class="fixed inset-y-0 right-0 nav-panel bg-white shadow-lg p-4 hidden overflow-y-auto" id="nav-panel"> <h2 class="text-lg font-semibold mb-4">Questions Navigation</h2> <div class="mb-4"> <select class="w-full p-2 border rounded-lg text-gray-700" id="nav-filter"> <option value="all">All Questions</option> <option value="answered">Answered</option> <option value="unanswered">Unanswered</option> <option value="marked">Marked for Review</option> </select> </div> <div class="grid grid-cols-5 gap-2 md:gap-3" id="nav-grid"></div> <button class="mt-4 bg-gray-500 text-white px-4 py-2 rounded-lg hover:bg-gray-600 transition w-full" id="close-nav">Close</button> </div> <!-- Results Navigation Panel --> <div class="fixed inset-y-0 right-0 results-nav-panel bg-white shadow-lg p-4 hidden overflow-y-auto" id="results-nav-panel"> <h2 class="text-lg font-semibold mb-4">Results Navigation</h2> <div class="mb-4"> <select class="w-full p-2 border rounded-lg text-gray-700" id="results-nav-filter"> <option value="all">All Questions</option> <option value="answered">Answered</option> <option value="unanswered">Unanswered</option> <option value="marked">Marked for Review</option> </select> </div> <div class="grid grid-cols-5 gap-2 md:gap-3" id="results-nav-grid"></div> <button class="mt-4 bg-gray-500 text-white px-4 py-2 rounded-lg hover:bg-gray-600 transition w-full" id="close-results-nav">Close</button> </div> <!-- JavaScript Logic --> <script> // Enable debug mode for detailed logging const DEBUG_MODE = true; // Log debug messages function debugLog(message) { if (DEBUG_MODE) { console.log(`[DEBUG] ${message}`); } } // Initialize questions with error handling let questions = []; let currentResultQuestion = 0; // State for current question in results try { debugLog("Attempting to parse questions_json"); questions = [{"text": "Which enzyme is considered the rate-limiting step in galactose metabolism?", "options": [{"label": "A", "text": "Galactokinase", "correct": false}, {"label": "B", "text": "Galactose-1-phosphate uridyltransferase", "correct": true}, {"label": "C", "text": "UDP-hexose-4-epimerase", "correct": false}, {"label": "D", "text": "Aldolase Reductase", "correct": false}], "correct_answer": "B. Galactose-1-phosphate uridyltransferase", "question_images": [], "explanation_images": ["https://image.prepladder.com/content/6nUXSWei0BUti8bA1Y3S1736443409.png"], "explanation": "<table cellspacing=\"0\" style=\"border-collapse:collapse; width:622px\">\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Dietary Source </strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Lactose in milk and milk products.</p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Structure</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Aldohexose and it is the 4th <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"faaa40433e1692777187ba6f8a15ee\">epimer</span> of glucose.</p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Metabolism Site</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Metabolized exclusively by the <strong>liver</strong>. Therefore, <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"99e53092e01692777188465c49d9b8\">galactose</span> tolerance tests can assess liver function.</p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td colspan=\"2\" rowspan=\"4\" style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Galactose <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"5b1a045f5f169277719210c0ac7a1e\">Metabolism</span> :</strong></p>\n<p style=\"text-align:center\"><img alt=\"\" data-author=\"NA\" data-hash=\"\" data-license=\"NA\" data-source=\"NA\" data-tags=\"\" height=\"503\" src=\"https://image.prepladder.com/content/6nUXSWei0BUti8bA1Y3S1736443409.png\" width=\"500\"/></p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td colspan=\"2\" rowspan=\"2\" style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>1) Phosphorylation</strong></p>\n<ul>\n<li>Galactose is phosphorylated by <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"0657553117169277718887935b6a43\">galactokinase</span> to <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"a1b06f401f1692777203a53393ba98\">form</span> galactose-1-phosphate.<strong>(Option A ruled out)</strong></li>\n<li>ATP is the <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"189b6fc834169277719580eb39bb4c\">phosphate</span> donor.</li>\n</ul>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td colspan=\"2\" rowspan=\"2\" style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>2) <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"ed5cfd29b51692777201e511edd848\">Uridine</span> diphosphate-galactose (UDP-galactose) formation</strong></p>\n<ul>\n<li>Galactose-1-phosphate converts to <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"680ef8f5eb1692777201aa5784e6b0\">UDP-galactose</span> and glucose-1-phosphate via an exchange reaction with UDP-glucose</li>\n<li>The reaction is catalyzed by <strong>Galactose-1-phosphate uridyl transferase</strong> (GALT : rate-limiting <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"0f160e4e42169277718771b715516a\">enzyme</span> in <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"99e53092e01692777188465c49d9b8\">galactose</span> metabolism) <strong>(Option B ruled out)</strong></li>\n</ul>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td colspan=\"2\" rowspan=\"4\" style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>3) <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"680ef8f5eb1692777201aa5784e6b0\">UDP-galactose</span> conversion to UDP-glucose</strong></p>\n<ul>\n<li>UDP-galactose is isomerized to <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"a280bbf29d169277720191ef9ddbb1\">UDP-glucose</span> by UDP-hexose-4-epimerase. <strong>(Option C ruled out)</strong></li>\n<li>The new <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"a280bbf29d169277720191ef9ddbb1\">UDP-glucose</span> can enter biosynthetic reactions (e.g., glycogenesis) and the <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"c6e368ee6b169277718891cd4af5a4\">GALT</span> reaction.</li>\n</ul>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td colspan=\"2\" rowspan=\"4\" style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>4) <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"680ef8f5eb1692777201aa5784e6b0\">UDP-galactose</span> in biosynthetic reactions</strong></p>\n<ul>\n<li>UDP-galactose serves as an active donor of <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"99e53092e01692777188465c49d9b8\">galactose</span> for synthesizing lactose, glycoproteins, glycolipids and glycosaminoglycans.</li>\n<li>If dietary <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"99e53092e01692777188465c49d9b8\">galactose</span> is unavailable, <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"680ef8f5eb1692777201aa5784e6b0\">UDP-galactose</span> can be synthesized from <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"a280bbf29d169277720191ef9ddbb1\">UDP-glucose</span> via UDP-hexose-4-epimerase.</li>\n</ul>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n</tr>\n</tbody>\n\n\n<p style='font-size: 10px; color: #808080; font-style: italic;'>@dams_new_robot</p>", "bot": "@dams_new_robot", "audio": "https://image.prepladder.com/content/jk2q6XuWVo0cSPH89fc51743091952.mp3", "video": ""}, {"text": "An infant is diagnosed with classic galactosemia. Which enzyme deficiency is responsible for this condition?", "options": [{"label": "A", "text": "Galactokinase", "correct": false}, {"label": "B", "text": "Galactose-1-phosphate uridyltransferase", "correct": true}, {"label": "C", "text": "UDP-galactose 4-epimerase", "correct": false}, {"label": "D", "text": "Aldose reductase", "correct": false}], "correct_answer": "B. Galactose-1-phosphate uridyltransferase", "question_images": [], "explanation_images": ["https://image.prepladder.com/content/jQcEeONQCdy19rr47frU1736443511.png"], "explanation": "<table cellspacing=\"0\" style=\"border-collapse:collapse; width:647px\">\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Galactose-1-phosphate Uridyl <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"2288cbf3741692777200318d2f5b39\">transferase</span> (GALT) Deficiency</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<ul>\n<li>Severely deficient in individuals with <strong>Classic Galactosemia</strong> in which galactose-1-phosphate and, therefore, <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"99e53092e01692777188465c49d9b8\">galactose</span> accumulate. <strong>(Option B)</strong></li>\n<li>It Is an <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"22a6157d6316927771903de900ec5e\">inborn</span> error of metabolism</li>\n</ul>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Accumulation</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<ul>\n<li>Accumulated <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"99e53092e01692777188465c49d9b8\">galactose</span> is shunted into side pathways like <strong>galactitol </strong>production. <strong>Aldose reductase</strong> catalyzes it.</li>\n<li>Galactose-1-phosphate accumulates in the liver, <strong>inhibiting <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"0657553117169277718887935b6a43\">galactokinase</span> and <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"2e2aa646ab1692777188e3eb8286d8\">glycogen</span> phosphorylase, </strong>leading to <strong>hypoglycemia.</strong></li>\n</ul>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Bilirubin </strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Reduced <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"2d60c5a677169277718325a811dcf1\">bilirubin</span> <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"cc20d2d7111692777201fb0caeb3f2\">uptake</span> and conjugation, increasing <strong>unconjugated bilirubin</strong> in blood</p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Symptoms </strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<ol>\n<li><strong>Hypoglycemia, hypophosphatemia, </strong>hyperuricemia, <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"b82539c9ae1692777191a3f7ddd7bb\">lactic</span> acidosis</li>\n<li>Hepatomegaly, jaundice,</li>\n<li>Severe <strong>mental retardation</strong></li>\n<li>Galactosuria (galactose excreted in urine)</li>\n<li><strong>Cataracts </strong>due to <strong>dulcitol accumulation </strong>in the lens</li>\n<li>Tubular damage and generalized aminoaciduria</li>\n</ol>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Diagnosis </strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<ul>\n<li>Clinical manifestations (e.g., <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"488a4efe7d16927771840c9e29f164\">congenital</span> cataract), presence of <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"99e53092e01692777188465c49d9b8\">galactose</span> in <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"0096f2a7631692777201eb9f21d5a7\">urine</span> and elevated blood <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"99e53092e01692777188465c49d9b8\">galactose</span> levels</li>\n<li>Prenatal diagnosis via amniocentesis</li>\n<li>Detection of heterozygous parents by elevated <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"99e53092e01692777188465c49d9b8\">galactose</span> levels after a <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"99e53092e01692777188465c49d9b8\">galactose</span> load</li>\n</ul>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Complications in untreated cases </strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<ul>\n<li><strong>E. <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"cd0a7121a516927771846d8f5248bb\">coli</span> sepsis,</strong></li>\n<li><strong>Fanconi syndrome</strong></li>\n<li>Feeding problems,</li>\n<li>Failure to thrive,</li>\n<li>Hepatocellular damage,</li>\n<li>Bleeding</li>\n</ul>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Treatment </strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Withdrawal of <strong>galactose and lactose</strong> from the diet.</p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td colspan=\"2\" style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>GALT <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"209b85faf71692777185767d43e3bd\">deficiency</span> is a part of the <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"04df903fe8169277719383126b1b02\">newborn</span> screening panel</p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n</tbody>\n\n\n\n<p style='font-size: 10px; color: #808080; font-style: italic;'>@dams_new_robot</p>", "bot": "@dams_new_robot", "audio": "https://image.prepladder.com/content/Noslro5Yqku4b0hxcaPV1743092169.mp3", "video": ""}, {"text": "A child is diagnosed with essential fructosuria during a routine health check. Name the enzyme A responsible for this condition", "options": [{"label": "A", "text": "Aldolase B", "correct": false}, {"label": "B", "text": "Hexokinase", "correct": false}, {"label": "C", "text": "Fructokinase", "correct": true}, {"label": "D", "text": "Glucokinase", "correct": false}], "correct_answer": "C. Fructokinase", "question_images": ["https://image.prepladder.com/content/i7XWo9XtCnyy0Dw9whvj1736490052.png"], "explanation_images": ["https://image.prepladder.com/content/i2XEPoqf0hEuD6wEb7sM1736490179.png"], "explanation": "<table cellspacing=\"0\" style=\"border-collapse:collapse; width:652px\">\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Dietary Source</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Found in fruits, honey, and high-fructose corn syrup</p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Structure </strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Ketohexose</p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Metabolism Site</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Primarily metabolized by the <strong>liver</strong></p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td colspan=\"2\" style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Fructose <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"5b1a045f5f169277719210c0ac7a1e\">Metabolism</span> : </strong></p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td colspan=\"2\" style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>1) Phosphorylation:</strong></p>\n<ul>\n<li><strong>Fructokinase</strong> is the primary <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"0f160e4e42169277718771b715516a\">enzyme</span> for <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"d5bac53d50169277720363f48a6b3a\">fructose</span> phosphorylation. It has a high <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"227269f3ec1692777180d76a7898dd\">affinity</span> (low Km) and a high Vmax for fructose. It converts <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"d5bac53d50169277720363f48a6b3a\">fructose</span> to fructose-1-phosphate using ATP. It is found in the liver, kidneys, and small intestine<strong>.</strong></li>\n</ul>\n<p><img alt=\"\" data-author=\"NA\" data-hash=\"\" data-license=\"NA\" data-source=\"NA\" data-tags=\"\" height=\"208\" src=\"https://image.prepladder.com/content/i2XEPoqf0hEuD6wEb7sM1736490179.png\" width=\"500\"/></p>\n<p> </p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td colspan=\"2\" style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>2) <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"d5bac53d50169277720363f48a6b3a\">Fructose</span> 1-Phosphate Cleavage:</strong></p>\n<ul>\n<li><strong>Aldolase B c</strong>leaves <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"d5bac53d50169277720363f48a6b3a\">fructose</span> 1-phosphate to <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"3c4000871916927771864242b8df69\">dihydroxyacetone</span> <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"189b6fc834169277719580eb39bb4c\">phosphate</span> (DHAP) and glyceraldehyde. It is present in the liver, kidneys, and small intestine. </li>\n<li>DHAP enters <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"185a500ee91692777188b3044db06d\">glycolysis</span> or gluconeogenesis.</li>\n<li>Glyceraldehyde is metabolized through various pathways.</li>\n</ul>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Disorders of <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"d5bac53d50169277720363f48a6b3a\">Fructose</span> Metabolism</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>1) Essential Fructosuria:</strong></p>\n<ul>\n<li>Benign <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"d92cbff33316927771927b4de10a5b\">metabolic</span> disorder</li>\n<li>Caused by <strong>fructokinase deficiency</strong></li>\n<li>Excretion of <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"d5bac53d50169277720363f48a6b3a\">fructose</span> in urine</li>\n<li>Low risk of cataracts as <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"1aa22161b81692777181c0879642e3\">aldose</span> <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"6afb2667fe16927771975a8db1378b\">reductase</span> does not act on fructose, and <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"09b11c18721692777198957d597ccc\">sorbitol</span> <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"0d1ed86c771692777185d6b762efd5\">dehydrogenase</span> has low <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"227269f3ec1692777180d76a7898dd\">affinity</span> for it.</li>\n</ul>\n<p><strong>2) <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"ee5175c06116927771880846d1cbe0\">Hereditary</span> <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"d5bac53d50169277720363f48a6b3a\">Fructose</span> <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"7794e5fd7a1692777190ee626ede62\">Intolerance</span> (HFI):</strong></p>\n<ul>\n<li>Caused by <strong>aldolase B deficiency. (Option A ruled out)</strong></li>\n<li>Symptoms appear when infants consume <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"8a90a1b8ed16927771997b65c1558b\">sucrose</span> or fructose.</li>\n<li>Effects are due to <strong>accumulation of <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"d5bac53d50169277720363f48a6b3a\">fructose</span> 1-phosphate.</strong></li>\n<li>Symptoms: Vomiting, <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"d4a253810c1692777181f708ba3dc6\">appetite</span> loss, failure to thrive, hepatomegaly, jaundice, potential liver damage and death</li>\n<li>Diagnosis: <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"723fdec66b1692777186e92f0c6fdf\">Detection</span> of <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"d5bac53d50169277720363f48a6b3a\">fructose</span> in urine, <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"0f160e4e42169277718771b715516a\">enzyme</span> <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"fc026ff6d81692777182835f6de6df\">assay</span> using liver cells or DNA-based testing.</li>\n<li>Treatment: Remove <strong>sucrose, <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"09b11c18721692777198957d597ccc\">sorbitol</span> and fructose</strong> from the diet.</li>\n</ul>\n</td>\n</tr>\n</tbody>\n\n\n<p style='font-size: 10px; color: #808080; font-style: italic;'>@dams_new_robot</p>", "bot": "@dams_new_robot", "audio": "https://image.prepladder.com/content/G5fMLMMCTHu1BTUEuyRh1743092393.mp3", "video": ""}, {"text": "Which of the following statements is true regarding Hereditary Fructose Intolerance (HFI) and Classical Galactosemia?", "options": [{"label": "A", "text": "Both present with hyperglycemia.", "correct": false}, {"label": "B", "text": "Both require lifelong avoidance of lactose.", "correct": false}, {"label": "C", "text": "Both present with hypophosphatemia.", "correct": true}, {"label": "D", "text": "Both have symptoms that appear at birth.", "correct": false}], "correct_answer": "C. Both present with hypophosphatemia.", "question_images": [], "explanation_images": [], "explanation": "<table cellspacing=\"0\" style=\"width:709px\">\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-color:#000000; border-style:solid\">\n<p><strong>Feature</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-color:#000000; border-style:solid\">\n<p><strong>Hereditary <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"d5bac53d50169277720363f48a6b3a\">Fructose</span> Intolerance</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-color:#000000; border-style:solid\">\n<p><strong>Classical Galactosemia</strong></p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-color:#000000; border-style:solid\">\n<p><strong>Enzyme Deficiency</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-color:#000000; border-style:solid\">\n<p>Aldolase B</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-color:#000000; border-style:solid\">\n<p>Galactose-1-phosphate uridyltransferase (GALT)</p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-color:#000000; border-style:solid\">\n<p><strong>Onset</strong> <strong>(Option D ruled out)</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-color:#000000; border-style:solid\">\n<p>Symptoms appear when sucrose/ <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"d5bac53d50169277720363f48a6b3a\">fructose</span> is introduced into the diet <strong>(around 6 months of age)</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-color:#000000; border-style:solid\">\n<p>Initial signs usually present in the <strong>first few weeks of life </strong></p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-color:#000000; border-style:solid\">\n<p><strong>Accumulated Metabolite</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-color:#000000; border-style:solid\">\n<p>Fructose-1-phosphate<strong> </strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-color:#000000; border-style:solid\">\n<p>Galactose-1-phosphate and galactose</p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-color:#000000; border-style:solid\">\n<p><strong>Symptoms </strong><br/>\n<strong>(Option A ruled out) </strong><strong>(Option C)</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-color:#000000; border-style:solid\">\n<ul>\n<li><strong>Hypoglycemia, h</strong><strong>ypophosphatemia, </strong>hyperuricemia, <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"b82539c9ae1692777191a3f7ddd7bb\">lactic</span> acidosis</li>\n<li>Hepatomegaly, jaundice,</li>\n<li>Vomiting,</li>\n<li>Loss of appetite,</li>\n<li>Failure to thrive.</li>\n<li>Aldose <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"6afb2667fe16927771975a8db1378b\">reductase</span> cannot act on <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"d5bac53d50169277720363f48a6b3a\">fructose</span> (very low risk of cataract)</li>\n</ul>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-color:#000000; border-style:solid\">\n<ul>\n<li><strong>Hypoglycemia, </strong><strong>hypophosphatemia, </strong>hyperuricemia, <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"b82539c9ae1692777191a3f7ddd7bb\">lactic</span> acidosis,</li>\n<li>Hepatomegaly, jaundice,</li>\n<li>Severe mental retardation,</li>\n<li>Galactosuria,</li>\n<li>Cataracts</li>\n</ul>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-color:#000000; border-style:solid\">\n<p><strong>Diagnosis</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-color:#000000; border-style:solid\">\n<p>Presence of <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"d5bac53d50169277720363f48a6b3a\">fructose</span> in urine, <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"0f160e4e42169277718771b715516a\">enzyme</span> <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"fc026ff6d81692777182835f6de6df\">assay</span> or by DNA-based testing</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-color:#000000; border-style:solid\">\n<p>Clinical manifestations, elevated blood <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"99e53092e01692777188465c49d9b8\">galactose</span> levels; <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"6de3eedab116927771817273944174\">amniocentesis</span> for <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"d554413593169277719693b8e38638\">prenatal</span> diagnosis</p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-color:#000000; border-style:solid\">\n<p><strong>Urinary Findings </strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-color:#000000; border-style:solid\">\n<p><strong>Positive Benedict’s test</strong> for fructose</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-color:#000000; border-style:solid\">\n<p><strong>Positive Benedict’s test</strong><strong> </strong>for galactose</p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-color:#000000; border-style:solid\">\n<p><strong>Dietary Management</strong><br/>\n<strong>(Option B ruled out)</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-color:#000000; border-style:solid\">\n<p><strong>Sucrose, <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"09b11c18721692777198957d597ccc\">sorbitol</span> and fructose</strong> must be removed from the diet</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-color:#000000; border-style:solid\">\n<p><strong>Galactose and lactose</strong> must be removed from the diet</p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-color:#000000; border-style:solid\">\n<p><strong>Complication in untreated cases</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-color:#000000; border-style:solid\">\n<ul>\n<li>Renal failure,</li>\n<li>Hepatic failure,</li>\n<li>Seizures,</li>\n<li>Progressive coma</li>\n</ul>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-color:#000000; border-style:solid\">\n<ul>\n<li>E. <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"cd0a7121a516927771846d8f5248bb\">coli</span> sepsis,</li>\n<li>Feeding problems,</li>\n<li>Failure to thrive,</li>\n<li>Hepatocellular damage.</li>\n</ul>\n</td>\n</tr>\n</tbody>\n\n\n\n<p style='font-size: 10px; color: #808080; font-style: italic;'>@dams_new_robot</p>", "bot": "@dams_new_robot", "audio": "https://image.prepladder.com/content/jvoTECsKOFNqBwKRa3rt1743092516.mp3", "video": ""}, {"text": "A 45-year-old male presents with fatigue and pallor. Blood tests reveal hemolytic anemia. On further investigation, it is found that his erythrocytes are susceptible to oxidative damage. What is the primary role of the pentose phosphate pathway (PPP) that is deficient in this patient’s RBCs?", "options": [{"label": "A", "text": "To produce ATP for energy metabolism", "correct": false}, {"label": "B", "text": "To generate ribose-5-phosphate for nucleotide synthesis", "correct": false}, {"label": "C", "text": "To provide NADPH for maintaining reduced glutathione levels", "correct": true}, {"label": "D", "text": "To synthesize hemoglobin", "correct": false}], "correct_answer": "C. To provide NADPH for maintaining reduced glutathione levels", "question_images": [], "explanation_images": ["https://image.prepladder.com/content/hS6MFQdqE7iIlj6kC8UX1736490413.png"], "explanation": "<table cellspacing=\"0\" style=\"border-collapse:collapse; width:706px\">\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<td colspan=\"2\" style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:middle\">\n<p><strong>Pentose <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"189b6fc834169277719580eb39bb4c\">Phosphate</span> <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"3aa5abc2fa169277719488e088076d\">Pathway</span> (PPP)</strong></p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td colspan=\"2\" style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:middle\">\n<p>The <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"c3c136dcc11692777195ab0efa5549\">Pentose</span> <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"189b6fc834169277719580eb39bb4c\">Phosphate</span> <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"3aa5abc2fa169277719488e088076d\">Pathway</span> (PPP), also known as the <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"809e2689ec1692777189e2b846c7e7\">hexose</span> <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"8dcffccac016927771927605248b59\">monophosphate</span> <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"950826ab361692777198366a25dfbf\">shunt</span> (HMP shunt), is an alternative <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"d92cbff33316927771927b4de10a5b\">metabolic</span> <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"3aa5abc2fa169277719488e088076d\">pathway</span> for <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"af3ae60c0c16927771889b84ca41c0\">glucose</span> that doesn't generate ATP.</p>\n<p>Location: <strong>Cytosol</strong><br/>\n\t\t\tIt serves two primary functions:</p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:middle\">\n<p><strong>NADPH Production</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:middle\">\n<ul>\n<li>The PPP is a major source of NADPH, vital for <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"859a34e1061692777183872a5e4441\">biosynthesis</span> (fatty acids and steroids).</li>\n<li><strong>NADPH Production:</strong> RBCs rely on <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"185a500ee91692777188b3044db06d\">glycolysis</span> for <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"5abb3a7e7f1692777182a8f4c42522\">ATP</span> due to the lack of <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"18c9e7b9721692777192bd042528cc\">mitochondria</span> and depend solely on the PPP for NADPH, as they lack mitochondrial dehydrogenases.</li>\n<li><strong>Glutathione Maintenance:</strong> <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"7c9e482521169277719313219f1bbe\">NADPH</span> keeps <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"f945849e691692777188ad7ce5b5e2\">glutathione</span> reduced, enabling <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"f945849e691692777188ad7ce5b5e2\">glutathione</span> <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"b3434346d71692777195b113bbab37\">peroxidase</span> to neutralise <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"11f7bcb8da16927771898e93932195\">hydrogen</span> <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"7e35dc67351692777195c0be6eee0b\">peroxide</span> and prevent <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"60d563fe241692777194203742bf5b\">oxidative</span> damage.</li>\n<li><strong>Impact of <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"7c9e482521169277719313219f1bbe\">NADPH</span> Deficiency</strong>: Low <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"7c9e482521169277719313219f1bbe\">NADPH</span> impairs <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"f945849e691692777188ad7ce5b5e2\">glutathione</span> peroxidase, increases<strong> <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"60d563fe241692777194203742bf5b\">oxidative</span> damage</strong>, and leads to <strong>hemolysis</strong>.</li>\n</ul>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:middle\">\n<p><strong>Ribose-5-Phosphate (R-5-P) Synthesis</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:middle\">\n<ul>\n<li>Ribose-5-phosphate is essential for <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"94a2f0970016927771932885a3d362\">nucleotide</span> <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"3fda45538a1692777199ec2a5478a5\">synthesis</span> needed for <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"cc65bdc03f169277719726a675e8a7\">RNA</span> and DNA.</li>\n</ul>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:middle\">\n<p><strong>Homeostasis between <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"7c9e482521169277719313219f1bbe\">NADPH</span> and R-5-P production.</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:middle\">\n<ul>\n<li>When <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"7c9e482521169277719313219f1bbe\">NADPH</span> demand exceeds R-5-P's need, the non-oxidative phase converts R-5-P to <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"e55eb31d591692777188cb1fad1f5e\">glycolytic</span> intermediates (fructose-6-phosphate and glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate).</li>\n<li>If the demand for R-5-P is higher than for NADPH, the non-oxidative phase generates R-5-P from fructose-6-phosphate and glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate, bypassing the <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"60d563fe241692777194203742bf5b\">oxidative</span> steps.</li>\n</ul>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:middle\">\n<p><strong>Differences from Glycolysis</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:middle\">\n<ul>\n<li>Uses <strong>NADP+ </strong>instead of NAD+ and <strong>generates CO2, not ATP.</strong></li>\n</ul>\n</td>\n</tr>\n</tbody>\n\n\n\n<p style='font-size: 10px; color: #808080; font-style: italic;'>@dams_new_robot</p>", "bot": "@dams_new_robot", "audio": "https://image.prepladder.com/content/84fxDjKCNzZZ2GMvxqf31743092879.mp3", "video": ""}, {"text": "Which sequence correctly represents the steps of the oxidative phase of the pentose phosphate pathway (PPP)?", "options": [{"label": "A", "text": "6-Phosphogluconolactone → Glucose-6-phosphate → 6-Phosphogluconate → Ribulose-5-phosphate", "correct": false}, {"label": "B", "text": "Glucose-6-phosphate → 6-Phosphogluconate → 6-Phosphogluconolactone → Ribulose-5-phosphate", "correct": false}, {"label": "C", "text": "Glucose-6-phosphate → 6-Phosphogluconolactone → 6-Phosphogluconate → Ribulose-5-phosphate", "correct": true}, {"label": "D", "text": "6-Phosphogluconate → 6-Phosphogluconolactone → Glucose-6-phosphate → Ribulose-5-phosphate", "correct": false}], "correct_answer": "C. Glucose-6-phosphate → 6-Phosphogluconolactone → 6-Phosphogluconate → Ribulose-5-phosphate", "question_images": [], "explanation_images": ["https://image.prepladder.com/content/MBOYtOAy6SdpsaRhyRpT1736490545.png"], "explanation": "<table cellspacing=\"0\" style=\"border-collapse:collapse; width:624px\">\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:middle\">\n<p><strong>Step</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:middle\">\n<p><strong>Substrates</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:middle\">\n<p><strong>Enzyme</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:middle\">\n<p><strong>Products</strong></p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:middle\">\n<p>1</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:middle\">\n<p>Glucose-6-phosphate <strong>+</strong> NADP+</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:middle\">\n<p>Glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:middle\">\n<p>6-Phosphogluconolactone <strong>+</strong> NADPH</p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:middle\">\n<p>2</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:middle\">\n<p>6-Phosphogluconolactone</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:middle\">\n<p>Gluconolactone hydrolase</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:middle\">\n<p>6-Phosphogluconate</p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:middle\">\n<p>3</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:middle\">\n<p>6-Phosphogluconate <strong>+</strong> NADP+</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:middle\">\n<p>6-Phosphogluconate dehydrogenase</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:middle\">\n<p>Ribulose-5-phosphate <strong>+ </strong>NADPH <strong>+</strong> CO2</p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n</tbody>\n\n\n<p style='font-size: 10px; color: #808080; font-style: italic;'>@dams_new_robot</p>", "bot": "@dams_new_robot", "audio": "https://image.prepladder.com/content/mqOZf1dVaZ3HROAuuewV1743093022.mp3", "video": ""}, {"text": "Which statement is true regarding NADH and NADPH?", "options": [{"label": "A", "text": "Both are produced in the Pentose Phosphate Pathway.", "correct": false}, {"label": "B", "text": "NADH is used in lipid biosynthesis, while NADPH is not.", "correct": false}, {"label": "C", "text": "NADPH is used for anabolic reactions, while NADH is primarily for catabolic reactions.", "correct": true}, {"label": "D", "text": "Both serve the same functions in the cell.", "correct": false}], "correct_answer": "C. NADPH is used for anabolic reactions, while NADH is primarily for catabolic reactions.", "question_images": [], "explanation_images": [], "explanation": "<table cellspacing=\"0\" style=\"border-collapse:collapse\">\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Feature</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>NADH</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>NADPH</strong></p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Full Name</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Nicotinamide <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"701cef29c216927771801e7d1a7c0f\">Adenine</span> <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"419082b5c61692777186e04b66aafb\">Dinucleotide</span> (reduced).</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Nicotinamide <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"701cef29c216927771801e7d1a7c0f\">Adenine</span> <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"419082b5c61692777186e04b66aafb\">Dinucleotide</span> <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"189b6fc834169277719580eb39bb4c\">Phosphate</span> (reduced).</p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Primary Role</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Energy production, <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"d416281a201692777187899c00aed8\">electron</span> transport.</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Reductive biosynthesis, maintaining <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"10c83adb331692777197f775bec1aa\">reduced</span> states.</p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Pathways</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Primarily<strong> </strong><strong>generated in catabolic pathways: </strong></p>\n<ul>\n<li>Citric Acid Cycle,</li>\n<li>Glycolysis,</li>\n<li>Fatty Acid oxidation.</li>\n</ul>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Primarily <strong>generated in <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"3e0d247aa916927771812684526ac0\">anabolic</span> pathways:</strong></p>\n<ul>\n<li>Pentose <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"189b6fc834169277719580eb39bb4c\">Phosphate</span> Pathway,</li>\n<li>Malic <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"0f160e4e42169277718771b715516a\">Enzyme</span> Reaction,</li>\n<li>Oxidative <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"52adc3ebf01692777185395a8b1e8c\">Decarboxylation</span> - Isoforms of <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"92640ea87f1692777190c4947649dc\">Isocitrate</span> Dehydrogenase.</li>\n</ul>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Key Functions</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Donates electrons to the <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"d416281a201692777187899c00aed8\">Electron</span> Transport Chain (ETC) for <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"5abb3a7e7f1692777182a8f4c42522\">ATP</span> production.</p>\n<p>The <strong>ETC uses <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"70e624dfd41692777193efc364d5b4\">NADH</span> for <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"5abb3a7e7f1692777182a8f4c42522\">ATP</span> production, yielding 2.5 ATPs.</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<ul>\n<li>Donates electrons &amp; provides reducing power for biosynthetic reactions <strong>(reductive biosynthesis) </strong>like <strong>lipid and <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"94a2f0970016927771932885a3d362\">nucleotide</span> synthesis.</strong></li>\n<li>Maintains <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"10c83adb331692777197f775bec1aa\">reduced</span> <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"f945849e691692777188ad7ce5b5e2\">glutathione</span> (G-SH) in RBCs, preventing <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"60d563fe241692777194203742bf5b\">oxidative</span> damage.</li>\n<li>Regenerates <strong>reduced <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"f945849e691692777188ad7ce5b5e2\">glutathione</span> </strong>(G-SH) from its oxidized form.</li>\n<li>It is<strong> </strong><strong>not involved in <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"5abb3a7e7f1692777182a8f4c42522\">ATP</span> generation</strong> <strong>via the ETC.</strong></li>\n</ul>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Production Site</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Mitochondria (mainly), Cytosol</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Cytosol (mainly), some in <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"18c9e7b9721692777192bd042528cc\">mitochondria</span> and plastids</p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n</tbody>\n\n\n<p style='font-size: 10px; color: #808080; font-style: italic;'>@dams_new_robot</p>", "bot": "@dams_new_robot", "audio": "https://image.prepladder.com/content/XTkvU3aiG1waWfFwWUR11743180382.mp3", "video": ""}, {"text": "All the following enzymes catalyze oxidative decarboxylation reactions except?", "options": [{"label": "A", "text": "α-Ketoglutarate dehydrogenase", "correct": false}, {"label": "B", "text": "Malate dehydrogenase", "correct": true}, {"label": "C", "text": "6-Phosphogluconate dehydrogenase", "correct": false}, {"label": "D", "text": "Isocitrate dehydrogenase", "correct": false}], "correct_answer": "B. Malate dehydrogenase", "question_images": [], "explanation_images": [], "explanation": "<table cellspacing=\"0\" style=\"border-collapse:collapse; width:692px\">\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:middle\">\n<p><strong>Enzyme</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:middle\">\n<p><strong>Reaction (Oxidative <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"52adc3ebf01692777185395a8b1e8c\">decarboxylation</span> of)</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:middle\">\n<p><strong>Cofactors</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:middle\">\n<p><strong>Details</strong></p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:middle\">\n<p><strong>Pyruvate <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"0d1ed86c771692777185d6b762efd5\">Dehydrogenase</span> (PDH)</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:middle\">\n<p>Pyruvate to acetyl-CoA</p>\n</td>\n<td rowspan=\"2\" style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:middle\">\n<p>Thiamin diphosphate, lipoate, NAD+, FAD, CoA</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:middle\">\n<ul>\n<li>Converts <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"f9129e152d16927771960c4ccc40bc\">pyruvate</span> to acetyl-CoA in mitochondria</li>\n<li>Similar to the α-ketoglutarate <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"0d1ed86c771692777185d6b762efd5\">dehydrogenase</span> complex</li>\n<li>Regulated by end-product <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"f03ca2d2a716927771901227bc175a\">inhibition</span> and <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"d7f598a3db1692777185bf93a6e6fa\">covalent</span> modification.</li>\n</ul>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:middle\">\n<p><strong>α-Ketoglutarate <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"0d1ed86c771692777185d6b762efd5\">Dehydrogenase</span> (αKGDH) (Option A ruled out)</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:middle\">\n<p>α-ketoglutarate to succinyl-CoA</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:middle\">\n<ul>\n<li>Similar to the PDH complex; <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"d52b8551541692777187be85e4bb2f\">Equilibrium</span> favors succinyl-CoA formation;</li>\n<li>Inhibited by arsenite.</li>\n</ul>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:middle\">\n<p><strong>Isocitrate <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"0d1ed86c771692777185d6b762efd5\">Dehydrogenase</span> (IDH) (Option D ruled out)</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:middle\">\n<p>Isocitrate to α-ketoglutarate</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:middle\">\n<p>Mg<sup>2+</sup> or Mn<sup>2+ </sup>ions</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:middle\">\n<ul>\n<li>Forms oxalosuccinate, which then decarboxylates;</li>\n<li>Part of the<strong> <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"16e9bd9e7316927771848e824cf71e\">citric acid</span> cycle.</strong></li>\n</ul>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:middle\">\n<p><strong>6-Phosphogluconate <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"0d1ed86c771692777185d6b762efd5\">Dehydrogenase</span> (6-PGDH) (Option C ruled out)</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:middle\">\n<p>6-phosphogluconate to ribulose-5-phosphate</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:middle\">\n<p>NADP<sup>+</sup></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:middle\">\n<ul>\n<li>Catalyzes a reaction in the <strong>pentose <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"189b6fc834169277719580eb39bb4c\">phosphate</span> pathway.</strong></li>\n</ul>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:middle\">\n<p><strong>Branched-Chain Ketoacid <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"0d1ed86c771692777185d6b762efd5\">Dehydrogenase</span> (BCKADH)</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:middle\">\n<p>Decarboxylation of branched-chain keto acids</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:middle\">\n<p>Thiamin <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"53da8f40b5169277719620504e0cb9\">pyrophosphate</span> (TPP), lipoate, NAD<sup>+</sup>, FAD, CoA</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:middle\">\n<ul>\n<li>Similar to the PDH complex;</li>\n<li>Defects cause<strong> <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"a9a61e4f3e1692777191eb2e65c38c\">maple</span> <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"7cab9109cd16927771994c3125bd23\">syrup</span> <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"0096f2a7631692777201eb9f21d5a7\">urine</span> disease (MSUD).</strong></li>\n</ul>\n</td>\n</tr>\n</tbody>\n\n\n<p style='font-size: 10px; color: #808080; font-style: italic;'>@dams_new_robot</p>", "bot": "@dams_new_robot", "audio": "https://image.prepladder.com/content/fdW6cinsJcLJfcSykkAa1743180614.mp3", "video": ""}, {"text": "Which of the following enzymes is not involved in the reversible phase of the pentose phosphate pathway?", "options": [{"label": "A", "text": "Epimerase", "correct": false}, {"label": "B", "text": "Transketolase", "correct": false}, {"label": "C", "text": "6-phosphogluconate dehydrogenase", "correct": true}, {"label": "D", "text": "Transaldolase", "correct": false}], "correct_answer": "C. 6-phosphogluconate dehydrogenase", "question_images": [], "explanation_images": ["https://image.prepladder.com/content/aAj8IsYmpl4BEbZfVIrC1736490680.png"], "explanation": "<table cellspacing=\"0\" style=\"border-collapse:collapse; width:591px\">\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Substrate</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Enzyme</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Products</strong></p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Ribulose-5-phosphate</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Ribulose-5-phosphate 3-<strong>Epimerase (Option A ruled out)</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Xylulose-5-phosphate</p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Ribulose-5-phosphate</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Ribose-5-phosphate <strong>ketoisomerase</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Ribose-5-phosphate</p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Xylulose-5-phosphate + Ribose-5-phosphate</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Transketolase (Option B ruled out)</strong><br/>\n<strong>Cofactor: Mg²⁺, <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"abb75725a216927772000e5263aaf5\">Thiamin</span> <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"e85b7f998a1692777186537b5aeefa\">diphosphate</span> (Vitamin B1) </strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Sedoheptulose-7-phosphate + Glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate</p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Sedoheptulose-7-phosphate + Glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Transaldolase (Option A ruled out)</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Fructose-6-phosphate + Erythrose-4-phosphate</p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Xylulose-5-phosphate + Erythrose-4-phosphate</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Transketolase (second reaction)</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Fructose-6-phosphate + Glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate</p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n</tbody>\n\n\n<p style='font-size: 10px; color: #808080; font-style: italic;'>@dams_new_robot</p>", "bot": "@dams_new_robot", "audio": "https://image.prepladder.com/content/qNJbcwISnHiOMItnewMN1743180845.mp3", "video": ""}, {"text": "A 30-year-old woman with glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase (G6PD) deficiency, living in a malaria-prone area, presents with fatigue, jaundice, dark urine, and recent consumption of fava beans. Lab tests show hemolytic anemia. How does glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase (G6PD) deficiency lead to the observed symptoms?", "options": [{"label": "A", "text": "Reduced NADPH impairs glutathione regeneration, causing hemolytic anemia.", "correct": true}, {"label": "B", "text": "Increased ribulose-5-phosphate overloads nucleotides, leading to renal failure.", "correct": false}, {"label": "C", "text": "Impaired glucose-6-phosphate conversion disrupts glycolysis, causing hypoglycemia.", "correct": false}, {"label": "D", "text": "Decreased ATP production affects muscle function, causing myopathy.", "correct": false}], "correct_answer": "A. Reduced NADPH impairs glutathione regeneration, causing hemolytic anemia.", "question_images": [], "explanation_images": ["https://image.prepladder.com/content/p9Ob6gHdHB2SLEirUAK31736490785.png"], "explanation": "\n\n<p style='font-size: 10px; color: #808080; font-style: italic;'>@dams_new_robot</p>", "bot": "@dams_new_robot", "audio": "https://image.prepladder.com/content/VcboJGKEV2eH4RnNvKg31743181036.mp3", "video": ""}, {"text": "What is the role of inosine monophosphate in stored blood?", "options": [{"label": "A", "text": "It increases plasma Na and K levels.", "correct": false}, {"label": "B", "text": "It stimulates 2,3-DPG synthesis.", "correct": true}, {"label": "C", "text": "It prevents lactic acid buildup.", "correct": false}, {"label": "D", "text": "It stabilizes hemoglobin concentration.", "correct": false}], "correct_answer": "B. It stimulates 2,3-DPG synthesis.", "question_images": [], "explanation_images": ["https://image.prepladder.com/content/ThcSNbi4fgo5JYKU13d01736490908.png"], "explanation": "\n\n<p style='font-size: 10px; color: #808080; font-style: italic;'>@dams_new_robot</p>", "bot": "@dams_new_robot", "audio": "https://image.prepladder.com/content/x0WiA1k4smte85IpaLbD1743181203.mp3", "video": ""}, {"text": "A patient with diabetes presents with vision impairment. Upon examination, snowflake cataracts are observed. The absence of which enzyme in certain tissues leads to sorbitol accumulation, resulting in conditions such as snowflake cataracts?", "options": [{"label": "A", "text": "Aldose Reductase", "correct": false}, {"label": "B", "text": "Glucose-6-Phosphate Dehydrogenase", "correct": false}, {"label": "C", "text": "Sorbitol Dehydrogenase", "correct": true}, {"label": "D", "text": "Hexokinase", "correct": false}], "correct_answer": "C. Sorbitol Dehydrogenase", "question_images": [], "explanation_images": ["https://image.prepladder.com/content/pFDaKW7SwRLsxTGo6EBA1736490998.png"], "explanation": "\n\n<p style='font-size: 10px; color: #808080; font-style: italic;'>@dams_new_robot</p>", "bot": "@dams_new_robot", "audio": "https://image.prepladder.com/content/NBsvL2yNriwK5Y7ocOkw1743181648.mp3", "video": ""}, {"text": "A newborn presents with bilateral lens opacities and decreased visual acuity. On examination, the characteristic \"oil droplet\" appearance is noted in the lens on retro illumination. Which metabolic disorder is primarily associated with developing oil-drop cataracts in newborns?", "options": [{"label": "A", "text": "Phenylketonuria", "correct": false}, {"label": "B", "text": "Galactosemia", "correct": true}, {"label": "C", "text": "Maple Syrup Urine Disease", "correct": false}, {"label": "D", "text": "Homocystinuria", "correct": false}], "correct_answer": "B. Galactosemia", "question_images": ["https://image.prepladder.com/content/5nLdZQqNnsqqQ6HJLCAv1736491095.png"], "explanation_images": ["https://image.prepladder.com/content/5kyxQupOzjajRkVDZL4K1736491193.png", "https://image.prepladder.com/content/UrfKL0zlRXnYujhrHt4y1736491273.png"], "explanation": "\n\n<p style='font-size: 10px; color: #808080; font-style: italic;'>@dams_new_robot</p>", "bot": "@dams_new_robot", "audio": "https://image.prepladder.com/content/cXhSPSaEMRlOqpQ3XtY71743181887.mp3", "video": ""}]; if (!Array.isArray(questions) || questions.length === 0) { throw new Error("Questions data is empty or invalid"); } debugLog(`Successfully parsed ${questions.length} questions`); } catch (e) { console.error("Failed to parse questions_json:", e); document.getElementById('error-message').innerHTML = "Error loading quiz data. Please check the console for details or contact support."; document.getElementById('error-message').classList.remove('hidden'); document.getElementById('start-test').disabled = true; // Fallback to sample questions for testing questions = [ { text: "What is 2 + 2?", options: [ { label: "A", text: "3", correct: false }, { label: "B", text: "4", correct: true }, { label: "C", text: "5", correct: false }, { label: "D", text: "6", correct: false } ], correct_answer: "B. 4", question_images: [], explanation_images: [], explanation: "<p>2 + 2 = 4</p><p>@dams_new_robot</p>", bot: "@dams_new_robot", audio: "", video: "" } ]; debugLog("Loaded fallback questions"); } // Quiz state let currentQuestion = 0; let answers = new Array(questions.length).fill(null); let markedForReview = new Array(questions.length).fill(false); let timeRemaining = 23 * 60; // Duration in seconds let timerInterval = null; const quizId = `{title.replace(/\s+/g, '_').toLowerCase()}`; // Unique ID for local storage // Load saved progress function loadProgress() { try { debugLog("Loading progress from localStorage"); const saved = localStorage.getItem(`quiz_${quizId}`); if (saved) { const { savedAnswers, savedMarked, savedTime } = JSON.parse(saved); answers = savedAnswers || answers; markedForReview = savedMarked || markedForReview; timeRemaining = savedTime !== undefined ? savedTime : timeRemaining; debugLog("Progress loaded successfully"); } else { debugLog("No saved progress found"); } } catch (e) { console.error("Error loading progress:", e); debugLog("Failed to load progress: " + e.message); } } // Save progress function saveProgress() { try { debugLog("Saving progress to localStorage"); localStorage.setItem(`quiz_${quizId}`, JSON.stringify({ savedAnswers: answers, savedMarked: markedForReview, savedTime: timeRemaining })); debugLog("Progress saved successfully"); } catch (e) { console.error("Error saving progress:", e); debugLog("Failed to save progress: " + e.message); } } // Initialize quiz function initQuiz() { try { debugLog("Initializing quiz"); loadProgress(); const startButton = document.getElementById('start-test'); if (!startButton) { throw new Error("Start test button not found"); } startButton.addEventListener('click', startQuiz); debugLog("Start test button listener attached"); document.getElementById('previous-btn').addEventListener('click', showPreviousQuestion); document.getElementById('next-btn').addEventListener('click', showNextQuestion); document.getElementById('mark-review').addEventListener('click', toggleMarkForReview); document.getElementById('nav-toggle').addEventListener('click', toggleNavPanel); document.getElementById('submit-test').addEventListener('click', showSubmitModal); document.getElementById('continue-test').addEventListener('click', closeExitModal); document.getElementById('exit-test').addEventListener('click', () => { debugLog("Exiting test"); localStorage.removeItem(`quiz_${quizId}`); window.location.reload(); }); document.getElementById('cancel-submit').addEventListener('click', closeSubmitModal); document.getElementById('confirm-submit').addEventListener('click', submitTest); document.getElementById('take-again').addEventListener('click', () => { debugLog("Restarting test"); localStorage.removeItem(`quiz_${quizId}`); window.location.reload(); }); document.getElementById('review-test').addEventListener('click', () => showResults(currentResultQuestion)); document.getElementById('close-nav').addEventListener('click', toggleNavPanel); document.getElementById('theme-toggle').addEventListener('click', toggleTheme); document.getElementById('nav-filter').addEventListener('change', updateNavPanel); document.getElementById('prev-result').addEventListener('click', showPreviousResult); document.getElementById('next-result').addEventListener('click', showNextResult); document.getElementById('results-nav-toggle').addEventListener('click', toggleResultsNavPanel); document.getElementById('close-results-nav').addEventListener('click', toggleResultsNavPanel); document.getElementById('results-nav-filter').addEventListener('change', updateResultsNavPanel); debugLog("Quiz initialized successfully"); } catch (e) { console.error("Failed to initialize quiz:", e); debugLog("Failed to initialize quiz: " + e.message); document.getElementById('error-message').innerHTML = "Error initializing quiz. Please check the console for details or contact support."; document.getElementById('error-message').classList.remove('hidden'); document.getElementById('start-test').disabled = true; } } // Start quiz function startQuiz() { try { debugLog("Starting quiz"); document.getElementById('instructions').classList.add('hidden'); document.getElementById('quiz').classList.remove('hidden'); showQuestion(currentQuestion); startTimer(); updateNavPanel(); debugLog("Quiz started successfully"); } catch (e) { console.error("Error starting quiz:", e); debugLog("Failed to start quiz: " + e.message); document.getElementById('error-message').innerHTML = "Error starting quiz. Please check the console for details or contact support."; document.getElementById('error-message').classList.remove('hidden'); document.getElementById('quiz').classList.add('hidden'); document.getElementById('instructions').classList.remove('hidden'); } } // Show question function showQuestion(index) { try { debugLog(`Showing question ${index + 1}`); currentQuestion = index; const q = questions[index]; if (!q) { throw new Error(`Question ${index} is undefined`); } document.getElementById('question-number').innerHTML = `Question <span>${index + 1}</span> of ${questions.length}`; document.getElementById('question-text').innerHTML = q.text || "No question text available"; const imagesDiv = document.getElementById('question-images'); imagesDiv.innerHTML = q.question_images && q.question_images.length > 0 ? q.question_images.map(url => `<img src="${url}" alt="Question Image" class="max-w-full h-auto rounded-lg">`).join('') : ''; const optionsDiv = document.getElementById('options'); optionsDiv.innerHTML = q.options && q.options.length > 0 ? q.options.map(opt => ` <button class="option-btn w-full text-left p-3 border rounded-lg ${answers[index] === opt.label ? 'selected' : ''}" onclick="selectOption(${index}, '${opt.label}')" aria-label="Option ${opt.label}: ${opt.text}"> ${opt.label}. ${opt.text} </button> `).join('') : '<p class="text-red-500">No options available</p>'; document.getElementById('previous-btn').disabled = index === 0; document.getElementById('next-btn').disabled = index === questions.length - 1; document.getElementById('mark-review').classList.toggle('marked', markedForReview[index]); updateProgressBar(); saveProgress(); window.scrollTo({ top: 0, behavior: 'smooth' }); debugLog(`Question ${index + 1} displayed successfully`); } catch (e) { console.error("Error displaying question:", e); debugLog("Failed to display question: " + e.message); } } // Select option function selectOption(index, label) { try { debugLog(`Selecting option ${label} for question ${index + 1}`); answers[index] = label; const optionsDiv = document.getElementById('options'); const optionButtons = optionsDiv.querySelectorAll('.option-btn'); optionButtons.forEach(btn => { const btnLabel = btn.textContent.trim().split('.')[0]; btn.classList.toggle('selected', btnLabel === label); }); updateNavPanel(); saveProgress(); debugLog(`Option ${label} selected for question ${index + 1}`); } catch (e) { console.error("Error selecting option:", e); debugLog("Failed to select option: " + e.message); } } // Toggle mark for review function toggleMarkForReview() { try { debugLog(`Toggling mark for review on question ${currentQuestion + 1}`); markedForReview[currentQuestion] = !markedForReview[currentQuestion]; document.getElementById('mark-review').classList.toggle('marked', markedForReview[currentQuestion]); updateNavPanel(); saveProgress(); debugLog(`Mark for review toggled for question ${currentQuestion + 1}`); } catch (e) { console.error("Error marking for review:", e); debugLog("Failed to mark for review: " + e.message); } } // Navigate to previous question function showPreviousQuestion() { try { debugLog(`Navigating to previous question from ${currentQuestion + 1}`); if (currentQuestion > 0) { currentQuestion--; showQuestion(currentQuestion); } } catch (e) { console.error("Error navigating to previous question:", e); debugLog("Failed to navigate to previous question: " + e.message); } } // Navigate to next question function showNextQuestion() { try { debugLog(`Navigating to next question from ${currentQuestion + 1}`); if (currentQuestion < questions.length - 1) { currentQuestion++; showQuestion(currentQuestion); } } catch (e) { console.error("Error navigating to next question:", e); debugLog("Failed to navigate to next question: " + e.message); } } // Handle question navigation click function handleQuestionNavClick(index) { try { debugLog(`Navigating to question ${index + 1} via nav panel`); showQuestion(index); toggleNavPanel(); } catch (e) { console.error("Error handling navigation click:", e); debugLog("Failed to navigate via nav panel: " + e.message); } } // Start timer function startTimer() { try { debugLog("Starting timer"); timerInterval = setInterval(() => { if (timeRemaining <= 0) { debugLog("Timer expired, submitting test"); clearInterval(timerInterval); submitTest(); } else { timeRemaining--; const minutes = Math.floor(timeRemaining / 60); const seconds = timeRemaining % 60; document.getElementById('timer').innerHTML = `Time Remaining: <span>${minutes.toString().padStart(2, '0')}:${seconds.toString().padStart(2, '0')}</span>`; saveProgress(); } }, 1000); debugLog("Timer started successfully"); } catch (e) { console.error("Error starting timer:", e); debugLog("Failed to start timer: " + e.message); } } // Update progress bar function updateProgressBar() { try { debugLog("Updating progress bar"); const progress = ((currentQuestion + 1) / questions.length) * 100; document.getElementById('progress-bar').style.width = `${progress}%`; debugLog("Progress bar updated"); } catch (e) { console.error("Error updating progress bar:", e); debugLog("Failed to update progress bar: " + e.message); } } // Update quiz navigation panel function updateNavPanel() { try { debugLog("Updating quiz navigation panel"); const filter = document.getElementById('nav-filter').value; const navGrid = document.getElementById('nav-grid'); navGrid.innerHTML = questions.map((_, i) => { if (filter === 'answered' && !answers[i]) return ''; if (filter === 'unanswered' && answers[i]) return ''; if (filter === 'marked' && !markedForReview[i]) return ''; return ` <button class="question-nav-btn ${answers[i] ? 'answered' : 'unanswered'} ${markedForReview[i] ? 'marked-nav' : ''}" onclick="handleQuestionNavClick(${i})" aria-label="Go to Question ${i + 1}"> ${i + 1} </button> `; }).join(''); debugLog("Quiz navigation panel updated"); } catch (e) { console.error("Error updating quiz navigation panel:", e); debugLog("Failed to update quiz navigation panel: " + e.message); } } // Update results navigation panel function updateResultsNavPanel() { try { debugLog("Updating results navigation panel"); const filter = document.getElementById('results-nav-filter').value; const navGrid = document.getElementById('results-nav-grid'); navGrid.innerHTML = questions.map((_, i) => { if (filter === 'answered' && !answers[i]) return ''; if (filter === 'unanswered' && answers[i]) return ''; if (filter === 'marked' && !markedForReview[i]) return ''; return ` <button class="result-nav-btn-grid ${answers[i] ? 'answered' : 'unanswered'} ${markedForReview[i] ? 'marked-nav' : ''}" onclick="handleResultNavClick(${i})" aria-label="Go to Result for Question ${i + 1}"> ${i + 1} </button> `; }).join(''); debugLog("Results navigation panel updated"); } catch (e) { console.error("Error updating results navigation panel:", e); debugLog("Failed to update results navigation panel: " + e.message); } } // Toggle quiz navigation panel function toggleNavPanel() { try { debugLog("Toggling quiz navigation panel"); const navPanel = document.getElementById('nav-panel'); navPanel.classList.toggle('hidden'); debugLog("Quiz navigation panel toggled"); } catch (e) { console.error("Error toggling quiz navigation panel:", e); debugLog("Failed to toggle quiz navigation panel: " + e.message); } } // Toggle results navigation panel function toggleResultsNavPanel() { try { debugLog("Toggling results navigation panel"); const resultsNavPanel = document.getElementById('results-nav-panel'); resultsNavPanel.classList.toggle('hidden'); if (!resultsNavPanel.classList.contains('hidden')) { updateResultsNavPanel(); } debugLog("Results navigation panel toggled"); } catch (e) { console.error("Error toggling results navigation panel:", e); debugLog("Failed to toggle results navigation panel: " + e.message); } } // Handle result navigation click function handleResultNavClick(index) { try { debugLog(`Navigating to result for question ${index + 1} via nav panel`); showResults(index); toggleResultsNavPanel(); } catch (e) { console.error("Error handling result navigation click:", e); debugLog("Failed to navigate to result: " + e.message); } } // Show submit modal function showSubmitModal() { try { debugLog("Showing submit modal"); const attempted = answers.filter(a => a !== null).length; document.getElementById('attempted-count').textContent = attempted; document.getElementById('unattempted-count').textContent = questions.length - attempted; document.getElementById('submit-modal').classList.remove('hidden'); debugLog("Submit modal displayed"); } catch (e) { console.error("Error showing submit modal:", e); debugLog("Failed to show submit modal: " + e.message); } } // Close submit modal function closeSubmitModal() { try { debugLog("Closing submit modal"); document.getElementById('submit-modal').classList.add('hidden'); debugLog("Submit modal closed"); } catch (e) { console.error("Error closing submit modal:", e); debugLog("Failed to close submit modal: " + e.message); } } // Close exit modal function closeExitModal() { try { debugLog("Closing exit modal"); document.getElementById('exit-modal').classList.add('hidden'); debugLog("Exit modal closed"); } catch (e) { console.error("Error closing exit modal:", e); debugLog("Failed to close exit modal: " + e.message); } } // Submit test function submitTest() { try { debugLog("Submitting test"); clearInterval(timerInterval); document.getElementById('quiz').classList.add('hidden'); document.getElementById('submit-modal').classList.add('hidden'); document.getElementById('results').classList.remove('hidden'); showResults(0); // Start with first question // Trigger confetti animation confetti({ particleCount: 100, spread: 70, origin: { y: 0.6 } }); localStorage.removeItem(`quiz_${quizId}`); debugLog("Test submitted successfully"); } catch (e) { console.error("Error submitting test:", e); debugLog("Failed to submit test: " + e.message); } } // Show result for a single question function showResults(index) { try { debugLog(`Showing result for question ${index + 1}`); currentResultQuestion = index; let correct = 0, wrong = 0, unanswered = 0, marked = 0; answers.forEach((answer, i) => { const isCorrect = answer && questions[i].options.find(opt => opt.label === answer)?.correct; if (answer === null) unanswered++; else if (isCorrect) correct++; else wrong++; if (markedForReview[i]) marked++; }); const q = questions[index]; if (!q) { throw new Error(`Question ${index} is undefined`); } const userAnswer = answers[index]; const isCorrect = userAnswer && q.options.find(opt => opt.label === userAnswer)?.correct; const resultsContent = document.getElementById('results-content'); resultsContent.innerHTML = ` <div class="border p-4 rounded-lg ${isCorrect ? 'bg-green-50' : userAnswer ? 'bg-red-50' : 'bg-gray-50'}"> <p class="font-semibold">Question ${index + 1}: ${q.text || 'No question text'}</p> ${q.question_images && q.question_images.length > 0 ? q.question_images.map(url => `<img src="${url}" alt="Question Image" class="max-w-full h-auto rounded-lg my-2">`).join('') : ''} <p><strong>Your Answer:</strong> ${userAnswer ? `${userAnswer}. ${q.options.find(opt => opt.label === userAnswer)?.text || 'Invalid option'}` : 'Unanswered'}</p> <p><strong>Correct Answer:</strong> ${q.correct_answer || 'Unknown'}</p> <div class="mt-2">${q.explanation || 'No explanation available'}</div> ${q.explanation_images && q.explanation_images.length > 0 ? q.explanation_images.map(url => `<img src="${url}" alt="Explanation Image" class="max-w-full h-auto rounded-lg my-2">`).join('') : ''} ${q.video ? ` <button class="play-video bg-blue-500 text-white px-4 py-2 rounded-lg mt-2" onclick="loadVideo(this, '${q.video}', 'video-${index}')" aria-label="Play explanation video for Question ${index + 1}"> Play Video Explanation </button> <div id="video-${index}" class="video-container mt-2"></div> ` : '<p class="text-gray-500 mt-2">No video available</p>'} ${q.audio ? ` <button class="play-audio bg-blue-500 text-white px-4 py-2 rounded-lg mt-2" onclick="loadAudio(this, '${q.audio}', 'audio-${index}')" aria-label="Play audio explanation for Question ${index + 1}"> Play Audio Explanation </button> <div id="audio-${index}" class="audio-container mt-2"></div> ` : ''} </div> `; document.getElementById('correct-count').textContent = correct; document.getElementById('wrong-count').textContent = wrong; document.getElementById('unanswered-count').textContent = unanswered; document.getElementById('marked-count').textContent = marked; document.getElementById('result-question-number').innerHTML = `Question <span>${index + 1}</span> of ${questions.length}`; document.getElementById('prev-result').disabled = index === 0; document.getElementById('next-result').disabled = index === questions.length - 1; updateResultsNavPanel(); window.scrollTo({ top: 0, behavior: 'smooth' }); debugLog(`Result for question ${index + 1} displayed successfully`); } catch (e) { console.error("Error displaying result:", e); debugLog("Failed to display result: " + e.message); } } // Navigate to previous result function showPreviousResult() { try { debugLog(`Navigating to previous result from question ${currentResultQuestion + 1}`); if (currentResultQuestion > 0) { showResults(currentResultQuestion - 1); } } catch (e) { console.error("Error navigating to previous result:", e); debugLog("Failed to navigate to previous result: " + e.message); } } // Navigate to next result function showNextResult() { try { debugLog(`Navigating to next result from question ${currentResultQuestion + 1}`); if (currentResultQuestion < questions.length - 1) { showResults(currentResultQuestion + 1); } } catch (e) { console.error("Error navigating to next result:", e); debugLog("Failed to navigate to next result: " + e.message); } } // Lazy-load video function loadVideo(button, videoUrl, containerId) { try { debugLog(`Loading video for ${containerId}: ${videoUrl}`); if (!videoUrl) { const container = document.getElementById(containerId); container.innerHTML = `<p class="text-gray-500">No video available</p>`; button.remove(); debugLog("No video URL provided"); return; } const container = document.getElementById(containerId); container.innerHTML = ` <div class="video-loading"></div> <video controls class="w-full max-w-[600px] rounded-lg" preload="metadata" aria-label="Video explanation"> <source src="${videoUrl}" type="${videoUrl.endsWith('.m3u8') ? 'application/x-mpegURL' : 'video/mp4'}"> Your browser does not support the video tag. </video> `; container.classList.add('active'); button.remove(); // Initialize HLS.js for .m3u8 videos const video = container.querySelector('video'); if (videoUrl.endsWith('.m3u8') && Hls.isSupported()) { const hls = new Hls(); hls.loadSource(videoUrl); hls.attachMedia(video); hls.on(Hls.Events.ERROR, (event, data) => { console.error("HLS.js error:", data); container.innerHTML = `<p class="text-red-500">Error loading video. <a href="${videoUrl}" target="_blank" aria-label="Open video in new tab">Open video</a></p>`; debugLog("HLS.js error: " + JSON.stringify(data)); }); } else if (videoUrl.endsWith('.m3u8') && video.canPlayType('application/vnd.apple.mpegurl')) { video.src = videoUrl; } // Handle video load errors video.onerror = () => { console.error("Video load error for URL:", videoUrl); container.innerHTML = `<p class="text-red-500">Error loading video. <a href="${videoUrl}" target="_blank" aria-label="Open video in new tab">Open video</a></p>`; debugLog("Video load error for URL: " + videoUrl); }; // Remove loading spinner when video is ready video.onloadedmetadata = () => { container.querySelector('.video-loading').remove(); debugLog("Video loaded successfully"); }; } catch (e) { console.error("Error loading video:", e); debugLog("Failed to load video: " + e.message); const container = document.getElementById(containerId); container.innerHTML = `<p class="text-red-500">Error loading video. <a href="${videoUrl}" target="_blank" aria-label="Open video in new tab">Open video</a></p>`; } } // Lazy-load audio function loadAudio(button, audioUrl, containerId) { try { debugLog(`Loading audio for ${containerId}: ${audioUrl}`); if (!audioUrl) { const container = document.getElementById(containerId); container.innerHTML = `<p class="text-gray-500">No audio available</p>`; button.remove(); debugLog("No audio URL provided"); return; } const container = document.getElementById(containerId); container.innerHTML = ` <audio controls class="w-full max-w-[600px]" preload="metadata" aria-label="Audio explanation"> <source src="${audioUrl}" type="audio/mpeg"> Your browser does not support the audio tag. </audio> `; container.classList.add('active'); button.remove(); // Handle audio load errors const audio = container.querySelector('audio'); audio.onerror = () => { console.error("Audio load error for URL:", audioUrl); container.innerHTML = `<p class="text-red-500">Error loading audio. <a href="${audioUrl}" target="_blank" aria-label="Open audio in new tab">Open audio</a></p>`; debugLog("Audio load error for URL: " + audioUrl); }; debugLog("Audio loaded successfully"); } catch (e) { console.error("Error loading audio:", e); debugLog("Failed to load audio: " + e.message); const container = document.getElementById(containerId); container.innerHTML = `<p class="text-red-500">Error loading audio. <a href="${audioUrl}" target="_blank" aria-label="Open audio in new tab">Open audio</a></p>`; } } // Toggle dark mode function toggleTheme() { try { debugLog("Toggling theme"); document.documentElement.classList.toggle('dark'); localStorage.setItem('theme', document.documentElement.classList.contains('dark') ? 'dark' : 'light'); debugLog("Theme toggled successfully"); } catch (e) { console.error("Error toggling theme:", e); debugLog("Failed to toggle theme: " + e.message); } } // Load theme preference function loadTheme() { try { debugLog("Loading theme preference"); const theme = localStorage.getItem('theme'); if (theme === 'dark') { document.documentElement.classList.add('dark'); } debugLog("Theme loaded successfully"); } catch (e) { console.error("Error loading theme:", e); debugLog("Failed to load theme: " + e.message); } } // Initialize on DOM content loaded window.addEventListener('DOMContentLoaded', () => { try { debugLog("DOM content loaded, initializing quiz"); loadTheme(); initQuiz(); } catch (e) { console.error("Error during DOMContentLoaded:", e); debugLog("Failed to initialize on DOMContentLoaded: " + e.message); document.getElementById('error-message').innerHTML = "Error initializing quiz. Please check the console for details or contact support."; document.getElementById('error-message').classList.remove('hidden'); } }); </script> </body> </html>" frameborder="0" width="100%" height="2000px">
<div class="bg-white rounded-lg shadow-md p-4 md:p-6"> <h2 class="text-xl font-semibold mb-4">Instructions</h2> <h4 class="text-gray-800 text-lg font-semibold mt-6 mb-4">Test Features:</h4> <ul class="space-y-3"> <li class="flex items-center gap-3"> <i class="fa-solid fa-circle-check text-green-500"></i> Multiple choice questions with single correct answers </li> <li class="flex items-center gap-3"> <i class="fa-solid fa-circle-check text-green-500"></i> Timer-based testing for realistic exam conditions </li> <li class="flex items-center gap-3"> <i class="fa-solid fa-circle-check text-green-500"></i> Mark questions for review functionality </li> <li class="flex items-center gap-3"> <i class="fa-solid fa-circle-check text-green-500"></i> Comprehensive results and performance analysis </li> <li class="flex items-center gap-3"> <i class="fa-solid fa-circle-check text-green-500"></i> Mobile-optimized interface for learning on-the-go </li> </ul> <div class="mt-6 flex space-x-4 button-group md:flex-row flex-col"> <button class="bg-[#2c5281] text-white px-6 py-2 rounded-lg hover:bg-[#2c5281] transition" id="start-test">Start Test</button> </div> <div class="error-message hidden" id="error-message"></div> </div> </section> <!-- Quiz Section --> <section class="container mx-auto px-4 md:px-6 pt-4 md:pt-6 pb-1 hidden section-transition" id="quiz"> <div class="bg-white rounded-lg shadow-md p-4 md:p-6"> <!-- Progress Bar --> <div class="w-full bg-gray-200 rounded-full h-3 mb-4"> <div class="progress-bar h-3 rounded-full" id="progress-bar" style="width: 0%"></div> </div> <!-- Question Header --> <div class="flex flex-col md:flex-row justify-between items-center mb-4"> <h2 class="text-lg font-semibold" id="question-number">Question <span>1</span> of 4</h2> <p class="text-lg font-semibold mt-2 md:mt-0" id="timer">Time Remaining: <span>00:00</span></p> </div> <!-- Question Content --> <div class="mb-6" id="question-content"> <p class="text-gray-800 mb-4" id="question-text"></p> <div class="flex flex-wrap gap-4 mb-4" id="question-images"></div> <div class="space-y-3" id="options"></div> </div> <!-- Navigation Buttons --> <div class="flex flex-col md:flex-row justify-between items-center gap-2 md:gap-4"> <div class="flex gap-2 w-full md:w-auto"> <button class="bg-[#2c5281] text-white px-4 py-3 w-full md:w-32 h-14 rounded-lg hover:bg-[#2c5281] transition" disabled="" id="previous-btn">Previous</button> <button class="bg-[#2c5281] text-white px-4 py-3 w-full md:w-32 h-14 rounded-lg hover:bg-[#2c5281] transition" id="next-btn">Next</button> </div> <div class="flex items-center gap-2"> <button class="bg-transparent text-gray-700 px-4 py-2 rounded-lg hover:bg-gray-100 transition flex items-center gap-1" id="mark-review"> Review <svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" class="h-5 w-5" viewBox="0 0 20 20" fill="currentColor"> <path d="M10 2a1 1 0 00-1 1v14l3.293-3.293a1 1 0 011.414 0L17 17V3a1 1 0 00-1-1H10z" /> </svg> </button> <button class="bg-transparent text-gray-700 px-4 py-2 rounded-lg hover:bg-gray-100 transition flex items-center gap-1" id="nav-toggle"> Question 🧭 </button> <button class="bg-green-500 text-white px-6 py-3 w-44 h-14 rounded-lg hover:bg-green-600 transition w-full md:w-auto" id="submit-test">Submit Test</button> </div> </div> </section> <!-- Results Section --> <section class="container mx-auto px-4 md:px-6 pt-4 md:pt-6 pb-1 hidden section-transition" id="results"> <div class="bg-white rounded-lg shadow-md p-4 md:p-6"> <h2 class="text-2xl font-semibold mb-4">Anaesthesia Machine - Results</h2> <div class="grid grid-cols-1 md:grid-cols-2 gap-4 mb-6"> <p><strong>Correct:</strong> <span id="correct-count" class="text-[#000000]">0</span></p> <p><strong>Wrong:</strong> <span id="wrong-count" class="text-[#000000]">0</span></p> <p><strong>Unanswered:</strong> <span id="unanswered-count" class="text-[#000000]-500">0</span></p> <p><strong>Marked for Review:</strong> <span id="marked-count" class="text-[#000000]">0</span></p> </div> <h3 class="text-lg font-semibold mb-4" id="result-question-number">Question <span>1</span> of 4</h3> <div class="space-y-6" id="results-content"></div> <div class="result-nav"> <button aria-label="Previous question result" class="result-nav-btn bg-[#2c5281] text-white px-6 py-2 rounded-lg hover:bg-[#2c5281] transition" disabled="" id="prev-result">Previous</button> <button aria-label="Toggle results navigation panel" class="result-nav-btn bg-[#2c5281] text-white px-6 py-2 rounded-lg hover:bg-[#2c5281] transition" id="results-nav-toggle">Result 🧭</button> <button aria-label="Next question result" class="result-nav-btn bg-[#2c5281] text-white px-6 py-2 rounded-lg hover:bg-[#2c5281] transition" id="next-result">Next</button> </div> <div class="mt-6 flex space-x-4 button-group md:flex-row flex-col"> <button class="bg-green-500 text-white px-6 py-2 rounded-lg hover:bg-green-600 transition" id="take-again">Take Again</button> </div> </div> </section> <!-- Exit Confirmation Modal --> <div class="fixed inset-0 bg-black bg-opacity-50 flex items-center justify-center hidden" id="exit-modal"> <div class="bg-white rounded-lg p-6 max-w-sm w-full"> <h2 class="text-xl font-semibold mb-4">Leave Test?</h2> <p class="text-gray-700 mb-4">Your progress will be lost if you leave this page. Are you sure you want to exit?</p> <div class="flex justify-end space-x-4"> <button class="bg-gray-300 text-gray-700 px-4 py-2 rounded-lg hover:bg-gray-400 transition" id="continue-test">No, Continue</button> <button class="bg-red-500 text-white px-4 py-2 rounded-lg hover:bg-red-600 transition" id="exit-test">Yes, Exit</button> </div> </div> </div> <!-- Submit Confirmation Modal --> <div class="fixed inset-0 bg-black bg-opacity-50 flex items-center justify-center hidden" id="submit-modal"> <div class="bg-white rounded-lg p-6 max-w-sm w-full"> <h2 class="text-xl font-semibold mb-4">Confirm Submission</h2> <p class="text-gray-700 mb-2">You have attempted <span id="attempted-count">0</span> of 12 questions.</p> <p class="text-gray-700 mb-4"><span id="unattempted-count">0</span> questions are unattempted.</p> <div class="flex justify-end space-x-4"> <button class="bg-gray-300 text-gray-700 px-4 py-2 rounded-lg hover:bg-gray-400 transition" id="cancel-submit">Cancel</button> <button class="bg-green-500 text-white px-4 py-2 rounded-lg hover:bg-green-600 transition" id="confirm-submit">Submit Test</button> </div> </div> </div> <!-- Quiz Navigation Panel --> <div class="fixed inset-y-0 right-0 nav-panel bg-white shadow-lg p-4 hidden overflow-y-auto" id="nav-panel"> <h2 class="text-lg font-semibold mb-4">Questions Navigation</h2> <div class="mb-4"> <select class="w-full p-2 border rounded-lg text-gray-700" id="nav-filter"> <option value="all">All Questions</option> <option value="answered">Answered</option> <option value="unanswered">Unanswered</option> <option value="marked">Marked for Review</option> </select> </div> <div class="grid grid-cols-5 gap-2 md:gap-3" id="nav-grid"></div> <button class="mt-4 bg-gray-500 text-white px-4 py-2 rounded-lg hover:bg-gray-600 transition w-full" id="close-nav">Close</button> </div> <!-- Results Navigation Panel --> <div class="fixed inset-y-0 right-0 results-nav-panel bg-white shadow-lg p-4 hidden overflow-y-auto" id="results-nav-panel"> <h2 class="text-lg font-semibold mb-4">Results Navigation</h2> <div class="mb-4"> <select class="w-full p-2 border rounded-lg text-gray-700" id="results-nav-filter"> <option value="all">All Questions</option> <option value="answered">Answered</option> <option value="unanswered">Unanswered</option> <option value="marked">Marked for Review</option> </select> </div> <div class="grid grid-cols-5 gap-2 md:gap-3" id="results-nav-grid"></div> <button class="mt-4 bg-gray-500 text-white px-4 py-2 rounded-lg hover:bg-gray-600 transition w-full" id="close-results-nav">Close</button> </div> <!-- JavaScript Logic --> <script> // Enable debug mode for detailed logging const DEBUG_MODE = true; // Log debug messages function debugLog(message) { if (DEBUG_MODE) { console.log(`[DEBUG] ${message}`); } } // Initialize questions with error handling let questions = []; let currentResultQuestion = 0; // State for current question in results try { debugLog("Attempting to parse questions_json"); questions = [{"text": "Match the following GLUT transporters with their primary locations: 1. GLUT1 a) Liver 2. GLUT2 b) Neurons 3. GLUT3 c) Erythrocytes 4.GLUT4 d) Skeletal Muscle", "options": [{"label": "A", "text": "1-c, 2-a, 3-b, 4-d", "correct": true}, {"label": "B", "text": "1-d, 2-b, 3-c, 4-a", "correct": false}, {"label": "C", "text": "1-b, 2-d, 3-a, 4-c", "correct": false}, {"label": "D", "text": "1-a, 2-c, 3-d, 4-b", "correct": false}], "correct_answer": "A. 1-c, 2-a, 3-b, 4-d", "question_images": [], "explanation_images": [], "explanation": "<table cellspacing=\"0\" style=\"border-collapse:collapse; width:624px\">\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Transporter</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Tissue Location</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Functions</strong></p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>GLUT 1</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Brain, kidney, colon, placenta, erythrocytes</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Facilitates <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"af3ae60c0c16927771889b84ca41c0\">glucose</span> uptake</p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>GLUT 2</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Liver, pancreatic β cells, small intestine, kidney</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Enables rapid <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"af3ae60c0c16927771889b84ca41c0\">glucose</span> <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"cc20d2d7111692777201fb0caeb3f2\">uptake</span> or release</p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>GLUT 3</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Brain, kidney, placenta</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Assists in <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"af3ae60c0c16927771889b84ca41c0\">glucose</span> uptake</p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>GLUT 4</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Heart and skeletal muscle, <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"5c2a4a949d16927771802ba54640cc\">adipose</span> tissue</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Mediates insulin-stimulated <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"af3ae60c0c16927771889b84ca41c0\">glucose</span> uptake</p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>GLUT 5</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Small intestine</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Facilitates <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"d5bac53d50169277720363f48a6b3a\">fructose</span> absorption</p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>SGLT 1</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Small <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"7840cca3ed16927771901d2f6cb32b\">intestine</span> and kidney</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Actively transports <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"af3ae60c0c16927771889b84ca41c0\">glucose</span> against a concentration gradient</p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n</tbody>\n\n\n<p style='font-size: 10px; color: #808080; font-style: italic;'>@dams_new_robot</p>", "bot": "@dams_new_robot", "audio": "https://image.prepladder.com/content/6nsOpyFzRoCVIHbzpyO41743559341.mp3", "video": ""}, {"text": "Which of the following mechanisms is primarily responsible for glucose uptake into enterocytes?", "options": [{"label": "A", "text": "Facilitated diffusion via GLUT5 transporter", "correct": false}, {"label": "B", "text": "Secondary active transport via SGLT1 transporter", "correct": true}, {"label": "C", "text": "Primary active transport via Na+/K+ ATPase", "correct": false}, {"label": "D", "text": "Simple diffusion through the lipid bilayer", "correct": false}], "correct_answer": "B. Secondary active transport via SGLT1 transporter", "question_images": [], "explanation_images": [], "explanation": "\n\n<p style='font-size: 10px; color: #808080; font-style: italic;'>@dams_new_robot</p>", "bot": "@dams_new_robot", "audio": "https://image.prepladder.com/content/kpTnFKu0ODfvyfoyii2C1743559532.mp3", "video": ""}, {"text": "Which of the following tissues is unable to transport glucose independently of insulin?", "options": [{"label": "A", "text": "Hepatocytes", "correct": false}, {"label": "B", "text": "Cardiac muscle", "correct": true}, {"label": "C", "text": "RBC", "correct": false}, {"label": "D", "text": "Neurons", "correct": false}], "correct_answer": "B. Cardiac muscle", "question_images": [], "explanation_images": ["https://image.prepladder.com/content/zNsy6JnbTRQRaLQ5Mznc1736491929.png"], "explanation": "\n\n<p style='font-size: 10px; color: #808080; font-style: italic;'>@dams_new_robot</p>", "bot": "@dams_new_robot", "audio": "https://image.prepladder.com/content/hfTD9AA5VxIyBAUJt3r21743559706.mp3", "video": ""}, {"text": "All of the following are true about glycolysis except:", "options": [{"label": "A", "text": "Aerobic glycolysis produces 2 pyruvates and 7 ATPs while anaerobic glycolysis produces 2 lactates and 2 ATPs.", "correct": false}, {"label": "B", "text": "Retinal and corneal cells can produce energy using glycolysis in hypoxic conditions.", "correct": false}, {"label": "C", "text": "Tumor cells rely mainly on fatty acid oxidation", "correct": true}, {"label": "D", "text": "Fast twitch muscle fibers primarily rely on anaerobic glycolysis for ATP sources.", "correct": false}], "correct_answer": "C. Tumor cells rely mainly on fatty acid oxidation", "question_images": [], "explanation_images": [], "explanation": "\n\n<p style='font-size: 10px; color: #808080; font-style: italic;'>@dams_new_robot</p>", "bot": "@dams_new_robot", "audio": "https://image.prepladder.com/content/tjWfEYsmk3MDVkvfTUyU1743560125.mp3", "video": ""}, {"text": "Which of the following statements is false?", "options": [{"label": "A", "text": "RBCs solely depend on glycolysis for ATP", "correct": false}, {"label": "B", "text": "White muscle fibers depend on anaerobic glycolysis during muscular contraction", "correct": false}, {"label": "C", "text": "Myoglobin is the storage form of oxygen in white muscle fibers", "correct": true}, {"label": "D", "text": "Renal medulla is most affected by ischemic damage to the kidney", "correct": false}], "correct_answer": "C. Myoglobin is the storage form of oxygen in white muscle fibers", "question_images": [], "explanation_images": [], "explanation": "\n\n<p style='font-size: 10px; color: #808080; font-style: italic;'>@dams_new_robot</p>", "bot": "@dams_new_robot", "audio": "https://image.prepladder.com/content/EaLj7ubzs14BiChxNlLk1743560303.mp3", "video": ""}, {"text": "Which of the following statements regarding aerobic glycolysis is true?", "options": [{"label": "A", "text": "Each acetyl CoA molecule yields 5 ATPs by converting to pyruvate", "correct": false}, {"label": "B", "text": "Each molecule of NADPH yields 2.5 ATP", "correct": false}, {"label": "C", "text": "Aerobic glycolysis of one molecule of glucose yields a net total of 7 ATP molecules.", "correct": true}, {"label": "D", "text": "Each turn of the citric acid cycle produces 20 ATP molecules.", "correct": false}], "correct_answer": "C. Aerobic glycolysis of one molecule of glucose yields a net total of 7 ATP molecules.", "question_images": [], "explanation_images": ["https://image.prepladder.com/content/mL5kbuN8S9cSxxTrZ9VC1736492033.png"], "explanation": "\n\n<p style='font-size: 10px; color: #808080; font-style: italic;'>@dams_new_robot</p>", "bot": "@dams_new_robot", "audio": "https://image.prepladder.com/content/BpumG9vsXqspaaiDgdf01743560409.mp3", "video": ""}, {"text": "Which of the following enzymes catalyzes the conversion of glucose to glucose-6-phosphate in the glycolysis pathway?", "options": [{"label": "A", "text": "Hexokinase", "correct": true}, {"label": "B", "text": "Phosphofructokinase", "correct": false}, {"label": "C", "text": "Aldolase", "correct": false}, {"label": "D", "text": "Enolase", "correct": false}], "correct_answer": "A. Hexokinase", "question_images": [], "explanation_images": ["https://image.prepladder.com/content/PfnZLoZtAvgRyzIIN6Ty1736492117.png"], "explanation": "\n\n<p style='font-size: 10px; color: #808080; font-style: italic;'>@dams_new_robot</p>", "bot": "@dams_new_robot", "audio": "https://image.prepladder.com/content/cIWnHsmIBpYilFG8tX2N1743613493.mp3", "video": ""}, {"text": "Which of the following steps in glycolysis is irreversible?", "options": [{"label": "A", "text": "Conversion of glucose-6-phosphate to fructose-6-phosphate", "correct": false}, {"label": "B", "text": "Conversion of 3-phosphoglycerate to 2-phosphoglycerate", "correct": false}, {"label": "C", "text": "Conversion of phosphoenolpyruvate to pyruvate", "correct": true}, {"label": "D", "text": "Conversion of fructose-1,6-bisphosphate to glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate and dihydroxyacetone phosphate", "correct": false}], "correct_answer": "C. Conversion of phosphoenolpyruvate to pyruvate", "question_images": [], "explanation_images": [], "explanation": "\n\n<p style='font-size: 10px; color: #808080; font-style: italic;'>@dams_new_robot</p>", "bot": "@dams_new_robot", "audio": "https://image.prepladder.com/content/OgyKPHTyHgMYFDjB6glP1743613589.mp3", "video": ""}, {"text": "Which of the following statements accurately describes the difference between hexokinase and glucokinase?", "options": [{"label": "A", "text": "Hexokinase has a higher Km and Vmax compared to glucokinase.", "correct": false}, {"label": "B", "text": "Glucokinase is inhibited by glucose-6-phosphate, whereas hexokinase is not.", "correct": false}, {"label": "C", "text": "Hexokinase is primarily found in the liver and pancreatic β-cells, while glucokinase is found in most tissues.", "correct": false}, {"label": "D", "text": "Glucokinase has a higher Km and Vmax compared to hexokinase.", "correct": true}], "correct_answer": "D. Glucokinase has a higher Km and Vmax compared to hexokinase.", "question_images": [], "explanation_images": [], "explanation": "<table cellspacing=\"0\" style=\"border-collapse:collapse; width:624px\">\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Feature</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Hexokinase</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Glucokinase</strong></p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Tissue Distribution</strong></p>\n<p><strong>(Option C)</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Most tissues</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Liver and pancreatic β-cells</p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Km (Affinity for Glucose) (Option A)</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Low Km (high <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"227269f3ec1692777180d76a7898dd\">affinity</span> for glucose)</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>High Km (low <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"227269f3ec1692777180d76a7898dd\">affinity</span> for glucose)</p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Vmax (Maximum Rate)</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Low Vmax</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>High Vmax</p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Regulation</strong> <strong>(Option B)</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Inhibited by glucose-6-phosphate</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Not inhibited by glucose-6-phosphate</p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Role</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Maintains <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"923af580cf16927771829606bce2a7\">basal</span> <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"af3ae60c0c16927771889b84ca41c0\">glucose</span> utilization</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Regulates blood <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"af3ae60c0c16927771889b84ca41c0\">glucose</span> levels</p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Function at Low Glucose</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Active even at low <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"af3ae60c0c16927771889b84ca41c0\">glucose</span> concentrations</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Only active when <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"af3ae60c0c16927771889b84ca41c0\">glucose</span> levels are high</p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Gene Regulation</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Constitutive expression</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Inducible by insulin</p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Substrate Specificity</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Broad (can phosphorylate other hexoses)</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Specific to glucose</p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n</tbody>\n\n\n<p style='font-size: 10px; color: #808080; font-style: italic;'>@dams_new_robot</p>", "bot": "@dams_new_robot", "audio": "https://image.prepladder.com/content/d4oFDebtlsVNgAksknrw1743613868.mp3", "video": ""}, {"text": "Which of the following chemical compounds inhibits glycolysis by inhibiting the enzyme enolase?", "options": [{"label": "A", "text": "Iodoacetate", "correct": false}, {"label": "B", "text": "Fluoride", "correct": true}, {"label": "C", "text": "Arsenate", "correct": false}, {"label": "D", "text": "2-Deoxyglucose", "correct": false}], "correct_answer": "B. Fluoride", "question_images": [], "explanation_images": [], "explanation": "<table cellspacing=\"0\" style=\"border-collapse:collapse; width:624px\">\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Chemical Inhibitor</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Target Enzyme</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Mechanism of Inhibition</strong></p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Fluoride</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Enolase</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Inhibits the conversion of 2-phosphoglycerate to phosphoenolpyruvate.</p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Iodoacetate (Option A)</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Inhibits the conversion of glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate to <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"5e674f2f2d16927771822fe5301159\">1,3-bisphosphoglycerate</span> by covalently modifying the enzyme.</p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Arsenate (Option C)</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Replaces phosphate, forming unstable 1-arseno-3-phosphoglycerate, bypassing <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"5abb3a7e7f1692777182a8f4c42522\">ATP</span> generation.</p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>2-Deoxyglucose (Option D)</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Hexokinase</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Phosphorylated to 2-deoxyglucose-6-phosphate, which accumulates and inhibits hexokinase, halting glycolysis.</p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n</tbody>\n\n\n<p style='font-size: 10px; color: #808080; font-style: italic;'>@dams_new_robot</p>", "bot": "@dams_new_robot", "audio": "https://image.prepladder.com/content/GjI1xplUQ3uN1afqHPjy1743613946.mp3", "video": ""}, {"text": "What is the primary function of the Rapoport-Luebering Shunt in red blood cells?", "options": [{"label": "A", "text": "To generate ATP from 2,3-bisphosphoglycerate", "correct": false}, {"label": "B", "text": "To produce 2,3-bisphosphoglycerate, which regulates oxygen binding to hemoglobin", "correct": true}, {"label": "C", "text": "To convert pyruvate to lactate", "correct": false}, {"label": "D", "text": "To facilitate the conversion of glucose to glucose-6-phosphate", "correct": false}], "correct_answer": "B. To produce 2,3-bisphosphoglycerate, which regulates oxygen binding to hemoglobin", "question_images": [], "explanation_images": [], "explanation": "\n\n\n<p style='font-size: 10px; color: #808080; font-style: italic;'>@dams_new_robot</p>", "bot": "@dams_new_robot", "audio": "https://image.prepladder.com/content/QYV4CzZ1AejuUbylGTXT1743614045.mp3", "video": ""}, {"text": "Which of the following is a key positive regulator of the glycolytic enzyme phosphofructokinase-1 (PFK-1)?", "options": [{"label": "A", "text": "ATP", "correct": false}, {"label": "B", "text": "Citrate", "correct": false}, {"label": "C", "text": "Fructose-2,6-bisphosphate", "correct": true}, {"label": "D", "text": "Acetyl-CoA", "correct": false}], "correct_answer": "C. Fructose-2,6-bisphosphate", "question_images": [], "explanation_images": [], "explanation": "\n\n<p style='font-size: 10px; color: #808080; font-style: italic;'>@dams_new_robot</p>", "bot": "@dams_new_robot", "audio": "https://image.prepladder.com/content/kgZwH9KrZWROCLZqlqan1743614155.mp3", "video": ""}]; if (!Array.isArray(questions) || questions.length === 0) { throw new Error("Questions data is empty or invalid"); } debugLog(`Successfully parsed ${questions.length} questions`); } catch (e) { console.error("Failed to parse questions_json:", e); document.getElementById('error-message').innerHTML = "Error loading quiz data. Please check the console for details or contact support."; document.getElementById('error-message').classList.remove('hidden'); document.getElementById('start-test').disabled = true; // Fallback to sample questions for testing questions = [ { text: "What is 2 + 2?", options: [ { label: "A", text: "3", correct: false }, { label: "B", text: "4", correct: true }, { label: "C", text: "5", correct: false }, { label: "D", text: "6", correct: false } ], correct_answer: "B. 4", question_images: [], explanation_images: [], explanation: "<p>2 + 2 = 4</p><p>@dams_new_robot</p>", bot: "@dams_new_robot", audio: "", video: "" } ]; debugLog("Loaded fallback questions"); } // Quiz state let currentQuestion = 0; let answers = new Array(questions.length).fill(null); let markedForReview = new Array(questions.length).fill(false); let timeRemaining = 22 * 60; // Duration in seconds let timerInterval = null; const quizId = `{title.replace(/\s+/g, '_').toLowerCase()}`; // Unique ID for local storage // Load saved progress function loadProgress() { try { debugLog("Loading progress from localStorage"); const saved = localStorage.getItem(`quiz_${quizId}`); if (saved) { const { savedAnswers, savedMarked, savedTime } = JSON.parse(saved); answers = savedAnswers || answers; markedForReview = savedMarked || markedForReview; timeRemaining = savedTime !== undefined ? savedTime : timeRemaining; debugLog("Progress loaded successfully"); } else { debugLog("No saved progress found"); } } catch (e) { console.error("Error loading progress:", e); debugLog("Failed to load progress: " + e.message); } } // Save progress function saveProgress() { try { debugLog("Saving progress to localStorage"); localStorage.setItem(`quiz_${quizId}`, JSON.stringify({ savedAnswers: answers, savedMarked: markedForReview, savedTime: timeRemaining })); debugLog("Progress saved successfully"); } catch (e) { console.error("Error saving progress:", e); debugLog("Failed to save progress: " + e.message); } } // Initialize quiz function initQuiz() { try { debugLog("Initializing quiz"); loadProgress(); const startButton = document.getElementById('start-test'); if (!startButton) { throw new Error("Start test button not found"); } startButton.addEventListener('click', startQuiz); debugLog("Start test button listener attached"); document.getElementById('previous-btn').addEventListener('click', showPreviousQuestion); document.getElementById('next-btn').addEventListener('click', showNextQuestion); document.getElementById('mark-review').addEventListener('click', toggleMarkForReview); document.getElementById('nav-toggle').addEventListener('click', toggleNavPanel); document.getElementById('submit-test').addEventListener('click', showSubmitModal); document.getElementById('continue-test').addEventListener('click', closeExitModal); document.getElementById('exit-test').addEventListener('click', () => { debugLog("Exiting test"); localStorage.removeItem(`quiz_${quizId}`); window.location.reload(); }); document.getElementById('cancel-submit').addEventListener('click', closeSubmitModal); document.getElementById('confirm-submit').addEventListener('click', submitTest); document.getElementById('take-again').addEventListener('click', () => { debugLog("Restarting test"); localStorage.removeItem(`quiz_${quizId}`); window.location.reload(); }); document.getElementById('review-test').addEventListener('click', () => showResults(currentResultQuestion)); document.getElementById('close-nav').addEventListener('click', toggleNavPanel); document.getElementById('theme-toggle').addEventListener('click', toggleTheme); document.getElementById('nav-filter').addEventListener('change', updateNavPanel); document.getElementById('prev-result').addEventListener('click', showPreviousResult); document.getElementById('next-result').addEventListener('click', showNextResult); document.getElementById('results-nav-toggle').addEventListener('click', toggleResultsNavPanel); document.getElementById('close-results-nav').addEventListener('click', toggleResultsNavPanel); document.getElementById('results-nav-filter').addEventListener('change', updateResultsNavPanel); debugLog("Quiz initialized successfully"); } catch (e) { console.error("Failed to initialize quiz:", e); debugLog("Failed to initialize quiz: " + e.message); document.getElementById('error-message').innerHTML = "Error initializing quiz. Please check the console for details or contact support."; document.getElementById('error-message').classList.remove('hidden'); document.getElementById('start-test').disabled = true; } } // Start quiz function startQuiz() { try { debugLog("Starting quiz"); document.getElementById('instructions').classList.add('hidden'); document.getElementById('quiz').classList.remove('hidden'); showQuestion(currentQuestion); startTimer(); updateNavPanel(); debugLog("Quiz started successfully"); } catch (e) { console.error("Error starting quiz:", e); debugLog("Failed to start quiz: " + e.message); document.getElementById('error-message').innerHTML = "Error starting quiz. Please check the console for details or contact support."; document.getElementById('error-message').classList.remove('hidden'); document.getElementById('quiz').classList.add('hidden'); document.getElementById('instructions').classList.remove('hidden'); } } // Show question function showQuestion(index) { try { debugLog(`Showing question ${index + 1}`); currentQuestion = index; const q = questions[index]; if (!q) { throw new Error(`Question ${index} is undefined`); } document.getElementById('question-number').innerHTML = `Question <span>${index + 1}</span> of ${questions.length}`; document.getElementById('question-text').innerHTML = q.text || "No question text available"; const imagesDiv = document.getElementById('question-images'); imagesDiv.innerHTML = q.question_images && q.question_images.length > 0 ? q.question_images.map(url => `<img src="${url}" alt="Question Image" class="max-w-full h-auto rounded-lg">`).join('') : ''; const optionsDiv = document.getElementById('options'); optionsDiv.innerHTML = q.options && q.options.length > 0 ? q.options.map(opt => ` <button class="option-btn w-full text-left p-3 border rounded-lg ${answers[index] === opt.label ? 'selected' : ''}" onclick="selectOption(${index}, '${opt.label}')" aria-label="Option ${opt.label}: ${opt.text}"> ${opt.label}. ${opt.text} </button> `).join('') : '<p class="text-red-500">No options available</p>'; document.getElementById('previous-btn').disabled = index === 0; document.getElementById('next-btn').disabled = index === questions.length - 1; document.getElementById('mark-review').classList.toggle('marked', markedForReview[index]); updateProgressBar(); saveProgress(); window.scrollTo({ top: 0, behavior: 'smooth' }); debugLog(`Question ${index + 1} displayed successfully`); } catch (e) { console.error("Error displaying question:", e); debugLog("Failed to display question: " + e.message); } } // Select option function selectOption(index, label) { try { debugLog(`Selecting option ${label} for question ${index + 1}`); answers[index] = label; const optionsDiv = document.getElementById('options'); const optionButtons = optionsDiv.querySelectorAll('.option-btn'); optionButtons.forEach(btn => { const btnLabel = btn.textContent.trim().split('.')[0]; btn.classList.toggle('selected', btnLabel === label); }); updateNavPanel(); saveProgress(); debugLog(`Option ${label} selected for question ${index + 1}`); } catch (e) { console.error("Error selecting option:", e); debugLog("Failed to select option: " + e.message); } } // Toggle mark for review function toggleMarkForReview() { try { debugLog(`Toggling mark for review on question ${currentQuestion + 1}`); markedForReview[currentQuestion] = !markedForReview[currentQuestion]; document.getElementById('mark-review').classList.toggle('marked', markedForReview[currentQuestion]); updateNavPanel(); saveProgress(); debugLog(`Mark for review toggled for question ${currentQuestion + 1}`); } catch (e) { console.error("Error marking for review:", e); debugLog("Failed to mark for review: " + e.message); } } // Navigate to previous question function showPreviousQuestion() { try { debugLog(`Navigating to previous question from ${currentQuestion + 1}`); if (currentQuestion > 0) { currentQuestion--; showQuestion(currentQuestion); } } catch (e) { console.error("Error navigating to previous question:", e); debugLog("Failed to navigate to previous question: " + e.message); } } // Navigate to next question function showNextQuestion() { try { debugLog(`Navigating to next question from ${currentQuestion + 1}`); if (currentQuestion < questions.length - 1) { currentQuestion++; showQuestion(currentQuestion); } } catch (e) { console.error("Error navigating to next question:", e); debugLog("Failed to navigate to next question: " + e.message); } } // Handle question navigation click function handleQuestionNavClick(index) { try { debugLog(`Navigating to question ${index + 1} via nav panel`); showQuestion(index); toggleNavPanel(); } catch (e) { console.error("Error handling navigation click:", e); debugLog("Failed to navigate via nav panel: " + e.message); } } // Start timer function startTimer() { try { debugLog("Starting timer"); timerInterval = setInterval(() => { if (timeRemaining <= 0) { debugLog("Timer expired, submitting test"); clearInterval(timerInterval); submitTest(); } else { timeRemaining--; const minutes = Math.floor(timeRemaining / 60); const seconds = timeRemaining % 60; document.getElementById('timer').innerHTML = `Time Remaining: <span>${minutes.toString().padStart(2, '0')}:${seconds.toString().padStart(2, '0')}</span>`; saveProgress(); } }, 1000); debugLog("Timer started successfully"); } catch (e) { console.error("Error starting timer:", e); debugLog("Failed to start timer: " + e.message); } } // Update progress bar function updateProgressBar() { try { debugLog("Updating progress bar"); const progress = ((currentQuestion + 1) / questions.length) * 100; document.getElementById('progress-bar').style.width = `${progress}%`; debugLog("Progress bar updated"); } catch (e) { console.error("Error updating progress bar:", e); debugLog("Failed to update progress bar: " + e.message); } } // Update quiz navigation panel function updateNavPanel() { try { debugLog("Updating quiz navigation panel"); const filter = document.getElementById('nav-filter').value; const navGrid = document.getElementById('nav-grid'); navGrid.innerHTML = questions.map((_, i) => { if (filter === 'answered' && !answers[i]) return ''; if (filter === 'unanswered' && answers[i]) return ''; if (filter === 'marked' && !markedForReview[i]) return ''; return ` <button class="question-nav-btn ${answers[i] ? 'answered' : 'unanswered'} ${markedForReview[i] ? 'marked-nav' : ''}" onclick="handleQuestionNavClick(${i})" aria-label="Go to Question ${i + 1}"> ${i + 1} </button> `; }).join(''); debugLog("Quiz navigation panel updated"); } catch (e) { console.error("Error updating quiz navigation panel:", e); debugLog("Failed to update quiz navigation panel: " + e.message); } } // Update results navigation panel function updateResultsNavPanel() { try { debugLog("Updating results navigation panel"); const filter = document.getElementById('results-nav-filter').value; const navGrid = document.getElementById('results-nav-grid'); navGrid.innerHTML = questions.map((_, i) => { if (filter === 'answered' && !answers[i]) return ''; if (filter === 'unanswered' && answers[i]) return ''; if (filter === 'marked' && !markedForReview[i]) return ''; return ` <button class="result-nav-btn-grid ${answers[i] ? 'answered' : 'unanswered'} ${markedForReview[i] ? 'marked-nav' : ''}" onclick="handleResultNavClick(${i})" aria-label="Go to Result for Question ${i + 1}"> ${i + 1} </button> `; }).join(''); debugLog("Results navigation panel updated"); } catch (e) { console.error("Error updating results navigation panel:", e); debugLog("Failed to update results navigation panel: " + e.message); } } // Toggle quiz navigation panel function toggleNavPanel() { try { debugLog("Toggling quiz navigation panel"); const navPanel = document.getElementById('nav-panel'); navPanel.classList.toggle('hidden'); debugLog("Quiz navigation panel toggled"); } catch (e) { console.error("Error toggling quiz navigation panel:", e); debugLog("Failed to toggle quiz navigation panel: " + e.message); } } // Toggle results navigation panel function toggleResultsNavPanel() { try { debugLog("Toggling results navigation panel"); const resultsNavPanel = document.getElementById('results-nav-panel'); resultsNavPanel.classList.toggle('hidden'); if (!resultsNavPanel.classList.contains('hidden')) { updateResultsNavPanel(); } debugLog("Results navigation panel toggled"); } catch (e) { console.error("Error toggling results navigation panel:", e); debugLog("Failed to toggle results navigation panel: " + e.message); } } // Handle result navigation click function handleResultNavClick(index) { try { debugLog(`Navigating to result for question ${index + 1} via nav panel`); showResults(index); toggleResultsNavPanel(); } catch (e) { console.error("Error handling result navigation click:", e); debugLog("Failed to navigate to result: " + e.message); } } // Show submit modal function showSubmitModal() { try { debugLog("Showing submit modal"); const attempted = answers.filter(a => a !== null).length; document.getElementById('attempted-count').textContent = attempted; document.getElementById('unattempted-count').textContent = questions.length - attempted; document.getElementById('submit-modal').classList.remove('hidden'); debugLog("Submit modal displayed"); } catch (e) { console.error("Error showing submit modal:", e); debugLog("Failed to show submit modal: " + e.message); } } // Close submit modal function closeSubmitModal() { try { debugLog("Closing submit modal"); document.getElementById('submit-modal').classList.add('hidden'); debugLog("Submit modal closed"); } catch (e) { console.error("Error closing submit modal:", e); debugLog("Failed to close submit modal: " + e.message); } } // Close exit modal function closeExitModal() { try { debugLog("Closing exit modal"); document.getElementById('exit-modal').classList.add('hidden'); debugLog("Exit modal closed"); } catch (e) { console.error("Error closing exit modal:", e); debugLog("Failed to close exit modal: " + e.message); } } // Submit test function submitTest() { try { debugLog("Submitting test"); clearInterval(timerInterval); document.getElementById('quiz').classList.add('hidden'); document.getElementById('submit-modal').classList.add('hidden'); document.getElementById('results').classList.remove('hidden'); showResults(0); // Start with first question // Trigger confetti animation confetti({ particleCount: 100, spread: 70, origin: { y: 0.6 } }); localStorage.removeItem(`quiz_${quizId}`); debugLog("Test submitted successfully"); } catch (e) { console.error("Error submitting test:", e); debugLog("Failed to submit test: " + e.message); } } // Show result for a single question function showResults(index) { try { debugLog(`Showing result for question ${index + 1}`); currentResultQuestion = index; let correct = 0, wrong = 0, unanswered = 0, marked = 0; answers.forEach((answer, i) => { const isCorrect = answer && questions[i].options.find(opt => opt.label === answer)?.correct; if (answer === null) unanswered++; else if (isCorrect) correct++; else wrong++; if (markedForReview[i]) marked++; }); const q = questions[index]; if (!q) { throw new Error(`Question ${index} is undefined`); } const userAnswer = answers[index]; const isCorrect = userAnswer && q.options.find(opt => opt.label === userAnswer)?.correct; const resultsContent = document.getElementById('results-content'); resultsContent.innerHTML = ` <div class="border p-4 rounded-lg ${isCorrect ? 'bg-green-50' : userAnswer ? 'bg-red-50' : 'bg-gray-50'}"> <p class="font-semibold">Question ${index + 1}: ${q.text || 'No question text'}</p> ${q.question_images && q.question_images.length > 0 ? q.question_images.map(url => `<img src="${url}" alt="Question Image" class="max-w-full h-auto rounded-lg my-2">`).join('') : ''} <p><strong>Your Answer:</strong> ${userAnswer ? `${userAnswer}. ${q.options.find(opt => opt.label === userAnswer)?.text || 'Invalid option'}` : 'Unanswered'}</p> <p><strong>Correct Answer:</strong> ${q.correct_answer || 'Unknown'}</p> <div class="mt-2">${q.explanation || 'No explanation available'}</div> ${q.explanation_images && q.explanation_images.length > 0 ? q.explanation_images.map(url => `<img src="${url}" alt="Explanation Image" class="max-w-full h-auto rounded-lg my-2">`).join('') : ''} ${q.video ? ` <button class="play-video bg-blue-500 text-white px-4 py-2 rounded-lg mt-2" onclick="loadVideo(this, '${q.video}', 'video-${index}')" aria-label="Play explanation video for Question ${index + 1}"> Play Video Explanation </button> <div id="video-${index}" class="video-container mt-2"></div> ` : '<p class="text-gray-500 mt-2">No video available</p>'} ${q.audio ? ` <button class="play-audio bg-blue-500 text-white px-4 py-2 rounded-lg mt-2" onclick="loadAudio(this, '${q.audio}', 'audio-${index}')" aria-label="Play audio explanation for Question ${index + 1}"> Play Audio Explanation </button> <div id="audio-${index}" class="audio-container mt-2"></div> ` : ''} </div> `; document.getElementById('correct-count').textContent = correct; document.getElementById('wrong-count').textContent = wrong; document.getElementById('unanswered-count').textContent = unanswered; document.getElementById('marked-count').textContent = marked; document.getElementById('result-question-number').innerHTML = `Question <span>${index + 1}</span> of ${questions.length}`; document.getElementById('prev-result').disabled = index === 0; document.getElementById('next-result').disabled = index === questions.length - 1; updateResultsNavPanel(); window.scrollTo({ top: 0, behavior: 'smooth' }); debugLog(`Result for question ${index + 1} displayed successfully`); } catch (e) { console.error("Error displaying result:", e); debugLog("Failed to display result: " + e.message); } } // Navigate to previous result function showPreviousResult() { try { debugLog(`Navigating to previous result from question ${currentResultQuestion + 1}`); if (currentResultQuestion > 0) { showResults(currentResultQuestion - 1); } } catch (e) { console.error("Error navigating to previous result:", e); debugLog("Failed to navigate to previous result: " + e.message); } } // Navigate to next result function showNextResult() { try { debugLog(`Navigating to next result from question ${currentResultQuestion + 1}`); if (currentResultQuestion < questions.length - 1) { showResults(currentResultQuestion + 1); } } catch (e) { console.error("Error navigating to next result:", e); debugLog("Failed to navigate to next result: " + e.message); } } // Lazy-load video function loadVideo(button, videoUrl, containerId) { try { debugLog(`Loading video for ${containerId}: ${videoUrl}`); if (!videoUrl) { const container = document.getElementById(containerId); container.innerHTML = `<p class="text-gray-500">No video available</p>`; button.remove(); debugLog("No video URL provided"); return; } const container = document.getElementById(containerId); container.innerHTML = ` <div class="video-loading"></div> <video controls class="w-full max-w-[600px] rounded-lg" preload="metadata" aria-label="Video explanation"> <source src="${videoUrl}" type="${videoUrl.endsWith('.m3u8') ? 'application/x-mpegURL' : 'video/mp4'}"> Your browser does not support the video tag. </video> `; container.classList.add('active'); button.remove(); // Initialize HLS.js for .m3u8 videos const video = container.querySelector('video'); if (videoUrl.endsWith('.m3u8') && Hls.isSupported()) { const hls = new Hls(); hls.loadSource(videoUrl); hls.attachMedia(video); hls.on(Hls.Events.ERROR, (event, data) => { console.error("HLS.js error:", data); container.innerHTML = `<p class="text-red-500">Error loading video. <a href="${videoUrl}" target="_blank" aria-label="Open video in new tab">Open video</a></p>`; debugLog("HLS.js error: " + JSON.stringify(data)); }); } else if (videoUrl.endsWith('.m3u8') && video.canPlayType('application/vnd.apple.mpegurl')) { video.src = videoUrl; } // Handle video load errors video.onerror = () => { console.error("Video load error for URL:", videoUrl); container.innerHTML = `<p class="text-red-500">Error loading video. <a href="${videoUrl}" target="_blank" aria-label="Open video in new tab">Open video</a></p>`; debugLog("Video load error for URL: " + videoUrl); }; // Remove loading spinner when video is ready video.onloadedmetadata = () => { container.querySelector('.video-loading').remove(); debugLog("Video loaded successfully"); }; } catch (e) { console.error("Error loading video:", e); debugLog("Failed to load video: " + e.message); const container = document.getElementById(containerId); container.innerHTML = `<p class="text-red-500">Error loading video. <a href="${videoUrl}" target="_blank" aria-label="Open video in new tab">Open video</a></p>`; } } // Lazy-load audio function loadAudio(button, audioUrl, containerId) { try { debugLog(`Loading audio for ${containerId}: ${audioUrl}`); if (!audioUrl) { const container = document.getElementById(containerId); container.innerHTML = `<p class="text-gray-500">No audio available</p>`; button.remove(); debugLog("No audio URL provided"); return; } const container = document.getElementById(containerId); container.innerHTML = ` <audio controls class="w-full max-w-[600px]" preload="metadata" aria-label="Audio explanation"> <source src="${audioUrl}" type="audio/mpeg"> Your browser does not support the audio tag. </audio> `; container.classList.add('active'); button.remove(); // Handle audio load errors const audio = container.querySelector('audio'); audio.onerror = () => { console.error("Audio load error for URL:", audioUrl); container.innerHTML = `<p class="text-red-500">Error loading audio. <a href="${audioUrl}" target="_blank" aria-label="Open audio in new tab">Open audio</a></p>`; debugLog("Audio load error for URL: " + audioUrl); }; debugLog("Audio loaded successfully"); } catch (e) { console.error("Error loading audio:", e); debugLog("Failed to load audio: " + e.message); const container = document.getElementById(containerId); container.innerHTML = `<p class="text-red-500">Error loading audio. <a href="${audioUrl}" target="_blank" aria-label="Open audio in new tab">Open audio</a></p>`; } } // Toggle dark mode function toggleTheme() { try { debugLog("Toggling theme"); document.documentElement.classList.toggle('dark'); localStorage.setItem('theme', document.documentElement.classList.contains('dark') ? 'dark' : 'light'); debugLog("Theme toggled successfully"); } catch (e) { console.error("Error toggling theme:", e); debugLog("Failed to toggle theme: " + e.message); } } // Load theme preference function loadTheme() { try { debugLog("Loading theme preference"); const theme = localStorage.getItem('theme'); if (theme === 'dark') { document.documentElement.classList.add('dark'); } debugLog("Theme loaded successfully"); } catch (e) { console.error("Error loading theme:", e); debugLog("Failed to load theme: " + e.message); } } // Initialize on DOM content loaded window.addEventListener('DOMContentLoaded', () => { try { debugLog("DOM content loaded, initializing quiz"); loadTheme(); initQuiz(); } catch (e) { console.error("Error during DOMContentLoaded:", e); debugLog("Failed to initialize on DOMContentLoaded: " + e.message); document.getElementById('error-message').innerHTML = "Error initializing quiz. Please check the console for details or contact support."; document.getElementById('error-message').classList.remove('hidden'); } }); </script> </body> </html>" frameborder="0" width="100%" height="2000px">
<div class="bg-white rounded-lg shadow-md p-4 md:p-6"> <h2 class="text-xl font-semibold mb-4">Instructions</h2> <h4 class="text-gray-800 text-lg font-semibold mt-6 mb-4">Test Features:</h4> <ul class="space-y-3"> <li class="flex items-center gap-3"> <i class="fa-solid fa-circle-check text-green-500"></i> Multiple choice questions with single correct answers </li> <li class="flex items-center gap-3"> <i class="fa-solid fa-circle-check text-green-500"></i> Timer-based testing for realistic exam conditions </li> <li class="flex items-center gap-3"> <i class="fa-solid fa-circle-check text-green-500"></i> Mark questions for review functionality </li> <li class="flex items-center gap-3"> <i class="fa-solid fa-circle-check text-green-500"></i> Comprehensive results and performance analysis </li> <li class="flex items-center gap-3"> <i class="fa-solid fa-circle-check text-green-500"></i> Mobile-optimized interface for learning on-the-go </li> </ul> <div class="mt-6 flex space-x-4 button-group md:flex-row flex-col"> <button class="bg-[#2c5281] text-white px-6 py-2 rounded-lg hover:bg-[#2c5281] transition" id="start-test">Start Test</button> </div> <div class="error-message hidden" id="error-message"></div> </div> </section> <!-- Quiz Section --> <section class="container mx-auto px-4 md:px-6 pt-4 md:pt-6 pb-1 hidden section-transition" id="quiz"> <div class="bg-white rounded-lg shadow-md p-4 md:p-6"> <!-- Progress Bar --> <div class="w-full bg-gray-200 rounded-full h-3 mb-4"> <div class="progress-bar h-3 rounded-full" id="progress-bar" style="width: 0%"></div> </div> <!-- Question Header --> <div class="flex flex-col md:flex-row justify-between items-center mb-4"> <h2 class="text-lg font-semibold" id="question-number">Question <span>1</span> of 4</h2> <p class="text-lg font-semibold mt-2 md:mt-0" id="timer">Time Remaining: <span>00:00</span></p> </div> <!-- Question Content --> <div class="mb-6" id="question-content"> <p class="text-gray-800 mb-4" id="question-text"></p> <div class="flex flex-wrap gap-4 mb-4" id="question-images"></div> <div class="space-y-3" id="options"></div> </div> <!-- Navigation Buttons --> <div class="flex flex-col md:flex-row justify-between items-center gap-2 md:gap-4"> <div class="flex gap-2 w-full md:w-auto"> <button class="bg-[#2c5281] text-white px-4 py-3 w-full md:w-32 h-14 rounded-lg hover:bg-[#2c5281] transition" disabled="" id="previous-btn">Previous</button> <button class="bg-[#2c5281] text-white px-4 py-3 w-full md:w-32 h-14 rounded-lg hover:bg-[#2c5281] transition" id="next-btn">Next</button> </div> <div class="flex items-center gap-2"> <button class="bg-transparent text-gray-700 px-4 py-2 rounded-lg hover:bg-gray-100 transition flex items-center gap-1" id="mark-review"> Review <svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" class="h-5 w-5" viewBox="0 0 20 20" fill="currentColor"> <path d="M10 2a1 1 0 00-1 1v14l3.293-3.293a1 1 0 011.414 0L17 17V3a1 1 0 00-1-1H10z" /> </svg> </button> <button class="bg-transparent text-gray-700 px-4 py-2 rounded-lg hover:bg-gray-100 transition flex items-center gap-1" id="nav-toggle"> Question 🧭 </button> <button class="bg-green-500 text-white px-6 py-3 w-44 h-14 rounded-lg hover:bg-green-600 transition w-full md:w-auto" id="submit-test">Submit Test</button> </div> </div> </section> <!-- Results Section --> <section class="container mx-auto px-4 md:px-6 pt-4 md:pt-6 pb-1 hidden section-transition" id="results"> <div class="bg-white rounded-lg shadow-md p-4 md:p-6"> <h2 class="text-2xl font-semibold mb-4">Anaesthesia Machine - 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Debranching Enzyme", "question_images": [], "explanation_images": [], "explanation": "\n\n<p style='font-size: 10px; color: #808080; font-style: italic;'>@dams_new_robot</p>", "bot": "@dams_new_robot", "audio": "https://image.prepladder.com/content/Y4WHKPNimObIVvDF2Q031743616471.mp3", "video": ""}, {"text": "Which glycogen storage disease does not involve hypoglycemia or exercise intolerance?", "options": [{"label": "A", "text": "Von Gierke Disease", "correct": false}, {"label": "B", "text": "McArdle Disease", "correct": false}, {"label": "C", "text": "Andersen’s Disease", "correct": true}, {"label": "D", "text": "Tarui Disease", "correct": false}], "correct_answer": "C. Andersen’s Disease", "question_images": [], "explanation_images": [], "explanation": "<table>\n<thead>\n<tr>\n<th><strong>Aspect</strong></th>\n<th><strong>Details</strong></th>\n</tr>\n</thead>\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<td><strong>Enzyme Deficiency</strong></td>\n<td>Branching <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"0f160e4e42169277718771b715516a\">enzyme</span> (glycogen branching enzyme)</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td><strong>Affected Gene</strong></td>\n<td><strong>GBE1</strong></td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td><strong>Mode of Inheritance</strong></td>\n<td>Autosomal recessive</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td><strong>Key Features</strong></td>\n<td>Hepatosplenomegaly, cirrhosis, failure to thrive</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td><strong>Hypoglycemia</strong></td>\n<td><strong>Absent</strong> (Unlike Von Gierke or Cori disease)</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td><strong>Exercise Intolerance</strong></td>\n<td><strong>Absent</strong> (Unlike McArdle or Tarui disease)</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td><strong>Prognosis</strong></td>\n<td>Progressive liver disease, leading to liver failure</td>\n</tr>\n</tbody>\n</table>\n<table>\n<thead>\n<tr>\n<th><strong>GSD Type</strong></th>\n<th><strong>Name</strong></th>\n<th><strong>Enzyme Deficiency</strong></th>\n<th><strong>Affected Gene</strong></th>\n<th><strong>Key Features</strong></th>\n<th><strong>Hypoglycemia</strong></th>\n<th><strong>Exercise Intolerance</strong></th>\n</tr>\n</thead>\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<td><strong>GSD I</strong></td>\n<td><strong>Von Gierke Disease (Option A ruled out)</strong></td>\n<td>Glucose-6-phosphatase</td>\n<td>G6PC</td>\n<td>Severe <strong>hypoglycemia</strong>, hepatomegaly, <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"b82539c9ae1692777191a3f7ddd7bb\">lactic</span> acidosis, hyperuricemia, hyperlipidemia</td>\n<td>Yes</td>\n<td>No</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td><strong>GSD II</strong></td>\n<td><strong>Pompe Disease</strong></td>\n<td>Lysosomal <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"d30024f1e016927771801442be088c\">acid maltase</span> (α1,4-glucosidase)</td>\n<td>GAA</td>\n<td>Cardiomegaly, muscle hypotonia, early death (infantile form)</td>\n<td>No</td>\n<td>Yes</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td><strong>GSD III</strong></td>\n<td><strong>Cori Disease (Forbes Disease)</strong></td>\n<td>Debranching enzyme</td>\n<td>AGL</td>\n<td>Mild <strong>hypoglycemia</strong>, hepatomegaly, muscle weakness, limit <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"faa7cdc5071692777186e6496e97f0\">dextrin</span> accumulation</td>\n<td>Yes</td>\n<td>Yes</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td><strong>GSD IV</strong></td>\n<td><strong>Andersen Disease</strong></td>\n<td>Branching enzyme</td>\n<td>GBE1</td>\n<td>Hepatosplenomegaly, cirrhosis, <strong>no hypoglycemia</strong> or exercise intolerance</td>\n<td>No</td>\n<td>No</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td><strong>GSD V</strong></td>\n<td><strong>McArdle Disease (Option B ruled out)</strong></td>\n<td>Muscle <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"2e2aa646ab1692777188e3eb8286d8\">glycogen</span> phosphorylase</td>\n<td>PYGM</td>\n<td><strong>Exercise intolerance</strong>, muscle cramps, myoglobinuria</td>\n<td>No</td>\n<td>Yes</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td><strong>GSD VI</strong></td>\n<td><strong>Hers Disease</strong></td>\n<td>Liver <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"2e2aa646ab1692777188e3eb8286d8\">glycogen</span> phosphorylase</td>\n<td>PYGL</td>\n<td>Mild <strong>hypoglycemia</strong>, hepatomegaly</td>\n<td>Yes</td>\n<td>No</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td><strong>GSD VII</strong></td>\n<td><strong>Tarui Disease (Option D ruled out)</strong></td>\n<td>Muscle phosphofructokinase-1</td>\n<td>PFKM</td>\n<td><strong>Exercise intolerance</strong>, hemolysis</td>\n<td>No</td>\n<td>Yes</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td><strong>GSD IX</strong></td>\n<td><strong>Phosphorylase <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"9863da498e1692777190e1c6515b48\">kinase</span> deficiency</strong></td>\n<td>Phosphorylase kinase</td>\n<td>PHKA1, PHKB, PHKG2</td>\n<td>Hepatomegaly, mild <strong>hypoglycemia</strong>, muscle weakness (some subtypes)</td>\n<td>Yes</td>\n<td>Yes</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td><strong>GSD XI</strong></td>\n<td><strong>Fanconi-Bickel Syndrome</strong></td>\n<td>GLUT2 <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"850b296dd316927772005b651f6e87\">transporter</span> defect</td>\n<td>SLC2A2</td>\n<td>Hepatorenal dysfunction, growth retardation, glucose/galactose intolerance</td>\n<td>Yes</td>\n<td>No</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td><strong>GSD 0</strong></td>\n<td><strong>Glycogen <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"d2bd91ccac169277719941254e1795\">Synthase</span> Deficiency</strong></td>\n<td>Glycogen synthase</td>\n<td>GYS1, GYS2</td>\n<td><strong>Ketotic hypoglycemia</strong>, <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"5e98c7ac6916927771967b424f152e\">postprandial</span> hyperglycemia, no <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"2e2aa646ab1692777188e3eb8286d8\">glycogen</span> storage</td>\n<td>Yes</td>\n<td>No</td>\n</tr>\n</tbody>\n\n\n<p style='font-size: 10px; color: #808080; font-style: italic;'>@dams_new_robot</p>", "bot": "@dams_new_robot", "audio": "https://image.prepladder.com/content/YZ5A4dq9TibhF6K0GMdp1743614926.mp3", "video": ""}, {"text": "A 6-month-old infant presents with recurrent episodes of hypoglycemia and elevated ketone levels. Genetic testing was done and diagnosed as Type 0 Glycogen storage disorder. Which of the following statements about Glycogen Storage Disease Type 0 is true?", "options": [{"label": "A", "text": "The enzyme deficiency is glycogen synthase.", "correct": false}, {"label": "B", "text": "The affected genes are GYS2 and GYS1.", "correct": false}, {"label": "C", "text": "It is an autosomal recessive disorder", "correct": false}, {"label": "D", "text": "All of the above", "correct": true}], "correct_answer": "D. All of the above", "question_images": [], "explanation_images": [], "explanation": "<table>\n<thead>\n<tr>\n<th><strong>Feature</strong></th>\n<th><strong>Details</strong></th>\n</tr>\n</thead>\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<td><strong>Cause</strong></td>\n<td><strong>Glycogen <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"d2bd91ccac169277719941254e1795\">synthase</span> deficiency</strong> (caused by <strong>GYS1 or GYS2 mutation</strong>)- an <strong>autosomal recessive</strong> disorder.<strong> (Options A, B &amp; C)</strong></td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td><strong>Pathophysiology</strong></td>\n<td>Inability to <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"37ab4f3d3a16927771991ff7316442\">synthesize</span> <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"2e2aa646ab1692777188e3eb8286d8\">glycogen</span> → <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"10c83adb331692777197f775bec1aa\">Reduced</span> <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"2e2aa646ab1692777188e3eb8286d8\">glycogen</span> stores → <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"67f123756d16927772026c46b8d27e\">Fasting</span> <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"78c658d4ed1692777189098c7544b9\">hypoglycemia</span> and ketosis</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td><strong>Clinical Features</strong></td>\n<td><strong>Fasting hypoglycemia, ketosis, <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"5e98c7ac6916927771967b424f152e\">postprandial</span> hyperglycemia, muscle weakness (GYS1 mutation)</strong></td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td><strong>Diagnosis</strong></td>\n<td>Genetic testing (GYS1, GYS2 mutation), blood <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"af3ae60c0c16927771889b84ca41c0\">glucose</span> and <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"296c955ad216927771900bf1905f13\">ketone</span> levels</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td><strong>Management</strong></td>\n<td><strong>Frequent meals, <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"942d5b969b1692777185c1c820009c\">cornstarch</span> supplementation, avoiding fasting</strong></td>\n</tr>\n</tbody>\n\n\n<p style='font-size: 10px; color: #808080; font-style: italic;'>@dams_new_robot</p>", "bot": "@dams_new_robot", "audio": "https://image.prepladder.com/content/1bBuihSJl8ES0yPzSJdn1743615119.mp3", "video": ""}, {"text": "A 1 year old child presents with failure to thrive, weak bones, and renal dysfunction. The physician suspected glycogen storage disorder and further identified a mutation in the SLC2A2 gene while genetic testing. Which among the following defects is associated with it?", "options": [{"label": "A", "text": "GLUT 2", "correct": true}, {"label": "B", "text": "Liver phosphorylase", "correct": false}, {"label": "C", "text": "Muscle and erythrocyte phosphofructokinase 1", "correct": false}, {"label": "D", "text": "Muscle Phosphorylase", "correct": false}], "correct_answer": "A. GLUT 2", "question_images": [], "explanation_images": [], "explanation": "<table>\n<thead>\n<tr>\n<th><strong>Feature</strong></th>\n<th><strong>Details</strong></th>\n</tr>\n</thead>\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<td><strong>Cause</strong></td>\n<td><strong>Mutation in SLC2A2 gene leading to <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"144d78fe4816927771852de984c62f\">defective</span> GLUT2 transporter</strong></td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td><strong>Affected Organs</strong></td>\n<td>Liver, kidney, intestines, pancreas</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td><strong>Pathophysiology</strong></td>\n<td>Impaired <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"af3ae60c0c16927771889b84ca41c0\">glucose</span> transport → <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"3268e86ce01692777188f249c64d6e\">Hepatic</span> <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"2e2aa646ab1692777188e3eb8286d8\">glycogen</span> accumulation → <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"b9356afdba16927771979d068c6587\">Renal</span> Fanconi syndrome</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td><strong>Clinical Features</strong></td>\n<td><strong>Failure to thrive</strong>, hepatomegaly, <strong>renal dysfunction</strong>, <strong>osteopenia</strong>, hypophosphatemic rickets, <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"67f123756d16927772026c46b8d27e\">fasting</span> hypoglycemia</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td><strong>Diagnosis</strong></td>\n<td>Genetic testing (SLC2A2 mutation), <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"0096f2a7631692777201eb9f21d5a7\">urine</span> analysis (glycosuria, phosphaturia, aminoaciduria), <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"67f123756d16927772026c46b8d27e\">fasting</span> blood glucose</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td><strong>Management</strong></td>\n<td>Supportive care, <strong>frequent small meals</strong>, <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"77a4f731501692777202a03bfca9b4\">vitamin D</span> and <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"189b6fc834169277719580eb39bb4c\">phosphate</span> supplementation, <strong>uncooked <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"942d5b969b1692777185c1c820009c\">cornstarch</span> to prevent <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"67f123756d16927772026c46b8d27e\">fasting</span> hypoglycemia</strong></td>\n</tr>\n</tbody>\n\n\n<p style='font-size: 10px; color: #808080; font-style: italic;'>@dams_new_robot</p>", "bot": "@dams_new_robot", "audio": "https://image.prepladder.com/content/cE8uZxTB4p1ggmjHacKU1744166960.mp3", "video": ""}, {"text": "A 6-month-old infant presents with muscle hypotonia and heart failure. Laboratory tests reveal an accumulation of glycogen in lysosomes. Which of the following is the most likely diagnosis?", "options": [{"label": "A", "text": "McArdle Disease", "correct": false}, {"label": "B", "text": "Pompe Disease", "correct": true}, {"label": "C", "text": "Von Gierke Disease", "correct": false}, {"label": "D", "text": "Cori Disease", "correct": false}], "correct_answer": "B. Pompe Disease", "question_images": [], "explanation_images": [], "explanation": "<table cellspacing=\"0\" style=\"border-collapse:collapse; width:532px\">\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Enzyme Deficiency</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Lysosomal α-1-4 and α-1-6 glucosidase (acid maltase)</p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Affected Gene</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>GAA</p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Clinical Features</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:bottom\">\n<ul>\n<li>Muscle hypotonia, death due to <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"1a5e87d16716927771888f364bce89\">heart failure</span> within 2 years of age (seen in juvenile)</li>\n<li>Muscle <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"04568e3d19169277718672d9da94fd\">dystrophy</span> (seen in adults)</li>\n</ul>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Mode of Inheritance</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Autosomal recessive</p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Management</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<ul>\n<li>Supportive care</li>\n<li>Enzyme replacement therapy</li>\n<li>Chest <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"fd0c8ab494169277720227102dc79a\">x-ray</span> at regular intervals</li>\n<li>Obtain an initial <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"36376dc3a81692777186a5d60f88cd\">echocardiogram</span> to evaluate the extent of cardiomyopathy</li>\n<li>Medical management may be useful based on the stage of cardiomyopathy.</li>\n<li>Avoid drastic changes in fluid status, either through <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"da07fd59a11692777185e23c69af5e\">dehydration</span> or fluid overload.</li>\n</ul>\n</td>\n</tr>\n</tbody>\n</table>\n<table>\n<thead>\n<tr>\n<th><strong>Disorder</strong></th>\n<th><strong>Enzyme Deficiency</strong></th>\n<th><strong>Key Clinical Features</strong></th>\n</tr>\n</thead>\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<td><strong>Pompe Disease</strong> (GSD II)</td>\n<td><strong>Lysosomal acid maltase</strong></td>\n<td>Hypotonia, cardiomegaly, <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"2e2aa646ab1692777188e3eb8286d8\">glycogen</span> in lysosomes</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td>\n<p><strong>McArdle Disease</strong> (GSD V) <strong>(Option A ruled out)</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td><strong>Muscle phosphorylase</strong></td>\n<td>Exercise intolerance, muscle cramps, myoglobinuria</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td>\n<p><strong>Von Gierke Disease</strong> (GSD I) <strong>(Option C ruled out)</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td><strong>Glucose-6-phosphatase</strong></td>\n<td>Severe <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"67f123756d16927772026c46b8d27e\">fasting</span> hypoglycemia, hepatomegaly, <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"b82539c9ae1692777191a3f7ddd7bb\">lactic</span> acidosis</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td><strong>Cori Disease</strong> (GSD III) <strong>(Option D ruled out)</strong></td>\n<td><strong>Debranching enzyme</strong></td>\n<td>Hepatomegaly, muscle weakness, limit <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"faa7cdc5071692777186e6496e97f0\">dextrin</span> accumulation</td>\n</tr>\n</tbody>\n\n\n<p style='font-size: 10px; color: #808080; font-style: italic;'>@dams_new_robot</p>", "bot": "@dams_new_robot", "audio": "https://image.prepladder.com/content/ktoeo8yc68PVKaqccY6E1743616178.mp3", "video": ""}, {"text": "A 5-year-old child presents with muscle weakness and mild hepatomegaly. On physical examination, the child has mild cardiomegaly. Blood tests reveal mild hypoglycemia and elevated serum creatine kinase levels. Which enzyme deficiency is associated with this glycogen storage disease?", "options": [{"label": "A", "text": "Glycogen synthase", "correct": false}, {"label": "B", "text": "Glucose-6-phosphatase", "correct": false}, {"label": "C", "text": "Debranching enzyme", "correct": true}, {"label": "D", "text": "Muscle phosphorylase", "correct": false}], "correct_answer": "C. Debranching enzyme", "question_images": [], "explanation_images": [], "explanation": "<table cellspacing=\"0\" style=\"border-collapse:collapse; width:581px\">\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Enzyme Deficiency</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Liver and muscle debranching enzyme</p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Affected Gene</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>AGL</p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Mode of Inheritance</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Autosomal Recessive Inheritance</p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Clinical Features</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:bottom\">\n<ul>\n<li>Hypoglycemia</li>\n<li>Hepatomegaly seen at infancy</li>\n<li>Limit <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"faa7cdc5071692777186e6496e97f0\">dextrin</span> accumulation</li>\n<li>Muscle weakness</li>\n</ul>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Management </strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<ul>\n<li>Dietary Management: A diet high in protein and low in carbohydrates is often recommended to manage the disease.</li>\n<li>Enzyme Replacement Therapy: In some cases, <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"0f160e4e42169277718771b715516a\">enzyme</span> replacement therapy may be used to supplement the deficient enzyme.</li>\n</ul>\n</td>\n</tr>\n</tbody>\n\n\n<p style='font-size: 10px; color: #808080; font-style: italic;'>@dams_new_robot</p>", "bot": "@dams_new_robot", "audio": "https://image.prepladder.com/content/lXFNZRWVOBNm58W41Uw31743616315.mp3", "video": ""}, {"text": "A 6-month-old infant presents with severe hypoglycemia, hepatomegaly, growth retardation, irritability, and lethargy between feedings. Laboratory tests reveal elevated lactate, triglycerides, and uric acid. The child frequently feeds to manage hypoglycemia. Based on these findings, which condition is most likely responsible for the symptoms?", "options": [{"label": "A", "text": "Von Gierke's disease", "correct": true}, {"label": "B", "text": "McArdle's disease", "correct": false}, {"label": "C", "text": "Tarui's Disease", "correct": false}, {"label": "D", "text": "Hers' Disease", "correct": false}], "correct_answer": "A. Von Gierke's disease", "question_images": [], "explanation_images": [], "explanation": "<table cellspacing=\"0\" style=\"border-collapse:collapse; width:614px\">\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Cause</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Deficiency of <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"bcab733e981692777188fe634201b6\">glucose-6-phosphatase</span> enzyme</p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Pathophysiology</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Inability to convert glucose-6-phosphate to glucose; leads to accumulation of glycogen, lactate, and triglycerides</p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Symptoms</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<ul>\n<li><strong>Severe hypoglycemia</strong></li>\n<li><strong>Hepatomegaly and Renomegaly</strong></li>\n<li>Growth retardation</li>\n<li>Lactic acidosis</li>\n<li>Hyperuricemia and Hyperlipidemia</li>\n</ul>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Diagnosis</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<ul>\n<li>Biochemical tests (hypoglycemia, <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"b82539c9ae1692777191a3f7ddd7bb\">lactic</span> acidosis, hyperuricemia, hyperlipidemia)</li>\n<li>Genetic testing</li>\n</ul>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Management</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<ul>\n<li>Frequent feedings with slow-release carbohydrates</li>\n<li>Blood <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"af3ae60c0c16927771889b84ca41c0\">glucose</span> monitoring</li>\n<li>Medications for associated conditions</li>\n<li>Liver <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"ee9f07b0a81692777200e416e4e5d7\">transplantation</span> (in severe cases)</li>\n</ul>\n</td>\n</tr>\n</tbody>\n</table>\n<table>\n<thead>\n<tr>\n<th><strong>GSD Type</strong></th>\n<th><strong>Name</strong></th>\n<th><strong>Enzyme Deficiency</strong></th>\n<th><strong>Affected Organs</strong></th>\n<th><strong>Key Features</strong></th>\n</tr>\n</thead>\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<td><strong>Type I</strong></td>\n<td><strong>Von Gierke's Disease</strong></td>\n<td><strong>Glucose-6-phosphatase</strong></td>\n<td>Liver, Kidney</td>\n<td>Severe <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"67f123756d16927772026c46b8d27e\">fasting</span> hypoglycemia, hepatomegaly, <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"b82539c9ae1692777191a3f7ddd7bb\">lactic</span> acidosis, hyperuricemia, hyperlipidemia</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td><strong>Type V</strong></td>\n<td><strong>McArdle's Disease (Option B ruled out)</strong></td>\n<td><strong>Muscle phosphorylase</strong></td>\n<td>Skeletal Muscle</td>\n<td>Exercise intolerance, muscle cramps, <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"c35cd252281692777193ae2ee42930\">myoglobinuria</span> after exertion</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td><strong>Type VII</strong></td>\n<td><strong>Tarui's Disease (Option C ruled out)</strong></td>\n<td><strong>Muscle phosphofructokinase</strong></td>\n<td>Muscle, RBCs</td>\n<td>Exercise intolerance, muscle cramps, <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"d30ae941d516927771889351160b00\">hemolytic</span> anemia</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td><strong>Type VI</strong></td>\n<td><strong>Hers' Disease (Option D ruled out)</strong></td>\n<td><strong>Liver phosphorylase</strong></td>\n<td>Liver</td>\n<td>Hepatomegaly, mild hypoglycemia, milder symptoms than Von Gierke's</td>\n</tr>\n</tbody>\n\n\n\n<p style='font-size: 10px; color: #808080; font-style: italic;'>@dams_new_robot</p>", "bot": "@dams_new_robot", "audio": "https://image.prepladder.com/content/aYyA6D6Ete3i1RtlKqpc1743616579.mp3", "video": ""}, {"text": "Match the glycogen storage disorders with their respective enzyme defects. Glycogen Storage Disorders: Enzyme Defects: 1. Pompe Disease a. Debranching enzyme 2. McArdle Disease b. Acid maltase 3. Von Gierke Disease c. Glucose-6-phosphatase 4. Cori Disease d. Myophosphorylase", "options": [{"label": "A", "text": "1-b, 2-d, 3-c, 4-a", "correct": true}, {"label": "B", "text": "1-a, 2-c, 3-b, 4-d", "correct": false}, {"label": "C", "text": "1-d, 2-b, 3-a, 4-c", "correct": false}, {"label": "D", "text": "1-c, 2-a, 3-d, 4-b", "correct": false}], "correct_answer": "A. 1-b, 2-d, 3-c, 4-a", "question_images": [], "explanation_images": [], "explanation": "<table>\n<thead>\n<tr>\n<th><strong>Glycogen Storage Disorder</strong></th>\n<th><strong>Enzyme Defect</strong></th>\n<th><strong>Pathophysiology</strong></th>\n</tr>\n</thead>\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<td><strong>Pompe Disease (Type II)</strong></td>\n<td><strong>Acid <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"7ad00af68516927771918fcc9ef25e\">maltase</span> (Lysosomal α-1,4-glucosidase)</strong></td>\n<td>Accumulation of <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"2e2aa646ab1692777188e3eb8286d8\">glycogen</span> in lysosomes due to <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"144d78fe4816927771852de984c62f\">defective</span> degradation</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td><strong>McArdle Disease (Type V)</strong></td>\n<td><strong>Myophosphorylase (Muscle <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"2e2aa646ab1692777188e3eb8286d8\">glycogen</span> phosphorylase)</strong></td>\n<td>Impaired <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"2e2aa646ab1692777188e3eb8286d8\">glycogen</span> <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"903370f259169277718385f6060dd7\">breakdown</span> in muscle, causing exercise intolerance</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td><strong>Von Gierke Disease (Type I)</strong></td>\n<td><strong>Glucose-6-phosphatase</strong></td>\n<td>Defective <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"0e0596a13f169277718805afad1bcb\">glycogenolysis</span> and gluconeogenesis, leading to severe hypoglycemia</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td><strong>Cori Disease (Type III)</strong></td>\n<td><strong>Debranching <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"0f160e4e42169277718771b715516a\">enzyme</span> (α-1,6-glucosidase)</strong></td>\n<td>Abnormal <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"2e2aa646ab1692777188e3eb8286d8\">glycogen</span> with short outer chains, leading to mild <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"78c658d4ed1692777189098c7544b9\">hypoglycemia</span> and hepatomegaly</td>\n</tr>\n</tbody>\n</table>\n<table>\n<thead>\n<tr>\n<th><strong>GSD Type</strong></th>\n<th><strong>Name</strong></th>\n<th><strong>Enzyme Defect</strong></th>\n<th><strong>Affected Organs</strong></th>\n<th><strong>Key Features</strong></th>\n</tr>\n</thead>\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<td><strong>Type I</strong></td>\n<td><strong>Von Gierke Disease</strong></td>\n<td>Glucose-6-phosphatase</td>\n<td>Liver, Kidney</td>\n<td>Severe <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"67f123756d16927772026c46b8d27e\">fasting</span> hypoglycemia, hepatomegaly, <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"b82539c9ae1692777191a3f7ddd7bb\">lactic</span> acidosis</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td><strong>Type II</strong></td>\n<td><strong>Pompe Disease</strong></td>\n<td>Acid <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"7ad00af68516927771918fcc9ef25e\">maltase</span> (Lysosomal α-1,4-glucosidase)</td>\n<td>Muscle, Heart</td>\n<td>Cardiomegaly, hypotonia, early death in <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"4c815174781692777190e1b4a5d704\">infantile</span> form</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td><strong>Type III</strong></td>\n<td><strong>Cori Disease</strong></td>\n<td>Debranching <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"0f160e4e42169277718771b715516a\">enzyme</span> (α-1,6-glucosidase)</td>\n<td>Liver, Muscle</td>\n<td>Mild hypoglycemia, hepatomegaly, muscle weakness</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td><strong>Type V</strong></td>\n<td><strong>McArdle Disease</strong></td>\n<td>Myophosphorylase (Muscle <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"2e2aa646ab1692777188e3eb8286d8\">glycogen</span> phosphorylase)</td>\n<td>Skeletal Muscle</td>\n<td>Exercise intolerance, muscle cramps, myoglobinuria</td>\n</tr>\n</tbody>\n\n\n<p style='font-size: 10px; color: #808080; font-style: italic;'>@dams_new_robot</p>", "bot": "@dams_new_robot", "audio": "https://image.prepladder.com/content/v0rX4aS3NhARiOwaLNxk1743616892.mp3", "video": ""}, {"text": "A 32-year-old woman is admitted to the hospital for a routine check-up. During the visit, her diet is discussed, and it is noted that she has been consuming a high carbohydrate diet. You are asked to explain the impact of her dietary habits on glycogen metabolism. Which of the following statements best describes glycogen metabolism?", "options": [{"label": "A", "text": "Increased Gluconeogenesis", "correct": false}, {"label": "B", "text": "Reduced peripheral lipolysis", "correct": true}, {"label": "C", "text": "Low rate of glycogen synthesis", "correct": false}, {"label": "D", "text": "High rate of glycogenolysis", "correct": false}], "correct_answer": "B. Reduced peripheral lipolysis", "question_images": [], "explanation_images": [], "explanation": "<table>\n<thead>\n<tr>\n<th><strong>Metabolic State</strong></th>\n<th><strong>Primary Hormone</strong></th>\n<th><strong>Glycogen Metabolism</strong></th>\n<th><strong>Key Enzymes Involved</strong></th>\n</tr>\n</thead>\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<td><strong>Fed State (Option B ruled out)</strong></td>\n<td>Insulin</td>\n<td><strong>↑ Glycogenesis</strong>, ↓ Glycogenolysis</td>\n<td><strong>Glycogen <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"d2bd91ccac169277719941254e1795\">synthase</span> (activated)</strong>, <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"2e2aa646ab1692777188e3eb8286d8\">Glycogen</span> <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"1fa65725491692777195ead6a7c81b\">phosphorylase</span> (inhibited)</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td><strong>Fasted State (Option A ruled out)</strong></td>\n<td>Glucagon</td>\n<td><strong>↑ Glycogenolysis</strong>, ↓ Glycogenesis</td>\n<td><strong>Glycogen <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"1fa65725491692777195ead6a7c81b\">phosphorylase</span> (activated)</strong>, <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"2e2aa646ab1692777188e3eb8286d8\">Glycogen</span> <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"d2bd91ccac169277719941254e1795\">synthase</span> (inhibited)</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td><strong>Starvation State (Option C ruled out)</strong></td>\n<td>Glucagon, Cortisol</td>\n<td><strong>Glycogen nearly depleted</strong>, ↑ Gluconeogenesis</td>\n<td>Gluconeogenic enzymes (e.g., PEPCK, F-1,6-BPase)</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td><strong>Post-Exercise State (Option D ruled out)</strong></td>\n<td>Epinephrine, <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"b47c9c6144169277719010eaa1a0ee\">Insulin</span> (during recovery)</td>\n<td><strong>↑ <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"0e0596a13f169277718805afad1bcb\">Glycogenolysis</span> during exercise</strong>, <strong>↑ <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"ffb3bd92c31692777188fe23bb7cff\">Glycogenesis</span> during recovery</strong></td>\n<td>Glycogen <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"1fa65725491692777195ead6a7c81b\">phosphorylase</span> (exercise), <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"2e2aa646ab1692777188e3eb8286d8\">Glycogen</span> <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"d2bd91ccac169277719941254e1795\">synthase</span> (recovery)</td>\n</tr>\n</tbody>\n\n\n<p style='font-size: 10px; color: #808080; font-style: italic;'>@dams_new_robot</p>", "bot": "@dams_new_robot", "audio": "https://image.prepladder.com/content/3G9TBKAj4QaZqIfQOn4l1743616835.mp3", "video": ""}, {"text": "Which of the following statements is true on the structure of glycogen? Arranged in 12 concentric layers Glucose residues are connected by ɑ-1,4 linkage Branching points formed by α-1,6 linkage", "options": [{"label": "A", "text": "1,2", "correct": false}, {"label": "B", "text": "2,3", "correct": false}, {"label": "C", "text": "1,2,3", "correct": true}, {"label": "D", "text": "1,3", "correct": false}], "correct_answer": "C. 1,2,3", "question_images": [], "explanation_images": [], "explanation": "\n\n<p style='font-size: 10px; color: #808080; font-style: italic;'>@dams_new_robot</p>", "bot": "@dams_new_robot", "audio": "https://image.prepladder.com/content/K7dqaCWX5vGHyVN5LDBL1743614390.mp3", "video": ""}, {"text": "A 25-year-old male athlete presents to the emergency department after completing a high-intensity interval training session. He reports feeling extremely fatigued and experiencing muscle cramps. Blood tests indicate elevated levels of lactic acid. What is the net ATP yield when one molecule of muscle glycogen is converted to lactic acid during strenuous exercise?", "options": [{"label": "A", "text": "1 ATP", "correct": false}, {"label": "B", "text": "2 ATP", "correct": false}, {"label": "C", "text": "3 ATP", "correct": true}, {"label": "D", "text": "4 ATP", "correct": false}], "correct_answer": "C. 3 ATP", "question_images": [], "explanation_images": [], "explanation": "<table>\n<thead>\n<tr>\n<th><strong>Step</strong></th>\n<th><strong>Process</strong></th>\n<th><strong>ATP Change</strong></th>\n</tr>\n</thead>\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<td><strong>Glycogenolysis</strong></td>\n<td>Glycogen → Glucose-1-phosphate → Glucose-6-phosphate (no <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"5abb3a7e7f1692777182a8f4c42522\">ATP</span> used)</td>\n<td><strong>+0 ATP</strong></td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td><strong>Glycolysis</strong></td>\n<td>Glucose-6-phosphate → 2 Pyruvate</td>\n<td><strong>+4 ATP</strong></td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td><strong>Energy Consumption</strong></td>\n<td>ATP used in <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"185a500ee91692777188b3044db06d\">glycolysis</span> (Phosphofructokinase-1 step)</td>\n<td><strong>-1 ATP</strong></td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td><strong>Anaerobic Conversion</strong></td>\n<td>2 <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"f9129e152d16927771960c4ccc40bc\">Pyruvate</span> → 2 <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"5a751dc161169277719123aae1b764\">Lactate</span> (No <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"5abb3a7e7f1692777182a8f4c42522\">ATP</span> change)</td>\n<td><strong>0 ATP</strong></td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td><strong>Net <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"5abb3a7e7f1692777182a8f4c42522\">ATP</span> Yield</strong></td>\n<td> </td>\n<td><strong>3 ATP</strong></td>\n</tr>\n</tbody>\n\n\n<p style='font-size: 10px; color: #808080; font-style: italic;'>@dams_new_robot</p>", "bot": "@dams_new_robot", "audio": "https://image.prepladder.com/content/jx2B1e4SlK6nlLHvJkEc1743616103.mp3", "video": ""}, {"text": "Which of the following statements correctly differentiates liver glycogen phosphorylase (LGP) and muscle glycogen phosphorylase (MGP)?", "options": [{"label": "A", "text": "LGP is activated by glucagon, while MGP is activated by epinephrine.", "correct": true}, {"label": "B", "text": "LGP releases glucose-6-phosphate into the bloodstream, while MGP releases free glucose into the muscle.", "correct": false}, {"label": "C", "text": "LGP activity is regulated by AMP, while MGP is regulated by glucagon and epinephrine.", "correct": false}, {"label": "D", "text": "MGP is highly active during fasting compared to LGP.", "correct": false}], "correct_answer": "A. LGP is activated by glucagon, while MGP is activated by epinephrine.", "question_images": [], "explanation_images": [], "explanation": "<table cellspacing=\"0\" style=\"border-collapse:collapse; width:637px\">\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Aspect</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Liver <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"2e2aa646ab1692777188e3eb8286d8\">Glycogen</span> Phosphorylase</strong></p>\n<p><strong>(Liver-specific isoform)</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Muscle <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"2e2aa646ab1692777188e3eb8286d8\">Glycogen</span> Phosphorylase</strong></p>\n<p><strong>(Muscle-specific isoform)</strong></p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Primary Role</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">Maintains blood <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"af3ae60c0c16927771889b84ca41c0\">glucose</span> levels by breaking down <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"2e2aa646ab1692777188e3eb8286d8\">glycogen</span> during fasting</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">Provides <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"af3ae60c0c16927771889b84ca41c0\">glucose</span> for <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"5abb3a7e7f1692777182a8f4c42522\">ATP</span> production during muscle contraction.</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Function</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Converts <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"2e2aa646ab1692777188e3eb8286d8\">glycogen</span> to glucose-1-phosphate, then to glucose-6-phosphate, which is converted to free <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"af3ae60c0c16927771889b84ca41c0\">glucose</span> by <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"bcab733e981692777188fe634201b6\">glucose-6-phosphatase</span> and released into the bloodstream</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Converts <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"2e2aa646ab1692777188e3eb8286d8\">glycogen</span> to glucose-1-phosphate, then to glucose-6-phosphate for energy production within muscle cells (muscle lacks glucose-6-phosphatase)</p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Hormonal Activation</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">Activated by <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"c4d90ebfde1692777188e3689c1753\">glucagon</span> (during fasting) and <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"76baf6616a169277718738f8790ab9\">epinephrine</span> (during stress)</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">Activated by <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"76baf6616a169277718738f8790ab9\">epinephrine</span> and AMP</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Allosteric Regulation</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Inhibited by glucose</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Activated by AMP, inhibited by <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"5abb3a7e7f1692777182a8f4c42522\">ATP</span> and glucose-6-phosphate</p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Response to Fasting</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Increased activity</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Not significantly affected</p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Response to Feeding</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Decreased activity</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Not significantly affected</p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Response to Exercise</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>No significant change</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Increased activity</p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n</tbody>\n\n\n<p style='font-size: 10px; color: #808080; font-style: italic;'>@dams_new_robot</p>", "bot": "@dams_new_robot", "audio": "https://image.prepladder.com/content/pe7zhBlGN5va5PeL4BDV1743615805.mp3", "video": ""}, {"text": "Which of the following enzymes catalyzes the rate-limiting step of glycogenolysis", "options": [{"label": "A", "text": "Phosphoglucomutase", "correct": false}, {"label": "B", "text": "Glucose-6-phosphatase", "correct": false}, {"label": "C", "text": "Glucan transferase", "correct": false}, {"label": "D", "text": "Glycogen phosphorylase", "correct": true}], "correct_answer": "D. Glycogen phosphorylase", "question_images": [], "explanation_images": [], "explanation": "<table>\n<thead>\n<tr>\n<th><strong>Feature</strong></th>\n<th><strong>Details</strong></th>\n</tr>\n</thead>\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<td><strong>Definition</strong></td>\n<td>Breakdown of <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"2e2aa646ab1692777188e3eb8286d8\">glycogen</span> to release glucose</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td><strong>Location</strong></td>\n<td>Primarily in liver and muscle</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td><strong>Purpose</strong></td>\n<td>Provides <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"af3ae60c0c16927771889b84ca41c0\">glucose</span> for energy during <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"67f123756d16927772026c46b8d27e\">fasting</span> (liver) and muscle <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"ca2289e348169277718516017eb2ba\">contraction</span> (muscle)</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td><strong>Rate-Limiting Enzyme</strong></td>\n<td><strong>Glycogen phosphorylase</strong></td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td><strong>End Products</strong></td>\n<td>Glucose-1-phosphate (converted to glucose-6-phosphate, then to <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"af3ae60c0c16927771889b84ca41c0\">glucose</span> in liver)</td>\n</tr>\n</tbody>\n</table>\n<table>\n<thead>\n<tr>\n<th><strong>Factor</strong></th>\n<th><strong>Effect on Glycogenolysis</strong></th>\n</tr>\n</thead>\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<td><strong>Glucagon (Liver)</strong></td>\n<td>Stimulates</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td><strong>Epinephrine (Muscle &amp; Liver)</strong></td>\n<td>Stimulates</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td><strong>Insulin</strong></td>\n<td>Inhibits</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td><strong>AMP (Muscle)</strong></td>\n<td>Stimulates</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td><strong>ATP, Glucose-6-P</strong></td>\n<td>Inhibits</td>\n</tr>\n</tbody>\n</table>\n<table>\n<thead>\n<tr>\n<th><strong>Pathway</strong></th>\n<th><strong>Rate-Limiting Enzyme</strong></th>\n<th><strong>Key Regulation</strong></th>\n</tr>\n</thead>\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<td><strong>Glycolysis</strong></td>\n<td><strong>Phosphofructokinase-1 (PFK-1)</strong></td>\n<td>Activated by AMP, fructose-2,6-bisphosphate; Inhibited by ATP, citrate</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td><strong>Gluconeogenesis</strong></td>\n<td><strong>Fructose-1,6-bisphosphatase</strong></td>\n<td>Activated by ATP, inhibited by AMP, fructose-2,6-bisphosphate</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td><strong>Glycogenesis</strong></td>\n<td><strong>Glycogen synthase</strong></td>\n<td>Activated by insulin, glucose-6-phosphate; Inhibited by glucagon, epinephrine</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td><strong>Glycogenolysis</strong></td>\n<td><strong>Glycogen phosphorylase</strong></td>\n<td>Activated by glucagon, epinephrine, AMP; Inhibited by insulin, ATP, glucose-6-phosphate</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td><strong>Pentose <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"189b6fc834169277719580eb39bb4c\">Phosphate</span> <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"3aa5abc2fa169277719488e088076d\">Pathway</span> (HMP Shunt)</strong></td>\n<td><strong>Glucose-6-phosphate <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"0d1ed86c771692777185d6b762efd5\">dehydrogenase</span> (G6PD)</strong></td>\n<td>Activated by NADP⁺; Inhibited by NADPH</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td><strong>TCA Cycle</strong></td>\n<td><strong>Isocitrate dehydrogenase</strong></td>\n<td>Activated by ADP, Ca²⁺; Inhibited by ATP, NADH</td>\n</tr>\n</tbody>\n\n\n<p style='font-size: 10px; color: #808080; font-style: italic;'>@dams_new_robot</p>", "bot": "@dams_new_robot", "audio": "https://image.prepladder.com/content/ZD9pgVFXbSUaMSHscjIk1743615310.mp3", "video": ""}, {"text": "Which of the following statements is false regarding glycogenolysis?", "options": [{"label": "A", "text": "Glucose-6-phosphatase acts in liver", "correct": false}, {"label": "B", "text": "Glycogen phosphorylase cleaves ɑ-1,4 linkages", "correct": false}, {"label": "C", "text": "Phosphoglucomutase converts glucose-1-phosphate into glucose-6-phosphate", "correct": false}, {"label": "D", "text": "Glycogenolysis is the reverse process of glycogenesis.", "correct": true}], "correct_answer": "D. Glycogenolysis is the reverse process of glycogenesis.", "question_images": [], "explanation_images": ["https://image.prepladder.com/content/OyOhCBa7WGnC5LmzUfuX1736492393.png"], "explanation": "\n\n<p style='font-size: 10px; color: #808080; font-style: italic;'>@dams_new_robot</p>", "bot": "@dams_new_robot", "audio": "https://image.prepladder.com/content/Vh5BlhLJX2NFNvUumiC01743614834.mp3", "video": ""}, {"text": "Which of the following enzymes is activated by phosphorylation?", "options": [{"label": "A", "text": "Acetyl-CoA carboxylase", "correct": false}, {"label": "B", "text": "Glycogen synthase", "correct": false}, {"label": "C", "text": "Pyruvate dehydrogenase", "correct": false}, {"label": "D", "text": "Glycogen phosphorylase", "correct": true}], "correct_answer": "D. Glycogen phosphorylase", "question_images": [], "explanation_images": [], "explanation": "<table cellspacing=\"0\" style=\"border-collapse:collapse; width:564px\">\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Activated by <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"619ba5e99c16927771958308fb8687\">phosphorylation</span> </strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Deactivated by <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"619ba5e99c16927771958308fb8687\">phosphorylation</span> </strong></p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td rowspan=\"4\" style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<ul>\n<li>Glycogen phosphorylase</li>\n<li>Debranching enzyme</li>\n<li>Pyruvate carboxylase</li>\n<li>PEPCK (Phosphoenolpyruvate carboxykinase).</li>\n</ul>\n</td>\n<td rowspan=\"4\" style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<ul>\n<li>Acetyl-CoA <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"0991be8b0016927771839a46b6bbd3\">carboxylase</span> (Option A ruled out)</li>\n<li>Glycogen synthase (Option B ruled out)</li>\n<li>Pyruvate dehydrogenase (Option C ruled out)</li>\n<li>HMG-CoA reductase</li>\n</ul>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n</tr>\n</tbody>\n\n\n<p style='font-size: 10px; color: #808080; font-style: italic;'>@dams_new_robot</p>", "bot": "@dams_new_robot", "audio": "https://image.prepladder.com/content/SbqP002yBI4vTgdUDiQ41743614738.mp3", "video": ""}, {"text": "What is the correct order of enzymes that act in glycogenesis?", "options": [{"label": "A", "text": "Hexokinase→ Phosphoglucomutase → UDP-glucose pyrophosphorylase", "correct": true}, {"label": "B", "text": "Phosphoglucomutase → UDP-glucose pyrophosphorylase → Hexokinase", "correct": false}, {"label": "C", "text": "Hexokinase→ UDP-glucose pyrophosphorylase → Phosphoglucomutase", "correct": false}, {"label": "D", "text": "UDP-glucose pyrophosphorylase → Phosphoglucomutase → Hexokinase", "correct": false}], "correct_answer": "A. Hexokinase→ Phosphoglucomutase → UDP-glucose pyrophosphorylase", "question_images": [], "explanation_images": ["https://image.prepladder.com/content/JhTHISZtFmf7fXnI9iaG1735150045.png"], "explanation": "\n\n<p style='font-size: 10px; color: #808080; font-style: italic;'>@dams_new_robot</p>", "bot": "@dams_new_robot", "audio": "https://image.prepladder.com/content/ixNGAtx25OLcQSz1stns1743614612.mp3", "video": ""}, {"text": "Assertion (A): Glycogen and amylopectin are both branched polysaccharides composed of glucose units. Reason (R): The branch points in glycogen occur every 8-12 glucose residues, while in amylopectin, they occur every 20-30 glucose residues.", "options": [{"label": "A", "text": "Both the assertion and the reason are correct, and the reason is the correct explanation for the assertion.", "correct": true}, {"label": "B", "text": "Both the assertion and the reason are correct, but the reason is not the correct explanation for the assertion.", "correct": false}, {"label": "C", "text": "The assertion is correct, but the reason is incorrect.", "correct": false}, {"label": "D", "text": "The assertion is incorrect, but the reason is correct.", "correct": false}], "correct_answer": "A. Both the assertion and the reason are correct, and the reason is the correct explanation for the assertion.", "question_images": [], "explanation_images": [], "explanation": "<table cellspacing=\"0\" style=\"border-collapse:collapse; width:621px\">\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Feature</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Amylopectin</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Glycogen</strong></p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Source</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Plants</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Animals</p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Structure</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">Moderately branched, larger molecules</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">Highly branched, <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"c8b985e4811692777184848b0cab5d\">compact</span> molecules.</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Branching</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Less frequent (</strong>every 20-30 <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"af3ae60c0c16927771889b84ca41c0\">glucose</span> units<strong>)</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>More frequent (</strong>every 8-12 <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"af3ae60c0c16927771889b84ca41c0\">glucose</span> units<strong>)</strong></p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Glucose Linkages</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">α-1,4 and α-1,6 glycosidic bonds</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">α-1,4 and α-1,6 glycosidic bonds</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Solubility</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Less soluble</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>More soluble</p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Granule Shape</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Larger, spherical</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Smaller, irregular</p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Hydrolysis Enzyme</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Amylase and limit dextrinase</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Glycogen <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"1fa65725491692777195ead6a7c81b\">phosphorylase</span> and debranching enzyme</p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Function</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Energy storage in plants</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">Rapid energy <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"d28ae9e5a61692777192a311363090\">mobilization</span> in animals</td>\n</tr>\n</tbody>\n\n\n<p style='font-size: 10px; color: #808080; font-style: italic;'>@dams_new_robot</p>", "bot": "@dams_new_robot", "audio": "https://image.prepladder.com/content/QMrx147cBI3O5OcVWxGE1743614528.mp3", "video": ""}]; if (!Array.isArray(questions) || questions.length === 0) { throw new Error("Questions data is empty or invalid"); } debugLog(`Successfully parsed ${questions.length} questions`); } catch (e) { console.error("Failed to parse questions_json:", e); document.getElementById('error-message').innerHTML = "Error loading quiz data. Please check the console for details or contact support."; document.getElementById('error-message').classList.remove('hidden'); document.getElementById('start-test').disabled = true; // Fallback to sample questions for testing questions = [ { text: "What is 2 + 2?", options: [ { label: "A", text: "3", correct: false }, { label: "B", text: "4", correct: true }, { label: "C", text: "5", correct: false }, { label: "D", text: "6", correct: false } ], correct_answer: "B. 4", question_images: [], explanation_images: [], explanation: "<p>2 + 2 = 4</p><p>@dams_new_robot</p>", bot: "@dams_new_robot", audio: "", video: "" } ]; debugLog("Loaded fallback questions"); } // Quiz state let currentQuestion = 0; let answers = new Array(questions.length).fill(null); let markedForReview = new Array(questions.length).fill(false); let timeRemaining = 27 * 60; // Duration in seconds let timerInterval = null; const quizId = `{title.replace(/\s+/g, '_').toLowerCase()}`; // Unique ID for local storage // Load saved progress function loadProgress() { try { debugLog("Loading progress from localStorage"); const saved = localStorage.getItem(`quiz_${quizId}`); if (saved) { const { savedAnswers, savedMarked, savedTime } = JSON.parse(saved); answers = savedAnswers || answers; markedForReview = savedMarked || markedForReview; timeRemaining = savedTime !== undefined ? savedTime : timeRemaining; debugLog("Progress loaded successfully"); } else { debugLog("No saved progress found"); } } catch (e) { console.error("Error loading progress:", e); debugLog("Failed to load progress: " + e.message); } } // Save progress function saveProgress() { try { debugLog("Saving progress to localStorage"); localStorage.setItem(`quiz_${quizId}`, JSON.stringify({ savedAnswers: answers, savedMarked: markedForReview, savedTime: timeRemaining })); debugLog("Progress saved successfully"); } catch (e) { console.error("Error saving progress:", e); debugLog("Failed to save progress: " + e.message); } } // Initialize quiz function initQuiz() { try { debugLog("Initializing quiz"); loadProgress(); const startButton = document.getElementById('start-test'); if (!startButton) { throw new Error("Start test button not found"); } startButton.addEventListener('click', startQuiz); debugLog("Start test button listener attached"); document.getElementById('previous-btn').addEventListener('click', showPreviousQuestion); document.getElementById('next-btn').addEventListener('click', showNextQuestion); document.getElementById('mark-review').addEventListener('click', toggleMarkForReview); document.getElementById('nav-toggle').addEventListener('click', toggleNavPanel); document.getElementById('submit-test').addEventListener('click', showSubmitModal); document.getElementById('continue-test').addEventListener('click', closeExitModal); document.getElementById('exit-test').addEventListener('click', () => { debugLog("Exiting test"); localStorage.removeItem(`quiz_${quizId}`); window.location.reload(); }); document.getElementById('cancel-submit').addEventListener('click', closeSubmitModal); document.getElementById('confirm-submit').addEventListener('click', submitTest); document.getElementById('take-again').addEventListener('click', () => { debugLog("Restarting test"); localStorage.removeItem(`quiz_${quizId}`); window.location.reload(); }); document.getElementById('review-test').addEventListener('click', () => showResults(currentResultQuestion)); document.getElementById('close-nav').addEventListener('click', toggleNavPanel); document.getElementById('theme-toggle').addEventListener('click', toggleTheme); document.getElementById('nav-filter').addEventListener('change', updateNavPanel); document.getElementById('prev-result').addEventListener('click', showPreviousResult); document.getElementById('next-result').addEventListener('click', showNextResult); document.getElementById('results-nav-toggle').addEventListener('click', toggleResultsNavPanel); document.getElementById('close-results-nav').addEventListener('click', toggleResultsNavPanel); document.getElementById('results-nav-filter').addEventListener('change', updateResultsNavPanel); debugLog("Quiz initialized successfully"); } catch (e) { console.error("Failed to initialize quiz:", e); debugLog("Failed to initialize quiz: " + e.message); document.getElementById('error-message').innerHTML = "Error initializing quiz. Please check the console for details or contact support."; document.getElementById('error-message').classList.remove('hidden'); document.getElementById('start-test').disabled = true; } } // Start quiz function startQuiz() { try { debugLog("Starting quiz"); document.getElementById('instructions').classList.add('hidden'); document.getElementById('quiz').classList.remove('hidden'); showQuestion(currentQuestion); startTimer(); updateNavPanel(); debugLog("Quiz started successfully"); } catch (e) { console.error("Error starting quiz:", e); debugLog("Failed to start quiz: " + e.message); document.getElementById('error-message').innerHTML = "Error starting quiz. Please check the console for details or contact support."; document.getElementById('error-message').classList.remove('hidden'); document.getElementById('quiz').classList.add('hidden'); document.getElementById('instructions').classList.remove('hidden'); } } // Show question function showQuestion(index) { try { debugLog(`Showing question ${index + 1}`); currentQuestion = index; const q = questions[index]; if (!q) { throw new Error(`Question ${index} is undefined`); } document.getElementById('question-number').innerHTML = `Question <span>${index + 1}</span> of ${questions.length}`; document.getElementById('question-text').innerHTML = q.text || "No question text available"; const imagesDiv = document.getElementById('question-images'); imagesDiv.innerHTML = q.question_images && q.question_images.length > 0 ? q.question_images.map(url => `<img src="${url}" alt="Question Image" class="max-w-full h-auto rounded-lg">`).join('') : ''; const optionsDiv = document.getElementById('options'); optionsDiv.innerHTML = q.options && q.options.length > 0 ? q.options.map(opt => ` <button class="option-btn w-full text-left p-3 border rounded-lg ${answers[index] === opt.label ? 'selected' : ''}" onclick="selectOption(${index}, '${opt.label}')" aria-label="Option ${opt.label}: ${opt.text}"> ${opt.label}. ${opt.text} </button> `).join('') : '<p class="text-red-500">No options available</p>'; document.getElementById('previous-btn').disabled = index === 0; document.getElementById('next-btn').disabled = index === questions.length - 1; document.getElementById('mark-review').classList.toggle('marked', markedForReview[index]); updateProgressBar(); saveProgress(); window.scrollTo({ top: 0, behavior: 'smooth' }); debugLog(`Question ${index + 1} displayed successfully`); } catch (e) { console.error("Error displaying question:", e); debugLog("Failed to display question: " + e.message); } } // Select option function selectOption(index, label) { try { debugLog(`Selecting option ${label} for question ${index + 1}`); answers[index] = label; const optionsDiv = document.getElementById('options'); const optionButtons = optionsDiv.querySelectorAll('.option-btn'); optionButtons.forEach(btn => { const btnLabel = btn.textContent.trim().split('.')[0]; btn.classList.toggle('selected', btnLabel === label); }); updateNavPanel(); saveProgress(); debugLog(`Option ${label} selected for question ${index + 1}`); } catch (e) { console.error("Error selecting option:", e); debugLog("Failed to select option: " + e.message); } } // Toggle mark for review function toggleMarkForReview() { try { debugLog(`Toggling mark for review on question ${currentQuestion + 1}`); markedForReview[currentQuestion] = !markedForReview[currentQuestion]; document.getElementById('mark-review').classList.toggle('marked', markedForReview[currentQuestion]); updateNavPanel(); saveProgress(); debugLog(`Mark for review toggled for question ${currentQuestion + 1}`); } catch (e) { console.error("Error marking for review:", e); debugLog("Failed to mark for review: " + e.message); } } // Navigate to previous question function showPreviousQuestion() { try { debugLog(`Navigating to previous question from ${currentQuestion + 1}`); if (currentQuestion > 0) { currentQuestion--; showQuestion(currentQuestion); } } catch (e) { console.error("Error navigating to previous question:", e); debugLog("Failed to navigate to previous question: " + e.message); } } // Navigate to next question function showNextQuestion() { try { debugLog(`Navigating to next question from ${currentQuestion + 1}`); if (currentQuestion < questions.length - 1) { currentQuestion++; showQuestion(currentQuestion); } } catch (e) { console.error("Error navigating to next question:", e); debugLog("Failed to navigate to next question: " + e.message); } } // Handle question navigation click function handleQuestionNavClick(index) { try { debugLog(`Navigating to question ${index + 1} via nav panel`); showQuestion(index); toggleNavPanel(); } catch (e) { console.error("Error handling navigation click:", e); debugLog("Failed to navigate via nav panel: " + e.message); } } // Start timer function startTimer() { try { debugLog("Starting timer"); timerInterval = setInterval(() => { if (timeRemaining <= 0) { debugLog("Timer expired, submitting test"); clearInterval(timerInterval); submitTest(); } else { timeRemaining--; const minutes = Math.floor(timeRemaining / 60); const seconds = timeRemaining % 60; document.getElementById('timer').innerHTML = `Time Remaining: <span>${minutes.toString().padStart(2, '0')}:${seconds.toString().padStart(2, '0')}</span>`; saveProgress(); } }, 1000); debugLog("Timer started successfully"); } catch (e) { console.error("Error starting timer:", e); debugLog("Failed to start timer: " + e.message); } } // Update progress bar function updateProgressBar() { try { debugLog("Updating progress bar"); const progress = ((currentQuestion + 1) / questions.length) * 100; document.getElementById('progress-bar').style.width = `${progress}%`; debugLog("Progress bar updated"); } catch (e) { console.error("Error updating progress bar:", e); debugLog("Failed to update progress bar: " + e.message); } } // Update quiz navigation panel function updateNavPanel() { try { debugLog("Updating quiz navigation panel"); const filter = document.getElementById('nav-filter').value; const navGrid = document.getElementById('nav-grid'); navGrid.innerHTML = questions.map((_, i) => { if (filter === 'answered' && !answers[i]) return ''; if (filter === 'unanswered' && answers[i]) return ''; if (filter === 'marked' && !markedForReview[i]) return ''; return ` <button class="question-nav-btn ${answers[i] ? 'answered' : 'unanswered'} ${markedForReview[i] ? 'marked-nav' : ''}" onclick="handleQuestionNavClick(${i})" aria-label="Go to Question ${i + 1}"> ${i + 1} </button> `; }).join(''); debugLog("Quiz navigation panel updated"); } catch (e) { console.error("Error updating quiz navigation panel:", e); debugLog("Failed to update quiz navigation panel: " + e.message); } } // Update results navigation panel function updateResultsNavPanel() { try { debugLog("Updating results navigation panel"); const filter = document.getElementById('results-nav-filter').value; const navGrid = document.getElementById('results-nav-grid'); navGrid.innerHTML = questions.map((_, i) => { if (filter === 'answered' && !answers[i]) return ''; if (filter === 'unanswered' && answers[i]) return ''; if (filter === 'marked' && !markedForReview[i]) return ''; return ` <button class="result-nav-btn-grid ${answers[i] ? 'answered' : 'unanswered'} ${markedForReview[i] ? 'marked-nav' : ''}" onclick="handleResultNavClick(${i})" aria-label="Go to Result for Question ${i + 1}"> ${i + 1} </button> `; }).join(''); debugLog("Results navigation panel updated"); } catch (e) { console.error("Error updating results navigation panel:", e); debugLog("Failed to update results navigation panel: " + e.message); } } // Toggle quiz navigation panel function toggleNavPanel() { try { debugLog("Toggling quiz navigation panel"); const navPanel = document.getElementById('nav-panel'); navPanel.classList.toggle('hidden'); debugLog("Quiz navigation panel toggled"); } catch (e) { console.error("Error toggling quiz navigation panel:", e); debugLog("Failed to toggle quiz navigation panel: " + e.message); } } // Toggle results navigation panel function toggleResultsNavPanel() { try { debugLog("Toggling results navigation panel"); const resultsNavPanel = document.getElementById('results-nav-panel'); resultsNavPanel.classList.toggle('hidden'); if (!resultsNavPanel.classList.contains('hidden')) { updateResultsNavPanel(); } debugLog("Results navigation panel toggled"); } catch (e) { console.error("Error toggling results navigation panel:", e); debugLog("Failed to toggle results navigation panel: " + e.message); } } // Handle result navigation click function handleResultNavClick(index) { try { debugLog(`Navigating to result for question ${index + 1} via nav panel`); showResults(index); toggleResultsNavPanel(); } catch (e) { console.error("Error handling result navigation click:", e); debugLog("Failed to navigate to result: " + e.message); } } // Show submit modal function showSubmitModal() { try { debugLog("Showing submit modal"); const attempted = answers.filter(a => a !== null).length; document.getElementById('attempted-count').textContent = attempted; document.getElementById('unattempted-count').textContent = questions.length - attempted; document.getElementById('submit-modal').classList.remove('hidden'); debugLog("Submit modal displayed"); } catch (e) { console.error("Error showing submit modal:", e); debugLog("Failed to show submit modal: " + e.message); } } // Close submit modal function closeSubmitModal() { try { debugLog("Closing submit modal"); document.getElementById('submit-modal').classList.add('hidden'); debugLog("Submit modal closed"); } catch (e) { console.error("Error closing submit modal:", e); debugLog("Failed to close submit modal: " + e.message); } } // Close exit modal function closeExitModal() { try { debugLog("Closing exit modal"); document.getElementById('exit-modal').classList.add('hidden'); debugLog("Exit modal closed"); } catch (e) { console.error("Error closing exit modal:", e); debugLog("Failed to close exit modal: " + e.message); } } // Submit test function submitTest() { try { debugLog("Submitting test"); clearInterval(timerInterval); document.getElementById('quiz').classList.add('hidden'); document.getElementById('submit-modal').classList.add('hidden'); document.getElementById('results').classList.remove('hidden'); showResults(0); // Start with first question // Trigger confetti animation confetti({ particleCount: 100, spread: 70, origin: { y: 0.6 } }); localStorage.removeItem(`quiz_${quizId}`); debugLog("Test submitted successfully"); } catch (e) { console.error("Error submitting test:", e); debugLog("Failed to submit test: " + e.message); } } // Show result for a single question function showResults(index) { try { debugLog(`Showing result for question ${index + 1}`); currentResultQuestion = index; let correct = 0, wrong = 0, unanswered = 0, marked = 0; answers.forEach((answer, i) => { const isCorrect = answer && questions[i].options.find(opt => opt.label === answer)?.correct; if (answer === null) unanswered++; else if (isCorrect) correct++; else wrong++; if (markedForReview[i]) marked++; }); const q = questions[index]; if (!q) { throw new Error(`Question ${index} is undefined`); } const userAnswer = answers[index]; const isCorrect = userAnswer && q.options.find(opt => opt.label === userAnswer)?.correct; const resultsContent = document.getElementById('results-content'); resultsContent.innerHTML = ` <div class="border p-4 rounded-lg ${isCorrect ? 'bg-green-50' : userAnswer ? 'bg-red-50' : 'bg-gray-50'}"> <p class="font-semibold">Question ${index + 1}: ${q.text || 'No question text'}</p> ${q.question_images && q.question_images.length > 0 ? q.question_images.map(url => `<img src="${url}" alt="Question Image" class="max-w-full h-auto rounded-lg my-2">`).join('') : ''} <p><strong>Your Answer:</strong> ${userAnswer ? `${userAnswer}. ${q.options.find(opt => opt.label === userAnswer)?.text || 'Invalid option'}` : 'Unanswered'}</p> <p><strong>Correct Answer:</strong> ${q.correct_answer || 'Unknown'}</p> <div class="mt-2">${q.explanation || 'No explanation available'}</div> ${q.explanation_images && q.explanation_images.length > 0 ? q.explanation_images.map(url => `<img src="${url}" alt="Explanation Image" class="max-w-full h-auto rounded-lg my-2">`).join('') : ''} ${q.video ? ` <button class="play-video bg-blue-500 text-white px-4 py-2 rounded-lg mt-2" onclick="loadVideo(this, '${q.video}', 'video-${index}')" aria-label="Play explanation video for Question ${index + 1}"> Play Video Explanation </button> <div id="video-${index}" class="video-container mt-2"></div> ` : '<p class="text-gray-500 mt-2">No video available</p>'} ${q.audio ? ` <button class="play-audio bg-blue-500 text-white px-4 py-2 rounded-lg mt-2" onclick="loadAudio(this, '${q.audio}', 'audio-${index}')" aria-label="Play audio explanation for Question ${index + 1}"> Play Audio Explanation </button> <div id="audio-${index}" class="audio-container mt-2"></div> ` : ''} </div> `; document.getElementById('correct-count').textContent = correct; document.getElementById('wrong-count').textContent = wrong; document.getElementById('unanswered-count').textContent = unanswered; document.getElementById('marked-count').textContent = marked; document.getElementById('result-question-number').innerHTML = `Question <span>${index + 1}</span> of ${questions.length}`; document.getElementById('prev-result').disabled = index === 0; document.getElementById('next-result').disabled = index === questions.length - 1; updateResultsNavPanel(); window.scrollTo({ top: 0, behavior: 'smooth' }); debugLog(`Result for question ${index + 1} displayed successfully`); } catch (e) { console.error("Error displaying result:", e); debugLog("Failed to display result: " + e.message); } } // Navigate to previous result function showPreviousResult() { try { debugLog(`Navigating to previous result from question ${currentResultQuestion + 1}`); if (currentResultQuestion > 0) { showResults(currentResultQuestion - 1); } } catch (e) { console.error("Error navigating to previous result:", e); debugLog("Failed to navigate to previous result: " + e.message); } } // Navigate to next result function showNextResult() { try { debugLog(`Navigating to next result from question ${currentResultQuestion + 1}`); if (currentResultQuestion < questions.length - 1) { showResults(currentResultQuestion + 1); } } catch (e) { console.error("Error navigating to next result:", e); debugLog("Failed to navigate to next result: " + e.message); } } // Lazy-load video function loadVideo(button, videoUrl, containerId) { try { debugLog(`Loading video for ${containerId}: ${videoUrl}`); if (!videoUrl) { const container = document.getElementById(containerId); container.innerHTML = `<p class="text-gray-500">No video available</p>`; button.remove(); debugLog("No video URL provided"); return; } const container = document.getElementById(containerId); container.innerHTML = ` <div class="video-loading"></div> <video controls class="w-full max-w-[600px] rounded-lg" preload="metadata" aria-label="Video explanation"> <source src="${videoUrl}" type="${videoUrl.endsWith('.m3u8') ? 'application/x-mpegURL' : 'video/mp4'}"> Your browser does not support the video tag. </video> `; container.classList.add('active'); button.remove(); // Initialize HLS.js for .m3u8 videos const video = container.querySelector('video'); if (videoUrl.endsWith('.m3u8') && Hls.isSupported()) { const hls = new Hls(); hls.loadSource(videoUrl); hls.attachMedia(video); hls.on(Hls.Events.ERROR, (event, data) => { console.error("HLS.js error:", data); container.innerHTML = `<p class="text-red-500">Error loading video. <a href="${videoUrl}" target="_blank" aria-label="Open video in new tab">Open video</a></p>`; debugLog("HLS.js error: " + JSON.stringify(data)); }); } else if (videoUrl.endsWith('.m3u8') && video.canPlayType('application/vnd.apple.mpegurl')) { video.src = videoUrl; } // Handle video load errors video.onerror = () => { console.error("Video load error for URL:", videoUrl); container.innerHTML = `<p class="text-red-500">Error loading video. <a href="${videoUrl}" target="_blank" aria-label="Open video in new tab">Open video</a></p>`; debugLog("Video load error for URL: " + videoUrl); }; // Remove loading spinner when video is ready video.onloadedmetadata = () => { container.querySelector('.video-loading').remove(); debugLog("Video loaded successfully"); }; } catch (e) { console.error("Error loading video:", e); debugLog("Failed to load video: " + e.message); const container = document.getElementById(containerId); container.innerHTML = `<p class="text-red-500">Error loading video. <a href="${videoUrl}" target="_blank" aria-label="Open video in new tab">Open video</a></p>`; } } // Lazy-load audio function loadAudio(button, audioUrl, containerId) { try { debugLog(`Loading audio for ${containerId}: ${audioUrl}`); if (!audioUrl) { const container = document.getElementById(containerId); container.innerHTML = `<p class="text-gray-500">No audio available</p>`; button.remove(); debugLog("No audio URL provided"); return; } const container = document.getElementById(containerId); container.innerHTML = ` <audio controls class="w-full max-w-[600px]" preload="metadata" aria-label="Audio explanation"> <source src="${audioUrl}" type="audio/mpeg"> Your browser does not support the audio tag. </audio> `; container.classList.add('active'); button.remove(); // Handle audio load errors const audio = container.querySelector('audio'); audio.onerror = () => { console.error("Audio load error for URL:", audioUrl); container.innerHTML = `<p class="text-red-500">Error loading audio. <a href="${audioUrl}" target="_blank" aria-label="Open audio in new tab">Open audio</a></p>`; debugLog("Audio load error for URL: " + audioUrl); }; debugLog("Audio loaded successfully"); } catch (e) { console.error("Error loading audio:", e); debugLog("Failed to load audio: " + e.message); const container = document.getElementById(containerId); container.innerHTML = `<p class="text-red-500">Error loading audio. <a href="${audioUrl}" target="_blank" aria-label="Open audio in new tab">Open audio</a></p>`; } } // Toggle dark mode function toggleTheme() { try { debugLog("Toggling theme"); document.documentElement.classList.toggle('dark'); localStorage.setItem('theme', document.documentElement.classList.contains('dark') ? 'dark' : 'light'); debugLog("Theme toggled successfully"); } catch (e) { console.error("Error toggling theme:", e); debugLog("Failed to toggle theme: " + e.message); } } // Load theme preference function loadTheme() { try { debugLog("Loading theme preference"); const theme = localStorage.getItem('theme'); if (theme === 'dark') { document.documentElement.classList.add('dark'); } debugLog("Theme loaded successfully"); } catch (e) { console.error("Error loading theme:", e); debugLog("Failed to load theme: " + e.message); } } // Initialize on DOM content loaded window.addEventListener('DOMContentLoaded', () => { try { debugLog("DOM content loaded, initializing quiz"); loadTheme(); initQuiz(); } catch (e) { console.error("Error during DOMContentLoaded:", e); debugLog("Failed to initialize on DOMContentLoaded: " + e.message); document.getElementById('error-message').innerHTML = "Error initializing quiz. Please check the console for details or contact support."; document.getElementById('error-message').classList.remove('hidden'); } }); </script> </body> </html>" frameborder="0" width="100%" height="2000px">
<div class="bg-white rounded-lg shadow-md p-4 md:p-6"> <h2 class="text-xl font-semibold mb-4">Instructions</h2> <h4 class="text-gray-800 text-lg font-semibold mt-6 mb-4">Test Features:</h4> <ul class="space-y-3"> <li class="flex items-center gap-3"> <i class="fa-solid fa-circle-check text-green-500"></i> Multiple choice questions with single correct answers </li> <li class="flex items-center gap-3"> <i class="fa-solid fa-circle-check text-green-500"></i> Timer-based testing for realistic exam conditions </li> <li class="flex items-center gap-3"> <i class="fa-solid fa-circle-check text-green-500"></i> Mark questions for review functionality </li> <li class="flex items-center gap-3"> <i class="fa-solid fa-circle-check text-green-500"></i> Comprehensive results and performance analysis </li> <li class="flex items-center gap-3"> <i class="fa-solid fa-circle-check text-green-500"></i> Mobile-optimized interface for learning on-the-go </li> </ul> <div class="mt-6 flex space-x-4 button-group md:flex-row flex-col"> <button class="bg-[#2c5281] text-white px-6 py-2 rounded-lg hover:bg-[#2c5281] transition" id="start-test">Start Test</button> </div> <div class="error-message hidden" id="error-message"></div> </div> </section> <!-- Quiz Section --> <section class="container mx-auto px-4 md:px-6 pt-4 md:pt-6 pb-1 hidden section-transition" id="quiz"> <div class="bg-white rounded-lg shadow-md p-4 md:p-6"> <!-- Progress Bar --> <div class="w-full bg-gray-200 rounded-full h-3 mb-4"> <div class="progress-bar h-3 rounded-full" id="progress-bar" style="width: 0%"></div> </div> <!-- Question Header --> <div class="flex flex-col md:flex-row justify-between items-center mb-4"> <h2 class="text-lg font-semibold" id="question-number">Question <span>1</span> of 4</h2> <p class="text-lg font-semibold mt-2 md:mt-0" id="timer">Time Remaining: <span>00:00</span></p> </div> <!-- Question Content --> <div class="mb-6" id="question-content"> <p class="text-gray-800 mb-4" id="question-text"></p> <div class="flex flex-wrap gap-4 mb-4" id="question-images"></div> <div class="space-y-3" id="options"></div> </div> <!-- Navigation Buttons --> <div class="flex flex-col md:flex-row justify-between items-center gap-2 md:gap-4"> <div class="flex gap-2 w-full md:w-auto"> <button class="bg-[#2c5281] text-white px-4 py-3 w-full md:w-32 h-14 rounded-lg hover:bg-[#2c5281] transition" disabled="" id="previous-btn">Previous</button> <button class="bg-[#2c5281] text-white px-4 py-3 w-full md:w-32 h-14 rounded-lg hover:bg-[#2c5281] transition" id="next-btn">Next</button> </div> <div class="flex items-center gap-2"> <button class="bg-transparent text-gray-700 px-4 py-2 rounded-lg hover:bg-gray-100 transition flex items-center gap-1" id="mark-review"> Review <svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" class="h-5 w-5" viewBox="0 0 20 20" fill="currentColor"> <path d="M10 2a1 1 0 00-1 1v14l3.293-3.293a1 1 0 011.414 0L17 17V3a1 1 0 00-1-1H10z" /> </svg> </button> <button class="bg-transparent text-gray-700 px-4 py-2 rounded-lg hover:bg-gray-100 transition flex items-center gap-1" id="nav-toggle"> Question 🧭 </button> <button class="bg-green-500 text-white px-6 py-3 w-44 h-14 rounded-lg hover:bg-green-600 transition w-full md:w-auto" id="submit-test">Submit Test</button> </div> </div> </section> <!-- Results Section --> <section class="container mx-auto px-4 md:px-6 pt-4 md:pt-6 pb-1 hidden section-transition" id="results"> <div class="bg-white rounded-lg shadow-md p-4 md:p-6"> <h2 class="text-2xl font-semibold mb-4">Anaesthesia Machine - Results</h2> <div class="grid grid-cols-1 md:grid-cols-2 gap-4 mb-6"> <p><strong>Correct:</strong> <span id="correct-count" class="text-[#000000]">0</span></p> <p><strong>Wrong:</strong> <span id="wrong-count" class="text-[#000000]">0</span></p> <p><strong>Unanswered:</strong> <span id="unanswered-count" class="text-[#000000]-500">0</span></p> <p><strong>Marked for Review:</strong> <span id="marked-count" class="text-[#000000]">0</span></p> </div> <h3 class="text-lg font-semibold mb-4" id="result-question-number">Question <span>1</span> of 4</h3> <div class="space-y-6" id="results-content"></div> <div class="result-nav"> <button aria-label="Previous question result" class="result-nav-btn bg-[#2c5281] text-white px-6 py-2 rounded-lg hover:bg-[#2c5281] transition" disabled="" id="prev-result">Previous</button> <button aria-label="Toggle results navigation panel" class="result-nav-btn bg-[#2c5281] text-white px-6 py-2 rounded-lg hover:bg-[#2c5281] transition" id="results-nav-toggle">Result 🧭</button> <button aria-label="Next question result" class="result-nav-btn bg-[#2c5281] text-white px-6 py-2 rounded-lg hover:bg-[#2c5281] transition" id="next-result">Next</button> </div> <div class="mt-6 flex space-x-4 button-group md:flex-row flex-col"> <button class="bg-green-500 text-white px-6 py-2 rounded-lg hover:bg-green-600 transition" id="take-again">Take Again</button> </div> </div> </section> <!-- Exit Confirmation Modal --> <div class="fixed inset-0 bg-black bg-opacity-50 flex items-center justify-center hidden" id="exit-modal"> <div class="bg-white rounded-lg p-6 max-w-sm w-full"> <h2 class="text-xl font-semibold mb-4">Leave Test?</h2> <p class="text-gray-700 mb-4">Your progress will be lost if you leave this page. Are you sure you want to exit?</p> <div class="flex justify-end space-x-4"> <button class="bg-gray-300 text-gray-700 px-4 py-2 rounded-lg hover:bg-gray-400 transition" id="continue-test">No, Continue</button> <button class="bg-red-500 text-white px-4 py-2 rounded-lg hover:bg-red-600 transition" id="exit-test">Yes, Exit</button> </div> </div> </div> <!-- Submit Confirmation Modal --> <div class="fixed inset-0 bg-black bg-opacity-50 flex items-center justify-center hidden" id="submit-modal"> <div class="bg-white rounded-lg p-6 max-w-sm w-full"> <h2 class="text-xl font-semibold mb-4">Confirm Submission</h2> <p class="text-gray-700 mb-2">You have attempted <span id="attempted-count">0</span> of 29 questions.</p> <p class="text-gray-700 mb-4"><span id="unattempted-count">0</span> questions are unattempted.</p> <div class="flex justify-end space-x-4"> <button class="bg-gray-300 text-gray-700 px-4 py-2 rounded-lg hover:bg-gray-400 transition" id="cancel-submit">Cancel</button> <button class="bg-green-500 text-white px-4 py-2 rounded-lg hover:bg-green-600 transition" id="confirm-submit">Submit Test</button> </div> </div> </div> <!-- Quiz Navigation Panel --> <div class="fixed inset-y-0 right-0 nav-panel bg-white shadow-lg p-4 hidden overflow-y-auto" id="nav-panel"> <h2 class="text-lg font-semibold mb-4">Questions Navigation</h2> <div class="mb-4"> <select class="w-full p-2 border rounded-lg text-gray-700" id="nav-filter"> <option value="all">All Questions</option> <option value="answered">Answered</option> <option value="unanswered">Unanswered</option> <option value="marked">Marked for Review</option> </select> </div> <div class="grid grid-cols-5 gap-2 md:gap-3" id="nav-grid"></div> <button class="mt-4 bg-gray-500 text-white px-4 py-2 rounded-lg hover:bg-gray-600 transition w-full" id="close-nav">Close</button> </div> <!-- Results Navigation Panel --> <div class="fixed inset-y-0 right-0 results-nav-panel bg-white shadow-lg p-4 hidden overflow-y-auto" id="results-nav-panel"> <h2 class="text-lg font-semibold mb-4">Results Navigation</h2> <div class="mb-4"> <select class="w-full p-2 border rounded-lg text-gray-700" id="results-nav-filter"> <option value="all">All Questions</option> <option value="answered">Answered</option> <option value="unanswered">Unanswered</option> <option value="marked">Marked for Review</option> </select> </div> <div class="grid grid-cols-5 gap-2 md:gap-3" id="results-nav-grid"></div> <button class="mt-4 bg-gray-500 text-white px-4 py-2 rounded-lg hover:bg-gray-600 transition w-full" id="close-results-nav">Close</button> </div> <!-- JavaScript Logic --> <script> // Enable debug mode for detailed logging const DEBUG_MODE = true; // Log debug messages function debugLog(message) { if (DEBUG_MODE) { console.log(`[DEBUG] ${message}`); } } // Initialize questions with error handling let questions = []; let currentResultQuestion = 0; // State for current question in results try { debugLog("Attempting to parse questions_json"); questions = [{"text": "What is the composition of lactulose?", "options": [{"label": "A", "text": "Glucose + Galactose", "correct": false}, {"label": "B", "text": "Glucose + Fructose", "correct": false}, {"label": "C", "text": "Galactose + Fructose", "correct": true}, {"label": "D", "text": "Fructose + Ribulose", "correct": false}], "correct_answer": "C. Galactose + Fructose", "question_images": [], "explanation_images": [], "explanation": "<table cellspacing=\"0\" style=\"border-collapse:collapse; width:624px\">\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid black; border-left:1px solid black; border-right:1px solid black; border-top:1px solid black; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Disaccharide</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid black; border-left:none; border-right:1px solid black; border-top:1px solid black; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Sugars present</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid black; border-left:none; border-right:1px solid black; border-top:1px solid black; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Linkage</strong></p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid black; border-left:1px solid black; border-right:1px solid black; border-top:none; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Maltose (Basic thumb rule)</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid black; border-left:none; border-right:1px solid black; border-top:none; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>2 <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"af3ae60c0c16927771889b84ca41c0\">glucose</span> residues - <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"af3ae60c0c16927771889b84ca41c0\">glucose</span> + glucose</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid black; border-left:none; border-right:1px solid black; border-top:none; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>alpha(1,4)</p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid black; border-left:1px solid black; border-right:1px solid black; border-top:none; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Isomaltose (Six atoms)</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid black; border-left:none; border-right:1px solid black; border-top:none; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>2 <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"af3ae60c0c16927771889b84ca41c0\">glucose</span> residues - <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"af3ae60c0c16927771889b84ca41c0\">glucose</span> + glucose</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid black; border-left:none; border-right:1px solid black; border-top:none; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>a(1,6)</p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid black; border-left:1px solid black; border-right:1px solid black; border-top:none; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Trehalose</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid black; border-left:none; border-right:1px solid black; border-top:none; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>2 <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"af3ae60c0c16927771889b84ca41c0\">glucose</span> residues - <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"af3ae60c0c16927771889b84ca41c0\">glucose</span> + glucose</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid black; border-left:none; border-right:1px solid black; border-top:none; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>a(1,1)</p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid black; border-left:1px solid black; border-right:1px solid black; border-top:none; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Sucrose </strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid black; border-left:none; border-right:1px solid black; border-top:none; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Glucose + <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"d5bac53d50169277720363f48a6b3a\">fructose</span> <strong>(Option B ruled out)</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid black; border-left:none; border-right:1px solid black; border-top:none; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>a(1,2)</p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid black; border-left:1px solid black; border-right:1px solid black; border-top:none; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Lactose</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid black; border-left:none; border-right:1px solid black; border-top:none; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Galactose + <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"af3ae60c0c16927771889b84ca41c0\">glucose</span> (Option A ruled out)</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid black; border-left:none; border-right:1px solid black; border-top:none; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>beta(1,4)</strong></p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n</tbody>\n\n<table cellspacing=\"0\" style=\"border-collapse:collapse\">\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid whitesmoke; border-left:1px solid #1f1f1f; border-right:1px solid #1f1f1f; border-top:1px solid #1f1f1f; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Disaccharide</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid whitesmoke; border-left:none; border-right:1px solid #1f1f1f; border-top:1px solid #1f1f1f; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Common name</strong></p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #1f1f1f; border-left:1px solid #1f1f1f; border-right:1px solid #1f1f1f; border-top:none; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Sucrose</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #1f1f1f; border-left:none; border-right:1px solid #1f1f1f; border-top:none; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Table sugar</p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #1f1f1f; border-left:1px solid #1f1f1f; border-right:1px solid #1f1f1f; border-top:none; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Lactose</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #1f1f1f; border-left:none; border-right:1px solid #1f1f1f; border-top:none; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Milk sugar</p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #1f1f1f; border-left:1px solid #1f1f1f; border-right:1px solid #1f1f1f; border-top:none; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Maltose</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #1f1f1f; border-left:none; border-right:1px solid #1f1f1f; border-top:none; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Malt sugar</p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n</tbody>\n\n\n<p style='font-size: 10px; color: #808080; font-style: italic;'>@dams_new_robot</p>", "bot": "@dams_new_robot", "audio": "", "video": ""}, {"text": "Which of the following does NOT inhibit oxidative phosphorylation?", "options": [{"label": "A", "text": "CO", "correct": false}, {"label": "B", "text": "Antimycin A", "correct": false}, {"label": "C", "text": "Malonate", "correct": false}, {"label": "D", "text": "Thermogenin", "correct": true}], "correct_answer": "D. Thermogenin", "question_images": [], "explanation_images": [], "explanation": "<p>Correct option D\n\n\n<p style='font-size: 10px; color: #808080; font-style: italic;'>@dams_new_robot</p>", "bot": "@dams_new_robot", "audio": "", "video": ""}, {"text": "Which glycogen storage disease is associated with the alkaline pH of skeletal muscle after strenuous exercise?", "options": [{"label": "A", "text": "Mc Ardle's disease", "correct": true}, {"label": "B", "text": "Von — Gierke's disease", "correct": false}, {"label": "C", "text": "Her's disease", "correct": false}, {"label": "D", "text": "Pompe's disease", "correct": false}], "correct_answer": "A. Mc Ardle's disease", "question_images": [], "explanation_images": [], "explanation": "<p>Correct option:A\n\n\n<p style='font-size: 10px; color: #808080; font-style: italic;'>@dams_new_robot</p>", "bot": "@dams_new_robot", "audio": "", "video": ""}, {"text": "What is the substance that inhibits Complex 4 in the electron transport chain?", "options": [{"label": "A", "text": "Cyanide", "correct": true}, {"label": "B", "text": "Phenformin", "correct": false}, {"label": "C", "text": "Rotenone", "correct": false}, {"label": "D", "text": "Carboxin", "correct": false}], "correct_answer": "A. Cyanide", "question_images": [], "explanation_images": [], "explanation": "\n<table>\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<td>\n<p><strong>Inhibitor</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td>\n<p><strong>Target Site in ETC</strong></p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td>\n<p>Rotenone</p>\n</td>\n<td>\n<p>Complex I (NADH dehydrogenase)</p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td>\n<p>Antimycin A</p>\n</td>\n<td>\n<p>Complex III (cytochrome bc1 complex)</p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td>\n<p>Cyanide</p>\n</td>\n<td>\n<p>Complex IV (cytochrome c oxidase)</p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td>\n<p>Carbon monoxide</p>\n</td>\n<td>\n<p>Complex IV (cytochrome c oxidase)</p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td>\n<p>Oligomycin</p>\n</td>\n<td>\n<p>ATP synthase</p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td>\n<p>Dinitrophenol</p>\n</td>\n<td>\n<p>Uncoupling of <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"60d563fe241692777194203742bf5b\">oxidative</span> phosphorylation</p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td>\n<p>2,4-dinitrophenol</p>\n</td>\n<td>\n<p>Uncoupling of <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"60d563fe241692777194203742bf5b\">oxidative</span> phosphorylation</p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n</tbody>\n\n<p style='font-size: 10px; color: #808080; font-style: italic;'>@dams_new_robot</p>", "bot": "@dams_new_robot", "audio": "", "video": ""}, {"text": "Which of the following GAG has anticoagulant activity", "options": [{"label": "A", "text": "Heparin", "correct": true}, {"label": "B", "text": "Keratan sulfate", "correct": false}, {"label": "C", "text": "Chondroitin sulfate", "correct": false}, {"label": "D", "text": "Hyaluronic acid", "correct": false}], "correct_answer": "A. Heparin", "question_images": [], "explanation_images": [], "explanation": "\n<table>\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<td>\n<p><strong>GAG</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td>\n<p><strong>Predominantly Found In</strong></p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td>\n<p>Hyaluronic acid</p>\n</td>\n<td>\n<p>Synovial fluid, <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"636ccb4336169277720289af6a0778\">vitreous</span> humor, <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"67e237a57c16927771859803f93ab3\">connective</span> tissues</p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td>\n<p>Chondroitin sulfate</p>\n</td>\n<td>\n<p>Cartilage, tendons, ligaments, bone, skin</p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td>\n<p>Dermatan sulfate</p>\n</td>\n<td>\n<p>Skin, blood vessels, heart valves, tendons, lungs</p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td>\n<p>Heparan sulfate</p>\n</td>\n<td>\n<p>Basement membranes, cell surfaces, liver, lung, kidney</p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td>\n<p>Keratan sulfate</p>\n</td>\n<td>\n<p>Cornea, cartilage, bone, <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"67e237a57c16927771859803f93ab3\">connective</span> tissues, brain</p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td>\n<p>Heparin</p>\n</td>\n<td>\n<p>Mast cells, liver, lung, intestinal mucosa, blood (as a medication)</p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n</tbody>\n</table>\n<table>\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<td>\n<p><strong>GAG</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td>\n<p><strong>Function</strong></p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td>\n<p>Hyaluronic acid</p>\n</td>\n<td>\n<p>Provides <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"a195b609f61692777189953f3adaa6\">hydration</span> and viscoelasticity to tissues</p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td>\n<p>Chondroitin sulfate</p>\n</td>\n<td>\n<p>Provides structural support to <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"c6f61cdbe41692777183fdc8f95f96\">cartilage</span> and other <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"67e237a57c16927771859803f93ab3\">connective</span> tissues</p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td>\n<p>Dermatan sulfate</p>\n</td>\n<td>\n<p>Present in skin and blood vessels, contributes to their structure</p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td>\n<p>Heparan sulfate</p>\n</td>\n<td>\n<p>Acts as a co-receptor for various growth factors and cytokines</p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td>\n<p>Keratan sulfate</p>\n</td>\n<td>\n<p>Helps maintain corneal transparency</p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td>\n<p>Heparin</p>\n</td>\n<td>\n<p>Acts as an anticoagulant, inhibits blood clotting</p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n</tbody>\n\n<p style='font-size: 10px; color: #808080; font-style: italic;'>@dams_new_robot</p>", "bot": "@dams_new_robot", "audio": "", "video": ""}, {"text": "Which glycosaminoglycan (GAG) is present in synovial fluid?", "options": [{"label": "A", "text": "Heparin", "correct": false}, {"label": "B", "text": "Keratan sulfate", "correct": false}, {"label": "C", "text": "Chondroitin sulfate", "correct": false}, {"label": "D", "text": "Hyaluronic acid", "correct": true}], "correct_answer": "D. Hyaluronic acid", "question_images": [], "explanation_images": [], "explanation": "\n<table>\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<td>\n<p><strong>GAG</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td>\n<p><strong>Predominantly Found In</strong></p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td>\n<p>Hyaluronic acid</p>\n</td>\n<td>\n<p>Synovial fluid, <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"636ccb4336169277720289af6a0778\">vitreous</span> humor, <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"67e237a57c16927771859803f93ab3\">connective</span> tissues</p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td>\n<p>Chondroitin sulfate</p>\n</td>\n<td>\n<p>Cartilage, tendons, ligaments, bone, skin</p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td>\n<p>Dermatan sulfate</p>\n</td>\n<td>\n<p>Skin, blood vessels, heart valves, tendons, lungs</p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td>\n<p>Heparan sulfate</p>\n</td>\n<td>\n<p>Basement membranes, cell surfaces, liver, lung, kidney</p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td>\n<p>Keratan sulfate</p>\n</td>\n<td>\n<p>Cornea, cartilage, bone, <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"67e237a57c16927771859803f93ab3\">connective</span> tissues, brain</p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td>\n<p>Heparin</p>\n</td>\n<td>\n<p>Mast cells, liver, lung, intestinal mucosa, blood (as a medication)</p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n</tbody>\n</table>\n<table>\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<td>\n<p><strong>GAG</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td>\n<p><strong>Function</strong></p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td>\n<p>Hyaluronic acid</p>\n</td>\n<td>\n<p>Provides <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"a195b609f61692777189953f3adaa6\">hydration</span> and viscoelasticity to tissues</p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td>\n<p>Chondroitin sulfate</p>\n</td>\n<td>\n<p>Provides structural support to <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"c6f61cdbe41692777183fdc8f95f96\">cartilage</span> and other <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"67e237a57c16927771859803f93ab3\">connective</span> tissues</p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td>\n<p>Dermatan sulfate</p>\n</td>\n<td>\n<p>Present in skin and blood vessels, contributes to their structure</p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td>\n<p>Heparan sulfate</p>\n</td>\n<td>\n<p>Acts as a co-receptor for various growth factors and cytokines</p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td>\n<p>Keratan sulfate</p>\n</td>\n<td>\n<p>Helps maintain corneal transparency</p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td>\n<p>Heparin</p>\n</td>\n<td>\n<p>Acts as an anticoagulant, inhibits blood clotting</p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n</tbody>\n\n<p style='font-size: 10px; color: #808080; font-style: italic;'>@dams_new_robot</p>", "bot": "@dams_new_robot", "audio": "", "video": ""}, {"text": "Which among the following absorbs the least water?", "options": [{"label": "A", "text": "Mucilage", "correct": false}, {"label": "B", "text": "Cellulose", "correct": true}, {"label": "C", "text": "Gums", "correct": false}, {"label": "D", "text": "Pectin", "correct": false}], "correct_answer": "B. Cellulose", "question_images": [], "explanation_images": [], "explanation": "\n\n<p style='font-size: 10px; color: #808080; font-style: italic;'>@dams_new_robot</p>", "bot": "@dams_new_robot", "audio": "", "video": ""}, {"text": "Which is the enzyme activated by a decrease in insulin: glucagon ratio?", "options": [{"label": "A", "text": "Glucokinase", "correct": false}, {"label": "B", "text": "Hexokinase", "correct": false}, {"label": "C", "text": "Phosphoructokinase", "correct": false}, {"label": "D", "text": "Glucose 6-phosphatase", "correct": true}], "correct_answer": "D. Glucose 6-phosphatase", "question_images": [], "explanation_images": [], "explanation": "\n\n<p style='font-size: 10px; color: #808080; font-style: italic;'>@dams_new_robot</p>", "bot": "@dams_new_robot", "audio": "", "video": ""}, {"text": "Which of the following enzymes are involved in gluconeogenesis? Pyruvate carboxylase Phosphoenol pyruvate kinase Hexokinase Pyruvate kinase Glucose 6 phosphatase", "options": [{"label": "A", "text": "a, b and e only", "correct": false}, {"label": "B", "text": "b and c only", "correct": false}, {"label": "C", "text": "a and e only", "correct": true}, {"label": "D", "text": "a, b and c only", "correct": false}], "correct_answer": "C. a and e only", "question_images": [], "explanation_images": [], "explanation": "<table cellspacing=\"0\" style=\"border-collapse:collapse; width:379px\">\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid black; border-left:1px solid black; border-right:1px solid black; border-top:1px solid black; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Enzyme</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid black; border-left:none; border-right:1px solid black; border-top:1px solid black; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Location</strong></p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid black; border-left:1px solid black; border-right:1px solid black; border-top:none; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Pyruvate carboxylase</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid black; border-left:none; border-right:1px solid black; border-top:none; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Mitochondria</p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid black; border-left:1px solid black; border-right:1px solid black; border-top:none; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>РЕРСК</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid black; border-left:none; border-right:1px solid black; border-top:none; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Cytoplasm</p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid black; border-left:1px solid black; border-right:1px solid black; border-top:none; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Fructose- 1, 6-bisphosphatese</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid black; border-left:none; border-right:1px solid black; border-top:none; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Cytoplasm</p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid black; border-left:1px solid black; border-right:1px solid black; border-top:none; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Glucose-6-phosphatase</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid black; border-left:none; border-right:1px solid black; border-top:none; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Endoplasmic reticulum</p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n</tbody>\n\n\n<p style='font-size: 10px; color: #808080; font-style: italic;'>@dams_new_robot</p>", "bot": "@dams_new_robot", "audio": "", "video": ""}, {"text": "Which of the following glycosaminoglycans (GAGs) are responsible for corneal transparency?", "options": [{"label": "A", "text": "Keratan sulfate", "correct": true}, {"label": "B", "text": "Chondroitin sulfate", "correct": false}, {"label": "C", "text": "Heparin sulfate", "correct": false}, {"label": "D", "text": "Hyaluronic acid", "correct": false}], "correct_answer": "A. Keratan sulfate", "question_images": [], "explanation_images": [], "explanation": "<table cellspacing=\"0\" style=\"border-collapse:collapse\">\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><strong>Mucopolysaccharide</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><strong>Primary Locations</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><strong>Functions</strong></p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Hyaluronic Acid </strong><strong>(Option D)</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Connective tissues, tendons, <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"d27f9c7a1b16927771999b1679d949\">synovial</span> fluid, <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"636ccb4336169277720289af6a0778\">vitreous</span> humor</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Serves as a <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"ddc9f397e716927771916135359875\">lubricant</span> in joint cavities and contributes to the structure of <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"67e237a57c16927771859803f93ab3\">connective</span> tissues</p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Heparin </strong><strong>(Option C)</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Liver, lungs, spleen, monocytes</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Acts as an <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"b5fc7729f316927771817f809648f5\">anticoagulant</span> by activating <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"fa202015a216927771814a0dc268ba\">antithrombin</span> III, which inactivates <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"ac7e1f394f1692777200c5bb11e4d8\">thrombin</span> and other <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"58c17961c71692777184ab55a9c4df\">clotting</span> factors</p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Chondroitin <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"535af9a2181692777199309af44d24\">Sulfate</span> </strong><strong>(Option B)</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Cartilage, bone, tendons, cornea, skin</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Provides structural support to <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"67e237a57c16927771859803f93ab3\">connective</span> tissues and contributes to their <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"b11364e7ed169277719777251a2bfe\">resilience</span> and elasticity</p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Keratan <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"535af9a2181692777199309af44d24\">Sulfate</span> </strong><strong>(Option A)</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Cornea, cartilage</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\"> </td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Dermatan <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"535af9a2181692777199309af44d24\">Sulfate</span> </strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Skin, blood vessels, heart valves</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Contributes to the structure of the skin, blood vessels, and heart valves</p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n</tbody>\n\n\n<p style='font-size: 10px; color: #808080; font-style: italic;'>@dams_new_robot</p>", "bot": "@dams_new_robot", "audio": "", "video": ""}, {"text": "Which of the following options is correct with respect to a fed state? 1. Insulin secretion is more 2. Glucagon secretion is less 3. Insulin secretions is less 4. Glucagon secretion is more", "options": [{"label": "A", "text": "Only 1", "correct": false}, {"label": "B", "text": "Only 3", "correct": false}, {"label": "C", "text": "Option 1 and 2 are correct", "correct": true}, {"label": "D", "text": "Option 3 and 4 are correct", "correct": false}], "correct_answer": "C. Option 1 and 2 are correct", "question_images": [], "explanation_images": [], "explanation": "\n<table cellspacing=\"0\" style=\"border-collapse:collapse\">\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<ul>\n<li>Fed or <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"3e0d247aa916927771812684526ac0\">anabolic</span> state occurs immediately after a meal when the energy of nutrients (carbohydrate, protein, or fat) is transferred to high energy compounds for immediate use or for storage. <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"255674f3271692777195c172d86daf\">Peripheral</span> tissues (predominantly skeletal muscle) <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"9d374d494a169277718337f2820f3a\">buffer</span> ingested <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"af3ae60c0c16927771889b84ca41c0\">glucose</span> by storing it as glycogen.</li>\n</ul>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<ul>\n<li>Fasted or catabolic state occurs later when the level of available nutrients decreases in the blood, and the stored reserves (initially glycogen) are mobilized to perform work or to generate heat. During prolonged fasting, fat <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"224ea8a9e41692777194e81be113d8\">oxidation</span> and <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"296c955ad216927771900bf1905f13\">ketone</span> bodies are used to meet whole body energy requirements.</li>\n</ul>\n</td>\n</tr>\n</tbody>\n\n\n<p style='font-size: 10px; color: #808080; font-style: italic;'>@dams_new_robot</p>", "bot": "@dams_new_robot", "audio": "", "video": ""}, {"text": "10-year-old boy rapidly develops hypoglycemia after moderate activity. Blood examination reveals raised levels of ketone bodies, lactic acid, and triglycerides.On examination, the liver and kidneys are found to be enlarged.Which of the following deficiencies would be seen in the liver of this child?", "options": [{"label": "A", "text": "Glucose-6-phosphate", "correct": true}, {"label": "B", "text": "Glucose-1-phosphate", "correct": false}, {"label": "C", "text": "Glucose-1,6-diphosphate", "correct": false}, {"label": "D", "text": "Glycosaminoglycans", "correct": false}], "correct_answer": "A. Glucose-6-phosphate", "question_images": [], "explanation_images": [], "explanation": "\n<table cellspacing=\"0\" style=\"border-collapse:collapse; width:624px\">\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid black; border-left:1px solid black; border-right:1px solid black; border-top:1px solid black; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Type</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid black; border-left:none; border-right:1px solid black; border-top:1px solid black; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Name</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid black; border-left:none; border-right:1px solid black; border-top:1px solid black; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Enzyme defect</strong></p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid black; border-left:1px solid black; border-right:1px solid black; border-top:none; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Type 1</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid black; border-left:none; border-right:1px solid black; border-top:none; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Von Gierke's Disease</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid black; border-left:none; border-right:1px solid black; border-top:none; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Glucose-6-phophatase</p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid black; border-left:1px solid black; border-right:1px solid black; border-top:none; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Type 2</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid black; border-left:none; border-right:1px solid black; border-top:none; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Pompe's Disease</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid black; border-left:none; border-right:1px solid black; border-top:none; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Acid maltase/ <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"a9268f2e1d16927771814cfef69cf4\">alpha</span> glucosidase</p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid black; border-left:1px solid black; border-right:1px solid black; border-top:none; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Type 3</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid black; border-left:none; border-right:1px solid black; border-top:none; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Cori's Disease</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid black; border-left:none; border-right:1px solid black; border-top:none; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Debranching enzyme</p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid black; border-left:1px solid black; border-right:1px solid black; border-top:none; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Type 4</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid black; border-left:none; border-right:1px solid black; border-top:none; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Anderson's Disease</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid black; border-left:none; border-right:1px solid black; border-top:none; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Branching enzyme</p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid black; border-left:1px solid black; border-right:1px solid black; border-top:none; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Type 5</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid black; border-left:none; border-right:1px solid black; border-top:none; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>McArdle's Disease</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid black; border-left:none; border-right:1px solid black; border-top:none; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Muscle Phosphorylase</p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid black; border-left:1px solid black; border-right:1px solid black; border-top:none; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Type 6</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid black; border-left:none; border-right:1px solid black; border-top:none; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Hers Disease</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid black; border-left:none; border-right:1px solid black; border-top:none; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Liver phosphorylase</p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid black; border-left:1px solid black; border-right:1px solid black; border-top:none; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Type 7</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid black; border-left:none; border-right:1px solid black; border-top:none; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Tarui's Disease</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid black; border-left:none; border-right:1px solid black; border-top:none; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Phosphoructokinase- I</p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n</tbody>\n\n\n<p style='font-size: 10px; color: #808080; font-style: italic;'>@dams_new_robot</p>", "bot": "@dams_new_robot", "audio": "", "video": ""}, {"text": "Which of the following is deficient in the mucopolysaccharidosis associated with Natowicz disease?", "options": [{"label": "A", "text": "Dermatan sulfate", "correct": false}, {"label": "B", "text": "Heparan sulfate", "correct": false}, {"label": "C", "text": "Keratan sulfate", "correct": false}, {"label": "D", "text": "Hyaluronic acid", "correct": true}], "correct_answer": "D. Hyaluronic acid", "question_images": [], "explanation_images": [], "explanation": "<table cellspacing=\"0\" style=\"border-collapse:collapse; width:625px\">\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>MPS Type</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Enzyme Deficiency</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Accumulated GAG</strong></p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>MPS I (Hurler/Scheie)<br/>\n\t\t\t(Option A ruled out)<br/>\n\t\t\t(Option B ruled out)</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>α-L-iduronidase</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Dermatan sulfate, Heparan sulfate</strong></p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>MPS II (Hunter)<br/>\n\t\t\t(Option A ruled out)<br/>\n\t\t\t(Option B ruled out)</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Iduronate-2-sulfatase</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Dermatan sulfate, Heparan sulfate</strong></p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>MPS III (Sanfilippo)<br/>\n\t\t\t(Option B ruled out)</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Heparan N-sulfatase, etc.</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Heparan sulfate</strong></p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>MPS IV (Morquio)<br/>\n\t\t\t(Option C ruled out)</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Galactosamine-6-sulfatase</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Keratan sulfate</strong></p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>MPS VI (Maroteaux-Lamy)<br/>\n\t\t\t(Option A ruled out)</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Arylsulfatase B</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Dermatan sulfate</strong></p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>MPS VII (Sly)<br/>\n\t\t\t(Option A ruled out)<br/>\n\t\t\t(Option B ruled out)</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>β-Glucuronidase</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Dermatan sulfate, Heparan sulfate</strong></p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>MPS IX (Natowicz)</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Hyaluronidase</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Hyaluronan</strong></p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n</tbody>\n\n\n<p style='font-size: 10px; color: #808080; font-style: italic;'>@dams_new_robot</p>", "bot": "@dams_new_robot", "audio": "", "video": ""}, {"text": "Complex IV is inhibited by?", "options": [{"label": "A", "text": "Rotenone", "correct": false}, {"label": "B", "text": "Cyanide", "correct": true}, {"label": "C", "text": "Carboxin", "correct": false}, {"label": "D", "text": "Antimycin A", "correct": false}], "correct_answer": "B. Cyanide", "question_images": [], "explanation_images": [], "explanation": "<p>Correct Option B\n<table style=\"width:100%\">\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<td>\n<p style=\"text-align:center\"><span><span><span><strong><span><span><span>Topic</span></span></span></strong></span></span></span></p>\n</td>\n<td>\n<p style=\"text-align:center\"><span><span><span><strong><span><span><span>Information</span></span></span></strong></span></span></span></p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td>\n<p><span><span><span><span><span><span>Complex IV</span></span></span></span></span></span></p>\n</td>\n<td>\n<p><span><span><span><span><span><span>Complex IV, also known as <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"29e8e2a5dd16927771855db589c581\">cytochrome</span> c oxidase, is the final <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"0f160e4e42169277718771b715516a\">enzyme</span> in the <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"d416281a201692777187899c00aed8\">electron</span> transport chain located in the inner mitochondrial membrane. It catalyses the transfer of electrons from <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"29e8e2a5dd16927771855db589c581\">cytochrome</span> c to molecular oxygen, generating water and producing a <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"9c823198d61692777196bc71097d6d\">proton</span> <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"04136f692516927771888cf07d46a4\">gradient</span> across the inner mitochondrial membrane.</span></span></span></span></span></span></p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td>\n<p><span><span><span><span><span><span>Cyanide</span></span></span></span></span></span></p>\n</td>\n<td>\n<p><span><span><span><span><span><span>Cyanide is a potent <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"b5fb56a28b1692777190396ae8b625\">inhibitor</span> of Complex IV. It binds to the <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"d4fff554a316927771885dc8700abe\">heme</span> group of <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"29e8e2a5dd16927771855db589c581\">cytochrome</span> c <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"4a14dfa14e1692777194882f818d87\">oxidase</span> and prevents the transfer of electrons to molecular oxygen, thereby <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"9dc12b322016927771830dff673eeb\">blocking</span> the <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"d416281a201692777187899c00aed8\">electron</span> transport chain and halting <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"60d563fe241692777194203742bf5b\">oxidative</span> phosphorylation. <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"2cf30efe831692777185e200487656\">Cyanide</span> <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"072b8af16e1692777196f21b086f92\">poisoning</span> can result in rapid <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"2f3a62230316927771846649e8b780\">cell death</span> due to the cessation of <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"5abb3a7e7f1692777182a8f4c42522\">ATP</span> production. It causes <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"9c1068c4ed16927771892ed05b11d6\">histotoxic</span> hypoxia. </span></span></span></span></span></span></p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td>\n<p><span><span><span><span><span><span>Mechanism of inhibition</span></span></span></span></span></span></p>\n</td>\n<td>\n<p><span><span><span><span><span><span>Cyanide binds to the <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"5a046503cb169277720259dec3f2be\">ferric</span> (Fe3+) <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"a1b06f401f1692777203a53393ba98\">form</span> of the <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"d4fff554a316927771885dc8700abe\">heme</span> group in <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"29e8e2a5dd16927771855db589c581\">cytochrome</span> c <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"4a14dfa14e1692777194882f818d87\">oxidase</span> and converts it to the <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"ffb2e30f4b1692777202053635c365\">ferrous</span> (Fe2+) form, which has a higher <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"227269f3ec1692777180d76a7898dd\">affinity</span> for oxygen. This prevents the transfer of electrons from <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"29e8e2a5dd16927771855db589c581\">cytochrome</span> c to oxygen, effectively halting the <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"d416281a201692777187899c00aed8\">electron</span> transport chain.</span></span></span></span></span></span></p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td>\n<p><span><span><span><span><span><span>Clinical significance</span></span></span></span></span></span></p>\n</td>\n<td>\n<p><span><span><span><span><span><span>Cyanide <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"072b8af16e1692777196f21b086f92\">poisoning</span> can occur through inhalation, ingestion, or <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"5fcb9396d1169277718069dd7fa788\">absorption</span> through the skin. Symptoms of <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"2cf30efe831692777185e200487656\">cyanide</span> <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"072b8af16e1692777196f21b086f92\">poisoning</span> include headache, dizziness, confusion, <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"cfad80a0f716927771979aae100f95\">respiratory</span> distress, and coma. Treatment typically involves administration of antidotes such as hydroxocobalamin, which binds to <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"2cf30efe831692777185e200487656\">cyanide</span> and forms a stable complex that is excreted in the urine.</span></span></span></span></span></span></p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td>\n<p><span><span><span><span><span><span>Use in research</span></span></span></span></span></span></p>\n</td>\n<td>\n<p><span><span><span><span><span><span>Cyanide is commonly used in research as a tool to study Complex IV function and the <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"d416281a201692777187899c00aed8\">electron</span> transport chain. Inhibiting Complex IV with <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"2cf30efe831692777185e200487656\">cyanide</span> can be used to study the <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"f5467ab59316927771863c852a23a6\">downstream</span> effects of <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"60d563fe241692777194203742bf5b\">oxidative</span> <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"619ba5e99c16927771958308fb8687\">phosphorylation</span> inhibition, such as changes in <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"5abb3a7e7f1692777182a8f4c42522\">ATP</span> production, <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"12a6f23332169277718402ca6703e2\">cellular</span> metabolism, and gene expression.</span></span></span></span></span></span></p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n</tbody>\n\n<p style='font-size: 10px; color: #808080; font-style: italic;'>@dams_new_robot</p>", "bot": "@dams_new_robot", "audio": "", "video": ""}, {"text": "Which metabolic pathway is hindered by Fluoroacetate, a constituent found in pesticides?", "options": [{"label": "A", "text": "TCA cycle", "correct": true}, {"label": "B", "text": "Glycolytic pathway", "correct": false}, {"label": "C", "text": "Oxidative phosphorylation", "correct": false}, {"label": "D", "text": "ETC", "correct": false}], "correct_answer": "A. TCA cycle", "question_images": [], "explanation_images": [], "explanation": "<p>Correct Option A - TCA\n\n\n<p style='font-size: 10px; color: #808080; font-style: italic;'>@dams_new_robot</p>", "bot": "@dams_new_robot", "audio": "", "video": ""}, {"text": "Which of the following is the best screening investigation for metabolic disorders?", "options": [{"label": "A", "text": "Western blot", "correct": false}, {"label": "B", "text": "Tandem mass spectrometry", "correct": true}, {"label": "C", "text": "PCR", "correct": false}, {"label": "D", "text": "Gel electrophoresis", "correct": false}], "correct_answer": "B. Tandem mass spectrometry", "question_images": [], "explanation_images": [], "explanation": "<p>Correct Option B - &lt;span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"c858ea15bb16927772004ee4b1da6a\"&gt;Tandem&lt;/span&g\n\n\n<p style='font-size: 10px; color: #808080; font-style: italic;'>@dams_new_robot</p>", "bot": "@dams_new_robot", "audio": "", "video": ""}, {"text": "Which of the following is the best method to measure HbA1C?", "options": [{"label": "A", "text": "Isoelectric focusing", "correct": false}, {"label": "B", "text": "Affinity chromatography", "correct": false}, {"label": "C", "text": "Ion exchange chromatography", "correct": true}, {"label": "D", "text": "Electrophoresis", "correct": false}], "correct_answer": "C. Ion exchange chromatography", "question_images": [], "explanation_images": [], "explanation": "<p>Correct Option C - &lt;span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"4b2f2a6d0a16927771902f60fa9ff7\"&gt;Ion&lt;/span&gt; exchange chromatograph\n\n\n<p style='font-size: 10px; color: #808080; font-style: italic;'>@dams_new_robot</p>", "bot": "@dams_new_robot", "audio": "", "video": ""}, {"text": "Which of the following enzymes is irreversible step in gluconeogenesis?", "options": [{"label": "A", "text": "Pyruvate carboxylase", "correct": false}, {"label": "B", "text": "Phosphoenolpyruvate carboxylase", "correct": false}, {"label": "C", "text": "Pyruvate kinase", "correct": true}, {"label": "D", "text": "Glucose-6-phosphatase", "correct": false}], "correct_answer": "C. Pyruvate kinase", "question_images": [], "explanation_images": ["https://image.prepladder.com/content/IhbrTJqVmB8vpn4ncJWK1714733708.png"], "explanation": "<p>Correct Option C - Pyruvate k\n\n\n<p style='font-size: 10px; color: #808080; font-style: italic;'>@dams_new_robot</p>", "bot": "@dams_new_robot", "audio": "", "video": ""}, {"text": "Which of the following statements is false regarding proteoglycans?", "options": [{"label": "A", "text": "Carries negative charge", "correct": false}, {"label": "B", "text": "Chondroitin sulfate is a glycosaminoglycans", "correct": false}, {"label": "C", "text": "Made of amino acids and sugars", "correct": false}, {"label": "D", "text": "Holds less water", "correct": true}], "correct_answer": "D. Holds less water", "question_images": [], "explanation_images": [], "explanation": "<p>Correct Option D\n\n\n<p style='font-size: 10px; color: #808080; font-style: italic;'>@dams_new_robot</p>", "bot": "@dams_new_robot", "audio": "", "video": ""}, {"text": "The graph shown below is the titration curve of a biochemical compound. Which of the following statement is true?", "options": [{"label": "A", "text": "The maximum buffering capacity of the compound is represented by points A and B", "correct": true}, {"label": "B", "text": "The points A and B represent the range of maximum ionization of the amine and carboxyl group", "correct": false}, {"label": "C", "text": "The compound has three ionizable side chains", "correct": false}, {"label": "D", "text": "The compound has one ionizable group", "correct": false}], "correct_answer": "A. The maximum buffering capacity of the compound is represented by points A and B", "question_images": ["https://image.prepladder.com/content/WaOM5m4t7egTYVk1EHoP1714732192.png"], "explanation_images": [], "explanation": "<p>Correct Option A\n\n\n<p style='font-size: 10px; color: #808080; font-style: italic;'>@dams_new_robot</p>", "bot": "@dams_new_robot", "audio": "", "video": ""}, {"text": "If an individual is following a diet solely comprised of carbohydrates, what would be the respiratory quotient?", "options": [{"label": "A", "text": "0.7", "correct": false}, {"label": "B", "text": "0.8", "correct": false}, {"label": "C", "text": "1", "correct": true}, {"label": "D", "text": "1.2", "correct": false}], "correct_answer": "C. 1", "question_images": [], "explanation_images": [], "explanation": "<p>Correct Option C - \n\n<p style='font-size: 10px; color: #808080; font-style: italic;'>@dams_new_robot</p>", "bot": "@dams_new_robot", "audio": "", "video": ""}, {"text": "Which among the following has low glycemic index?", "options": [{"label": "A", "text": "Easily digestible", "correct": false}, {"label": "B", "text": "Increases plasma glucose", "correct": false}, {"label": "C", "text": "Has slower absorption", "correct": true}, {"label": "D", "text": "Increase glycogen deposits", "correct": false}], "correct_answer": "C. Has slower absorption", "question_images": [], "explanation_images": [], "explanation": "<p>Correct option C - H\n<table align=\"center\" cellspacing=\"0\" style=\"border-collapse:collapse\">\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid black; border-left:1px solid black; border-right:1px solid black; border-top:1px solid black; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Food Type</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid black; border-left:none; border-right:1px solid black; border-top:1px solid black; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Glycemic Index (GI)</strong></p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid black; border-left:1px solid black; border-right:1px solid black; border-top:none; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>White Bread</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid black; border-left:none; border-right:1px solid black; border-top:none; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>70</p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid black; border-left:1px solid black; border-right:1px solid black; border-top:none; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Brown Rice</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid black; border-left:none; border-right:1px solid black; border-top:none; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>50</p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid black; border-left:1px solid black; border-right:1px solid black; border-top:none; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Watermelon</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid black; border-left:none; border-right:1px solid black; border-top:none; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>72</p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid black; border-left:1px solid black; border-right:1px solid black; border-top:none; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Sweet Potato</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid black; border-left:none; border-right:1px solid black; border-top:none; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>70</p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid black; border-left:1px solid black; border-right:1px solid black; border-top:none; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Oatmeal</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid black; border-left:none; border-right:1px solid black; border-top:none; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>55</p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid black; border-left:1px solid black; border-right:1px solid black; border-top:none; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>White Potato</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid black; border-left:none; border-right:1px solid black; border-top:none; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>85</p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid black; border-left:1px solid black; border-right:1px solid black; border-top:none; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Carrots</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid black; border-left:none; border-right:1px solid black; border-top:none; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>35</p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid black; border-left:1px solid black; border-right:1px solid black; border-top:none; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Apples</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid black; border-left:none; border-right:1px solid black; border-top:none; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>39</p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid black; border-left:1px solid black; border-right:1px solid black; border-top:none; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Bananas</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid black; border-left:none; border-right:1px solid black; border-top:none; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>62</p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid black; border-left:1px solid black; border-right:1px solid black; border-top:none; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Chickpeas</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid black; border-left:none; border-right:1px solid black; border-top:none; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>33</p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid black; border-left:1px solid black; border-right:1px solid black; border-top:none; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Whole Wheat Bread</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid black; border-left:none; border-right:1px solid black; border-top:none; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>69</p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid black; border-left:1px solid black; border-right:1px solid black; border-top:none; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Lentils</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid black; border-left:none; border-right:1px solid black; border-top:none; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>29</p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid black; border-left:1px solid black; border-right:1px solid black; border-top:none; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Oranges</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid black; border-left:none; border-right:1px solid black; border-top:none; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>40</p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid black; border-left:1px solid black; border-right:1px solid black; border-top:none; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Milk (whole)</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid black; border-left:none; border-right:1px solid black; border-top:none; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>27</p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid black; border-left:1px solid black; border-right:1px solid black; border-top:none; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Pineapple</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid black; border-left:none; border-right:1px solid black; border-top:none; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>59</p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n</tbody>\n\n<p style='font-size: 10px; color: #808080; font-style: italic;'>@dams_new_robot</p>", "bot": "@dams_new_robot", "audio": "", "video": ""}, {"text": "A newborn baby refuses breast milk since the 2 nd day of birth but accepts glucose water. He develops vomiting and severe jaundice by the 5 th day. Benedict’s test was positive for urine, and blood glucose was low. The most likely cause is due to the deficiency of:", "options": [{"label": "A", "text": "Aldose reductase", "correct": false}, {"label": "B", "text": "Galactokinase", "correct": false}, {"label": "C", "text": "Galactose-1-phosphate uridyl transferase", "correct": true}, {"label": "D", "text": "UDP galactose-4- epimerase", "correct": false}], "correct_answer": "C. Galactose-1-phosphate uridyl transferase", "question_images": [], "explanation_images": [], "explanation": "<p>Correct Option C - Galactose-1-phosphate u\n\n\n<p style='font-size: 10px; color: #808080; font-style: italic;'>@dams_new_robot</p>", "bot": "@dams_new_robot", "audio": "", "video": ""}, {"text": "Except for which of the following, all are cofactors for Dehydrogenase?", "options": [{"label": "A", "text": "NADP", "correct": false}, {"label": "B", "text": "FAD", "correct": false}, {"label": "C", "text": "NAD", "correct": false}, {"label": "D", "text": "SAM", "correct": true}], "correct_answer": "D. SAM", "question_images": [], "explanation_images": [], "explanation": "<p>Correct Option D - SAM\n\n\n<p style='font-size: 10px; color: #808080; font-style: italic;'>@dams_new_robot</p>", "bot": "@dams_new_robot", "audio": "", "video": ""}, {"text": "What is the most frequently occurring amino acid in collagen?", "options": [{"label": "A", "text": "Proline", "correct": false}, {"label": "B", "text": "Lucine", "correct": false}, {"label": "C", "text": "Arginine", "correct": false}, {"label": "D", "text": "Glycine", "correct": true}], "correct_answer": "D. Glycine", "question_images": [], "explanation_images": [], "explanation": "<p>Correct Option D - G\n\n\n<p style='font-size: 10px; color: #808080; font-style: italic;'>@dams_new_robot</p>", "bot": "@dams_new_robot", "audio": "", "video": ""}, {"text": "Which specific glucose transporter is present in the skeletal muscle?", "options": [{"label": "A", "text": "GLUT 1", "correct": false}, {"label": "B", "text": "GLUT 2", "correct": false}, {"label": "C", "text": "GLUT 3", "correct": false}, {"label": "D", "text": "GLUT 4", "correct": true}], "correct_answer": "D. GLUT 4", "question_images": [], "explanation_images": [], "explanation": "<p>Correct Option D - GLUT 4\n<table cellspacing=\"0\" style=\"border-collapse:collapse\">\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid black; border-left:1px solid black; border-right:1px solid black; border-top:1px solid black; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Glut Transporters</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid black; border-left:none; border-right:1px solid black; border-top:1px solid black; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Locations</p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid black; border-left:1px solid black; border-right:1px solid black; border-top:none; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>GLUT 1</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid black; border-left:none; border-right:1px solid black; border-top:none; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Neurons, RBCs, and Placenta</p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid black; border-left:1px solid black; border-right:1px solid black; border-top:none; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>GLUT 2</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid black; border-left:none; border-right:1px solid black; border-top:none; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Enterocytes, Hepatocytes, βcells of pancreas, <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"bdbac654081692777196f9aab116f0\">Proximal</span> <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"3ddb367f1c16927771854815522adf\">convoluted</span> tubule</p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid black; border-left:1px solid black; border-right:1px solid black; border-top:none; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>GLUT 3</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid black; border-left:none; border-right:1px solid black; border-top:none; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Neurons, RBCs, and Placenta</p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid black; border-left:1px solid black; border-right:1px solid black; border-top:none; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>GLUT 4</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid black; border-left:none; border-right:1px solid black; border-top:none; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Insulin Dependent <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"af3ae60c0c16927771889b84ca41c0\">Glucose</span> <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"cc20d2d7111692777201fb0caeb3f2\">Uptake</span> in Skeletal Muscles, <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"e1fb96fd2416927771830dfed40e14\">Cardiac</span> Muscles and <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"5c2a4a949d16927771802ba54640cc\">Adipose</span> Tissues</p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid black; border-left:1px solid black; border-right:1px solid black; border-top:none; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>GLUT 5</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid black; border-left:none; border-right:1px solid black; border-top:none; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Fructose <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"5fcb9396d1169277718069dd7fa788\">Absorption</span> along the intestine.</p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n</tbody>\n\n<p style='font-size: 10px; color: #808080; font-style: italic;'>@dams_new_robot</p>", "bot": "@dams_new_robot", "audio": "", "video": ""}, {"text": "Gluconeogenesis is inhibited by", "options": [{"label": "A", "text": "Insulin", "correct": true}, {"label": "B", "text": "Glucagon", "correct": false}, {"label": "C", "text": "Lactate", "correct": false}, {"label": "D", "text": "None of above", "correct": false}], "correct_answer": "A. Insulin", "question_images": [], "explanation_images": [], "explanation": "\n<table cellspacing=\"0\" style=\"border-collapse:collapse; width:576px\">\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Regulator of gluconeogenesis</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Effect</p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Insulin</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Inhibits</p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Glucagon</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Stimulates</p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Cortisol</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Stimulates</p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Epinephrine</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Stimulates</p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Growth Hormone</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Stimulates</p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Low blood <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"af3ae60c0c16927771889b84ca41c0\">glucose</span> levels</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Stimulates</p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n</tbody>\n\n<p style='font-size: 10px; color: #808080; font-style: italic;'>@dams_new_robot</p>", "bot": "@dams_new_robot", "audio": "", "video": ""}, {"text": "Which of the options listed below possesses both protective and lubricating qualities?", "options": [{"label": "A", "text": "Collagen", "correct": false}, {"label": "B", "text": "Mucin", "correct": true}, {"label": "C", "text": "Albumin", "correct": false}, {"label": "D", "text": "Immunoglobulin", "correct": false}], "correct_answer": "B. Mucin", "question_images": [], "explanation_images": [], "explanation": "<p>Correct Option B - Mu\n\n<p style='font-size: 10px; color: #808080; font-style: italic;'>@dams_new_robot</p>", "bot": "@dams_new_robot", "audio": "", "video": ""}, {"text": "In a fasting state, glucagon promotes the production of glucose by which of the following pathways?", "options": [{"label": "A", "text": "Glycolysis and gluconeogenesis", "correct": false}, {"label": "B", "text": "Gluconeogenesis and glycogenolysis", "correct": true}, {"label": "C", "text": "Glycogenesis and gluconeogenesis", "correct": false}, {"label": "D", "text": "Only gluconeogenesis", "correct": false}], "correct_answer": "B. Gluconeogenesis and glycogenolysis", "question_images": [], "explanation_images": [], "explanation": "<p>Correct Option B - &lt;span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"724a9faafe1692777188ca8840ec5c\"&gt;Gluconeogenesis&lt;/span&gt; and glycog\n\n<p style='font-size: 10px; color: #808080; font-style: italic;'>@dams_new_robot</p>", "bot": "@dams_new_robot", "audio": "", "video": ""}]; if (!Array.isArray(questions) || questions.length === 0) { throw new Error("Questions data is empty or invalid"); } debugLog(`Successfully parsed ${questions.length} questions`); } catch (e) { console.error("Failed to parse questions_json:", e); document.getElementById('error-message').innerHTML = "Error loading quiz data. Please check the console for details or contact support."; document.getElementById('error-message').classList.remove('hidden'); document.getElementById('start-test').disabled = true; // Fallback to sample questions for testing questions = [ { text: "What is 2 + 2?", options: [ { label: "A", text: "3", correct: false }, { label: "B", text: "4", correct: true }, { label: "C", text: "5", correct: false }, { label: "D", text: "6", correct: false } ], correct_answer: "B. 4", question_images: [], explanation_images: [], explanation: "<p>2 + 2 = 4</p><p>@dams_new_robot</p>", bot: "@dams_new_robot", audio: "", video: "" } ]; debugLog("Loaded fallback questions"); } // Quiz state let currentQuestion = 0; let answers = new Array(questions.length).fill(null); let markedForReview = new Array(questions.length).fill(false); let timeRemaining = 39 * 60; // Duration in seconds let timerInterval = null; const quizId = `{title.replace(/\s+/g, '_').toLowerCase()}`; // Unique ID for local storage // Load saved progress function loadProgress() { try { debugLog("Loading progress from localStorage"); const saved = localStorage.getItem(`quiz_${quizId}`); if (saved) { const { savedAnswers, savedMarked, savedTime } = JSON.parse(saved); answers = savedAnswers || answers; markedForReview = savedMarked || markedForReview; timeRemaining = savedTime !== undefined ? savedTime : timeRemaining; debugLog("Progress loaded successfully"); } else { debugLog("No saved progress found"); } } catch (e) { console.error("Error loading progress:", e); debugLog("Failed to load progress: " + e.message); } } // Save progress function saveProgress() { try { debugLog("Saving progress to localStorage"); localStorage.setItem(`quiz_${quizId}`, JSON.stringify({ savedAnswers: answers, savedMarked: markedForReview, savedTime: timeRemaining })); debugLog("Progress saved successfully"); } catch (e) { console.error("Error saving progress:", e); debugLog("Failed to save progress: " + e.message); } } // Initialize quiz function initQuiz() { try { debugLog("Initializing quiz"); loadProgress(); const startButton = document.getElementById('start-test'); if (!startButton) { throw new Error("Start test button not found"); } startButton.addEventListener('click', startQuiz); debugLog("Start test button listener attached"); document.getElementById('previous-btn').addEventListener('click', showPreviousQuestion); document.getElementById('next-btn').addEventListener('click', showNextQuestion); document.getElementById('mark-review').addEventListener('click', toggleMarkForReview); document.getElementById('nav-toggle').addEventListener('click', toggleNavPanel); document.getElementById('submit-test').addEventListener('click', showSubmitModal); document.getElementById('continue-test').addEventListener('click', closeExitModal); document.getElementById('exit-test').addEventListener('click', () => { debugLog("Exiting test"); localStorage.removeItem(`quiz_${quizId}`); window.location.reload(); }); document.getElementById('cancel-submit').addEventListener('click', closeSubmitModal); document.getElementById('confirm-submit').addEventListener('click', submitTest); document.getElementById('take-again').addEventListener('click', () => { debugLog("Restarting test"); localStorage.removeItem(`quiz_${quizId}`); window.location.reload(); }); document.getElementById('review-test').addEventListener('click', () => showResults(currentResultQuestion)); document.getElementById('close-nav').addEventListener('click', toggleNavPanel); document.getElementById('theme-toggle').addEventListener('click', toggleTheme); document.getElementById('nav-filter').addEventListener('change', updateNavPanel); document.getElementById('prev-result').addEventListener('click', showPreviousResult); document.getElementById('next-result').addEventListener('click', showNextResult); document.getElementById('results-nav-toggle').addEventListener('click', toggleResultsNavPanel); document.getElementById('close-results-nav').addEventListener('click', toggleResultsNavPanel); document.getElementById('results-nav-filter').addEventListener('change', updateResultsNavPanel); debugLog("Quiz initialized successfully"); } catch (e) { console.error("Failed to initialize quiz:", e); debugLog("Failed to initialize quiz: " + e.message); document.getElementById('error-message').innerHTML = "Error initializing quiz. Please check the console for details or contact support."; document.getElementById('error-message').classList.remove('hidden'); document.getElementById('start-test').disabled = true; } } // Start quiz function startQuiz() { try { debugLog("Starting quiz"); document.getElementById('instructions').classList.add('hidden'); document.getElementById('quiz').classList.remove('hidden'); showQuestion(currentQuestion); startTimer(); updateNavPanel(); debugLog("Quiz started successfully"); } catch (e) { console.error("Error starting quiz:", e); debugLog("Failed to start quiz: " + e.message); document.getElementById('error-message').innerHTML = "Error starting quiz. Please check the console for details or contact support."; document.getElementById('error-message').classList.remove('hidden'); document.getElementById('quiz').classList.add('hidden'); document.getElementById('instructions').classList.remove('hidden'); } } // Show question function showQuestion(index) { try { debugLog(`Showing question ${index + 1}`); currentQuestion = index; const q = questions[index]; if (!q) { throw new Error(`Question ${index} is undefined`); } document.getElementById('question-number').innerHTML = `Question <span>${index + 1}</span> of ${questions.length}`; document.getElementById('question-text').innerHTML = q.text || "No question text available"; const imagesDiv = document.getElementById('question-images'); imagesDiv.innerHTML = q.question_images && q.question_images.length > 0 ? q.question_images.map(url => `<img src="${url}" alt="Question Image" class="max-w-full h-auto rounded-lg">`).join('') : ''; const optionsDiv = document.getElementById('options'); optionsDiv.innerHTML = q.options && q.options.length > 0 ? q.options.map(opt => ` <button class="option-btn w-full text-left p-3 border rounded-lg ${answers[index] === opt.label ? 'selected' : ''}" onclick="selectOption(${index}, '${opt.label}')" aria-label="Option ${opt.label}: ${opt.text}"> ${opt.label}. ${opt.text} </button> `).join('') : '<p class="text-red-500">No options available</p>'; document.getElementById('previous-btn').disabled = index === 0; document.getElementById('next-btn').disabled = index === questions.length - 1; document.getElementById('mark-review').classList.toggle('marked', markedForReview[index]); updateProgressBar(); saveProgress(); window.scrollTo({ top: 0, behavior: 'smooth' }); debugLog(`Question ${index + 1} displayed successfully`); } catch (e) { console.error("Error displaying question:", e); debugLog("Failed to display question: " + e.message); } } // Select option function selectOption(index, label) { try { debugLog(`Selecting option ${label} for question ${index + 1}`); answers[index] = label; const optionsDiv = document.getElementById('options'); const optionButtons = optionsDiv.querySelectorAll('.option-btn'); optionButtons.forEach(btn => { const btnLabel = btn.textContent.trim().split('.')[0]; btn.classList.toggle('selected', btnLabel === label); }); updateNavPanel(); saveProgress(); debugLog(`Option ${label} selected for question ${index + 1}`); } catch (e) { console.error("Error selecting option:", e); debugLog("Failed to select option: " + e.message); } } // Toggle mark for review function toggleMarkForReview() { try { debugLog(`Toggling mark for review on question ${currentQuestion + 1}`); markedForReview[currentQuestion] = !markedForReview[currentQuestion]; document.getElementById('mark-review').classList.toggle('marked', markedForReview[currentQuestion]); updateNavPanel(); saveProgress(); debugLog(`Mark for review toggled for question ${currentQuestion + 1}`); } catch (e) { console.error("Error marking for review:", e); debugLog("Failed to mark for review: " + e.message); } } // Navigate to previous question function showPreviousQuestion() { try { debugLog(`Navigating to previous question from ${currentQuestion + 1}`); if (currentQuestion > 0) { currentQuestion--; showQuestion(currentQuestion); } } catch (e) { console.error("Error navigating to previous question:", e); debugLog("Failed to navigate to previous question: " + e.message); } } // Navigate to next question function showNextQuestion() { try { debugLog(`Navigating to next question from ${currentQuestion + 1}`); if (currentQuestion < questions.length - 1) { currentQuestion++; showQuestion(currentQuestion); } } catch (e) { console.error("Error navigating to next question:", e); debugLog("Failed to navigate to next question: " + e.message); } } // Handle question navigation click function handleQuestionNavClick(index) { try { debugLog(`Navigating to question ${index + 1} via nav panel`); showQuestion(index); toggleNavPanel(); } catch (e) { console.error("Error handling navigation click:", e); debugLog("Failed to navigate via nav panel: " + e.message); } } // Start timer function startTimer() { try { debugLog("Starting timer"); timerInterval = setInterval(() => { if (timeRemaining <= 0) { debugLog("Timer expired, submitting test"); clearInterval(timerInterval); submitTest(); } else { timeRemaining--; const minutes = Math.floor(timeRemaining / 60); const seconds = timeRemaining % 60; document.getElementById('timer').innerHTML = `Time Remaining: <span>${minutes.toString().padStart(2, '0')}:${seconds.toString().padStart(2, '0')}</span>`; saveProgress(); } }, 1000); debugLog("Timer started successfully"); } catch (e) { console.error("Error starting timer:", e); debugLog("Failed to start timer: " + e.message); } } // Update progress bar function updateProgressBar() { try { debugLog("Updating progress bar"); const progress = ((currentQuestion + 1) / questions.length) * 100; document.getElementById('progress-bar').style.width = `${progress}%`; debugLog("Progress bar updated"); } catch (e) { console.error("Error updating progress bar:", e); debugLog("Failed to update progress bar: " + e.message); } } // Update quiz navigation panel function updateNavPanel() { try { debugLog("Updating quiz navigation panel"); const filter = document.getElementById('nav-filter').value; const navGrid = document.getElementById('nav-grid'); navGrid.innerHTML = questions.map((_, i) => { if (filter === 'answered' && !answers[i]) return ''; if (filter === 'unanswered' && answers[i]) return ''; if (filter === 'marked' && !markedForReview[i]) return ''; return ` <button class="question-nav-btn ${answers[i] ? 'answered' : 'unanswered'} ${markedForReview[i] ? 'marked-nav' : ''}" onclick="handleQuestionNavClick(${i})" aria-label="Go to Question ${i + 1}"> ${i + 1} </button> `; }).join(''); debugLog("Quiz navigation panel updated"); } catch (e) { console.error("Error updating quiz navigation panel:", e); debugLog("Failed to update quiz navigation panel: " + e.message); } } // Update results navigation panel function updateResultsNavPanel() { try { debugLog("Updating results navigation panel"); const filter = document.getElementById('results-nav-filter').value; const navGrid = document.getElementById('results-nav-grid'); navGrid.innerHTML = questions.map((_, i) => { if (filter === 'answered' && !answers[i]) return ''; if (filter === 'unanswered' && answers[i]) return ''; if (filter === 'marked' && !markedForReview[i]) return ''; return ` <button class="result-nav-btn-grid ${answers[i] ? 'answered' : 'unanswered'} ${markedForReview[i] ? 'marked-nav' : ''}" onclick="handleResultNavClick(${i})" aria-label="Go to Result for Question ${i + 1}"> ${i + 1} </button> `; }).join(''); debugLog("Results navigation panel updated"); } catch (e) { console.error("Error updating results navigation panel:", e); debugLog("Failed to update results navigation panel: " + e.message); } } // Toggle quiz navigation panel function toggleNavPanel() { try { debugLog("Toggling quiz navigation panel"); const navPanel = document.getElementById('nav-panel'); navPanel.classList.toggle('hidden'); debugLog("Quiz navigation panel toggled"); } catch (e) { console.error("Error toggling quiz navigation panel:", e); debugLog("Failed to toggle quiz navigation panel: " + e.message); } } // Toggle results navigation panel function toggleResultsNavPanel() { try { debugLog("Toggling results navigation panel"); const resultsNavPanel = document.getElementById('results-nav-panel'); resultsNavPanel.classList.toggle('hidden'); if (!resultsNavPanel.classList.contains('hidden')) { updateResultsNavPanel(); } debugLog("Results navigation panel toggled"); } catch (e) { console.error("Error toggling results navigation panel:", e); debugLog("Failed to toggle results navigation panel: " + e.message); } } // Handle result navigation click function handleResultNavClick(index) { try { debugLog(`Navigating to result for question ${index + 1} via nav panel`); showResults(index); toggleResultsNavPanel(); } catch (e) { console.error("Error handling result navigation click:", e); debugLog("Failed to navigate to result: " + e.message); } } // Show submit modal function showSubmitModal() { try { debugLog("Showing submit modal"); const attempted = answers.filter(a => a !== null).length; document.getElementById('attempted-count').textContent = attempted; document.getElementById('unattempted-count').textContent = questions.length - attempted; document.getElementById('submit-modal').classList.remove('hidden'); debugLog("Submit modal displayed"); } catch (e) { console.error("Error showing submit modal:", e); debugLog("Failed to show submit modal: " + e.message); } } // Close submit modal function closeSubmitModal() { try { debugLog("Closing submit modal"); document.getElementById('submit-modal').classList.add('hidden'); debugLog("Submit modal closed"); } catch (e) { console.error("Error closing submit modal:", e); debugLog("Failed to close submit modal: " + e.message); } } // Close exit modal function closeExitModal() { try { debugLog("Closing exit modal"); document.getElementById('exit-modal').classList.add('hidden'); debugLog("Exit modal closed"); } catch (e) { console.error("Error closing exit modal:", e); debugLog("Failed to close exit modal: " + e.message); } } // Submit test function submitTest() { try { debugLog("Submitting test"); clearInterval(timerInterval); document.getElementById('quiz').classList.add('hidden'); document.getElementById('submit-modal').classList.add('hidden'); document.getElementById('results').classList.remove('hidden'); showResults(0); // Start with first question // Trigger confetti animation confetti({ particleCount: 100, spread: 70, origin: { y: 0.6 } }); localStorage.removeItem(`quiz_${quizId}`); debugLog("Test submitted successfully"); } catch (e) { console.error("Error submitting test:", e); debugLog("Failed to submit test: " + e.message); } } // Show result for a single question function showResults(index) { try { debugLog(`Showing result for question ${index + 1}`); currentResultQuestion = index; let correct = 0, wrong = 0, unanswered = 0, marked = 0; answers.forEach((answer, i) => { const isCorrect = answer && questions[i].options.find(opt => opt.label === answer)?.correct; if (answer === null) unanswered++; else if (isCorrect) correct++; else wrong++; if (markedForReview[i]) marked++; }); const q = questions[index]; if (!q) { throw new Error(`Question ${index} is undefined`); } const userAnswer = answers[index]; const isCorrect = userAnswer && q.options.find(opt => opt.label === userAnswer)?.correct; const resultsContent = document.getElementById('results-content'); resultsContent.innerHTML = ` <div class="border p-4 rounded-lg ${isCorrect ? 'bg-green-50' : userAnswer ? 'bg-red-50' : 'bg-gray-50'}"> <p class="font-semibold">Question ${index + 1}: ${q.text || 'No question text'}</p> ${q.question_images && q.question_images.length > 0 ? q.question_images.map(url => `<img src="${url}" alt="Question Image" class="max-w-full h-auto rounded-lg my-2">`).join('') : ''} <p><strong>Your Answer:</strong> ${userAnswer ? `${userAnswer}. ${q.options.find(opt => opt.label === userAnswer)?.text || 'Invalid option'}` : 'Unanswered'}</p> <p><strong>Correct Answer:</strong> ${q.correct_answer || 'Unknown'}</p> <div class="mt-2">${q.explanation || 'No explanation available'}</div> ${q.explanation_images && q.explanation_images.length > 0 ? q.explanation_images.map(url => `<img src="${url}" alt="Explanation Image" class="max-w-full h-auto rounded-lg my-2">`).join('') : ''} ${q.video ? ` <button class="play-video bg-blue-500 text-white px-4 py-2 rounded-lg mt-2" onclick="loadVideo(this, '${q.video}', 'video-${index}')" aria-label="Play explanation video for Question ${index + 1}"> Play Video Explanation </button> <div id="video-${index}" class="video-container mt-2"></div> ` : '<p class="text-gray-500 mt-2">No video available</p>'} ${q.audio ? ` <button class="play-audio bg-blue-500 text-white px-4 py-2 rounded-lg mt-2" onclick="loadAudio(this, '${q.audio}', 'audio-${index}')" aria-label="Play audio explanation for Question ${index + 1}"> Play Audio Explanation </button> <div id="audio-${index}" class="audio-container mt-2"></div> ` : ''} </div> `; document.getElementById('correct-count').textContent = correct; document.getElementById('wrong-count').textContent = wrong; document.getElementById('unanswered-count').textContent = unanswered; document.getElementById('marked-count').textContent = marked; document.getElementById('result-question-number').innerHTML = `Question <span>${index + 1}</span> of ${questions.length}`; document.getElementById('prev-result').disabled = index === 0; document.getElementById('next-result').disabled = index === questions.length - 1; updateResultsNavPanel(); window.scrollTo({ top: 0, behavior: 'smooth' }); debugLog(`Result for question ${index + 1} displayed successfully`); } catch (e) { console.error("Error displaying result:", e); debugLog("Failed to display result: " + e.message); } } // Navigate to previous result function showPreviousResult() { try { debugLog(`Navigating to previous result from question ${currentResultQuestion + 1}`); if (currentResultQuestion > 0) { showResults(currentResultQuestion - 1); } } catch (e) { console.error("Error navigating to previous result:", e); debugLog("Failed to navigate to previous result: " + e.message); } } // Navigate to next result function showNextResult() { try { debugLog(`Navigating to next result from question ${currentResultQuestion + 1}`); if (currentResultQuestion < questions.length - 1) { showResults(currentResultQuestion + 1); } } catch (e) { console.error("Error navigating to next result:", e); debugLog("Failed to navigate to next result: " + e.message); } } // Lazy-load video function loadVideo(button, videoUrl, containerId) { try { debugLog(`Loading video for ${containerId}: ${videoUrl}`); if (!videoUrl) { const container = document.getElementById(containerId); container.innerHTML = `<p class="text-gray-500">No video available</p>`; button.remove(); debugLog("No video URL provided"); return; } const container = document.getElementById(containerId); container.innerHTML = ` <div class="video-loading"></div> <video controls class="w-full max-w-[600px] rounded-lg" preload="metadata" aria-label="Video explanation"> <source src="${videoUrl}" type="${videoUrl.endsWith('.m3u8') ? 'application/x-mpegURL' : 'video/mp4'}"> Your browser does not support the video tag. </video> `; container.classList.add('active'); button.remove(); // Initialize HLS.js for .m3u8 videos const video = container.querySelector('video'); if (videoUrl.endsWith('.m3u8') && Hls.isSupported()) { const hls = new Hls(); hls.loadSource(videoUrl); hls.attachMedia(video); hls.on(Hls.Events.ERROR, (event, data) => { console.error("HLS.js error:", data); container.innerHTML = `<p class="text-red-500">Error loading video. <a href="${videoUrl}" target="_blank" aria-label="Open video in new tab">Open video</a></p>`; debugLog("HLS.js error: " + JSON.stringify(data)); }); } else if (videoUrl.endsWith('.m3u8') && video.canPlayType('application/vnd.apple.mpegurl')) { video.src = videoUrl; } // Handle video load errors video.onerror = () => { console.error("Video load error for URL:", videoUrl); container.innerHTML = `<p class="text-red-500">Error loading video. <a href="${videoUrl}" target="_blank" aria-label="Open video in new tab">Open video</a></p>`; debugLog("Video load error for URL: " + videoUrl); }; // Remove loading spinner when video is ready video.onloadedmetadata = () => { container.querySelector('.video-loading').remove(); debugLog("Video loaded successfully"); }; } catch (e) { console.error("Error loading video:", e); debugLog("Failed to load video: " + e.message); const container = document.getElementById(containerId); container.innerHTML = `<p class="text-red-500">Error loading video. <a href="${videoUrl}" target="_blank" aria-label="Open video in new tab">Open video</a></p>`; } } // Lazy-load audio function loadAudio(button, audioUrl, containerId) { try { debugLog(`Loading audio for ${containerId}: ${audioUrl}`); if (!audioUrl) { const container = document.getElementById(containerId); container.innerHTML = `<p class="text-gray-500">No audio available</p>`; button.remove(); debugLog("No audio URL provided"); return; } const container = document.getElementById(containerId); container.innerHTML = ` <audio controls class="w-full max-w-[600px]" preload="metadata" aria-label="Audio explanation"> <source src="${audioUrl}" type="audio/mpeg"> Your browser does not support the audio tag. </audio> `; container.classList.add('active'); button.remove(); // Handle audio load errors const audio = container.querySelector('audio'); audio.onerror = () => { console.error("Audio load error for URL:", audioUrl); container.innerHTML = `<p class="text-red-500">Error loading audio. <a href="${audioUrl}" target="_blank" aria-label="Open audio in new tab">Open audio</a></p>`; debugLog("Audio load error for URL: " + audioUrl); }; debugLog("Audio loaded successfully"); } catch (e) { console.error("Error loading audio:", e); debugLog("Failed to load audio: " + e.message); const container = document.getElementById(containerId); container.innerHTML = `<p class="text-red-500">Error loading audio. <a href="${audioUrl}" target="_blank" aria-label="Open audio in new tab">Open audio</a></p>`; } } // Toggle dark mode function toggleTheme() { try { debugLog("Toggling theme"); document.documentElement.classList.toggle('dark'); localStorage.setItem('theme', document.documentElement.classList.contains('dark') ? 'dark' : 'light'); debugLog("Theme toggled successfully"); } catch (e) { console.error("Error toggling theme:", e); debugLog("Failed to toggle theme: " + e.message); } } // Load theme preference function loadTheme() { try { debugLog("Loading theme preference"); const theme = localStorage.getItem('theme'); if (theme === 'dark') { document.documentElement.classList.add('dark'); } debugLog("Theme loaded successfully"); } catch (e) { console.error("Error loading theme:", e); debugLog("Failed to load theme: " + e.message); } } // Initialize on DOM content loaded window.addEventListener('DOMContentLoaded', () => { try { debugLog("DOM content loaded, initializing quiz"); loadTheme(); initQuiz(); } catch (e) { console.error("Error during DOMContentLoaded:", e); debugLog("Failed to initialize on DOMContentLoaded: " + e.message); document.getElementById('error-message').innerHTML = "Error initializing quiz. Please check the console for details or contact support."; document.getElementById('error-message').classList.remove('hidden'); } }); </script> </body> </html>" frameborder="0" width="100%" height="2000px">
<div class="bg-white rounded-lg shadow-md p-4 md:p-6"> <h2 class="text-xl font-semibold mb-4">Instructions</h2> <h4 class="text-gray-800 text-lg font-semibold mt-6 mb-4">Test Features:</h4> <ul class="space-y-3"> <li class="flex items-center gap-3"> <i class="fa-solid fa-circle-check text-green-500"></i> Multiple choice questions with single correct answers </li> <li class="flex items-center gap-3"> <i class="fa-solid fa-circle-check text-green-500"></i> Timer-based testing for realistic exam conditions </li> <li class="flex items-center gap-3"> <i class="fa-solid fa-circle-check text-green-500"></i> Mark questions for review functionality </li> <li class="flex items-center gap-3"> <i class="fa-solid fa-circle-check text-green-500"></i> Comprehensive results and performance analysis </li> <li class="flex items-center gap-3"> <i class="fa-solid fa-circle-check text-green-500"></i> Mobile-optimized interface for learning on-the-go </li> </ul> <div class="mt-6 flex space-x-4 button-group md:flex-row flex-col"> <button class="bg-[#2c5281] text-white px-6 py-2 rounded-lg hover:bg-[#2c5281] transition" id="start-test">Start Test</button> </div> <div class="error-message hidden" id="error-message"></div> </div> </section> <!-- Quiz Section --> <section class="container mx-auto px-4 md:px-6 pt-4 md:pt-6 pb-1 hidden section-transition" id="quiz"> <div class="bg-white rounded-lg shadow-md p-4 md:p-6"> <!-- Progress Bar --> <div class="w-full bg-gray-200 rounded-full h-3 mb-4"> <div class="progress-bar h-3 rounded-full" id="progress-bar" style="width: 0%"></div> </div> <!-- Question Header --> <div class="flex flex-col md:flex-row justify-between items-center mb-4"> <h2 class="text-lg font-semibold" id="question-number">Question <span>1</span> of 4</h2> <p class="text-lg font-semibold mt-2 md:mt-0" id="timer">Time Remaining: <span>00:00</span></p> </div> <!-- Question Content --> <div class="mb-6" id="question-content"> <p class="text-gray-800 mb-4" id="question-text"></p> <div class="flex flex-wrap gap-4 mb-4" id="question-images"></div> <div class="space-y-3" id="options"></div> </div> <!-- Navigation Buttons --> <div class="flex flex-col md:flex-row justify-between items-center gap-2 md:gap-4"> <div class="flex gap-2 w-full md:w-auto"> <button class="bg-[#2c5281] text-white px-4 py-3 w-full md:w-32 h-14 rounded-lg hover:bg-[#2c5281] transition" disabled="" id="previous-btn">Previous</button> <button class="bg-[#2c5281] text-white px-4 py-3 w-full md:w-32 h-14 rounded-lg hover:bg-[#2c5281] transition" id="next-btn">Next</button> </div> <div class="flex items-center gap-2"> <button class="bg-transparent text-gray-700 px-4 py-2 rounded-lg hover:bg-gray-100 transition flex items-center gap-1" id="mark-review"> Review <svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" class="h-5 w-5" viewBox="0 0 20 20" fill="currentColor"> <path d="M10 2a1 1 0 00-1 1v14l3.293-3.293a1 1 0 011.414 0L17 17V3a1 1 0 00-1-1H10z" /> </svg> </button> <button class="bg-transparent text-gray-700 px-4 py-2 rounded-lg hover:bg-gray-100 transition flex items-center gap-1" id="nav-toggle"> Question 🧭 </button> <button class="bg-green-500 text-white px-6 py-3 w-44 h-14 rounded-lg hover:bg-green-600 transition w-full md:w-auto" id="submit-test">Submit Test</button> </div> </div> </section> <!-- Results Section --> <section class="container mx-auto px-4 md:px-6 pt-4 md:pt-6 pb-1 hidden section-transition" id="results"> <div class="bg-white rounded-lg shadow-md p-4 md:p-6"> <h2 class="text-2xl font-semibold mb-4">Anaesthesia Machine - Results</h2> <div class="grid grid-cols-1 md:grid-cols-2 gap-4 mb-6"> <p><strong>Correct:</strong> <span id="correct-count" class="text-[#000000]">0</span></p> <p><strong>Wrong:</strong> <span id="wrong-count" class="text-[#000000]">0</span></p> <p><strong>Unanswered:</strong> <span id="unanswered-count" class="text-[#000000]-500">0</span></p> <p><strong>Marked for Review:</strong> <span id="marked-count" class="text-[#000000]">0</span></p> </div> <h3 class="text-lg font-semibold mb-4" id="result-question-number">Question <span>1</span> of 4</h3> <div class="space-y-6" id="results-content"></div> <div class="result-nav"> <button aria-label="Previous question result" class="result-nav-btn bg-[#2c5281] text-white px-6 py-2 rounded-lg hover:bg-[#2c5281] transition" disabled="" id="prev-result">Previous</button> <button aria-label="Toggle results navigation panel" class="result-nav-btn bg-[#2c5281] text-white px-6 py-2 rounded-lg hover:bg-[#2c5281] transition" id="results-nav-toggle">Result 🧭</button> <button aria-label="Next question result" class="result-nav-btn bg-[#2c5281] text-white px-6 py-2 rounded-lg hover:bg-[#2c5281] transition" id="next-result">Next</button> </div> <div class="mt-6 flex space-x-4 button-group md:flex-row flex-col"> <button class="bg-green-500 text-white px-6 py-2 rounded-lg hover:bg-green-600 transition" id="take-again">Take Again</button> </div> </div> </section> <!-- Exit Confirmation Modal --> <div class="fixed inset-0 bg-black bg-opacity-50 flex items-center justify-center hidden" id="exit-modal"> <div class="bg-white rounded-lg p-6 max-w-sm w-full"> <h2 class="text-xl font-semibold mb-4">Leave Test?</h2> <p class="text-gray-700 mb-4">Your progress will be lost if you leave this page. Are you sure you want to exit?</p> <div class="flex justify-end space-x-4"> <button class="bg-gray-300 text-gray-700 px-4 py-2 rounded-lg hover:bg-gray-400 transition" id="continue-test">No, Continue</button> <button class="bg-red-500 text-white px-4 py-2 rounded-lg hover:bg-red-600 transition" id="exit-test">Yes, Exit</button> </div> </div> </div> <!-- Submit Confirmation Modal --> <div class="fixed inset-0 bg-black bg-opacity-50 flex items-center justify-center hidden" id="submit-modal"> <div class="bg-white rounded-lg p-6 max-w-sm w-full"> <h2 class="text-xl font-semibold mb-4">Confirm Submission</h2> <p class="text-gray-700 mb-2">You have attempted <span id="attempted-count">0</span> of 41 questions.</p> <p class="text-gray-700 mb-4"><span id="unattempted-count">0</span> questions are unattempted.</p> <div class="flex justify-end space-x-4"> <button class="bg-gray-300 text-gray-700 px-4 py-2 rounded-lg hover:bg-gray-400 transition" id="cancel-submit">Cancel</button> <button class="bg-green-500 text-white px-4 py-2 rounded-lg hover:bg-green-600 transition" id="confirm-submit">Submit Test</button> </div> </div> </div> <!-- Quiz Navigation Panel --> <div class="fixed inset-y-0 right-0 nav-panel bg-white shadow-lg p-4 hidden overflow-y-auto" id="nav-panel"> <h2 class="text-lg font-semibold mb-4">Questions Navigation</h2> <div class="mb-4"> <select class="w-full p-2 border rounded-lg text-gray-700" id="nav-filter"> <option value="all">All Questions</option> <option value="answered">Answered</option> <option value="unanswered">Unanswered</option> <option value="marked">Marked for Review</option> </select> </div> <div class="grid grid-cols-5 gap-2 md:gap-3" id="nav-grid"></div> <button class="mt-4 bg-gray-500 text-white px-4 py-2 rounded-lg hover:bg-gray-600 transition w-full" id="close-nav">Close</button> </div> <!-- Results Navigation Panel --> <div class="fixed inset-y-0 right-0 results-nav-panel bg-white shadow-lg p-4 hidden overflow-y-auto" id="results-nav-panel"> <h2 class="text-lg font-semibold mb-4">Results Navigation</h2> <div class="mb-4"> <select class="w-full p-2 border rounded-lg text-gray-700" id="results-nav-filter"> <option value="all">All Questions</option> <option value="answered">Answered</option> <option value="unanswered">Unanswered</option> <option value="marked">Marked for Review</option> </select> </div> <div class="grid grid-cols-5 gap-2 md:gap-3" id="results-nav-grid"></div> <button class="mt-4 bg-gray-500 text-white px-4 py-2 rounded-lg hover:bg-gray-600 transition w-full" id="close-results-nav">Close</button> </div> <!-- JavaScript Logic --> <script> // Enable debug mode for detailed logging const DEBUG_MODE = true; // Log debug messages function debugLog(message) { if (DEBUG_MODE) { console.log(`[DEBUG] ${message}`); } } // Initialize questions with error handling let questions = []; let currentResultQuestion = 0; // State for current question in results try { debugLog("Attempting to parse questions_json"); questions = [{"text": "Which of the following poisoning agent does not inhibit cytochrome oxidase?", "options": [{"label": "A", "text": "Hydrogen sulfide", "correct": false}, {"label": "B", "text": "Carbon monoxide", "correct": false}, {"label": "C", "text": "Methane", "correct": true}, {"label": "D", "text": "Cyanide", "correct": false}], "correct_answer": "C. Methane", "question_images": [], "explanation_images": [], "explanation": "\n<table cellspacing=\"0\" style=\"border-collapse:collapse\">\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid black; border-left:1px solid black; border-right:1px solid black; border-top:1px solid black; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Inhibitor</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid black; border-left:none; border-right:1px solid black; border-top:1px solid black; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Target Site</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid black; border-left:none; border-right:1px solid black; border-top:1px solid black; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Mechanism</strong></p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid black; border-left:1px solid black; border-right:1px solid black; border-top:none; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Rotenone</strong></p>\n<p><strong>Amobarbital</strong></p>\n<p><strong>Piericidin A</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid black; border-left:none; border-right:1px solid black; border-top:none; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Complex I</p>\n<p>(NADH dehydrogenase)</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid black; border-left:none; border-right:1px solid black; border-top:none; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Blocks <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"d416281a201692777187899c00aed8\">electron</span> transfer from Complex I to ubiquinone</p>\n<p> </p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid black; border-left:1px solid black; border-right:1px solid black; border-top:none; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>TTFA (Thenoyltrifluoroacetone)</strong></p>\n<p><strong>Carboxin</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid black; border-left:none; border-right:1px solid black; border-top:none; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Complex II</p>\n<p>(Succinate dehydrogenase)</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid black; border-left:none; border-right:1px solid black; border-top:none; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Blocks <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"d416281a201692777187899c00aed8\">electron</span> transfer from Complex II to ubiquinone</p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid black; border-left:1px solid black; border-right:1px solid black; border-top:none; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Malonate</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid black; border-left:none; border-right:1px solid black; border-top:none; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Complex II</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid black; border-left:none; border-right:1px solid black; border-top:none; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Malonate is a competitive <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"b5fb56a28b1692777190396ae8b625\">inhibitor</span> of Complex II.</p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid black; border-left:1px solid black; border-right:1px solid black; border-top:none; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Antimycin A</strong></p>\n<p><strong>BAL</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid black; border-left:none; border-right:1px solid black; border-top:none; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Complex III</p>\n<p>Cytochrome bc1 complex</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid black; border-left:none; border-right:1px solid black; border-top:none; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Blocks <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"d416281a201692777187899c00aed8\">electron</span> transfer from Complex III to <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"29e8e2a5dd16927771855db589c581\">Cytochrome</span> C.</p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid black; border-left:1px solid black; border-right:1px solid black; border-top:none; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Cyanide (CN−) (Option D)</strong></p>\n<p><strong>Carbon <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"03077f6c8716927771923763487a9e\">monoxide</span> (CO) (Option B)</strong></p>\n<p><strong>Hydrogen <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"0e84bc8bb5169277719934af06eb80\">Sulfide</span> (H2S) (Option A)</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid black; border-left:none; border-right:1px solid black; border-top:none; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Complex IV</p>\n<p>(Cytochrome c Oxidase)</p>\n<p> </p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid black; border-left:none; border-right:1px solid black; border-top:none; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Prevents <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"d416281a201692777187899c00aed8\">electron</span> transfer from Complex IV to oxygen</p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid black; border-left:1px solid black; border-right:1px solid black; border-top:none; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Oligomycin</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid black; border-left:none; border-right:1px solid black; border-top:none; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>ATP <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"d2bd91ccac169277719941254e1795\">Synthase</span> (Complex V)</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid black; border-left:none; border-right:1px solid black; border-top:none; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Blocks the <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"9c823198d61692777196bc71097d6d\">proton</span> channel of <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"5abb3a7e7f1692777182a8f4c42522\">ATP</span> synthase, preventing <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"5abb3a7e7f1692777182a8f4c42522\">ATP</span> synthesis</p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid black; border-left:1px solid black; border-right:1px solid black; border-top:none; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Atractyloside</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid black; border-left:none; border-right:1px solid black; border-top:none; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Adenine <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"94a2f0970016927771932885a3d362\">Nucleotide</span> Translocase</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid black; border-left:none; border-right:1px solid black; border-top:none; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Blocks ADP/ATP exchange across the mitochondrial membrane</p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n</tbody>\n\n\n<p style='font-size: 10px; color: #808080; font-style: italic;'>@dams_new_robot</p>", "bot": "@dams_new_robot", "audio": "", "video": ""}, {"text": "A 2-month-old infant is brought to the pediatrician due to feeding difficulties, vomiting, and failure to thrive. The child's history reveals that the infant was born full-term and had a normal birth weight. On physical examination, the infant appears jaundiced, and the liver is palpable below the costal margin. Oil drop Cataracts are also noted on eye examination. Laboratory tests show elevated levels of galactose in the blood and urine. Based on these clinical findings, which enzyme deficiency is most likely responsible for this presentation?", "options": [{"label": "A", "text": "G6PD (Glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase)", "correct": false}, {"label": "B", "text": "GALT (Galactose-1-phosphate uridylyltransferase)", "correct": true}, {"label": "C", "text": "ALDH (Aldehyde dehydrogenase)", "correct": false}, {"label": "D", "text": "PKU (Phenylalanine hydroxylase)", "correct": false}], "correct_answer": "B. GALT (Galactose-1-phosphate uridylyltransferase)", "question_images": [], "explanation_images": ["https://image.prepladder.com/content/16lx7V8HdNYjyjEvpCJn1746171468.png"], "explanation": "<table cellspacing=\"0\" style=\"border-collapse:collapse; width:647px\">\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid black; border-left:1px solid black; border-right:1px solid black; border-top:1px solid black; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Galactose-1-phosphate Uridyltransferase (GALT) Deficiency</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid black; border-left:none; border-right:1px solid black; border-top:1px solid black; vertical-align:top\">\n<ul>\n<li>Severely deficient in individuals with <strong>Classic Galactosemia</strong> in which galactose-1-phosphate and, therefore, <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"99e53092e01692777188465c49d9b8\">galactose</span> accumulate. <strong>(Option A)</strong></li>\n<li>It Is an <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"22a6157d6316927771903de900ec5e\">inborn</span> error of metabolism</li>\n</ul>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid black; border-left:1px solid black; border-right:1px solid black; border-top:none; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Accumulation</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid black; border-left:none; border-right:1px solid black; border-top:none; vertical-align:top\">\n<ul>\n<li>Accumulated <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"99e53092e01692777188465c49d9b8\">galactose</span> is shunted into side pathways like <strong>galactitol </strong>production. <strong>Aldose reductase</strong> catalyzes it.</li>\n<li>Galactose-1 <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"189b6fc834169277719580eb39bb4c\">phosphate</span> accumulates in the liver, <strong>inhibiting <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"0657553117169277718887935b6a43\">galactokinase</span> and <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"2e2aa646ab1692777188e3eb8286d8\">glycogen</span> phosphorylase, </strong>leading to <strong>hypoglycemia.</strong></li>\n</ul>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid black; border-left:1px solid black; border-right:1px solid black; border-top:none; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Bilirubin </strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid black; border-left:none; border-right:1px solid black; border-top:none; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Reduced <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"2d60c5a677169277718325a811dcf1\">bilirubin</span> <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"cc20d2d7111692777201fb0caeb3f2\">uptake</span> and conjugation, increasing <strong>unconjugated bilirubin</strong> in blood</p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid black; border-left:1px solid black; border-right:1px solid black; border-top:none; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Symptoms </strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid black; border-left:none; border-right:1px solid black; border-top:none; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Hypoglycemia, Hypophosphatemia, </strong>Hyperuricemia, <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"b82539c9ae1692777191a3f7ddd7bb\">Lactic</span> acidosis</p>\n<p>Hepatomegaly, Jaundice,</p>\n<p>Severe <strong>mental retardation</strong></p>\n<p>Galactosuria (galactose excreted in urine)</p>\n<p><strong>Oil drop Cataracts </strong>from <strong>dulcitol accumulation </strong>in the lens</p>\n<p>Tubular damage and generalized aminoaciduria</p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid black; border-left:1px solid black; border-right:1px solid black; border-top:none; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Diagnosis </strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid black; border-left:none; border-right:1px solid black; border-top:none; vertical-align:top\">\n<ul>\n<li>Clinical manifestations (e.g., <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"488a4efe7d16927771840c9e29f164\">congenital</span> cataract), presence of <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"99e53092e01692777188465c49d9b8\">galactose</span> in <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"0096f2a7631692777201eb9f21d5a7\">urine</span> and elevated blood <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"99e53092e01692777188465c49d9b8\">galactose</span> levels</li>\n<li>Prenatal diagnosis via amniocentesis</li>\n<li>Detection of heterozygous parents by elevated <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"99e53092e01692777188465c49d9b8\">galactose</span> levels after a <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"99e53092e01692777188465c49d9b8\">galactose</span> load</li>\n</ul>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid black; border-left:1px solid black; border-right:1px solid black; border-top:none; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Complications in untreated cases </strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid black; border-left:none; border-right:1px solid black; border-top:none; vertical-align:top\">\n<ul>\n<li><strong>E. <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"cd0a7121a516927771846d8f5248bb\">coli</span> sepsis,</strong></li>\n<li><strong>Fanconi syndrome</strong></li>\n<li>Feeding problems,</li>\n<li>Failure to thrive,</li>\n<li>Hepatocellular damage,</li>\n<li>Bleeding</li>\n</ul>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid black; border-left:1px solid black; border-right:1px solid black; border-top:none; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Treatment </strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid black; border-left:none; border-right:1px solid black; border-top:none; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Withdrawal of <strong>galactose and lactose</strong> from the diet.</p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td colspan=\"2\" style=\"border-bottom:1px solid black; border-left:1px solid black; border-right:1px solid black; border-top:none; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>GALT <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"209b85faf71692777185767d43e3bd\">deficiency</span> is a part of the <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"04df903fe8169277719383126b1b02\">newborn</span> screening panel</p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n</tbody>\n\n\n<p style='font-size: 10px; color: #808080; font-style: italic;'>@dams_new_robot</p>", "bot": "@dams_new_robot", "audio": "", "video": ""}, {"text": "A newborn infant is brought to the clinic with jaundice and a white, punctate, and scattered opacity in the central lens. The condition is consistent with Oil drop cataract. Which of the following metabolic disorders is most likely responsible for this presentation?", "options": [{"label": "A", "text": "Phenylketonuria (PKU)", "correct": false}, {"label": "B", "text": "Maple syrup urine disease", "correct": false}, {"label": "C", "text": "Galactosemia", "correct": true}, {"label": "D", "text": "Wilson's disease", "correct": false}], "correct_answer": "C. Galactosemia", "question_images": [], "explanation_images": ["https://image.prepladder.com/content/9jAfJSG11BpjuXJfCBIN1746171707.png"], "explanation": "<table cellspacing=\"0\" style=\"border-collapse:collapse; width:647px\">\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid black; border-left:1px solid black; border-right:1px solid black; border-top:1px solid black; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Galactose-1-phosphate Uridyltransferase (GALT) Deficiency</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid black; border-left:none; border-right:1px solid black; border-top:1px solid black; vertical-align:top\">\n<ul>\n<li>Severely deficient in individuals with <strong>Classic Galactosemia</strong> in which galactose-1-phosphate and, therefore, <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"99e53092e01692777188465c49d9b8\">galactose</span> accumulate. <strong>(Option A)</strong></li>\n<li>It Is an <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"22a6157d6316927771903de900ec5e\">inborn</span> error of metabolism</li>\n</ul>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid black; border-left:1px solid black; border-right:1px solid black; border-top:none; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Accumulation</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid black; border-left:none; border-right:1px solid black; border-top:none; vertical-align:top\">\n<ul>\n<li>Accumulated <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"99e53092e01692777188465c49d9b8\">galactose</span> is shunted into side pathways like <strong>galactitol </strong>production. <strong>Aldose reductase</strong> catalyzes it.</li>\n<li>Galactose-1 <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"189b6fc834169277719580eb39bb4c\">phosphate</span> accumulates in the liver, <strong>inhibiting <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"0657553117169277718887935b6a43\">galactokinase</span> and <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"2e2aa646ab1692777188e3eb8286d8\">glycogen</span> phosphorylase, </strong>leading to <strong>hypoglycemia.</strong></li>\n</ul>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid black; border-left:1px solid black; border-right:1px solid black; border-top:none; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Bilirubin </strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid black; border-left:none; border-right:1px solid black; border-top:none; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Reduced <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"2d60c5a677169277718325a811dcf1\">bilirubin</span> <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"cc20d2d7111692777201fb0caeb3f2\">uptake</span> and conjugation, increasing <strong>unconjugated bilirubin</strong> in blood</p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid black; border-left:1px solid black; border-right:1px solid black; border-top:none; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Symptoms </strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid black; border-left:none; border-right:1px solid black; border-top:none; vertical-align:top\">\n<ul>\n<li><strong>Hypoglycemia, Hypophosphatemia, </strong>Hyperuricemia, <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"b82539c9ae1692777191a3f7ddd7bb\">Lactic</span> acidosis</li>\n<li>Hepatomegaly, Jaundice,</li>\n<li>Severe <strong>mental retardation</strong></li>\n<li>Galactosuria (galactose excreted in urine)</li>\n<li><strong>Oil drop Cataracts </strong>from <strong>dulcitol accumulation </strong>in the lens, <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"a4488d66fc16927771975d043c4ccc\">reversible</span> cataract</li>\n<li>Tubular damage and generalized aminoaciduria</li>\n</ul>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid black; border-left:1px solid black; border-right:1px solid black; border-top:none; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Diagnosis </strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid black; border-left:none; border-right:1px solid black; border-top:none; vertical-align:top\">\n<ul>\n<li>Clinical manifestations (e.g., <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"488a4efe7d16927771840c9e29f164\">congenital</span> cataract), presence of <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"99e53092e01692777188465c49d9b8\">galactose</span> in <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"0096f2a7631692777201eb9f21d5a7\">urine</span> and elevated blood <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"99e53092e01692777188465c49d9b8\">galactose</span> levels</li>\n<li>Prenatal diagnosis via amniocentesis</li>\n<li>Detection of heterozygous parents by elevated <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"99e53092e01692777188465c49d9b8\">galactose</span> levels after a <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"99e53092e01692777188465c49d9b8\">galactose</span> load</li>\n</ul>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid black; border-left:1px solid black; border-right:1px solid black; border-top:none; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Complications in untreated cases </strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid black; border-left:none; border-right:1px solid black; border-top:none; vertical-align:top\">\n<ul>\n<li><strong>E. <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"cd0a7121a516927771846d8f5248bb\">coli</span> sepsis,</strong></li>\n<li><strong>Fanconi syndrome</strong></li>\n<li>Feeding problems,</li>\n<li>Failure to thrive,</li>\n<li>Hepatocellular damage,</li>\n<li>Bleeding</li>\n</ul>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid black; border-left:1px solid black; border-right:1px solid black; border-top:none; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Treatment </strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid black; border-left:none; border-right:1px solid black; border-top:none; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Withdrawal of <strong>galactose and lactose</strong> from the diet.</p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td colspan=\"2\" style=\"border-bottom:1px solid black; border-left:1px solid black; border-right:1px solid black; border-top:none; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>GALT <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"209b85faf71692777185767d43e3bd\">deficiency</span> is a part of the <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"04df903fe8169277719383126b1b02\">newborn</span> screening panel</p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n</tbody>\n\n\n<p style='font-size: 10px; color: #808080; font-style: italic;'>@dams_new_robot</p>", "bot": "@dams_new_robot", "audio": "", "video": ""}, {"text": "A baby is being evaluated for delayed developmental milestones. On examination, there is hepatosplenomegaly. Microscopic image of the bone marrow evaluation shown below. What is the diagnosis?", "options": [{"label": "A", "text": "Gaucher disease", "correct": true}, {"label": "B", "text": "Niemann-pick disease", "correct": false}, {"label": "C", "text": "Hunter disease", "correct": false}, {"label": "D", "text": "Hurler disease", "correct": false}], "correct_answer": "A. Gaucher disease", "question_images": ["https://image.prepladder.com/notes/H3ztbDWiMn8gl1ZqAM7g1745323236.png"], "explanation_images": ["https://image.prepladder.com/notes/xFW1ordphdBAZp0fa1vQ1745323262.png"], "explanation": "\n\n<p style='font-size: 10px; color: #808080; font-style: italic;'>@dams_new_robot</p>", "bot": "@dams_new_robot", "audio": "", "video": ""}, {"text": "Glycogen phosphorylase is activated by:", "options": [{"label": "A", "text": "Calcium", "correct": true}, {"label": "B", "text": "Glucose-6-phosphate", "correct": false}, {"label": "C", "text": "Insulin", "correct": false}, {"label": "D", "text": "Protein phosphatase", "correct": false}], "correct_answer": "A. Calcium", "question_images": [], "explanation_images": [], "explanation": "\n\n<p style='font-size: 10px; color: #808080; font-style: italic;'>@dams_new_robot</p>", "bot": "@dams_new_robot", "audio": "", "video": ""}, {"text": "Which one of the following choices does not represent a function of glucagon?", "options": [{"label": "A", "text": "Glycolysis", "correct": true}, {"label": "B", "text": "Gluconeogenesis", "correct": false}, {"label": "C", "text": "Glycogenolysis", "correct": false}, {"label": "D", "text": "Ketogenesis", "correct": false}], "correct_answer": "A. Glycolysis", "question_images": [], "explanation_images": [], "explanation": "\n\n<p style='font-size: 10px; color: #808080; font-style: italic;'>@dams_new_robot</p>", "bot": "@dams_new_robot", "audio": "", "video": ""}, {"text": "Which enzyme is responsible for the deficiency causing classical galactosemia?", "options": [{"label": "A", "text": "Aldose reductase", "correct": false}, {"label": "B", "text": "Galactokinase", "correct": false}, {"label": "C", "text": "Galactose-1-phosphate uridyl transferase", "correct": true}, {"label": "D", "text": "UDP galactose-4-epimerase", "correct": false}], "correct_answer": "C. Galactose-1-phosphate uridyl transferase", "question_images": [], "explanation_images": [], "explanation": "\n\n<p style='font-size: 10px; color: #808080; font-style: italic;'>@dams_new_robot</p>", "bot": "@dams_new_robot", "audio": "", "video": ""}, {"text": "Which enzyme deficiency causesVon Gierke's disease?", "options": [{"label": "A", "text": "Liver phosphorylase", "correct": false}, {"label": "B", "text": "Lysosomal glucosidase", "correct": false}, {"label": "C", "text": "Hepatic glycogen synthase", "correct": false}, {"label": "D", "text": "Glucose 6-phosphatase", "correct": true}], "correct_answer": "D. Glucose 6-phosphatase", "question_images": [], "explanation_images": [], "explanation": "\n<table cellspacing=\"0\" style=\"border-collapse:collapse\">\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Type</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Name</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Enzyme defect</strong></p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Type 1</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Von Gierke's Disease</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Glucose-6-phophatase</p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Type 2</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Pompe's Disease</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Acid maltase/ <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"a9268f2e1d16927771814cfef69cf4\">alpha</span> glucosidase</p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Type 3</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Cori's Disease</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Debranching enzyme</p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Type 4</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Anderson's Disease</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Branching enzyme</p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Type 5</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>McArdle's Disease</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Muscle Phosphorylase</p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Type 6</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Hers Disease</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Liver phosphorylase</p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Type 7</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Tarui's Disease</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Phosphoructokinase- I</p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n</tbody>\n\n\n<p style='font-size: 10px; color: #808080; font-style: italic;'>@dams_new_robot</p>", "bot": "@dams_new_robot", "audio": "", "video": ""}, {"text": "What are the main substrate and metabolic fuel used by RBCs during fasting?", "options": [{"label": "A", "text": "Ketone bodies", "correct": false}, {"label": "B", "text": "Glucose", "correct": true}, {"label": "C", "text": "Free fatty acids", "correct": false}, {"label": "D", "text": "Amino acids", "correct": false}], "correct_answer": "B. Glucose", "question_images": [], "explanation_images": [], "explanation": "\n<table cellspacing=\"0\" style=\"border-collapse:collapse; width:624px\">\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\"> </td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Fed state</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Fasting</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Starvation</p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Brain</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Glucose</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Glucose</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Ketone body</p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Heart</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Fatty Acid (FA)</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>FA</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Ketone body</p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Liver</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Glucose</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>FA</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Amino acid</p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Muscle</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Glucose</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>FA</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>FA and <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"296c955ad216927771900bf1905f13\">ketone</span> body</p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Adipose tissue</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Glucose</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>FA</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>FA</p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>RBC</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Glucose</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Glucose</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Glucose</p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Main Fuel for Body</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Glucose</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Fat</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Amino acids</p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n</tbody>\n\n\n<p style='font-size: 10px; color: #808080; font-style: italic;'>@dams_new_robot</p>", "bot": "@dams_new_robot", "audio": "", "video": ""}, {"text": "Which of the following diagnostic markers is /are incorrectly paired? 1. Beta glucocerebrosidase - Von Gierke disease 2. Lipase - Acute pancreatitis 3. Ceruloplasmin - Hepatolenticular degeneration 4. High LDH1: LDH2 ratio - Myocardial infarction", "options": [{"label": "A", "text": "1 only", "correct": true}, {"label": "B", "text": "1 and 2", "correct": false}, {"label": "C", "text": "1, 2 and 4", "correct": false}, {"label": "D", "text": "2, 3 and 4", "correct": false}], "correct_answer": "A. 1 only", "question_images": [], "explanation_images": [], "explanation": "<table cellspacing=\"0\" style=\"border-collapse:collapse; width:631px\">\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Glycogen Storage Disease</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Enzyme Deficiency</p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Type 0</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Glycogen <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"d2bd91ccac169277719941254e1795\">synthase</span> deficiency</p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Type I (von Gierke's Disease)</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Glucose-6-phosphatase</p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Type II (Pompe's Disease)</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Acid α-glucosidase (acid maltase)</p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Type III (Cori's Disease)</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Debranching <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"0f160e4e42169277718771b715516a\">enzyme</span> (amylo-1,6-glucosidase)</p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Type IV (Andersen's Disease)</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Branching enzyme</p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Type V (McArdle's Disease)</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Muscle <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"1fa65725491692777195ead6a7c81b\">phosphorylase</span> (myophosphorylase)</p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Type VI (Hers' Disease)</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Liver phosphorylase</p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Type VII (Tarui's Disease)</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Phosphofructokinase (muscle type)</p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n</tbody>\n\n<table cellspacing=\"0\" style=\"border-collapse:collapse; width:631px\">\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Glycogen Storage Disease</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Enzyme Deficiency</p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Type 0</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Glycogen <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"d2bd91ccac169277719941254e1795\">synthase</span> deficiency</p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Type I (von Gierke's Disease)</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Glucose-6-phosphatase</p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Type II (Pompe's Disease)</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Acid α-glucosidase (acid maltase)</p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Type III (Cori's Disease)</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Debranching <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"0f160e4e42169277718771b715516a\">enzyme</span> (amylo-1,6-glucosidase)</p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Type IV (Andersen's Disease)</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Branching enzyme</p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Type V (McArdle's Disease)</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Muscle <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"1fa65725491692777195ead6a7c81b\">phosphorylase</span> (myophosphorylase)</p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Type VI (Hers' Disease)</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Liver phosphorylase</p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Type VII (Tarui's Disease)</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Phosphofructokinase (muscle type)</p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n</tbody>\n\n\n<p style='font-size: 10px; color: #808080; font-style: italic;'>@dams_new_robot</p>", "bot": "@dams_new_robot", "audio": "", "video": ""}, {"text": "A patient with thiamine deficiency develops lactic acidosis. Which of the following enzymes is affected?", "options": [{"label": "A", "text": "Pyruvate carboxylase", "correct": false}, {"label": "B", "text": "Pyruvate dehydrogenase", "correct": true}, {"label": "C", "text": "Phosphoenolpyruvate carboxykinase", "correct": false}, {"label": "D", "text": "Transketolase", "correct": false}], "correct_answer": "B. Pyruvate dehydrogenase", "question_images": [], "explanation_images": ["https://image.prepladder.com/notes/6pPLPwU8Bo2sTgWSwQXt1745395024.png"], "explanation": "<table cellspacing=\"0\" style=\"border-collapse:collapse; width:619px\">\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:middle\">\n<p>Conditions</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:middle\">\n<p>Biochemical Role of Thiamine</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:middle\">\n<p>Deficiency Manifestations</p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:middle\">\n<p>Dry Beriberi</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:middle\">\n<p>Essential for carbohydrate <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"5b1a045f5f169277719210c0ac7a1e\">metabolism</span> and nerve function</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:middle\">\n<p>Peripheral neuritis, <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"408bcde7f01692777198acadb8e1c6\">sensory</span> disturbances, difficulty walking, and <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"72fa9105b916927771945aef35e8ed\">paralysis</span> due to <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"e1a4a12fb416927771841c46faf6fb\">CNS</span> manifestations.</p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:middle\">\n<p>Wet Beriberi</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:middle\">\n<p>Thiamine is necessary for the PDH complex and low activity causes <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"b82539c9ae1692777191a3f7ddd7bb\">Lactic</span> acidosis. <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"b82539c9ae1692777191a3f7ddd7bb\">Lactic</span> <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"6caf3a39f416927771807e122b9032\">acidosis</span> causes <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"5a54975e76169277720193e665d9ad\">vasodilatation</span> and hence <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"e2b5f013011692777183ea1b11ed9c\">cardiovascular</span> manifestations.</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:middle\">\n<p>Cardiovascular manifestations such as oedema, palpitations, breathlessness, and heart failure.</p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:middle\">\n<p>Maple <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"7cab9109cd16927771994c3125bd23\">Syrup</span> <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"0096f2a7631692777201eb9f21d5a7\">Urine</span> Disease</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:middle\">\n<p>Cofactor for <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"52adc3ebf01692777185395a8b1e8c\">decarboxylation</span> of branched-chain keto acids</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:middle\">\n<p>Accumulation of branched-chain keto acids leads to convulsions, severe mental retardation, vomiting, acidosis, coma, and death.</p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:middle\">\n<p>Lactic Acidosis</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:middle\">\n<p>Cofactor for <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"f9129e152d16927771960c4ccc40bc\">pyruvate</span> dehydrogenase, converting <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"f9129e152d16927771960c4ccc40bc\">pyruvate</span> to acetyl-CoA</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:middle\">\n<p>Impaired conversion leads to increased <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"5a751dc161169277719123aae1b764\">lactate</span> and <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"f9129e152d16927771960c4ccc40bc\">pyruvate</span> levels, causing <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"b82539c9ae1692777191a3f7ddd7bb\">lactic</span> acidosis.</p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n</tbody>\n\n\n\n<p style='font-size: 10px; color: #808080; font-style: italic;'>@dams_new_robot</p>", "bot": "@dams_new_robot", "audio": "", "video": ""}, {"text": "A child presents with mental retardation, bone pain, and inability to walk. On a fundoscopy examination, a cherry red spot is seen. There is no organomegaly.What is the most likely diagnosis?", "options": [{"label": "A", "text": "Tay-Sachs disease", "correct": true}, {"label": "B", "text": "Niemann-Pick disease", "correct": false}, {"label": "C", "text": "Hurler syndrome", "correct": false}, {"label": "D", "text": "Gaucher disease", "correct": false}], "correct_answer": "A. Tay-Sachs disease", "question_images": [], "explanation_images": ["https://image.prepladder.com/notes/bg1QMY4vruDjOOhZR0Aw1745906840.jpg"], "explanation": "<table cellspacing=\"0\" style=\"border-collapse:collapse; width:642px\">\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid black; border-left:1px solid black; border-right:1px solid black; border-top:1px solid black; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Disease</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid black; border-left:none; border-right:1px solid black; border-top:1px solid black; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Enzyme deficiency</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid black; border-left:none; border-right:1px solid black; border-top:1px solid black; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Features</strong></p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid black; border-left:1px solid black; border-right:1px solid black; border-top:none; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Tay-Sachs disease (Option C)</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid black; border-left:none; border-right:1px solid black; border-top:none; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Hexosaminidase A</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid black; border-left:none; border-right:1px solid black; border-top:none; vertical-align:top\">\n<ul>\n<li>Mental retardation</li>\n<li>Blindness</li>\n<li>Muscular weakness</li>\n<li>Cherry red spots in the macula</li>\n</ul>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid black; border-left:1px solid black; border-right:1px solid black; border-top:none; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Fabry disease</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid black; border-left:none; border-right:1px solid black; border-top:none; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>α-Galactosidase</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid black; border-left:none; border-right:1px solid black; border-top:none; vertical-align:top\">\n<ul>\n<li>Skin rash</li>\n<li>Kidney failure (full symptoms only in males</li>\n<li>X-linked recessive)</li>\n</ul>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid black; border-left:1px solid black; border-right:1px solid black; border-top:none; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Krabbe disease</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid black; border-left:none; border-right:1px solid black; border-top:none; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>β-Galactosidase</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid black; border-left:none; border-right:1px solid black; border-top:none; vertical-align:top\">\n<ul>\n<li>Mental retardation</li>\n<li>Near absence of myelin</li>\n<li>Predominant neurological manifestation and <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"6b7b5460171692777185e6e2475f8c\">cranial</span> nerves causing <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"696dd98be71692777185b10993da3e\">deafness</span> and blindness.</li>\n</ul>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid black; border-left:1px solid black; border-right:1px solid black; border-top:none; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Gaucher disease (Option D ruled out)</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid black; border-left:none; border-right:1px solid black; border-top:none; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>β-Glucosidase</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid black; border-left:none; border-right:1px solid black; border-top:none; vertical-align:top\">\n<ul>\n<li>Enlarged liver and spleen</li>\n<li>Erosion of long bones</li>\n<li>Mental <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"680dfbc5a5169277719748281f877e\">retardation</span> in infants</li>\n<li>Anemia</li>\n<li>Thrombocytopenia</li>\n</ul>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid black; border-left:1px solid black; border-right:1px solid black; border-top:none; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Niemann-Pick disease (Option B ruled out)</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid black; border-left:none; border-right:1px solid black; border-top:none; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Sphingomyelinase</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid black; border-left:none; border-right:1px solid black; border-top:none; vertical-align:top\">\n<ul>\n<li>Enlarged liver and spleen</li>\n<li>Mental retardation</li>\n<li>Fatal in early life</li>\n<li>Cherry red spot in macula</li>\n</ul>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid black; border-left:1px solid black; border-right:1px solid black; border-top:none; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Farber disease</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid black; border-left:none; border-right:1px solid black; border-top:none; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Ceramidase</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid black; border-left:none; border-right:1px solid black; border-top:none; vertical-align:top\">\n<ul>\n<li>Hoarseness</li>\n<li>Dermatitis</li>\n<li>Skeletal deformation</li>\n<li>Mental retardation</li>\n<li>Fatal in early life</li>\n</ul>\n</td>\n</tr>\n</tbody>\n\n<table cellspacing=\"0\" style=\"border-collapse:collapse; width:485px\">\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid black; border-left:1px solid black; border-right:1px solid black; border-top:1px solid black; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Disease</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid black; border-left:none; border-right:1px solid black; border-top:1px solid black; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Enzyme Deficiency</strong></p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid black; border-left:1px solid black; border-right:1px solid black; border-top:none; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Tay-Sachs disease</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid black; border-left:none; border-right:1px solid black; border-top:none; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Hexosaminidase A, S</p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid black; border-left:1px solid black; border-right:1px solid black; border-top:none; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Fabry disease</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid black; border-left:none; border-right:1px solid black; border-top:none; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>α-Galactosidase</p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid black; border-left:1px solid black; border-right:1px solid black; border-top:none; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Metachromatic leukodystrophy</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid black; border-left:none; border-right:1px solid black; border-top:none; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Arylsulfatase A</p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid black; border-left:1px solid black; border-right:1px solid black; border-top:none; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Krabbe disease</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid black; border-left:none; border-right:1px solid black; border-top:none; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>β-Galactosidase</p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid black; border-left:1px solid black; border-right:1px solid black; border-top:none; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Gaucher disease</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid black; border-left:none; border-right:1px solid black; border-top:none; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>β-Glucosidase</p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid black; border-left:1px solid black; border-right:1px solid black; border-top:none; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Niemann-Pick disease types A, B</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid black; border-left:none; border-right:1px solid black; border-top:none; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Sphingomyelinase</p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid black; border-left:1px solid black; border-right:1px solid black; border-top:none; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Farber disease</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid black; border-left:none; border-right:1px solid black; border-top:none; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Ceramidase</p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n</tbody>\n\n\n<p style='font-size: 10px; color: #808080; font-style: italic;'>@dams_new_robot</p>", "bot": "@dams_new_robot", "audio": "", "video": ""}, {"text": "Which one of the options provided does not serve as a substrate for the synthesis of glucose?", "options": [{"label": "A", "text": "Acetyl coenzyme A", "correct": true}, {"label": "B", "text": "Glycerol", "correct": false}, {"label": "C", "text": "Alanine", "correct": false}, {"label": "D", "text": "Lactate", "correct": false}], "correct_answer": "A. Acetyl coenzyme A", "question_images": [], "explanation_images": ["https://image.prepladder.com/content/K1mvyMVvabwuLM0QCfBL1745564618.png", "https://image.prepladder.com/content/Dm2nQkdNipJSzyEN69PF1745564618.png"], "explanation": "\n\n<p style='font-size: 10px; color: #808080; font-style: italic;'>@dams_new_robot</p>", "bot": "@dams_new_robot", "audio": "", "video": ""}, {"text": "You are conducting an experiment on mitochondrial respiration. You add malate/pyruvate and respiration is normal. You add succinate and respiration is normal. When you add another substance in the presence of pyruvate/succinate and malate, respiration is blocked. Which of the following substances is most likely added?", "options": [{"label": "A", "text": "Rotenone", "correct": false}, {"label": "B", "text": "Antimycin A", "correct": false}, {"label": "C", "text": "Oligomycin", "correct": true}, {"label": "D", "text": "2,4-dinitrophenol", "correct": false}], "correct_answer": "C. Oligomycin", "question_images": [], "explanation_images": [], "explanation": "<table cellspacing=\"0\" style=\"border-collapse:collapse\">\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><strong>Inhibitor</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><strong>Target Site</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><strong>Mechanism</strong></p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Rotenone </strong><strong>(Option A)</strong></p>\n<p><strong>Amobarbital</strong></p>\n<p><strong>Piericidin A</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Complex I</p>\n<p>(NADH dehydrogenase)</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Blocks <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"d416281a201692777187899c00aed8\">electron</span> transfer from Complex I to ubiquinone</p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>TTFA (Thenoyltrifluoroacetone)</strong></p>\n<p><strong>Carboxin</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Complex II</p>\n<p>(Succinate dehydrogenase)</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Blocks <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"d416281a201692777187899c00aed8\">electron</span> transfer from Complex II to ubiquinone</p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Malonate</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Complex II</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Malonate is a competitive <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"b5fb56a28b1692777190396ae8b625\">inhibitor</span> of Complex II.</p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Antimycin A</strong><strong> (Option B)</strong></p>\n<p><strong>BAL</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Complex III</p>\n<p>Cytochrome bc1 complex</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Blocks <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"d416281a201692777187899c00aed8\">electron</span> transfer from Complex III to <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"29e8e2a5dd16927771855db589c581\">Cytochrome</span> C.</p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Cyanide (CN−) </strong></p>\n<p><strong>Carbon <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"03077f6c8716927771923763487a9e\">monoxide</span> (CO) </strong></p>\n<p><strong>Hydrogen <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"0e84bc8bb5169277719934af06eb80\">Sulfide</span> (H2S) </strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Complex IV</p>\n<p>(Cytochrome c Oxidase)</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Prevents <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"d416281a201692777187899c00aed8\">electron</span> transfer from Complex IV to oxygen</p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Oligomycin</strong><strong> (Option A) </strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>ATP <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"d2bd91ccac169277719941254e1795\">Synthase</span> (Complex V)</p>\n<br/>\n\t\t\t </td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Blocks the <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"9c823198d61692777196bc71097d6d\">proton</span> channel of <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"5abb3a7e7f1692777182a8f4c42522\">ATP</span> synthase, preventing <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"5abb3a7e7f1692777182a8f4c42522\">ATP</span> synthesis</p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Atractyloside</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Adenine <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"94a2f0970016927771932885a3d362\">Nucleotide</span> Translocase</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Blocks ADP/ATP exchange across the mitochondrial membrane</p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n</tbody>\n\n\n<p style='font-size: 10px; color: #808080; font-style: italic;'>@dams_new_robot</p>", "bot": "@dams_new_robot", "audio": "", "video": ""}, {"text": "In this scenario, what is the origin of the blood glucose measured at 7 am the following morning for an individual who had dinner at 8 pm the previous night?", "options": [{"label": "A", "text": "Hepatic glycogenolysis", "correct": true}, {"label": "B", "text": "Hepatic gluconeogenesis", "correct": false}, {"label": "C", "text": "Muscle glycogenolysis", "correct": false}, {"label": "D", "text": "Dietary glucose", "correct": false}], "correct_answer": "A. Hepatic glycogenolysis", "question_images": [], "explanation_images": ["https://image.prepladder.com/notes/VdBCOWyMJNIcxK6jNUgg1746432489.png"], "explanation": "\n\n<p style='font-size: 10px; color: #808080; font-style: italic;'>@dams_new_robot</p>", "bot": "@dams_new_robot", "audio": "", "video": ""}, {"text": "In the diagram provided, which enzymes are identified as E1 and E2, responsible for the conversion of pyruvate to acetyl CoA?", "options": [{"label": "A", "text": "Pyruvate dehydrogenase and dihydrolipoyl transacetylase", "correct": true}, {"label": "B", "text": "Pyruvate carboxylase and dihydrolipoyl transacetylase", "correct": false}, {"label": "C", "text": "Pyruvate dehydrogenase and dihydrolipoyl dehydrogenase", "correct": false}, {"label": "D", "text": "Pyruvate carboxylase and dihydrolipoyl dehydrogenase", "correct": false}], "correct_answer": "A. Pyruvate dehydrogenase and dihydrolipoyl transacetylase", "question_images": ["https://image.prepladder.com/notes/dD4IvAmNuhTR0qT7e6O31746432854.png"], "explanation_images": [], "explanation": "\n\n<p style='font-size: 10px; color: #808080; font-style: italic;'>@dams_new_robot</p>", "bot": "@dams_new_robot", "audio": "", "video": ""}, {"text": "A 5 year old boy presented with easy fatigability, irritability and inability to concentrate. Labs revealed the following findings a and b (light and oil immersion respectively) on the bone marrow aspiration. Which of the following is the most likely enzyme deficient in this condition?", "options": [{"label": "A", "text": "Hexosaminidase", "correct": false}, {"label": "B", "text": "Glucocerebrosidase", "correct": true}, {"label": "C", "text": "Sphingomyelinase", "correct": false}, {"label": "D", "text": "N-acetyglucosaminidase", "correct": false}], "correct_answer": "B. Glucocerebrosidase", "question_images": ["https://image.prepladder.com/notes/6FOYngUDXY3zkGI6XbMj1746433760.png"], "explanation_images": ["https://image.prepladder.com/notes/zSD2nvZ1P8sq8DkxxBPL1746433911.png"], "explanation": "<table cellspacing=\"0\" style=\"border-collapse:collapse\">\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p style=\"text-align:center\"><strong>Disease</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p style=\"text-align:center\"><strong>Enzyme deficiency</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p style=\"text-align:center\"><strong>Substance accumulation</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p style=\"text-align:center\"><strong>Features</strong></p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Tay-Sachs disease</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Hexosaminidase A <strong>(Option A ruled out)</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Ganglioside</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<ul>\n<li>Mental retardation</li>\n<li>Blindness</li>\n<li>Muscular weakness</li>\n<li>Cherry red spots in the macula</li>\n</ul>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Niemann-Pick disease </strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Sphingomyelinase <strong>(Option C ruled out)</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Sphingomyelin</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<ul>\n<li>Enlarged liver and spleen</li>\n<li>Mental retardation</li>\n<li>Fatal in early life</li>\n</ul>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Sanfilippo Syndrome</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>N-acetyglucosaminidase <strong>(Option D ruled out)</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\"> </td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\"> </td>\n</tr>\n</tbody>\n\n\n\n<p style='font-size: 10px; color: #808080; font-style: italic;'>@dams_new_robot</p>", "bot": "@dams_new_robot", "audio": "", "video": ""}, {"text": "Glucose is stored in the form of glycogen because", "options": [{"label": "A", "text": "It is compact", "correct": true}, {"label": "B", "text": "It has multiple reducing ends", "correct": false}, {"label": "C", "text": "It can be stored at multiple organs", "correct": false}, {"label": "D", "text": "It can provide glucose for about 1 week when needed", "correct": false}], "correct_answer": "A. It is compact", "question_images": [], "explanation_images": [], "explanation": "\n\n<p style='font-size: 10px; color: #808080; font-style: italic;'>@dams_new_robot</p>", "bot": "@dams_new_robot", "audio": "", "video": ""}, {"text": "What is the enzyme that is shared by both glycolysis and gluconeogenesis?", "options": [{"label": "A", "text": "Pyruvate kinase", "correct": false}, {"label": "B", "text": "Phosphofructokinase", "correct": false}, {"label": "C", "text": "Phosphoenolpyruvate carboxy kinase", "correct": false}, {"label": "D", "text": "Phosphoglycerate kinase", "correct": true}], "correct_answer": "D. Phosphoglycerate kinase", "question_images": [], "explanation_images": ["https://image.prepladder.com/notes/F8lFbrFIYcHloRAEeeJJ1746556846.jpg"], "explanation": "<p>Correct Answer D - &lt;span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"c2f5f2f54d1692777195fadaa00ad0\"&gt;Phosphoglycerate&lt;/span&gt; k\n\n<p style='font-size: 10px; color: #808080; font-style: italic;'>@dams_new_robot</p>", "bot": "@dams_new_robot", "audio": "", "video": ""}, {"text": "Ketosis is common in type 1 DM due to: - Decreased beta-oxidation of fatty acids Increased mobilization of fat from the adipose cell Decreased acetyl CoA in TCA cycle Increase beta-hydroxy butyryl synthase", "options": [{"label": "A", "text": "2,3 and 4", "correct": true}, {"label": "B", "text": "1,2,3 and 4", "correct": false}, {"label": "C", "text": "4 only", "correct": false}, {"label": "D", "text": "1 and 2 only", "correct": false}], "correct_answer": "A. 2,3 and 4", "question_images": [], "explanation_images": [], "explanation": "<p>Correct Answer A - 2,3 and 4\n\n<p style='font-size: 10px; color: #808080; font-style: italic;'>@dams_new_robot</p>", "bot": "@dams_new_robot", "audio": "", "video": ""}, {"text": "Gluconeogenesis is mainly seen in:", "options": [{"label": "A", "text": "Kidney", "correct": false}, {"label": "B", "text": "Liver", "correct": true}, {"label": "C", "text": "Spleen", "correct": false}, {"label": "D", "text": "Heart", "correct": false}], "correct_answer": "B. Liver", "question_images": [], "explanation_images": [], "explanation": "<p>Correct Option B - Liv\n\n<p style='font-size: 10px; color: #808080; font-style: italic;'>@dams_new_robot</p>", "bot": "@dams_new_robot", "audio": "", "video": ""}, {"text": "Match the following with the most appropriate feature. 1. Von Gierke's a. Branched structure in liver biopsy 2. Pompe's b. Glycogen deposition in lysosomes 3. McArdle's c. Hypoglycemia with lactic acidosis 4. Cori's d. Exercise intolerance", "options": [{"label": "A", "text": "1c, 2a,3d,4b", "correct": false}, {"label": "B", "text": "1c, 2b,3d,4a", "correct": true}, {"label": "C", "text": "1a, 2c,3d,4b", "correct": false}, {"label": "D", "text": "1d, 2c,3b,4d", "correct": false}], "correct_answer": "B. 1c, 2b,3d,4a", "question_images": [], "explanation_images": [], "explanation": "<p>Correct Option B - 1c, 2b, 3d, 4\n<table cellspacing=\"0\" style=\"border-collapse:collapse; width:558px\">\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid black; border-left:1px solid black; border-right:1px solid black; border-top:1px solid black; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Type </strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid black; border-left:none; border-right:1px solid black; border-top:1px solid black; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Name </strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid black; border-left:none; border-right:1px solid black; border-top:1px solid black; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Enzyme defect</strong></p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid black; border-left:1px solid black; border-right:1px solid black; border-top:none; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>1</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid black; border-left:none; border-right:1px solid black; border-top:none; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Von Gierke's Disease</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid black; border-left:none; border-right:1px solid black; border-top:none; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Glucose-6-phosphatase</p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid black; border-left:1px solid black; border-right:1px solid black; border-top:none; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>2</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid black; border-left:none; border-right:1px solid black; border-top:none; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Pompe's Disease</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid black; border-left:none; border-right:1px solid black; border-top:none; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Acid maltase/ <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"a9268f2e1d16927771814cfef69cf4\">alpha</span> glucosidase</p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid black; border-left:1px solid black; border-right:1px solid black; border-top:none; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>3</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid black; border-left:none; border-right:1px solid black; border-top:none; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Cori's Disease</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid black; border-left:none; border-right:1px solid black; border-top:none; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Debranching enzyme</p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid black; border-left:1px solid black; border-right:1px solid black; border-top:none; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>4</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid black; border-left:none; border-right:1px solid black; border-top:none; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Anderson's Disease</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid black; border-left:none; border-right:1px solid black; border-top:none; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Branching enzyme</p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid black; border-left:1px solid black; border-right:1px solid black; border-top:none; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>5</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid black; border-left:none; border-right:1px solid black; border-top:none; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>McArdle's Disease</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid black; border-left:none; border-right:1px solid black; border-top:none; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Muscle Phosphorylase</p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid black; border-left:1px solid black; border-right:1px solid black; border-top:none; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>6</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid black; border-left:none; border-right:1px solid black; border-top:none; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Hers Disease</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid black; border-left:none; border-right:1px solid black; border-top:none; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Hepatic phosphorylase</p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid black; border-left:1px solid black; border-right:1px solid black; border-top:none; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>7</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid black; border-left:none; border-right:1px solid black; border-top:none; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Tarui's Disease</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid black; border-left:none; border-right:1px solid black; border-top:none; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Phosphofructokinase-1</p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n</tbody>\n\n\n<p style='font-size: 10px; color: #808080; font-style: italic;'>@dams_new_robot</p>", "bot": "@dams_new_robot", "audio": "", "video": ""}, {"text": "A patient with a history of strenuous exercise skipped a meal and later consumed alcohol at a party. Alcohol inhibits which of the following biochemical processes, potentially leading to hypoglycemia?", "options": [{"label": "A", "text": "Gluconeogenesis", "correct": true}, {"label": "B", "text": "Glycogenolysis", "correct": false}, {"label": "C", "text": "Hexose Monophosphate (HMP) Shunt", "correct": false}, {"label": "D", "text": "Ketone Body Formation", "correct": false}], "correct_answer": "A. Gluconeogenesis", "question_images": [], "explanation_images": [], "explanation": "<table cellspacing=\"0\" style=\"border-collapse:collapse; width:472px\">\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Feature</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Effect of Alcohol</strong></p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Key Mechanism</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>↑ <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"70e624dfd41692777193efc364d5b4\">NADH</span> inhibits gluconeogenesis</p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Primary Effect</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>↓ <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"af3ae60c0c16927771889b84ca41c0\">Glucose</span> production → Hypoglycemia</p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Clinical Features</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Weakness, dizziness, confusion, seizures</p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Risk Factors</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Fasting, exercise, malnutrition, chronic alcoholism</p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Treatment</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>IV dextrose, <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"b70d1dbde516927772000d7774d2a5\">thiamine</span> in alcoholics</p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n</tbody>\n\n\n<p style='font-size: 10px; color: #808080; font-style: italic;'>@dams_new_robot</p>", "bot": "@dams_new_robot", "audio": "", "video": ""}, {"text": "During starvation, which of the following hormones is primarily produced to maintain blood glucose levels?", "options": [{"label": "A", "text": "Glucagon", "correct": true}, {"label": "B", "text": "Insulin", "correct": false}, {"label": "C", "text": "Amylase", "correct": false}, {"label": "D", "text": "Somatostatin", "correct": false}], "correct_answer": "A. Glucagon", "question_images": [], "explanation_images": [], "explanation": "<table cellspacing=\"0\" style=\"border-collapse:collapse; width:588px\">\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Hormone</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Effect in Starvation</strong></p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Glucagon</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Increases</strong> to stimulate <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"724a9faafe1692777188ca8840ec5c\">gluconeogenesis</span> and glycogenolysis.</p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Insulin</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Decreases</strong> to reduce <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"af3ae60c0c16927771889b84ca41c0\">glucose</span> <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"cc20d2d7111692777201fb0caeb3f2\">uptake</span> by tissues.</p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Cortisol</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Increases</strong> to promote protein <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"67f82f0d211692777183f709777947\">catabolism</span> for gluconeogenesis.</p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Epinephrine</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Increases</strong> to enhance <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"2e2aa646ab1692777188e3eb8286d8\">glycogen</span> <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"903370f259169277718385f6060dd7\">breakdown</span> and lipolysis.</p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Growth Hormone (GH)</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Increases</strong> to reduce <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"af3ae60c0c16927771889b84ca41c0\">glucose</span> <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"6aee31718c16927772019237286270\">utilization</span> and promote lipolysis.</p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n</tbody>\n\n\n<p style='font-size: 10px; color: #808080; font-style: italic;'>@dams_new_robot</p>", "bot": "@dams_new_robot", "audio": "", "video": ""}, {"text": "A patient’s X-ray shows cardiomegaly, and they present with a \"floppy baby\" syndrome, hypotonia, macroglossia, and hepatomegaly. What is the most likely diagnosis?", "options": [{"label": "A", "text": "Pompe disease", "correct": true}, {"label": "B", "text": "Ebstein anomaly", "correct": false}, {"label": "C", "text": "Down syndrome", "correct": false}, {"label": "D", "text": "Cori's Disease", "correct": false}], "correct_answer": "A. Pompe disease", "question_images": [], "explanation_images": [], "explanation": "<p>Correct Option A - P\n\n<p style='font-size: 10px; color: #808080; font-style: italic;'>@dams_new_robot</p>", "bot": "@dams_new_robot", "audio": "", "video": ""}, {"text": "A patient with high triglycerides esterified with long-chain fatty acids presents with fatigue, and muscle biopsy shows fat vacuoles. What is the most likely diagnosis?", "options": [{"label": "A", "text": "Carnitine deficiency", "correct": true}, {"label": "B", "text": "Fatty Acid Synthase defect", "correct": false}, {"label": "C", "text": "Lipoprotein Lipase (LPL) deficiency", "correct": false}, {"label": "D", "text": "Medium-chain acyl-CoA dehydrogenase (MCAD) deficiency", "correct": false}], "correct_answer": "A. Carnitine deficiency", "question_images": [], "explanation_images": [], "explanation": "<p>Correct Option A - C\n\n<p style='font-size: 10px; color: #808080; font-style: italic;'>@dams_new_robot</p>", "bot": "@dams_new_robot", "audio": "", "video": ""}, {"text": "A neonate presents with poor feeding and vomiting, cataract, and acidosis with a positive Benedict's test on urine and negative urinary glucose. Which enzyme is likely defective?", "options": [{"label": "A", "text": "Galactose-1-phosphate uridyl transferase", "correct": true}, {"label": "B", "text": "Aldolase B", "correct": false}, {"label": "C", "text": "Fructokinase", "correct": false}, {"label": "D", "text": "Glucose-6-phosphatase", "correct": false}], "correct_answer": "A. Galactose-1-phosphate uridyl transferase", "question_images": [], "explanation_images": [], "explanation": "<p>Correct Option A - Galactose-1-phosphate u\n\n<p style='font-size: 10px; color: #808080; font-style: italic;'>@dams_new_robot</p>", "bot": "@dams_new_robot", "audio": "", "video": ""}, {"text": "A diabetic patient is advised to exercise. Which of the following glucose transporters is insulin-sensitive?", "options": [{"label": "A", "text": "GLUT4", "correct": true}, {"label": "B", "text": "GLUT1", "correct": false}, {"label": "C", "text": "GLUT3", "correct": false}, {"label": "D", "text": "GLUT2", "correct": false}], "correct_answer": "A. GLUT4", "question_images": [], "explanation_images": [], "explanation": "<p>Correct Option A - GLUT4\n\n<p style='font-size: 10px; color: #808080; font-style: italic;'>@dams_new_robot</p>", "bot": "@dams_new_robot", "audio": "", "video": ""}, {"text": "Which of the following is the rate-limiting enzyme of the hexose monophosphate (HMP) pathway?", "options": [{"label": "A", "text": "Glucose-6-phosphatase", "correct": false}, {"label": "B", "text": "Glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase", "correct": true}, {"label": "C", "text": "Phosphofructokinase-1", "correct": false}, {"label": "D", "text": "Glycogen phosphorylase", "correct": false}], "correct_answer": "B. Glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase", "question_images": [], "explanation_images": ["https://image.prepladder.com/content/s8AmdXcdMdWu3Ma39YKL1747292671.png"], "explanation": "<table cellspacing=\"0\" style=\"border-collapse:collapse\">\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<td colspan=\"2\" style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:middle\">\n<p><strong>Pentose <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"189b6fc834169277719580eb39bb4c\">Phosphate</span> <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"3aa5abc2fa169277719488e088076d\">Pathway</span> (PPP)</strong></p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td colspan=\"2\" style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:middle\">\n<p>The <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"c3c136dcc11692777195ab0efa5549\">Pentose</span> <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"189b6fc834169277719580eb39bb4c\">Phosphate</span> <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"3aa5abc2fa169277719488e088076d\">Pathway</span> (PPP), also known as the <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"809e2689ec1692777189e2b846c7e7\">hexose</span> <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"8dcffccac016927771927605248b59\">monophosphate</span> shunt, is an alternative <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"d92cbff33316927771927b4de10a5b\">metabolic</span> <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"3aa5abc2fa169277719488e088076d\">pathway</span> for <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"af3ae60c0c16927771889b84ca41c0\">glucose</span> that doesn't generate ATP.</p>\n<p>Location: <strong>Cytosol</strong><br/>\n\t\t\tIt serves two primary functions:</p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:middle\">\n<p><strong>NADPH Production</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:middle\">\n<ul>\n<li>The PPP is a major source of NADPH, vital for <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"859a34e1061692777183872a5e4441\">biosynthesis</span> (fatty acids and steroids).</li>\n<li><strong>NADPH Production:</strong> RBCs rely on <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"185a500ee91692777188b3044db06d\">glycolysis</span> for ATP due to the lack of <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"18c9e7b9721692777192bd042528cc\">mitochondria</span> and depend solely on the PPP for NADPH, as they lack mitochondrial dehydrogenases.</li>\n<li><strong>Glutathione Maintenance:</strong> NADPH keeps <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"f945849e691692777188ad7ce5b5e2\">glutathione</span> reduced, enabling <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"f945849e691692777188ad7ce5b5e2\">glutathione</span> <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"b3434346d71692777195b113bbab37\">peroxidase</span> to <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"9c60f7b6b81692777193976e7f1d8e\">neutralize</span> <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"11f7bcb8da16927771898e93932195\">hydrogen</span> <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"7e35dc67351692777195c0be6eee0b\">peroxide</span> and prevent <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"60d563fe241692777194203742bf5b\">oxidative</span> damage.</li>\n<li><strong>Impact of NADPH Deficiency</strong>: Low NADPH reduces glutathione, impairs <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"f945849e691692777188ad7ce5b5e2\">glutathione</span> peroxidase, increases<strong> <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"60d563fe241692777194203742bf5b\">oxidative</span> damage</strong>, and leads to <strong>hemolysis</strong>.</li>\n</ul>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:middle\">\n<p><strong>Ribose-5-Phosphate (R-5-P) Synthesis</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:middle\">\n<ul>\n<li>Ribose-5-phosphate is essential for <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"94a2f0970016927771932885a3d362\">nucleotide</span> <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"3fda45538a1692777199ec2a5478a5\">synthesis</span> needed for <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"cc65bdc03f169277719726a675e8a7\">RNA</span> and DNA.</li>\n</ul>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:middle\">\n<p><strong>Homeostasis between NADPH and R-5-P</strong></p>\n<p><strong>production.</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:middle\">\n<ul>\n<li>When NADPH demand exceeds R-5-P's need, the non-oxidative phase converts R-5-P to <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"e55eb31d591692777188cb1fad1f5e\">glycolytic</span> intermediates (fructose-6-phosphate and glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate).</li>\n<li>If the demand for R-5-P is higher than for NADPH, the non-oxidative phase generates R-5-P from fructose-6-phosphate and glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate, bypassing the <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"60d563fe241692777194203742bf5b\">oxidative</span> steps.</li>\n</ul>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:middle\">\n<p><strong>Differences from Glycolysis</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:middle\">\n<ul>\n<li>Uses <strong>NADP+ </strong>instead of NAD+ and <strong>generates CO2, not ATP.</strong></li>\n</ul>\n</td>\n</tr>\n</tbody>\n\n\n\n<p style='font-size: 10px; color: #808080; font-style: italic;'>@dams_new_robot</p>", "bot": "@dams_new_robot", "audio": "", "video": ""}, {"text": "What is the rate-limiting enzyme of cholesterol synthesis?", "options": [{"label": "A", "text": "HMG-CoA reductase", "correct": true}, {"label": "B", "text": "7-alpha hydroxylase", "correct": false}, {"label": "C", "text": "Carnitine acyltransferase 1", "correct": false}, {"label": "D", "text": "Carnitine acyltransferase 2", "correct": false}], "correct_answer": "A. HMG-CoA reductase", "question_images": [], "explanation_images": ["https://image.prepladder.com/notes/1jvyZCs68w6WkBXjvI1i1747661660.png"], "explanation": "<table cellspacing=\"0\" style=\"border-collapse:collapse\">\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Regulation Method</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Mechanism</strong></p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Sufficient Cholesterol</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Suppresses <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"739aa4b5ea1692777200a636ee075f\">transcription</span> of HMG CoA <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"6afb2667fe16927771975a8db1378b\">reductase</span> gene</p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Low Dietary Cholesterol</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Increases <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"739aa4b5ea1692777200a636ee075f\">transcription</span> of HMG CoA <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"6afb2667fe16927771975a8db1378b\">reductase</span> gene</p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>AMP-activated Kinase</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Phosphorylates HMG CoA <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"6afb2667fe16927771975a8db1378b\">reductase</span> inactivating it</p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Protein Phosphatase 1</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Dephosphorylates HMG CoA <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"6afb2667fe16927771975a8db1378b\">reductase</span> activating it</p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Insulin and Thyroxine</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Increase activity of HMG CoA reductase</p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Cortisol and Glucagon</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Decrease activity of HMG CoA reductase</p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Statins (e.g., Lovastatin)</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Competitive <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"f03ca2d2a716927771901227bc175a\">inhibition</span> of HMG CoA reductase</p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n</tbody>\n\n\n\n<p style='font-size: 10px; color: #808080; font-style: italic;'>@dams_new_robot</p>", "bot": "@dams_new_robot", "audio": "", "video": ""}, {"text": "Which receptor plays a crucial role in glucose uptake by skeletal muscle?", "options": [{"label": "A", "text": "GLUT 1", "correct": false}, {"label": "B", "text": "GLUT 2", "correct": false}, {"label": "C", "text": "GLUT 3", "correct": false}, {"label": "D", "text": "GLUT 4", "correct": true}], "correct_answer": "D. GLUT 4", "question_images": [], "explanation_images": [], "explanation": "<table cellspacing=\"0\" style=\"border-collapse:collapse\">\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Transporter</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Tissue Location</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Functions</strong></p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>GLUT 1</strong></p>\n<p><strong>(Option A ruled out)</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Brain, kidney, colon, placenta, erythrocytes</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Facilitates <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"af3ae60c0c16927771889b84ca41c0\">glucose</span> uptake</p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>GLUT 2</strong></p>\n<p><strong>(Option B ruled out)</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Liver, pancreatic β cells, small intestine, kidney</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Enables rapid <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"af3ae60c0c16927771889b84ca41c0\">glucose</span> <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"cc20d2d7111692777201fb0caeb3f2\">uptake</span> or release</p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>GLUT 3</strong></p>\n<p><strong>(Option C ruled out)</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Brain, kidney, placenta</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Assists in <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"af3ae60c0c16927771889b84ca41c0\">glucose</span> uptake</p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>GLUT 4</strong></p>\n<p><strong>(Option D)</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Heart and <strong>skeletal </strong>muscle, <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"5c2a4a949d16927771802ba54640cc\">adipose</span> tissue</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Mediates insulin-stimulated <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"af3ae60c0c16927771889b84ca41c0\">glucose</span> uptake</p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>GLUT 5</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Small intestine</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Facilitates <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"d5bac53d50169277720363f48a6b3a\">fructose</span> absorption</p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>SGLT 1</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Small <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"7840cca3ed16927771901d2f6cb32b\">intestine</span> and kidney</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Actively transports <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"af3ae60c0c16927771889b84ca41c0\">glucose</span> against a concentration gradient</p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n</tbody>\n\n\n<p style='font-size: 10px; color: #808080; font-style: italic;'>@dams_new_robot</p>", "bot": "@dams_new_robot", "audio": "", "video": ""}, {"text": "Which of the following is excreted in the urine of patients with pentosuria?", "options": [{"label": "A", "text": "L-Xylulose", "correct": true}, {"label": "B", "text": "D-Ribose", "correct": false}, {"label": "C", "text": "D-Ribulose", "correct": false}, {"label": "D", "text": "D-Lactose", "correct": false}], "correct_answer": "A. L-Xylulose", "question_images": [], "explanation_images": [], "explanation": "<table cellspacing=\"0\" style=\"border-collapse:collapse; width:430px\">\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Feature</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Essential Pentosuria</strong></p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Cause</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Deficiency of <strong>L-xylulose reductase</strong></p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Metabolic Effect</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Increased <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"0f7653c9ef1692777187deaa35f749\">excretion</span> of <strong>L-xylulose</strong> in urine</p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Clinical Symptoms</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>None (asymptomatic)</p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Diagnosis</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Urine sugar analysis + Chromatography</p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Treatment</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>No treatment needed</p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n</tbody>\n\n\n<p style='font-size: 10px; color: #808080; font-style: italic;'>@dams_new_robot</p>", "bot": "@dams_new_robot", "audio": "", "video": ""}, {"text": "Which of the following deficiency is found in congenital lactic acidosis?", "options": [{"label": "A", "text": "Transketolase", "correct": false}, {"label": "B", "text": "Branched chain ketoacid dehydrogenase", "correct": false}, {"label": "C", "text": "Isocitrate dehydrogenase", "correct": false}, {"label": "D", "text": "Pyruvate dehydrogenase", "correct": true}], "correct_answer": "D. Pyruvate dehydrogenase", "question_images": [], "explanation_images": [], "explanation": "<p>Correct Option D\n\n\n<p style='font-size: 10px; color: #808080; font-style: italic;'>@dams_new_robot</p>", "bot": "@dams_new_robot", "audio": "", "video": ""}, {"text": "A patient with a history of strenuous exercise forgot to eat a meal and later consumed alcohol at a party. Which of the following metabolic processes is inhibited by alcohol consumption?", "options": [{"label": "A", "text": "Gluconeogenesis", "correct": true}, {"label": "B", "text": "Glycogenolysis", "correct": false}, {"label": "C", "text": "HMP shunt", "correct": false}, {"label": "D", "text": "Ketone body formation", "correct": false}], "correct_answer": "A. Gluconeogenesis", "question_images": [], "explanation_images": [], "explanation": "\n\n<p style='font-size: 10px; color: #808080; font-style: italic;'>@dams_new_robot</p>", "bot": "@dams_new_robot", "audio": "", "video": ""}, {"text": "A newborn infant is brought to the clinic with jaundice and a white, punctate, and scattered opacity in the central lens. The condition is consistent with Oil drop cataract. Which of the following metabolic disorders is most likely responsible for this presentation?", "options": [{"label": "A", "text": "Phenylketonuria (PKU)", "correct": false}, {"label": "B", "text": "Maple syrup urine disease", "correct": false}, {"label": "C", "text": "Galactosemia", "correct": true}, {"label": "D", "text": "Wilson's disease", "correct": false}], "correct_answer": "C. Galactosemia", "question_images": [], "explanation_images": [], "explanation": "<p>Correct Option C - G\n\n<p style='font-size: 10px; color: #808080; font-style: italic;'>@dams_new_robot</p>", "bot": "@dams_new_robot", "audio": "", "video": ""}, {"text": "All of the following organs or tissues demonstrate insulin-dependent glucose uptake, except for?", "options": [{"label": "A", "text": "RBC", "correct": false}, {"label": "B", "text": "Pancreas", "correct": false}, {"label": "C", "text": "Adipose tissue", "correct": true}, {"label": "D", "text": "Hepatocytes", "correct": false}], "correct_answer": "C. Adipose tissue", "question_images": [], "explanation_images": [], "explanation": "<table cellspacing=\"0\" style=\"border-collapse:collapse; width:624px\">\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Transporter</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Tissue Location</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Functions</strong></p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>GLUT 1</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Brain, kidney, colon, placenta, erythrocytes</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Facilitates <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"af3ae60c0c16927771889b84ca41c0\">glucose</span> uptake</p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>GLUT 2</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Liver, pancreatic β cells, small intestine, kidney</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Enables rapid <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"af3ae60c0c16927771889b84ca41c0\">glucose</span> <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"cc20d2d7111692777201fb0caeb3f2\">uptake</span> or release</p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>GLUT 3</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Brain, kidney, placenta</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Assists in <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"af3ae60c0c16927771889b84ca41c0\">glucose</span> uptake</p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>GLUT 4</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Heart and skeletal muscle, <strong>adipose tissue</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Mediates <strong>insulin-stimulated <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"af3ae60c0c16927771889b84ca41c0\">glucose</span> uptake</strong></p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>GLUT 5</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Small intestine</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Facilitates <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"d5bac53d50169277720363f48a6b3a\">fructose</span> absorption</p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>SGLT 1</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Small <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"7840cca3ed16927771901d2f6cb32b\">intestine</span> and kidney</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Actively transports <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"af3ae60c0c16927771889b84ca41c0\">glucose</span> against a concentration gradient</p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n</tbody>\n\n\n<p style='font-size: 10px; color: #808080; font-style: italic;'>@dams_new_robot</p>", "bot": "@dams_new_robot", "audio": "", "video": ""}, {"text": "Glycogen phosphorylase is activated by?", "options": [{"label": "A", "text": "Glucose 6 phosphatase", "correct": false}, {"label": "B", "text": "ATP", "correct": false}, {"label": "C", "text": "Calcium", "correct": true}, {"label": "D", "text": "Glucose", "correct": false}], "correct_answer": "C. Calcium", "question_images": [], "explanation_images": ["https://image.prepladder.com/content/WFnjeZNXRk2hiaqC9tur1745909264.png"], "explanation": "\n\n<p style='font-size: 10px; color: #808080; font-style: italic;'>@dams_new_robot</p>", "bot": "@dams_new_robot", "audio": "", "video": ""}, {"text": "A young boy presents to the OPD with hypoglycemia and muscle cramps, on exertion or while playing. Then he becomes normal after resting for a while. These episodes are recurrent after a period of activity. He has decreased serum lactate and glucose levels. Which of the following diseases is he most likely to be suffering from?", "options": [{"label": "A", "text": "McArdle disease", "correct": true}, {"label": "B", "text": "Hers disease", "correct": false}, {"label": "C", "text": "Cori's disease", "correct": false}, {"label": "D", "text": "Andersen disease", "correct": false}], "correct_answer": "A. McArdle disease", "question_images": [], "explanation_images": [], "explanation": "\n<table cellspacing=\"0\" style=\"border-collapse:collapse; width:509px\">\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid black; border-left:1px solid black; border-right:1px solid black; border-top:1px solid black; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Category</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid black; border-left:none; border-right:1px solid black; border-top:1px solid black; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>GSD Type</strong></p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid black; border-left:1px solid black; border-right:1px solid black; border-top:none; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>GSD with Hypoglycemia</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid black; border-left:none; border-right:1px solid black; border-top:none; vertical-align:top\">\n<ul>\n<li>0 (0a, 0b)</li>\n<li>I (Ia, Ib) -Von Gierke Disease<strong> </strong></li>\n<li>III - Cori Disease</li>\n<li>VI - Hers Disease</li>\n<li>IX (IXa, IXb, IXc, IXd)</li>\n<li>XI - Fanconi-Bickel Syndrome</li>\n</ul>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid black; border-left:1px solid black; border-right:1px solid black; border-top:none; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>GSD with Exercise Intolerance</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid black; border-left:none; border-right:1px solid black; border-top:none; vertical-align:top\">\n<ul>\n<li>III - Cori Disease</li>\n<li>V - McArdle Disease</li>\n<li>VII - Tarui Disease</li>\n<li>XII</li>\n<li>XIII</li>\n</ul>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid black; border-left:1px solid black; border-right:1px solid black; border-top:none; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Both</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid black; border-left:none; border-right:1px solid black; border-top:none; vertical-align:top\">\n<ul>\n<li>III - Cori Disease</li>\n</ul>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid black; border-left:1px solid black; border-right:1px solid black; border-top:none; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Neither</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid black; border-left:none; border-right:1px solid black; border-top:none; vertical-align:top\">\n<ul>\n<li>IV - Andersen’s Disease<strong> </strong></li>\n</ul>\n</td>\n</tr>\n</tbody>\n\n\n<p style='font-size: 10px; color: #808080; font-style: italic;'>@dams_new_robot</p>", "bot": "@dams_new_robot", "audio": "", "video": ""}, {"text": "A 4-year-old child presents with easy fatiguability. The mother also complains that the child has increased hunger between meals, which is relieved after food. Liver examination revealed no glycogen. The enzyme most likely deficient is", "options": [{"label": "A", "text": "Glycogen phosphorylase", "correct": false}, {"label": "B", "text": "Glycogen synthase", "correct": true}, {"label": "C", "text": "Debranching enzyme", "correct": false}, {"label": "D", "text": "Glucose 6 phosphatase", "correct": false}], "correct_answer": "B. Glycogen synthase", "question_images": [], "explanation_images": [], "explanation": "<table cellspacing=\"0\" style=\"border-collapse:collapse; width:536px\">\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<td colspan=\"2\" style=\"border-bottom:1px solid black; border-left:1px solid black; border-right:1px solid black; border-top:1px solid black; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Glycogen storage disease type 0 (0a and 0b)</strong></p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid black; border-left:1px solid black; border-right:1px solid black; border-top:none; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Enzyme Deficiency</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid black; border-left:none; border-right:1px solid black; border-top:none; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Glycogen <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"d2bd91ccac169277719941254e1795\">synthase</span> </strong></p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid black; border-left:1px solid black; border-right:1px solid black; border-top:none; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Affected Gene</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid black; border-left:none; border-right:1px solid black; border-top:none; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>GYS2 and GYS1</p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid black; border-left:1px solid black; border-right:1px solid black; border-top:none; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Clinical Features</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid black; border-left:none; border-right:1px solid black; border-top:none; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Hypoglycemia, Hyperketonemia, early death</p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid black; border-left:1px solid black; border-right:1px solid black; border-top:none; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Mode of Inheritance</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid black; border-left:none; border-right:1px solid black; border-top:none; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Autosomal recessive</p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid black; border-left:1px solid black; border-right:1px solid black; border-top:none; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Management</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid black; border-left:none; border-right:1px solid black; border-top:none; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Supportive care: Frequent protein-rich meals and <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"d61e782bf41692777182f829eef312\">avoidance</span> of fasting. <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"942d5b969b1692777185c1c820009c\">Cornstarch</span> may be given nighttime</p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n</tbody>\n\n<table cellspacing=\"0\" style=\"border-collapse:collapse; width:631px\">\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid black; border-left:1px solid black; border-right:1px solid black; border-top:1px solid black; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Glycogen Storage Disease</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid black; border-left:none; border-right:1px solid black; border-top:1px solid black; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Enzyme Deficiency</strong></p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid black; border-left:1px solid black; border-right:1px solid black; border-top:none; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Type 0</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid black; border-left:none; border-right:1px solid black; border-top:none; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Glycogen <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"d2bd91ccac169277719941254e1795\">synthase</span> deficiency</p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid black; border-left:1px solid black; border-right:1px solid black; border-top:none; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Type I (von Gierke's Disease)</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid black; border-left:none; border-right:1px solid black; border-top:none; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Glucose-6-phosphatase <strong> (Option D ruled out)</strong></p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid black; border-left:1px solid black; border-right:1px solid black; border-top:none; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Type II (Pompe's Disease)</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid black; border-left:none; border-right:1px solid black; border-top:none; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Acid α-glucosidase (acid maltase)</p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid black; border-left:1px solid black; border-right:1px solid black; border-top:none; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Type III (Cori's Disease)</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid black; border-left:none; border-right:1px solid black; border-top:none; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Debranching <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"0f160e4e42169277718771b715516a\">enzyme</span> (amylo-1,6-glucosidase)<strong> (Option C ruled out)</strong></p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid black; border-left:1px solid black; border-right:1px solid black; border-top:none; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Type IV (Andersen's Disease)</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid black; border-left:none; border-right:1px solid black; border-top:none; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Branching enzyme</p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid black; border-left:1px solid black; border-right:1px solid black; border-top:none; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Type V (McArdle's Disease)</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid black; border-left:none; border-right:1px solid black; border-top:none; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Muscle <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"1fa65725491692777195ead6a7c81b\">phosphorylase</span> (myophosphorylase) <strong> (Option A ruled out)</strong></p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid black; border-left:1px solid black; border-right:1px solid black; border-top:none; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Type VI (Hers' Disease)</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid black; border-left:none; border-right:1px solid black; border-top:none; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Liver phosphorylase</p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid black; border-left:1px solid black; border-right:1px solid black; border-top:none; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Type VII (Tarui's Disease)</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid black; border-left:none; border-right:1px solid black; border-top:none; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Phosphofructokinase (muscle type)</p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n</tbody>\n\n\n<p style='font-size: 10px; color: #808080; font-style: italic;'>@dams_new_robot</p>", "bot": "@dams_new_robot", "audio": "", "video": ""}, {"text": "Which of the following is seen in low insulin:glucagon ratio?", "options": [{"label": "A", "text": "Activation of lipoprotein lipase", "correct": false}, {"label": "B", "text": "Activation of glycogen synthase", "correct": false}, {"label": "C", "text": "Activation of phosphofructokinase", "correct": false}, {"label": "D", "text": "Activation of hormone-sensitive lipase", "correct": true}], "correct_answer": "D. Activation of hormone-sensitive lipase", "question_images": [], "explanation_images": [], "explanation": "\n<table cellspacing=\"0\" style=\"border-collapse:collapse; width:624px\">\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid black; border-left:1px solid black; border-right:1px solid black; border-top:1px solid black; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Drug Class</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid black; border-left:none; border-right:1px solid black; border-top:1px solid black; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Effect on Insulin</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid black; border-left:none; border-right:1px solid black; border-top:1px solid black; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Effect on Glucagon</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid black; border-left:none; border-right:1px solid black; border-top:1px solid black; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>IGR</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid black; border-left:none; border-right:1px solid black; border-top:1px solid black; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Implications</strong></p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid black; border-left:1px solid black; border-right:1px solid black; border-top:none; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Sulfonylureas (e.g., Glimepiride)</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid black; border-left:none; border-right:1px solid black; border-top:none; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>↑</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid black; border-left:none; border-right:1px solid black; border-top:none; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>No change</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid black; border-left:none; border-right:1px solid black; border-top:none; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>↑</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid black; border-left:none; border-right:1px solid black; border-top:none; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Increases IGR, beneficial in insulinopenic states.</p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid black; border-left:1px solid black; border-right:1px solid black; border-top:none; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>DPP4 inhibitors (e.g., Sitagliptin)</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid black; border-left:none; border-right:1px solid black; border-top:none; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>↑</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid black; border-left:none; border-right:1px solid black; border-top:none; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>↓</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid black; border-left:none; border-right:1px solid black; border-top:none; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>↑</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid black; border-left:none; border-right:1px solid black; border-top:none; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Increases IGR, improves alpha-cell sensitivity.</p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid black; border-left:1px solid black; border-right:1px solid black; border-top:none; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>GLP-1RAs (e.g., Liraglutide)</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid black; border-left:none; border-right:1px solid black; border-top:none; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>↑</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid black; border-left:none; border-right:1px solid black; border-top:none; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>↓/No change</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid black; border-left:none; border-right:1px solid black; border-top:none; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>No change/↑</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid black; border-left:none; border-right:1px solid black; border-top:none; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Variable effects; may aid in normalizing IGR.</p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid black; border-left:1px solid black; border-right:1px solid black; border-top:none; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>SGLT2 inhibitors (e.g., Empagliflozin)</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid black; border-left:none; border-right:1px solid black; border-top:none; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>↑</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid black; border-left:none; border-right:1px solid black; border-top:none; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>↑</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid black; border-left:none; border-right:1px solid black; border-top:none; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>↓</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid black; border-left:none; border-right:1px solid black; border-top:none; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Reduces IGR; supports weight loss, mimics <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"5f526a682c16927771831cac5b3711\">calorie</span> restriction.</p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid black; border-left:1px solid black; border-right:1px solid black; border-top:none; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Metformin</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid black; border-left:none; border-right:1px solid black; border-top:none; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>↓</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid black; border-left:none; border-right:1px solid black; border-top:none; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>No change</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid black; border-left:none; border-right:1px solid black; border-top:none; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>↓</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid black; border-left:none; border-right:1px solid black; border-top:none; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Reduces hyperinsulinemia, lowers IGR.</p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid black; border-left:1px solid black; border-right:1px solid black; border-top:none; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Pioglitazone</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid black; border-left:none; border-right:1px solid black; border-top:none; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>↓</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid black; border-left:none; border-right:1px solid black; border-top:none; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>–</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid black; border-left:none; border-right:1px solid black; border-top:none; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>↓</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid black; border-left:none; border-right:1px solid black; border-top:none; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Insulin sensitizer, reduces IGR.</p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid black; border-left:1px solid black; border-right:1px solid black; border-top:none; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Alpha-glucosidase inhibitors</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid black; border-left:none; border-right:1px solid black; border-top:none; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>↓</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid black; border-left:none; border-right:1px solid black; border-top:none; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>No change</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid black; border-left:none; border-right:1px solid black; border-top:none; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>↓</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid black; border-left:none; border-right:1px solid black; border-top:none; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Decreases IGR, promotes weight loss.</p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n</tbody>\n\n\n<p style='font-size: 10px; color: #808080; font-style: italic;'>@dams_new_robot</p>", "bot": "@dams_new_robot", "audio": "", "video": ""}, {"text": "A child presents with bone pain and hepatosplenomegaly. A trephine biopsy and aspirate shows the following finding. Which of the following is the most likely enzyme deficient in this condition?", "options": [{"label": "A", "text": "Hexosaminidase", "correct": false}, {"label": "B", "text": "Glucocerebrosidase", "correct": true}, {"label": "C", "text": "Sphingomyelinase", "correct": false}, {"label": "D", "text": "Alpha 1,4-glucosidase", "correct": false}], "correct_answer": "B. Glucocerebrosidase", "question_images": ["https://image.prepladder.com/notes/jQrlD23bExK988JnuRBa1745906840.jpg"], "explanation_images": ["https://image.prepladder.com/notes/1s3f1FoIleF9D9XcGgDX1745906841.jpg"], "explanation": "<table cellspacing=\"0\" style=\"border-collapse:collapse; width:642px\">\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid black; border-left:1px solid black; border-right:1px solid black; border-top:1px solid black; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Disease</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid black; border-left:none; border-right:1px solid black; border-top:1px solid black; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Enzyme deficiency</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid black; border-left:none; border-right:1px solid black; border-top:1px solid black; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Features</strong></p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid black; border-left:1px solid black; border-right:1px solid black; border-top:none; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Tay-Sachs disease </strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid black; border-left:none; border-right:1px solid black; border-top:none; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Hexosaminidase A</p>\n<p><strong>(Option A ruled out)</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid black; border-left:none; border-right:1px solid black; border-top:none; vertical-align:top\">\n<ul>\n<li>Mental retardation</li>\n<li>Blindness</li>\n<li>Muscular weakness</li>\n<li>Cherry red spots in the macula</li>\n</ul>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid black; border-left:1px solid black; border-right:1px solid black; border-top:none; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Fabry disease</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid black; border-left:none; border-right:1px solid black; border-top:none; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>α-Galactosidase</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid black; border-left:none; border-right:1px solid black; border-top:none; vertical-align:top\">\n<ul>\n<li>Skin rash</li>\n<li>Kidney failure (full symptoms only in males</li>\n<li>X-linked recessive)</li>\n</ul>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid black; border-left:1px solid black; border-right:1px solid black; border-top:none; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Krabbe disease</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid black; border-left:none; border-right:1px solid black; border-top:none; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>β-Galactosidase</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid black; border-left:none; border-right:1px solid black; border-top:none; vertical-align:top\">\n<ul>\n<li>Mental retardation</li>\n<li>Near absence of myelin</li>\n<li>Predominant neurological manifestation and <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"6b7b5460171692777185e6e2475f8c\">cranial</span> nerves causing <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"696dd98be71692777185b10993da3e\">deafness</span> and blindness.</li>\n</ul>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid black; border-left:1px solid black; border-right:1px solid black; border-top:none; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Gaucher disease </strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid black; border-left:none; border-right:1px solid black; border-top:none; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>β-Glucosidase</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid black; border-left:none; border-right:1px solid black; border-top:none; vertical-align:top\">\n<ul>\n<li>Enlarged liver and spleen</li>\n<li>Erosion of long bones</li>\n<li>Mental <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"680dfbc5a5169277719748281f877e\">retardation</span> in infants</li>\n<li>Anemia</li>\n<li>Thrombocytopenia</li>\n</ul>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid black; border-left:1px solid black; border-right:1px solid black; border-top:none; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Niemann-Pick disease </strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid black; border-left:none; border-right:1px solid black; border-top:none; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Sphingomyelinase</p>\n<p><strong>(Option C ruled out)</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid black; border-left:none; border-right:1px solid black; border-top:none; vertical-align:top\">\n<ul>\n<li>Enlarged liver and spleen</li>\n<li>Mental retardation</li>\n<li>Fatal in early life</li>\n<li>Cherry red spot in macula</li>\n</ul>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid black; border-left:1px solid black; border-right:1px solid black; border-top:none; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Farber disease</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid black; border-left:none; border-right:1px solid black; border-top:none; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Ceramidase</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid black; border-left:none; border-right:1px solid black; border-top:none; vertical-align:top\">\n<ul>\n<li>Hoarseness</li>\n<li>Dermatitis</li>\n<li>Skeletal deformation</li>\n<li>Mental retardation</li>\n<li>Fatal in early life</li>\n</ul>\n</td>\n</tr>\n</tbody>\n\n\n\n<p style='font-size: 10px; color: #808080; font-style: italic;'>@dams_new_robot</p>", "bot": "@dams_new_robot", "audio": "", "video": ""}]; if (!Array.isArray(questions) || questions.length === 0) { throw new Error("Questions data is empty or invalid"); } debugLog(`Successfully parsed ${questions.length} questions`); } catch (e) { console.error("Failed to parse questions_json:", e); document.getElementById('error-message').innerHTML = "Error loading quiz data. Please check the console for details or contact support."; document.getElementById('error-message').classList.remove('hidden'); document.getElementById('start-test').disabled = true; // Fallback to sample questions for testing questions = [ { text: "What is 2 + 2?", options: [ { label: "A", text: "3", correct: false }, { label: "B", text: "4", correct: true }, { label: "C", text: "5", correct: false }, { label: "D", text: "6", correct: false } ], correct_answer: "B. 4", question_images: [], explanation_images: [], explanation: "<p>2 + 2 = 4</p><p>@dams_new_robot</p>", bot: "@dams_new_robot", audio: "", video: "" } ]; debugLog("Loaded fallback questions"); } // Quiz state let currentQuestion = 0; let answers = new Array(questions.length).fill(null); let markedForReview = new Array(questions.length).fill(false); let timeRemaining = 51 * 60; // Duration in seconds let timerInterval = null; const quizId = `{title.replace(/\s+/g, '_').toLowerCase()}`; // Unique ID for local storage // Load saved progress function loadProgress() { try { debugLog("Loading progress from localStorage"); const saved = localStorage.getItem(`quiz_${quizId}`); if (saved) { const { savedAnswers, savedMarked, savedTime } = JSON.parse(saved); answers = savedAnswers || answers; markedForReview = savedMarked || markedForReview; timeRemaining = savedTime !== undefined ? savedTime : timeRemaining; debugLog("Progress loaded successfully"); } else { debugLog("No saved progress found"); } } catch (e) { console.error("Error loading progress:", e); debugLog("Failed to load progress: " + e.message); } } // Save progress function saveProgress() { try { debugLog("Saving progress to localStorage"); localStorage.setItem(`quiz_${quizId}`, JSON.stringify({ savedAnswers: answers, savedMarked: markedForReview, savedTime: timeRemaining })); debugLog("Progress saved successfully"); } catch (e) { console.error("Error saving progress:", e); debugLog("Failed to save progress: " + e.message); } } // Initialize quiz function initQuiz() { try { debugLog("Initializing quiz"); loadProgress(); const startButton = document.getElementById('start-test'); if (!startButton) { throw new Error("Start test button not found"); } startButton.addEventListener('click', startQuiz); debugLog("Start test button listener attached"); document.getElementById('previous-btn').addEventListener('click', showPreviousQuestion); document.getElementById('next-btn').addEventListener('click', showNextQuestion); document.getElementById('mark-review').addEventListener('click', toggleMarkForReview); document.getElementById('nav-toggle').addEventListener('click', toggleNavPanel); document.getElementById('submit-test').addEventListener('click', showSubmitModal); document.getElementById('continue-test').addEventListener('click', closeExitModal); document.getElementById('exit-test').addEventListener('click', () => { debugLog("Exiting test"); localStorage.removeItem(`quiz_${quizId}`); window.location.reload(); }); document.getElementById('cancel-submit').addEventListener('click', closeSubmitModal); document.getElementById('confirm-submit').addEventListener('click', submitTest); document.getElementById('take-again').addEventListener('click', () => { debugLog("Restarting test"); localStorage.removeItem(`quiz_${quizId}`); window.location.reload(); }); document.getElementById('review-test').addEventListener('click', () => showResults(currentResultQuestion)); document.getElementById('close-nav').addEventListener('click', toggleNavPanel); document.getElementById('theme-toggle').addEventListener('click', toggleTheme); document.getElementById('nav-filter').addEventListener('change', updateNavPanel); document.getElementById('prev-result').addEventListener('click', showPreviousResult); document.getElementById('next-result').addEventListener('click', showNextResult); document.getElementById('results-nav-toggle').addEventListener('click', toggleResultsNavPanel); document.getElementById('close-results-nav').addEventListener('click', toggleResultsNavPanel); document.getElementById('results-nav-filter').addEventListener('change', updateResultsNavPanel); debugLog("Quiz initialized successfully"); } catch (e) { console.error("Failed to initialize quiz:", e); debugLog("Failed to initialize quiz: " + e.message); document.getElementById('error-message').innerHTML = "Error initializing quiz. Please check the console for details or contact support."; document.getElementById('error-message').classList.remove('hidden'); document.getElementById('start-test').disabled = true; } } // Start quiz function startQuiz() { try { debugLog("Starting quiz"); document.getElementById('instructions').classList.add('hidden'); document.getElementById('quiz').classList.remove('hidden'); showQuestion(currentQuestion); startTimer(); updateNavPanel(); debugLog("Quiz started successfully"); } catch (e) { console.error("Error starting quiz:", e); debugLog("Failed to start quiz: " + e.message); document.getElementById('error-message').innerHTML = "Error starting quiz. Please check the console for details or contact support."; document.getElementById('error-message').classList.remove('hidden'); document.getElementById('quiz').classList.add('hidden'); document.getElementById('instructions').classList.remove('hidden'); } } // Show question function showQuestion(index) { try { debugLog(`Showing question ${index + 1}`); currentQuestion = index; const q = questions[index]; if (!q) { throw new Error(`Question ${index} is undefined`); } document.getElementById('question-number').innerHTML = `Question <span>${index + 1}</span> of ${questions.length}`; document.getElementById('question-text').innerHTML = q.text || "No question text available"; const imagesDiv = document.getElementById('question-images'); imagesDiv.innerHTML = q.question_images && q.question_images.length > 0 ? q.question_images.map(url => `<img src="${url}" alt="Question Image" class="max-w-full h-auto rounded-lg">`).join('') : ''; const optionsDiv = document.getElementById('options'); optionsDiv.innerHTML = q.options && q.options.length > 0 ? q.options.map(opt => ` <button class="option-btn w-full text-left p-3 border rounded-lg ${answers[index] === opt.label ? 'selected' : ''}" onclick="selectOption(${index}, '${opt.label}')" aria-label="Option ${opt.label}: ${opt.text}"> ${opt.label}. ${opt.text} </button> `).join('') : '<p class="text-red-500">No options available</p>'; document.getElementById('previous-btn').disabled = index === 0; document.getElementById('next-btn').disabled = index === questions.length - 1; document.getElementById('mark-review').classList.toggle('marked', markedForReview[index]); updateProgressBar(); saveProgress(); window.scrollTo({ top: 0, behavior: 'smooth' }); debugLog(`Question ${index + 1} displayed successfully`); } catch (e) { console.error("Error displaying question:", e); debugLog("Failed to display question: " + e.message); } } // Select option function selectOption(index, label) { try { debugLog(`Selecting option ${label} for question ${index + 1}`); answers[index] = label; const optionsDiv = document.getElementById('options'); const optionButtons = optionsDiv.querySelectorAll('.option-btn'); optionButtons.forEach(btn => { const btnLabel = btn.textContent.trim().split('.')[0]; btn.classList.toggle('selected', btnLabel === label); }); updateNavPanel(); saveProgress(); debugLog(`Option ${label} selected for question ${index + 1}`); } catch (e) { console.error("Error selecting option:", e); debugLog("Failed to select option: " + e.message); } } // Toggle mark for review function toggleMarkForReview() { try { debugLog(`Toggling mark for review on question ${currentQuestion + 1}`); markedForReview[currentQuestion] = !markedForReview[currentQuestion]; document.getElementById('mark-review').classList.toggle('marked', markedForReview[currentQuestion]); updateNavPanel(); saveProgress(); debugLog(`Mark for review toggled for question ${currentQuestion + 1}`); } catch (e) { console.error("Error marking for review:", e); debugLog("Failed to mark for review: " + e.message); } } // Navigate to previous question function showPreviousQuestion() { try { debugLog(`Navigating to previous question from ${currentQuestion + 1}`); if (currentQuestion > 0) { currentQuestion--; showQuestion(currentQuestion); } } catch (e) { console.error("Error navigating to previous question:", e); debugLog("Failed to navigate to previous question: " + e.message); } } // Navigate to next question function showNextQuestion() { try { debugLog(`Navigating to next question from ${currentQuestion + 1}`); if (currentQuestion < questions.length - 1) { currentQuestion++; showQuestion(currentQuestion); } } catch (e) { console.error("Error navigating to next question:", e); debugLog("Failed to navigate to next question: " + e.message); } } // Handle question navigation click function handleQuestionNavClick(index) { try { debugLog(`Navigating to question ${index + 1} via nav panel`); showQuestion(index); toggleNavPanel(); } catch (e) { console.error("Error handling navigation click:", e); debugLog("Failed to navigate via nav panel: " + e.message); } } // Start timer function startTimer() { try { debugLog("Starting timer"); timerInterval = setInterval(() => { if (timeRemaining <= 0) { debugLog("Timer expired, submitting test"); clearInterval(timerInterval); submitTest(); } else { timeRemaining--; const minutes = Math.floor(timeRemaining / 60); const seconds = timeRemaining % 60; document.getElementById('timer').innerHTML = `Time Remaining: <span>${minutes.toString().padStart(2, '0')}:${seconds.toString().padStart(2, '0')}</span>`; saveProgress(); } }, 1000); debugLog("Timer started successfully"); } catch (e) { console.error("Error starting timer:", e); debugLog("Failed to start timer: " + e.message); } } // Update progress bar function updateProgressBar() { try { debugLog("Updating progress bar"); const progress = ((currentQuestion + 1) / questions.length) * 100; document.getElementById('progress-bar').style.width = `${progress}%`; debugLog("Progress bar updated"); } catch (e) { console.error("Error updating progress bar:", e); debugLog("Failed to update progress bar: " + e.message); } } // Update quiz navigation panel function updateNavPanel() { try { debugLog("Updating quiz navigation panel"); const filter = document.getElementById('nav-filter').value; const navGrid = document.getElementById('nav-grid'); navGrid.innerHTML = questions.map((_, i) => { if (filter === 'answered' && !answers[i]) return ''; if (filter === 'unanswered' && answers[i]) return ''; if (filter === 'marked' && !markedForReview[i]) return ''; return ` <button class="question-nav-btn ${answers[i] ? 'answered' : 'unanswered'} ${markedForReview[i] ? 'marked-nav' : ''}" onclick="handleQuestionNavClick(${i})" aria-label="Go to Question ${i + 1}"> ${i + 1} </button> `; }).join(''); debugLog("Quiz navigation panel updated"); } catch (e) { console.error("Error updating quiz navigation panel:", e); debugLog("Failed to update quiz navigation panel: " + e.message); } } // Update results navigation panel function updateResultsNavPanel() { try { debugLog("Updating results navigation panel"); const filter = document.getElementById('results-nav-filter').value; const navGrid = document.getElementById('results-nav-grid'); navGrid.innerHTML = questions.map((_, i) => { if (filter === 'answered' && !answers[i]) return ''; if (filter === 'unanswered' && answers[i]) return ''; if (filter === 'marked' && !markedForReview[i]) return ''; return ` <button class="result-nav-btn-grid ${answers[i] ? 'answered' : 'unanswered'} ${markedForReview[i] ? 'marked-nav' : ''}" onclick="handleResultNavClick(${i})" aria-label="Go to Result for Question ${i + 1}"> ${i + 1} </button> `; }).join(''); debugLog("Results navigation panel updated"); } catch (e) { console.error("Error updating results navigation panel:", e); debugLog("Failed to update results navigation panel: " + e.message); } } // Toggle quiz navigation panel function toggleNavPanel() { try { debugLog("Toggling quiz navigation panel"); const navPanel = document.getElementById('nav-panel'); navPanel.classList.toggle('hidden'); debugLog("Quiz navigation panel toggled"); } catch (e) { console.error("Error toggling quiz navigation panel:", e); debugLog("Failed to toggle quiz navigation panel: " + e.message); } } // Toggle results navigation panel function toggleResultsNavPanel() { try { debugLog("Toggling results navigation panel"); const resultsNavPanel = document.getElementById('results-nav-panel'); resultsNavPanel.classList.toggle('hidden'); if (!resultsNavPanel.classList.contains('hidden')) { updateResultsNavPanel(); } debugLog("Results navigation panel toggled"); } catch (e) { console.error("Error toggling results navigation panel:", e); debugLog("Failed to toggle results navigation panel: " + e.message); } } // Handle result navigation click function handleResultNavClick(index) { try { debugLog(`Navigating to result for question ${index + 1} via nav panel`); showResults(index); toggleResultsNavPanel(); } catch (e) { console.error("Error handling result navigation click:", e); debugLog("Failed to navigate to result: " + e.message); } } // Show submit modal function showSubmitModal() { try { debugLog("Showing submit modal"); const attempted = answers.filter(a => a !== null).length; document.getElementById('attempted-count').textContent = attempted; document.getElementById('unattempted-count').textContent = questions.length - attempted; document.getElementById('submit-modal').classList.remove('hidden'); debugLog("Submit modal displayed"); } catch (e) { console.error("Error showing submit modal:", e); debugLog("Failed to show submit modal: " + e.message); } } // Close submit modal function closeSubmitModal() { try { debugLog("Closing submit modal"); document.getElementById('submit-modal').classList.add('hidden'); debugLog("Submit modal closed"); } catch (e) { console.error("Error closing submit modal:", e); debugLog("Failed to close submit modal: " + e.message); } } // Close exit modal function closeExitModal() { try { debugLog("Closing exit modal"); document.getElementById('exit-modal').classList.add('hidden'); debugLog("Exit modal closed"); } catch (e) { console.error("Error closing exit modal:", e); debugLog("Failed to close exit modal: " + e.message); } } // Submit test function submitTest() { try { debugLog("Submitting test"); clearInterval(timerInterval); document.getElementById('quiz').classList.add('hidden'); document.getElementById('submit-modal').classList.add('hidden'); document.getElementById('results').classList.remove('hidden'); showResults(0); // Start with first question // Trigger confetti animation confetti({ particleCount: 100, spread: 70, origin: { y: 0.6 } }); localStorage.removeItem(`quiz_${quizId}`); debugLog("Test submitted successfully"); } catch (e) { console.error("Error submitting test:", e); debugLog("Failed to submit test: " + e.message); } } // Show result for a single question function showResults(index) { try { debugLog(`Showing result for question ${index + 1}`); currentResultQuestion = index; let correct = 0, wrong = 0, unanswered = 0, marked = 0; answers.forEach((answer, i) => { const isCorrect = answer && questions[i].options.find(opt => opt.label === answer)?.correct; if (answer === null) unanswered++; else if (isCorrect) correct++; else wrong++; if (markedForReview[i]) marked++; }); const q = questions[index]; if (!q) { throw new Error(`Question ${index} is undefined`); } const userAnswer = answers[index]; const isCorrect = userAnswer && q.options.find(opt => opt.label === userAnswer)?.correct; const resultsContent = document.getElementById('results-content'); resultsContent.innerHTML = ` <div class="border p-4 rounded-lg ${isCorrect ? 'bg-green-50' : userAnswer ? 'bg-red-50' : 'bg-gray-50'}"> <p class="font-semibold">Question ${index + 1}: ${q.text || 'No question text'}</p> ${q.question_images && q.question_images.length > 0 ? q.question_images.map(url => `<img src="${url}" alt="Question Image" class="max-w-full h-auto rounded-lg my-2">`).join('') : ''} <p><strong>Your Answer:</strong> ${userAnswer ? `${userAnswer}. ${q.options.find(opt => opt.label === userAnswer)?.text || 'Invalid option'}` : 'Unanswered'}</p> <p><strong>Correct Answer:</strong> ${q.correct_answer || 'Unknown'}</p> <div class="mt-2">${q.explanation || 'No explanation available'}</div> ${q.explanation_images && q.explanation_images.length > 0 ? q.explanation_images.map(url => `<img src="${url}" alt="Explanation Image" class="max-w-full h-auto rounded-lg my-2">`).join('') : ''} ${q.video ? ` <button class="play-video bg-blue-500 text-white px-4 py-2 rounded-lg mt-2" onclick="loadVideo(this, '${q.video}', 'video-${index}')" aria-label="Play explanation video for Question ${index + 1}"> Play Video Explanation </button> <div id="video-${index}" class="video-container mt-2"></div> ` : '<p class="text-gray-500 mt-2">No video available</p>'} ${q.audio ? ` <button class="play-audio bg-blue-500 text-white px-4 py-2 rounded-lg mt-2" onclick="loadAudio(this, '${q.audio}', 'audio-${index}')" aria-label="Play audio explanation for Question ${index + 1}"> Play Audio Explanation </button> <div id="audio-${index}" class="audio-container mt-2"></div> ` : ''} </div> `; document.getElementById('correct-count').textContent = correct; document.getElementById('wrong-count').textContent = wrong; document.getElementById('unanswered-count').textContent = unanswered; document.getElementById('marked-count').textContent = marked; document.getElementById('result-question-number').innerHTML = `Question <span>${index + 1}</span> of ${questions.length}`; document.getElementById('prev-result').disabled = index === 0; document.getElementById('next-result').disabled = index === questions.length - 1; updateResultsNavPanel(); window.scrollTo({ top: 0, behavior: 'smooth' }); debugLog(`Result for question ${index + 1} displayed successfully`); } catch (e) { console.error("Error displaying result:", e); debugLog("Failed to display result: " + e.message); } } // Navigate to previous result function showPreviousResult() { try { debugLog(`Navigating to previous result from question ${currentResultQuestion + 1}`); if (currentResultQuestion > 0) { showResults(currentResultQuestion - 1); } } catch (e) { console.error("Error navigating to previous result:", e); debugLog("Failed to navigate to previous result: " + e.message); } } // Navigate to next result function showNextResult() { try { debugLog(`Navigating to next result from question ${currentResultQuestion + 1}`); if (currentResultQuestion < questions.length - 1) { showResults(currentResultQuestion + 1); } } catch (e) { console.error("Error navigating to next result:", e); debugLog("Failed to navigate to next result: " + e.message); } } // Lazy-load video function loadVideo(button, videoUrl, containerId) { try { debugLog(`Loading video for ${containerId}: ${videoUrl}`); if (!videoUrl) { const container = document.getElementById(containerId); container.innerHTML = `<p class="text-gray-500">No video available</p>`; button.remove(); debugLog("No video URL provided"); return; } const container = document.getElementById(containerId); container.innerHTML = ` <div class="video-loading"></div> <video controls class="w-full max-w-[600px] rounded-lg" preload="metadata" aria-label="Video explanation"> <source src="${videoUrl}" type="${videoUrl.endsWith('.m3u8') ? 'application/x-mpegURL' : 'video/mp4'}"> Your browser does not support the video tag. </video> `; container.classList.add('active'); button.remove(); // Initialize HLS.js for .m3u8 videos const video = container.querySelector('video'); if (videoUrl.endsWith('.m3u8') && Hls.isSupported()) { const hls = new Hls(); hls.loadSource(videoUrl); hls.attachMedia(video); hls.on(Hls.Events.ERROR, (event, data) => { console.error("HLS.js error:", data); container.innerHTML = `<p class="text-red-500">Error loading video. <a href="${videoUrl}" target="_blank" aria-label="Open video in new tab">Open video</a></p>`; debugLog("HLS.js error: " + JSON.stringify(data)); }); } else if (videoUrl.endsWith('.m3u8') && video.canPlayType('application/vnd.apple.mpegurl')) { video.src = videoUrl; } // Handle video load errors video.onerror = () => { console.error("Video load error for URL:", videoUrl); container.innerHTML = `<p class="text-red-500">Error loading video. <a href="${videoUrl}" target="_blank" aria-label="Open video in new tab">Open video</a></p>`; debugLog("Video load error for URL: " + videoUrl); }; // Remove loading spinner when video is ready video.onloadedmetadata = () => { container.querySelector('.video-loading').remove(); debugLog("Video loaded successfully"); }; } catch (e) { console.error("Error loading video:", e); debugLog("Failed to load video: " + e.message); const container = document.getElementById(containerId); container.innerHTML = `<p class="text-red-500">Error loading video. <a href="${videoUrl}" target="_blank" aria-label="Open video in new tab">Open video</a></p>`; } } // Lazy-load audio function loadAudio(button, audioUrl, containerId) { try { debugLog(`Loading audio for ${containerId}: ${audioUrl}`); if (!audioUrl) { const container = document.getElementById(containerId); container.innerHTML = `<p class="text-gray-500">No audio available</p>`; button.remove(); debugLog("No audio URL provided"); return; } const container = document.getElementById(containerId); container.innerHTML = ` <audio controls class="w-full max-w-[600px]" preload="metadata" aria-label="Audio explanation"> <source src="${audioUrl}" type="audio/mpeg"> Your browser does not support the audio tag. </audio> `; container.classList.add('active'); button.remove(); // Handle audio load errors const audio = container.querySelector('audio'); audio.onerror = () => { console.error("Audio load error for URL:", audioUrl); container.innerHTML = `<p class="text-red-500">Error loading audio. <a href="${audioUrl}" target="_blank" aria-label="Open audio in new tab">Open audio</a></p>`; debugLog("Audio load error for URL: " + audioUrl); }; debugLog("Audio loaded successfully"); } catch (e) { console.error("Error loading audio:", e); debugLog("Failed to load audio: " + e.message); const container = document.getElementById(containerId); container.innerHTML = `<p class="text-red-500">Error loading audio. <a href="${audioUrl}" target="_blank" aria-label="Open audio in new tab">Open audio</a></p>`; } } // Toggle dark mode function toggleTheme() { try { debugLog("Toggling theme"); document.documentElement.classList.toggle('dark'); localStorage.setItem('theme', document.documentElement.classList.contains('dark') ? 'dark' : 'light'); debugLog("Theme toggled successfully"); } catch (e) { console.error("Error toggling theme:", e); debugLog("Failed to toggle theme: " + e.message); } } // Load theme preference function loadTheme() { try { debugLog("Loading theme preference"); const theme = localStorage.getItem('theme'); if (theme === 'dark') { document.documentElement.classList.add('dark'); } debugLog("Theme loaded successfully"); } catch (e) { console.error("Error loading theme:", e); debugLog("Failed to load theme: " + e.message); } } // Initialize on DOM content loaded window.addEventListener('DOMContentLoaded', () => { try { debugLog("DOM content loaded, initializing quiz"); loadTheme(); initQuiz(); } catch (e) { console.error("Error during DOMContentLoaded:", e); debugLog("Failed to initialize on DOMContentLoaded: " + e.message); document.getElementById('error-message').innerHTML = "Error initializing quiz. Please check the console for details or contact support."; document.getElementById('error-message').classList.remove('hidden'); } }); </script> </body> </html>" frameborder="0" width="100%" height="2000px">
<div class="bg-white rounded-lg shadow-md p-4 md:p-6"> <h2 class="text-xl font-semibold mb-4">Instructions</h2> <h4 class="text-gray-800 text-lg font-semibold mt-6 mb-4">Test Features:</h4> <ul class="space-y-3"> <li class="flex items-center gap-3"> <i class="fa-solid fa-circle-check text-green-500"></i> Multiple choice questions with single correct answers </li> <li class="flex items-center gap-3"> <i class="fa-solid fa-circle-check text-green-500"></i> Timer-based testing for realistic exam conditions </li> <li class="flex items-center gap-3"> <i class="fa-solid fa-circle-check text-green-500"></i> Mark questions for review functionality </li> <li class="flex items-center gap-3"> <i class="fa-solid fa-circle-check text-green-500"></i> Comprehensive results and performance analysis </li> <li class="flex items-center gap-3"> <i class="fa-solid fa-circle-check text-green-500"></i> Mobile-optimized interface for learning on-the-go </li> </ul> <div class="mt-6 flex space-x-4 button-group md:flex-row flex-col"> <button class="bg-[#2c5281] text-white px-6 py-2 rounded-lg hover:bg-[#2c5281] transition" id="start-test">Start Test</button> </div> <div class="error-message hidden" id="error-message"></div> </div> </section> <!-- Quiz Section --> <section class="container mx-auto px-4 md:px-6 pt-4 md:pt-6 pb-1 hidden section-transition" id="quiz"> <div class="bg-white rounded-lg shadow-md p-4 md:p-6"> <!-- Progress Bar --> <div class="w-full bg-gray-200 rounded-full h-3 mb-4"> <div class="progress-bar h-3 rounded-full" id="progress-bar" style="width: 0%"></div> </div> <!-- Question Header --> <div class="flex flex-col md:flex-row justify-between items-center mb-4"> <h2 class="text-lg font-semibold" id="question-number">Question <span>1</span> of 4</h2> <p class="text-lg font-semibold mt-2 md:mt-0" id="timer">Time Remaining: <span>00:00</span></p> </div> <!-- Question Content --> <div class="mb-6" id="question-content"> <p class="text-gray-800 mb-4" id="question-text"></p> <div class="flex flex-wrap gap-4 mb-4" id="question-images"></div> <div class="space-y-3" id="options"></div> </div> <!-- Navigation Buttons --> <div class="flex flex-col md:flex-row justify-between items-center gap-2 md:gap-4"> <div class="flex gap-2 w-full md:w-auto"> <button class="bg-[#2c5281] text-white px-4 py-3 w-full md:w-32 h-14 rounded-lg hover:bg-[#2c5281] transition" disabled="" id="previous-btn">Previous</button> <button class="bg-[#2c5281] text-white px-4 py-3 w-full md:w-32 h-14 rounded-lg hover:bg-[#2c5281] transition" id="next-btn">Next</button> </div> <div class="flex items-center gap-2"> <button class="bg-transparent text-gray-700 px-4 py-2 rounded-lg hover:bg-gray-100 transition flex items-center gap-1" id="mark-review"> Review <svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" class="h-5 w-5" viewBox="0 0 20 20" fill="currentColor"> <path d="M10 2a1 1 0 00-1 1v14l3.293-3.293a1 1 0 011.414 0L17 17V3a1 1 0 00-1-1H10z" /> </svg> </button> <button class="bg-transparent text-gray-700 px-4 py-2 rounded-lg hover:bg-gray-100 transition flex items-center gap-1" id="nav-toggle"> Question 🧭 </button> <button class="bg-green-500 text-white px-6 py-3 w-44 h-14 rounded-lg hover:bg-green-600 transition w-full md:w-auto" id="submit-test">Submit Test</button> </div> </div> </section> <!-- Results Section --> <section class="container mx-auto px-4 md:px-6 pt-4 md:pt-6 pb-1 hidden section-transition" id="results"> <div class="bg-white rounded-lg shadow-md p-4 md:p-6"> <h2 class="text-2xl font-semibold mb-4">Anaesthesia Machine - Results</h2> <div class="grid grid-cols-1 md:grid-cols-2 gap-4 mb-6"> <p><strong>Correct:</strong> <span id="correct-count" class="text-[#000000]">0</span></p> <p><strong>Wrong:</strong> <span id="wrong-count" class="text-[#000000]">0</span></p> <p><strong>Unanswered:</strong> <span id="unanswered-count" class="text-[#000000]-500">0</span></p> <p><strong>Marked for Review:</strong> <span id="marked-count" class="text-[#000000]">0</span></p> </div> <h3 class="text-lg font-semibold mb-4" id="result-question-number">Question <span>1</span> of 4</h3> <div class="space-y-6" id="results-content"></div> <div class="result-nav"> <button aria-label="Previous question result" class="result-nav-btn bg-[#2c5281] text-white px-6 py-2 rounded-lg hover:bg-[#2c5281] transition" disabled="" id="prev-result">Previous</button> <button aria-label="Toggle results navigation panel" class="result-nav-btn bg-[#2c5281] text-white px-6 py-2 rounded-lg hover:bg-[#2c5281] transition" id="results-nav-toggle">Result 🧭</button> <button aria-label="Next question result" class="result-nav-btn bg-[#2c5281] text-white px-6 py-2 rounded-lg hover:bg-[#2c5281] transition" id="next-result">Next</button> </div> <div class="mt-6 flex space-x-4 button-group md:flex-row flex-col"> <button class="bg-green-500 text-white px-6 py-2 rounded-lg hover:bg-green-600 transition" id="take-again">Take Again</button> </div> </div> </section> <!-- Exit Confirmation Modal --> <div class="fixed inset-0 bg-black bg-opacity-50 flex items-center justify-center hidden" id="exit-modal"> <div class="bg-white rounded-lg p-6 max-w-sm w-full"> <h2 class="text-xl font-semibold mb-4">Leave Test?</h2> <p class="text-gray-700 mb-4">Your progress will be lost if you leave this page. Are you sure you want to exit?</p> <div class="flex justify-end space-x-4"> <button class="bg-gray-300 text-gray-700 px-4 py-2 rounded-lg hover:bg-gray-400 transition" id="continue-test">No, Continue</button> <button class="bg-red-500 text-white px-4 py-2 rounded-lg hover:bg-red-600 transition" id="exit-test">Yes, Exit</button> </div> </div> </div> <!-- Submit Confirmation Modal --> <div class="fixed inset-0 bg-black bg-opacity-50 flex items-center justify-center hidden" id="submit-modal"> <div class="bg-white rounded-lg p-6 max-w-sm w-full"> <h2 class="text-xl font-semibold mb-4">Confirm Submission</h2> <p class="text-gray-700 mb-2">You have attempted <span id="attempted-count">0</span> of 21 questions.</p> <p class="text-gray-700 mb-4"><span id="unattempted-count">0</span> questions are unattempted.</p> <div class="flex justify-end space-x-4"> <button class="bg-gray-300 text-gray-700 px-4 py-2 rounded-lg hover:bg-gray-400 transition" id="cancel-submit">Cancel</button> <button class="bg-green-500 text-white px-4 py-2 rounded-lg hover:bg-green-600 transition" id="confirm-submit">Submit Test</button> </div> </div> </div> <!-- Quiz Navigation Panel --> <div class="fixed inset-y-0 right-0 nav-panel bg-white shadow-lg p-4 hidden overflow-y-auto" id="nav-panel"> <h2 class="text-lg font-semibold mb-4">Questions Navigation</h2> <div class="mb-4"> <select class="w-full p-2 border rounded-lg text-gray-700" id="nav-filter"> <option value="all">All Questions</option> <option value="answered">Answered</option> <option value="unanswered">Unanswered</option> <option value="marked">Marked for Review</option> </select> </div> <div class="grid grid-cols-5 gap-2 md:gap-3" id="nav-grid"></div> <button class="mt-4 bg-gray-500 text-white px-4 py-2 rounded-lg hover:bg-gray-600 transition w-full" id="close-nav">Close</button> </div> <!-- Results Navigation Panel --> <div class="fixed inset-y-0 right-0 results-nav-panel bg-white shadow-lg p-4 hidden overflow-y-auto" id="results-nav-panel"> <h2 class="text-lg font-semibold mb-4">Results Navigation</h2> <div class="mb-4"> <select class="w-full p-2 border rounded-lg text-gray-700" id="results-nav-filter"> <option value="all">All Questions</option> <option value="answered">Answered</option> <option value="unanswered">Unanswered</option> <option value="marked">Marked for Review</option> </select> </div> <div class="grid grid-cols-5 gap-2 md:gap-3" id="results-nav-grid"></div> <button class="mt-4 bg-gray-500 text-white px-4 py-2 rounded-lg hover:bg-gray-600 transition w-full" id="close-results-nav">Close</button> </div> <!-- JavaScript Logic --> <script> // Enable debug mode for detailed logging const DEBUG_MODE = true; // Log debug messages function debugLog(message) { if (DEBUG_MODE) { console.log(`[DEBUG] ${message}`); } } // Initialize questions with error handling let questions = []; let currentResultQuestion = 0; // State for current question in results try { debugLog("Attempting to parse questions_json"); questions = [{"text": "Which of the following uses CRISPR-Cas9 technology?", "options": [{"label": "A", "text": "DNA Editing", "correct": true}, {"label": "B", "text": "Post-transcriptional Modification", "correct": false}, {"label": "C", "text": "DNA Induction", "correct": false}, {"label": "D", "text": "DNA Editing Solution", "correct": false}], "correct_answer": "A. DNA Editing", "question_images": [], "explanation_images": [], "explanation": "\n\n<p style='font-size: 10px; color: #808080; font-style: italic;'>@dams_new_robot</p>", "bot": "@dams_new_robot", "audio": "", "video": ""}, {"text": "On centrifugation of a cell, LDH will get deposited in:", "options": [{"label": "A", "text": "Mitochondria", "correct": false}, {"label": "B", "text": "Lysosome", "correct": false}, {"label": "C", "text": "Cytoplasm", "correct": true}, {"label": "D", "text": "Golgi complex", "correct": false}], "correct_answer": "C. Cytoplasm", "question_images": [], "explanation_images": [], "explanation": "\n\n<p style='font-size: 10px; color: #808080; font-style: italic;'>@dams_new_robot</p>", "bot": "@dams_new_robot", "audio": "", "video": ""}, {"text": "Identify the test:", "options": [{"label": "A", "text": "Rothera’s test", "correct": true}, {"label": "B", "text": "Benedict’s test", "correct": false}, {"label": "C", "text": "Fehling’s test", "correct": false}, {"label": "D", "text": "Barfoed’s test", "correct": false}], "correct_answer": "A. Rothera’s test", "question_images": ["https://image.prepladder.com/content/Ws8O3bG1SfzGsZzDqNfP1745911753.png"], "explanation_images": [], "explanation": "\n\n<p style='font-size: 10px; color: #808080; font-style: italic;'>@dams_new_robot</p>", "bot": "@dams_new_robot", "audio": "", "video": ""}, {"text": "What happens to chloride levels in sweat and pancreatic secretions in cystic fibrosis?", "options": [{"label": "A", "text": "Chloride is raised in sweat", "correct": true}, {"label": "B", "text": "Chloride is decreased in sweat", "correct": false}, {"label": "C", "text": "Chloride is decreased in pancreatic secretions", "correct": false}, {"label": "D", "text": "None of the above", "correct": false}], "correct_answer": "A. Chloride is raised in sweat", "question_images": [], "explanation_images": [], "explanation": "<table cellspacing=\"0\" style=\"border-collapse:collapse; width:624px\">\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Inheritance</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Autosomal <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"d54db2110416927771971e7c011a9f\">recessive</span> disorder.</p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Genetic Cause</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Mutations in the <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"da0dfb8fa61692777184291349addf\">CFTR</span> gene (cystic <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"21e2d5a70616927772021fcdec0ca9\">fibrosis</span> <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"f0c8d0b3871692777200426e503319\">transmembrane</span> regulator).</p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>CFTR Function</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Cyclic AMP-regulated <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"f7dbd0ab551692777184f9b1a73c6d\">chloride</span> (Cl<sup>−</sup>) transporter.</p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td rowspan=\"3\" style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Symptoms</p>\n</td>\n<td rowspan=\"3\" style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<ul>\n<li>Chronic bacterial infections in airways and sinuses.</li>\n<li>Fat <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"3cb1015658169277719162da6a3ab8\">maldigestion</span> due to pancreatic <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"938890efd616927771870f4a611546\">exocrine</span> insufficiency.</li>\n<li>Infertility in males due to <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"458e050fdc16927771809854c9fd53\">abnormal</span> development of the <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"4e612482cf1692777201e5b0ae20f6\">vas</span> deferens.</li>\n</ul>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Diagnostic Feature</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Elevated <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"f7dbd0ab551692777184f9b1a73c6d\">chloride</span> levels in sweat (&gt;60 mmol/L).</p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n</tbody>\n\n\n<p style='font-size: 10px; color: #808080; font-style: italic;'>@dams_new_robot</p>", "bot": "@dams_new_robot", "audio": "", "video": ""}, {"text": "Calculate the anion gap: Na- 145mmol/L K- 4mmol/L Cl- 90mmol/L HCO 3 - 15mmol/L", "options": [{"label": "A", "text": "35", "correct": false}, {"label": "B", "text": "44", "correct": true}, {"label": "C", "text": "28", "correct": false}, {"label": "D", "text": "12", "correct": false}], "correct_answer": "B. 44", "question_images": [], "explanation_images": [], "explanation": "<table cellspacing=\"0\" style=\"border-collapse:collapse; width:624px\">\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Definition</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:bottom\">\n<p>The difference between the measured cations and the measured anions in the <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"ba366417791692777187229d34e597\">extracellular</span> fluid (ECF).</p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Cations (Measured)</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:bottom\">\n<p>Sodium (Na⁺) and <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"a995a613a016927771969d4395dc80\">Potassium</span> (K⁺)</p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Anions (Measured)</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:bottom\">\n<p>Chloride (Cl⁻) and <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"2311c3b4ac16927771831d4c919043\">Bicarbonate</span> (HCO₃⁻)</p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Unmeasured Anions</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:bottom\">\n<p>Protein anions, sulfate, phosphate, and organic acids.</p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Reason for <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"53e82fca731692777181e629a02799\">Anion</span> Gap</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:bottom\">\n<p>The unmeasured anions cause the difference between the measured cations and anions.</p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Formula</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:bottom\">\n<p>Anion Gap = (Na⁺ + K⁺) – (Cl⁻ + HCO₃⁻)</p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Normal Value</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:bottom\">\n<p>~12 mmol/L</p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n</tbody>\n\n\n<p style='font-size: 10px; color: #808080; font-style: italic;'>@dams_new_robot</p>", "bot": "@dams_new_robot", "audio": "", "video": ""}, {"text": "Which of the following enzyme defects leads to Pompe’s disease?", "options": [{"label": "A", "text": "Lysosomal alpha glucosidase", "correct": true}, {"label": "B", "text": "β-hexosaminidase -A", "correct": false}, {"label": "C", "text": "β-galactocerebrosidase", "correct": false}, {"label": "D", "text": "β-glucocerebrosidase", "correct": false}], "correct_answer": "A. Lysosomal alpha glucosidase", "question_images": [], "explanation_images": [], "explanation": "<table cellspacing=\"0\" style=\"border-collapse:collapse\">\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Enzyme Deficiency</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Lysosomal α1→4 and α1→6 glucosidase (acid maltase)</p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Affected Gene</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>GAA</p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Clinical Features</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:bottom\">\n<ul>\n<li>Muscle hypotonia, death due to <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"1a5e87d16716927771888f364bce89\">heart failure</span> within 2 years of age (seen in juvenile)</li>\n<li>Muscle <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"04568e3d19169277718672d9da94fd\">dystrophy</span> (seen in adults)</li>\n</ul>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Mode of Inheritance</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Autosomal recessive</p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Management</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<ul>\n<li>Supportive care</li>\n<li>Enzyme replacement therapy</li>\n<li>Chest <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"fd0c8ab494169277720227102dc79a\">x-ray</span> at regular intervals</li>\n<li>Obtain an initial <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"36376dc3a81692777186a5d60f88cd\">echocardiogram</span> to evaluate the extent of cardiomyopathy</li>\n<li>Medical management may be useful based on the stage of cardiomyopathy.</li>\n<li>Avoid drastic changes in fluid status, either through <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"da07fd59a11692777185e23c69af5e\">dehydration</span> or fluid overload.</li>\n</ul>\n</td>\n</tr>\n</tbody>\n\n\n<p style='font-size: 10px; color: #808080; font-style: italic;'>@dams_new_robot</p>", "bot": "@dams_new_robot", "audio": "", "video": ""}, {"text": "Xanthurenic aciduria may be treated with high doses of which vitamin?", "options": [{"label": "A", "text": "Vitamin B6", "correct": true}, {"label": "B", "text": "Vitamin B12", "correct": false}, {"label": "C", "text": "Vitamin B5", "correct": false}, {"label": "D", "text": "Vitamin B7", "correct": false}], "correct_answer": "A. Vitamin B6", "question_images": [], "explanation_images": [], "explanation": "<table cellspacing=\"0\" style=\"border-collapse:collapse\">\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Amino Acid Metabolism</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>PLP acts as a <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"cf1469795816927771840da7c58a72\">coenzyme</span> for many reactions in <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"543f207eb51692777181723491a358\">amino</span> acid metabolism.</p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Transamination</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Catalyzed by <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"543f207eb51692777181723491a358\">amino</span> transferases (e.g., <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"7f4e6edbc91692777181c6fa295ae7\">Alanine</span> transaminase), converting <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"543f207eb51692777181723491a358\">amino</span> acids to keto acids.</p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Decarboxylation</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Required for <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"52adc3ebf01692777185395a8b1e8c\">decarboxylation</span> of <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"543f207eb51692777181723491a358\">amino</span> acids, forming important neurotransmitters and metabolites.</p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td rowspan=\"4\" style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Neurotransmitter Synthesis</p>\n</td>\n<td rowspan=\"4\" style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<ul>\n<li>GABA from <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"ada5fcf7e416927771886ff24152ff\">glutamate</span> (important for <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"1b6bd49bf11692777190214aa47f99\">inhibitory</span> neurotransmission).</li>\n<li>Histamine from histidine (mediator of allergy).</li>\n<li>Serotonin from 5-hydroxy <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"059bdf5c031692777200fedbf3ef66\">tryptophan</span> (mood regulation).</li>\n<li>Taurine from cysteine.</li>\n</ul>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Sulfur Containing <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"543f207eb51692777181723491a358\">Amino</span> Acids</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Involved in <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"373f4a37af16927771920ee58f2edf\">methionine</span> and <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"dabfa103741692777185dac756c49b\">cysteine</span> metabolism.</p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Homocysteine Metabolism</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Converts <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"00472d632e1692777189a71b99d4a9\">homocysteine</span> to cystathionine; <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"209b85faf71692777185767d43e3bd\">deficiency</span> leads to increased homocysteine, associated with myocardial <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"77aed446d2169277719007f42bf052\">infarction</span> risk.</p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Heme Synthesis</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Required for <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"eaa99cd1ab16927771803509d276b7\">ALA</span> synthase, the rate-limiting <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"0f160e4e42169277718771b715516a\">enzyme</span> in <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"d4fff554a316927771885dc8700abe\">heme</span> biosynthesis.</p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Niacin Production</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Required for the conversion of <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"059bdf5c031692777200fedbf3ef66\">tryptophan</span> to <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"acad87464816927771937783e41318\">niacin</span> (via kynurenine).</p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Glycogenolysis</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>PLP is a <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"cf1469795816927771840da7c58a72\">coenzyme</span> for phosphorylase, which converts <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"2e2aa646ab1692777188e3eb8286d8\">glycogen</span> to glucose-1-phosphate.</p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n</tbody>\n\n\n<p style='font-size: 10px; color: #808080; font-style: italic;'>@dams_new_robot</p>", "bot": "@dams_new_robot", "audio": "", "video": ""}, {"text": "Deficiency of which of the following causes Barth’s syndrome?", "options": [{"label": "A", "text": "Cardiolipin", "correct": true}, {"label": "B", "text": "Sphingomyelin", "correct": false}, {"label": "C", "text": "Glycolipids", "correct": false}, {"label": "D", "text": "Cerebroside", "correct": false}], "correct_answer": "A. Cardiolipin", "question_images": [], "explanation_images": [], "explanation": "<table cellspacing=\"0\" style=\"border-collapse:collapse\">\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Cause</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Mutations affecting <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"07743bfa521692777183b5ad94172b\">cardiolipin</span> <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"5b1a045f5f169277719210c0ac7a1e\">metabolism</span> (decreased or altered <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"07743bfa521692777183b5ad94172b\">cardiolipin</span> levels), causing defects in mitochondrial function.</p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td rowspan=\"2\" style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Clinical Features</p>\n</td>\n<td rowspan=\"2\" style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<ul>\n<li>Cardioskeletal <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"2bed7a5c011692777193cf17eb29b3\">myopathy</span> (affects both heart and muscle).</li>\n<li>Mitochondrial <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"3662597407169277718640a12868f5\">dysfunction</span> in <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"c13872f9e3169277718001d2a0f063\">aging</span> and <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"e32252a2c41692777194fe542b3e35\">pathologic</span> conditions.</li>\n</ul>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n</tr>\n</tbody>\n\n\n<p style='font-size: 10px; color: #808080; font-style: italic;'>@dams_new_robot</p>", "bot": "@dams_new_robot", "audio": "", "video": ""}, {"text": "Liver produces ketones but cannot use it due to the deficiency of which of the following?", "options": [{"label": "A", "text": "Thiophorase", "correct": true}, {"label": "B", "text": "Alkaline phosphatase", "correct": false}, {"label": "C", "text": "Alanine transaminase", "correct": false}, {"label": "D", "text": "Thoiolase", "correct": false}], "correct_answer": "A. Thiophorase", "question_images": [], "explanation_images": [], "explanation": "<table cellspacing=\"0\" style=\"border-collapse:collapse\">\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<td colspan=\"2\" style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #131314; border-left:1px solid #131314; border-right:1px solid #131314; border-top:1px solid #131314; vertical-align:middle\">\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><strong>KETOSIS</strong></p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td rowspan=\"2\" style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #131314; border-left:1px solid #131314; border-right:1px solid #131314; border-top:1px solid #131314; vertical-align:middle\">\n<p><strong>Ketone Bodies</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td rowspan=\"2\" style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #131314; border-left:1px solid #131314; border-right:1px solid #131314; border-top:1px solid #131314; vertical-align:middle\">\n<ul>\n<li>Produced in the liver</li>\n<li><strong>Utilized by <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"85d0636fae1692777187fc93c80934\">extrahepatic</span> tissues due to the absence of Thiophorase <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"0f160e4e42169277718771b715516a\">enzyme</span> in the liver</strong></li>\n</ul>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #131314; border-left:1px solid #131314; border-right:1px solid #131314; border-top:1px solid #131314; vertical-align:middle\">\n<p><strong>Tissues that use <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"296c955ad216927771900bf1905f13\">Ketone</span> Bodies</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #131314; border-left:1px solid #131314; border-right:1px solid #131314; border-top:1px solid #131314; vertical-align:middle\">\n<ul>\n<li>Almost all tissues except:\n\t\t\t\t<ul>\n<li>Liver</li>\n<li>Red blood cells (RBCs)</li>\n</ul>\n</li>\n<li>Tissues that prefer <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"296c955ad216927771900bf1905f13\">ketone</span> bodies:\n\t\t\t\t<ul>\n<li>Heart muscle</li>\n<li>Renal cortex</li>\n<li>Placenta</li>\n</ul>\n</li>\n<li>Tissues that use <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"296c955ad216927771900bf1905f13\">ketone</span> bodies only in the absence of glucose:\n\t\t\t\t<ul>\n<li>Skeletal muscle</li>\n<li>Brain</li>\n</ul>\n</li>\n<li>Additional Tissues Using <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"296c955ad216927771900bf1905f13\">Ketone</span> Bodies\n\t\t\t\t<ul>\n<li>Intestinal mucosal cells</li>\n<li>Adipocytes</li>\n</ul>\n</li>\n</ul>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #131314; border-left:1px solid #131314; border-right:1px solid #131314; border-top:1px solid #131314; vertical-align:middle\">\n<p><strong>Enzyme Involved</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #131314; border-left:1px solid #131314; border-right:1px solid #131314; border-top:1px solid #131314; vertical-align:middle\">\n<ul>\n<li><strong>Thiophorase</strong>: Converts <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"91f05d33d9169277718037ec6b325e\">acetoacetate</span> to acetoacetyl CoA</li>\n</ul>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #131314; border-left:1px solid #131314; border-right:1px solid #131314; border-top:1px solid #131314; vertical-align:middle\">\n<p><strong>Fatty Acids as Primary Energy Source During Starvation</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #131314; border-left:1px solid #131314; border-right:1px solid #131314; border-top:1px solid #131314; vertical-align:middle\">\n<ul>\n<li>Skeletal muscles</li>\n<li>Heart</li>\n<li>Liver</li>\n</ul>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #131314; border-left:1px solid #131314; border-right:1px solid #131314; border-top:1px solid #131314; vertical-align:middle\">\n<p><strong>Energy Production Pathway</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #131314; border-left:1px solid #131314; border-right:1px solid #131314; border-top:1px solid #131314; vertical-align:middle\">\n<ul>\n<li>Acetoacetyl <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"fdf03479ad16927771847526907130\">CoA</span> enters the beta-oxidation <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"3aa5abc2fa169277719488e088076d\">pathway</span> to produce energy</li>\n</ul>\n</td>\n</tr>\n</tbody>\n\n\n<p style='font-size: 10px; color: #808080; font-style: italic;'>@dams_new_robot</p>", "bot": "@dams_new_robot", "audio": "", "video": ""}, {"text": "A 16-year-old patient presents with pellagra-like skin eruptions during the spring season for the past 5 years. Laboratory tests reveal normal levels of 5-Hydroxyindoleacetic Acid (HIAA), high aminoaciduria, and normal urinary indole levels. What is the most likely diagnosis?", "options": [{"label": "A", "text": "Carcinoid tumor", "correct": false}, {"label": "B", "text": "Nutritional pellagra", "correct": false}, {"label": "C", "text": "Hartnup disorder", "correct": true}, {"label": "D", "text": "Essential fructosuria", "correct": false}], "correct_answer": "C. Hartnup disorder", "question_images": [], "explanation_images": [], "explanation": "<table cellspacing=\"0\" style=\"border-collapse:collapse; width:608px\">\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid black; border-left:1px solid black; border-right:1px solid black; border-top:1px solid black; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Inheritance</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid black; border-left:none; border-right:1px solid black; border-top:1px solid black; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Autosomal recessive</p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid black; border-left:1px solid black; border-right:1px solid black; border-top:none; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Pathogenesis</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid black; border-left:none; border-right:1px solid black; border-top:none; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Mutation in SLC6A19 gene; Impaired transport of neutral <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"543f207eb51692777181723491a358\">amino</span> acids across intestinal and <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"4aa6035df41692777190b41d4a1583\">kidney</span> <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"da5d70d6c016927771839e073ce917\">brush border</span> epithelium</p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid black; border-left:1px solid black; border-right:1px solid black; border-top:none; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Clinical features</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid black; border-left:none; border-right:1px solid black; border-top:none; vertical-align:top\">\n<ul>\n<li>Photosensitivity</li>\n<li>Pellagra-like <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"dc75edd604169277719735ac5b4d5b\">rash</span> (Decreased <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"acad87464816927771937783e41318\">Niacin</span> due to <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"059bdf5c031692777200fedbf3ef66\">tryptophan</span> deficiency)</li>\n<li>Neurologic symptoms (ataxia, emotional instability) - Decreased <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"06eba971ce169277719884f8c62937\">serotonin</span> due to <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"059bdf5c031692777200fedbf3ef66\">tryptophan</span> deficiency</li>\n</ul>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid black; border-left:1px solid black; border-right:1px solid black; border-top:none; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Biochemical defect</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid black; border-left:none; border-right:1px solid black; border-top:none; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Deficiency of <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"5eb9769383169277719347453a36cc\">nicotinamide</span> synthesis</p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid black; border-left:1px solid black; border-right:1px solid black; border-top:none; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Diagnosis</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid black; border-left:none; border-right:1px solid black; border-top:none; vertical-align:top\">\n<ul>\n<li>Aminoaciduria (neutral <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"543f207eb51692777181723491a358\">amino</span> acids) in <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"0096f2a7631692777201eb9f21d5a7\">urine</span> and plasma</li>\n<li>Demonstrate SLC6A19 defect</li>\n</ul>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid black; border-left:1px solid black; border-right:1px solid black; border-top:none; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Treatment</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid black; border-left:none; border-right:1px solid black; border-top:none; vertical-align:top\">\n<ul>\n<li>Administration of nicotinamide/nicotinic acid</li>\n<li>Protection from sunlight</li>\n</ul>\n</td>\n</tr>\n</tbody>\n\n\n<p style='font-size: 10px; color: #808080; font-style: italic;'>@dams_new_robot</p>", "bot": "@dams_new_robot", "audio": "", "video": ""}, {"text": "Which of the following substances is used in a tube for collecting blood samples specifically for measuring alcohol concentration?", "options": [{"label": "A", "text": "Heparin + EDTA", "correct": false}, {"label": "B", "text": "Sodium fluoride + Potassium dichromate", "correct": true}, {"label": "C", "text": "Heparin", "correct": false}, {"label": "D", "text": "Sodium citrate", "correct": false}], "correct_answer": "B. Sodium fluoride + Potassium dichromate", "question_images": [], "explanation_images": ["https://image.prepladder.com/content/pjF0ILKl7UCYfw2ZSRMw1747374536.png", "https://image.prepladder.com/content/N52DZRKQ05WLrdsHR1vI1747374545.png", "https://image.prepladder.com/content/h47yUky2eRdQaP7OxB9z1747374550.png", "https://image.prepladder.com/content/eP3JwtDAYx3xS7M4JtPU1747374571.png", "https://image.prepladder.com/content/bIyz3KSwMVxOItdgk53V1747374580.png"], "explanation": "<table cellspacing=\"0\" style=\"border-collapse:collapse; width:763px\">\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<td colspan=\"3\" style=\"border-bottom:1px solid black; border-left:1px solid black; border-right:1px solid black; border-top:1px solid black; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Blood Collection Tubes</strong></p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid black; border-left:1px solid black; border-right:1px solid black; border-top:none; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Tube Type</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid black; border-left:none; border-right:1px solid black; border-top:none; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Additives &amp; Mechanism</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid black; border-left:none; border-right:1px solid black; border-top:none; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Key Applications</strong></p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid black; border-left:1px solid black; border-right:1px solid black; border-top:none; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Coagulation Tube</strong></p>\n<div style=\"text-align:center\">\n<figure class=\"caption_element\" style=\"display:inline-block\"><img alt=\"\" data-author=\"Gene Hobbs \" data-hash=\"\" data-license=\"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Partial_thromboplastin_time\tCC BY SA 4.0\" data-source=\"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Partial_thromboplastin_time\" data-tags=\"\" height=\"500\" src=\"https://image.prepladder.com/content/pjF0ILKl7UCYfw2ZSRMw1747374536.png\" width=\"350\"/>\n<figcaption>{{caption_text}}</figcaption>\n</figure>\n</div>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid black; border-left:none; border-right:1px solid black; border-top:none; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Sodium citrate</strong> binds <strong>calcium (Factor IV) </strong>to prevent clotting; <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"9beeeb58f6169277718129acb7bd01\">anticoagulation</span> reversed by adding calcium.</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid black; border-left:none; border-right:1px solid black; border-top:none; vertical-align:top\">\n<ul>\n<li>Used for <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"42f1e4deb8169277718412c0681a54\">coagulation</span> studies.</li>\n<li>Must be filled completely.</li>\n</ul>\n<p> </p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid black; border-left:1px solid black; border-right:1px solid black; border-top:none; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Serum Tube</strong></p>\n<div style=\"text-align:center\">\n<figure class=\"caption_element\" style=\"display:inline-block\"><img alt=\"\" data-author=\"AfroBrazilian\" data-hash=\"\" data-license=\"CC BY SA 3.0\" data-source=\"https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Blood_collection_tube_(1_kind).jpg\" data-tags=\"\" height=\"500\" src=\"https://image.prepladder.com/content/N52DZRKQ05WLrdsHR1vI1747374545.png\" width=\"350\"/>\n<figcaption>{{caption_text}}</figcaption>\n</figure>\n</div>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid black; border-left:none; border-right:1px solid black; border-top:none; vertical-align:top\">\n<ul>\n<li><strong>Glass/silica </strong>activates <strong>clotting (Factor XII)</strong>.</li>\n<li>Some include <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"b0bdc3a1d416927771884d50c944ec\">gel</span> separators to prevent <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"12a6f23332169277718402ca6703e2\">cellular</span> contamination.</li>\n</ul>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid black; border-left:none; border-right:1px solid black; border-top:none; vertical-align:top\">\n<ul>\n<li>Used for clinical chemistry, immunology, and serology.</li>\n</ul>\n<p> </p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid black; border-left:1px solid black; border-right:1px solid black; border-top:none; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Heparin Tube</strong></p>\n<p style=\"text-align:center\"><img alt=\"\" data-author=\"\" data-hash=\"\" data-license=\"\" data-source=\"\" data-tags=\"\" height=\"350\" src=\"https://image.prepladder.com/content/h47yUky2eRdQaP7OxB9z1747374550.png\" width=\"350\"/></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid black; border-left:none; border-right:1px solid black; border-top:none; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Sodium/lithium <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"050e27829716927771885eddb2620c\">heparin</span> </strong>inhibits <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"ac7e1f394f1692777200c5bb11e4d8\">thrombin</span> and Factor Xa to prevent clotting.</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid black; border-left:none; border-right:1px solid black; border-top:none; vertical-align:top\">\n<ul>\n<li>Common in biochemical tests.</li>\n</ul>\n<p> </p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid black; border-left:1px solid black; border-right:1px solid black; border-top:none; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>EDTA Tube</strong></p>\n<div style=\"text-align:center\">\n<figure class=\"caption_element\" style=\"display:inline-block\"><img alt=\"\" data-author=\"Whispyhistory,\" data-hash=\"\" data-license=\"CC BY SA 4.0\" data-source=\"https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:EDTA_(chelator_-_anticoagulant)_for_full_blood_count.jpg\" data-tags=\"\" height=\"100\" src=\"https://image.prepladder.com/content/eP3JwtDAYx3xS7M4JtPU1747374571.png\" width=\"350\"/>\n<figcaption>{{caption_text}}</figcaption>\n</figure>\n</div>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid black; border-left:none; border-right:1px solid black; border-top:none; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>EDTA chelates <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"54de8b79a91692777183e608bc0dd4\">calcium</span> </strong>irreversibly, preventing clotting.</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid black; border-left:none; border-right:1px solid black; border-top:none; vertical-align:top\">\n<ul>\n<li>Preferred for hematology.</li>\n<li>Stable for <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"11d4157da4169277718762144a4fe7\">enzymatic</span> studies.</li>\n</ul>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid black; border-left:1px solid black; border-right:1px solid black; border-top:none; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Glycolytic Inhibitor Tube</strong></p>\n<div style=\"text-align:center\">\n<figure class=\"caption_element\" style=\"display:inline-block\"><img alt=\"\" data-author=\"Whispyhistory\" data-hash=\"\" data-license=\"CC BY SA 4.0\" data-source=\"https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Grey_vacutainer.jpg\" data-tags=\"\" height=\"500\" src=\"https://image.prepladder.com/content/bIyz3KSwMVxOItdgk53V1747374580.png\" width=\"350\"/>\n<figcaption>{{caption_text}}</figcaption>\n</figure>\n</div>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid black; border-left:none; border-right:1px solid black; border-top:none; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Sodium fluoride</strong> inhibits glycolysis; may also include <strong>citrate, oxalate, or EDTA</strong> to prevent clotting.</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid black; border-left:none; border-right:1px solid black; border-top:none; vertical-align:top\">\n<ul>\n<li>Used to measure <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"af3ae60c0c16927771889b84ca41c0\">glucose</span> and <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"5a751dc161169277719123aae1b764\">lactate</span> levels.</li>\n</ul>\n</td>\n</tr>\n</tbody>\n\n\n<p style='font-size: 10px; color: #808080; font-style: italic;'>@dams_new_robot</p>", "bot": "@dams_new_robot", "audio": "", "video": ""}, {"text": "A 7-year-old child of short stature presents with skin patches and learning difficulties. Diagnostic workup indicates a defect in DNA repair specifically related to double-strand breaks. What is the most likely diagnosis?", "options": [{"label": "A", "text": "Bloom Syndrome", "correct": true}, {"label": "B", "text": "Xeroderma Pigmentosum", "correct": false}, {"label": "C", "text": "Cockayne Syndrome", "correct": false}, {"label": "D", "text": "Lynch Syndrome", "correct": false}], "correct_answer": "A. Bloom Syndrome", "question_images": [], "explanation_images": [], "explanation": "\n<table cellspacing=\"0\" style=\"border-collapse:collapse\">\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:bottom\">\n<p><strong>Repair Mechanism Defect</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:bottom\">\n<p><strong>Associated Defect</strong></p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:bottom\">\n<p>Nucleotide Excision Repair Defect</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:bottom\">\n<p>Xeroderma Pigmentosum (XP)</p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:bottom\">\n<p>Base Excision Repair Defect</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:bottom\">\n<p>MUTYH-Associated Polyposis (MAP)</p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:bottom\">\n<p>Mismatch Repair Defect</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:bottom\">\n<p>Lynch Syndrome (HNPCC)</p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:bottom\">\n<p>Homologous Recombination Repair Defect</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:bottom\">\n<p>BRCA1/BRCA2 Mutations</p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:bottom\">\n<p>Proteasomal Degradation Defect</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:bottom\">\n<p>Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis (ALS)</p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:bottom\">\n<p>Chaperone-Mediated Protein Repair Defect</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:bottom\">\n<p>Cystic Fibrosis</p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:bottom\">\n<p>Cell Cycle Checkpoint Defect</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:bottom\">\n<p>Ataxia-Telangiectasia (AT)</p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:bottom\">\n<p>Mitochondrial DNA Repair Defect</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:bottom\">\n<p>Mitochondrial Myopathy</p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n</tbody>\n\n\n<p style='font-size: 10px; color: #808080; font-style: italic;'>@dams_new_robot</p>", "bot": "@dams_new_robot", "audio": "", "video": ""}, {"text": "Which of the following disorders is characterized by the presence of a cherry red spot on the retina?", "options": [{"label": "A", "text": "Tay-Sachs disease", "correct": true}, {"label": "B", "text": "Fabry's disease", "correct": false}, {"label": "C", "text": "Gaucher's disease", "correct": false}, {"label": "D", "text": "Von Gierke's disease", "correct": false}], "correct_answer": "A. Tay-Sachs disease", "question_images": [], "explanation_images": [], "explanation": "<table cellspacing=\"0\" style=\"border-collapse:collapse; width:613px\">\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<td colspan=\"2\" style=\"border-bottom:1px solid black; border-left:1px solid black; border-right:1px solid black; border-top:1px solid black; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Tay-Sachs Disease</strong></p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid black; border-left:1px solid black; border-right:1px solid black; border-top:none; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Inheritance</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid black; border-left:none; border-right:1px solid black; border-top:none; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Autosomal recessive</strong></p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid black; border-left:1px solid black; border-right:1px solid black; border-top:none; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Cause</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid black; border-left:none; border-right:1px solid black; border-top:none; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Deficiency of <strong>hexosaminidase A enzyme</strong></p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid black; border-left:1px solid black; border-right:1px solid black; border-top:none; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Accumulation</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid black; border-left:none; border-right:1px solid black; border-top:none; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>GM2 <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"284061bc521692777188fc821ddb5c\">ganglioside</span> in <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"bbd799518a169277718867e02de42f\">ganglion</span> cells and neurons</p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid black; border-left:1px solid black; border-right:1px solid black; border-top:none; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Clinical Manifestations</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid black; border-left:none; border-right:1px solid black; border-top:none; vertical-align:top\">\n<ul>\n<li>Initial symptoms include loss of head control, inability to sit, exaggerated <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"49a672054e169277719974b3f062e9\">startle</span> response to sound, and a disproportionately large head.</li>\n<li>Progressive features include<strong> spasticity, deafness, and blindness.</strong></li>\n<li>Not associated with organomegaly.</li>\n</ul>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid black; border-left:1px solid black; border-right:1px solid black; border-top:none; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Fundus Finding</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid black; border-left:none; border-right:1px solid black; border-top:none; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Cherry-red spot is caused by GM2 <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"284061bc521692777188fc821ddb5c\">ganglioside</span> accumulation in the <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"bbd799518a169277718867e02de42f\">ganglion</span> cells of the retina, creating a contrast with the normal red fovea.</p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n</tbody>\n\n\n<p style='font-size: 10px; color: #808080; font-style: italic;'>@dams_new_robot</p>", "bot": "@dams_new_robot", "audio": "", "video": ""}, {"text": "A 40-year-old female working as a senior executive leading a sedentary lifestyle presents to the OPD with palmoplantar pigmentation. X-ray spine shows calcification of intervertebral discs. On adding Benedict’s reagent to the urine sample, it gives a greenish-brown precipitate and comes positive. What is the most likely enzyme deficiency in this patient?", "options": [{"label": "A", "text": "Phenylalanine hydroxylase", "correct": false}, {"label": "B", "text": "Tyrosine hydroxylase", "correct": false}, {"label": "C", "text": "Homogentisic acid oxidase", "correct": true}, {"label": "D", "text": "PHPP dioxygenase", "correct": false}], "correct_answer": "C. Homogentisic acid oxidase", "question_images": [], "explanation_images": [], "explanation": "<table cellspacing=\"0\" style=\"border-collapse:collapse; width:771px\">\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<td colspan=\"2\" style=\"border-bottom:1px solid black; border-left:1px solid black; border-right:1px solid black; border-top:1px solid black; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Alkaptonuria</strong></p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid black; border-left:1px solid black; border-right:1px solid black; border-top:none; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Definition</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid black; border-left:none; border-right:1px solid black; border-top:none; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Rare <strong>autosomal recessive</strong> genetic disorder caused by a <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"209b85faf71692777185767d43e3bd\">deficiency</span> of <strong>homogentisate 1,2 <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"fd6641649b16927771869679be8da7\">dioxygenase</span> (HGD)</strong>, an <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"0f160e4e42169277718771b715516a\">enzyme</span> in the<strong> tyrosine <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"5b1a045f5f169277719210c0ac7a1e\">metabolism</span> pathway.</strong></p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid black; border-left:1px solid black; border-right:1px solid black; border-top:none; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Mechanism and Pathophysiology</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid black; border-left:none; border-right:1px solid black; border-top:none; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Defective tyrosine <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"5b1a045f5f169277719210c0ac7a1e\">metabolism</span> → <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"d442747c48169277718942db69fa7e\">homogentisic acid</span> (HGA) accumulation → ochronotic <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"05e2e2617c16927771952bcbeea08b\">pigment</span> deposition → <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"8f2e7fd96116927771995b451b5c90\">systemic</span> disease (ochronosis).</p>\n<p> </p>\n<ul>\n<li>Deficiency: HGD fails to convert HGA to maleylacetoacetate.</li>\n<li>Consequences:\n\t\t\t\t<ul>\n<li>HGA oxidizes into melanin-like polymers → <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"67e237a57c16927771859803f93ab3\">connective</span> tissue deposition (ochronosis).</li>\n<li>Affects joints, heart valves, kidneys, and vessels.</li>\n</ul>\n</li>\n</ul>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid black; border-left:1px solid black; border-right:1px solid black; border-top:none; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Clinical Features</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid black; border-left:none; border-right:1px solid black; border-top:none; vertical-align:top\">\n<ul>\n<li><strong>Triad: Homogentisic aciduria, ochronosis, ochronotic osteoarthropathy.</strong></li>\n<li><strong>Pediatric signs: Dark <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"0096f2a7631692777201eb9f21d5a7\">urine</span> (oxidized HGA).</strong></li>\n<li><strong>Musculoskeletal</strong>: <strong>Arthritis </strong>(spine, hips, knees), kyphoscoliosis, <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"d816ba952f1692777199fc69bd7c56\">spinal</span> stenosis.</li>\n<li><strong>Cardiac</strong>: A<strong>ortic stenosis, <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"d93de7238d16927771922b27cb6086\">mitral</span> <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"416dd1004a169277720177d9a6adc5\">valve</span> disease, <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"bc8bc758371692777185eff2ccabb7\">coronary</span> <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"a66cd3adaa1692777182e77cb23021\">artery</span> disease.</strong></li>\n<li><strong>Renal/Metabolic:</strong> <strong>Stones </strong>(renal, gallbladder, prostate).</li>\n<li><strong>Neurological</strong>: Peripheral neuropathy, stroke.</li>\n</ul>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid black; border-left:1px solid black; border-right:1px solid black; border-top:none; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Evaluation</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid black; border-left:none; border-right:1px solid black; border-top:none; vertical-align:top\">\n<ul>\n<li><strong>Clinical scoring: AKU Severity Score Index</strong> (AKUSSI).</li>\n<li><strong>Diagnostic tests:</strong>\n<ul>\n<li><strong>Gold standard: <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"0b72f5e96b16927772018dec8a87e2\">Urinary</span> HGA quantification via gas chromatography-mass spectrometry.</strong></li>\n<li>Genetic testing for HGD mutations.</li>\n<li>Imaging (CT/MRI): Joint involvement, valvular calcification.</li>\n<li>Echocardiography: Valvular abnormalities.</li>\n</ul>\n</li>\n</ul>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid black; border-left:1px solid black; border-right:1px solid black; border-top:none; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Management</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid black; border-left:none; border-right:1px solid black; border-top:none; vertical-align:top\">\n<ul>\n<li><strong>Symptomatic</strong>: Pain control, physiotherapy, joint surgery.</li>\n<li><strong>Diet</strong>: Low-protein diet (limited efficacy).</li>\n<li>Medications:\n\t\t\t\t<ul>\n<li><strong>Vitamin C</strong>: Reduces HGA <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"224ea8a9e41692777194e81be113d8\">oxidation</span> but not <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"0b72f5e96b16927772018dec8a87e2\">urinary</span> excretion.</li>\n<li><strong>Nitisinone</strong>: Inhibits tyrosine metabolism, reduces HGA &gt;95%. <strong>Side effects: tyrosinemia, leukopenia, thrombocytopenia.</strong></li>\n</ul>\n</li>\n</ul>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid black; border-left:1px solid black; border-right:1px solid black; border-top:none; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Prognosis and Complications</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid black; border-left:none; border-right:1px solid black; border-top:none; vertical-align:top\">\n<ul>\n<li><strong>Prognosis</strong>: Normal life expectancy; <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"10c83adb331692777197f775bec1aa\">reduced</span> quality of life (pain, sleep issues, disability).</li>\n<li><strong>Complications</strong>:\n\t\t\t\t<ul>\n<li>Stones (renal, gallbladder, salivary).</li>\n<li>Tendon/ligament ruptures.</li>\n<li>Osteopenia, fractures.</li>\n<li>Aortic calcification/stenosis.</li>\n</ul>\n</li>\n</ul>\n</td>\n</tr>\n</tbody>\n\n\n<p style='font-size: 10px; color: #808080; font-style: italic;'>@dams_new_robot</p>", "bot": "@dams_new_robot", "audio": "", "video": ""}, {"text": "A 3-month-old baby presents with severe hepatomegaly, cataracts in both eyes, lethargy, and hypotonia. Based on these symptoms, which enzyme deficiency is most likely involved?", "options": [{"label": "A", "text": "Galactokinase", "correct": false}, {"label": "B", "text": "Hepatic Kinase", "correct": false}, {"label": "C", "text": "Hepatic Glucose-6-Phosphatase", "correct": false}, {"label": "D", "text": "Galactose-1-Phosphate Uridyl Transferase", "correct": true}], "correct_answer": "D. Galactose-1-Phosphate Uridyl Transferase", "question_images": [], "explanation_images": [], "explanation": "<table cellspacing=\"0\" style=\"border-collapse:collapse; width:680px\">\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<td colspan=\"2\" style=\"border-bottom:1px solid black; border-left:1px solid black; border-right:1px solid black; border-top:1px solid black\">\n<p><strong>Galactosemia </strong></p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid black; border-left:1px solid black; border-right:1px solid black; border-top:none; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Enzyme Deficiency</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid black; border-left:none; border-right:1px solid black; border-top:none; vertical-align:top\">\n<ul>\n<li>Galactose-1-phosphate uridylyltransferase (GALT) - <strong>Classical type</strong></li>\n<li><strong>Galactokinase- <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"1bbae82f1f16927771824f797639fa\">benign</span> disease with only oil drop cataract. (Option A ruled out)</strong></li>\n<li>Epimerase- SNHL + symptoms of classical type</li>\n</ul>\n<p>(Low galactose-based diet can be given which is contraindicated in the classical type)</p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid black; border-left:1px solid black; border-right:1px solid black; border-top:none; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Pathophysiology</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid black; border-left:none; border-right:1px solid black; border-top:none; vertical-align:top\">\n<ul>\n<li>Accumulation of galactose-1-phosphate <strong>(toxic causing jaundice, and liver damage)</strong></li>\n<li>Inability to metabolize <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"99e53092e01692777188465c49d9b8\">galactose</span> from milk</li>\n<li>Damage to liver, kidney, and brain</li>\n</ul>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid black; border-left:1px solid black; border-right:1px solid black; border-top:none; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Clinical Features</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid black; border-left:none; border-right:1px solid black; border-top:none; vertical-align:top\">\n<ul>\n<li>Hepatic: Jaundice, hepatomegaly</li>\n<li>GI: Vomiting, diarrhea, failure to thrive</li>\n<li>CNS: Seizures, intellectual disability</li>\n<li>Eyes: Oil drop cataracts</li>\n<li>Increased risk of E. <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"cd0a7121a516927771846d8f5248bb\">coli</span> sepsis</li>\n</ul>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid black; border-left:1px solid black; border-right:1px solid black; border-top:none; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Diagnosis</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid black; border-left:none; border-right:1px solid black; border-top:none; vertical-align:top\">\n<ul>\n<li>Reducing substance in <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"0096f2a7631692777201eb9f21d5a7\">urine</span> (positive)( Positive Benedict test but negative <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"af3ae60c0c16927771889b84ca41c0\">glucose</span> <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"4a14dfa14e1692777194882f818d87\">oxidase</span> test)</li>\n<li>Direct <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"0f160e4e42169277718771b715516a\">enzyme</span> (GALT) assay</li>\n<li>Genetic testing <strong>(Perinatal diagnosis is possible)</strong></li>\n</ul>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid black; border-left:1px solid black; border-right:1px solid black; border-top:none; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Management</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid black; border-left:none; border-right:1px solid black; border-top:none; vertical-align:top\">\n<ul>\n<li>Lactose-free diet</li>\n<li>Breast Milk contraindicated</li>\n<li>Soy-based or elemental formulas</li>\n<li>Calcium supplementation</li>\n</ul>\n</td>\n</tr>\n</tbody>\n\n\n<p style='font-size: 10px; color: #808080; font-style: italic;'>@dams_new_robot</p>", "bot": "@dams_new_robot", "audio": "", "video": ""}, {"text": "A couple brings their 4-year-old child to the outpatient department (OPD) due to self-mutilating behavior and poor growth. Which of the following associated enzyme deficiencies could explain these symptoms?", "options": [{"label": "A", "text": "HGPRT deficiency", "correct": true}, {"label": "B", "text": "Homogentisic Aciduria", "correct": false}, {"label": "C", "text": "Phenylalanine Hydroxylase deficiency", "correct": false}, {"label": "D", "text": "Adenosine deaminase deficiency", "correct": false}], "correct_answer": "A. HGPRT deficiency", "question_images": [], "explanation_images": [], "explanation": "<table cellspacing=\"0\" style=\"border-collapse:collapse; width:674px\">\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<td colspan=\"2\" style=\"border-bottom:1px solid black; border-left:1px solid black; border-right:1px solid black; border-top:1px solid black; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Lesch-Nyhan Syndrome</strong></p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid black; border-left:1px solid black; border-right:1px solid black; border-top:none; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Clinical Features</strong></p>\n<p> </p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid black; border-left:none; border-right:1px solid black; border-top:none; vertical-align:top\">\n<ul>\n<li>Metabolic: Severe<strong> gout, <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"ed72793e89169277719946435952a9\">sodium urate</span> crystal deposition</strong> causing j<strong>oint <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"e3d212ebd316927771996e0c472d4a\">swelling</span> and <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"4aa6035df41692777190b41d4a1583\">kidney</span> damage</strong>.</li>\n<li>Neurological:\n\t\t\t\t<ul>\n<li><strong>Poor muscle control.</strong></li>\n<li><strong>Involuntary movements</strong> (resembling Huntington's disease).</li>\n<li><strong>Facial grimacing,</strong> repetitive limb movements.</li>\n</ul>\n</li>\n<li>Behavioral: <strong>Self-mutilation</strong> (lip and finger biting, starting ~2nd year).</li>\n<li>Other: <strong>Moderate developmental delays</strong>, potential <strong>megaloblastic anemia</strong> (from poor vitamin B12 utilization).</li>\n</ul>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid black; border-left:1px solid black; border-right:1px solid black; border-top:none; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Management</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid black; border-left:none; border-right:1px solid black; border-top:none; vertical-align:top\">\n<ul>\n<li>Metabolic: <strong>Allopurinol </strong>for gout; <strong>lithotripsy </strong>for <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"4aa6035df41692777190b41d4a1583\">kidney</span> stones.</li>\n<li>Neurological: <strong>Symptomatic treatment </strong>with drugs like <strong>carbidopa/levodopa, diazepam, phenobarbital, or haloperidol.</strong></li>\n</ul>\n</td>\n</tr>\n</tbody>\n\n\n<p style='font-size: 10px; color: #808080; font-style: italic;'>@dams_new_robot</p>", "bot": "@dams_new_robot", "audio": "", "video": ""}, {"text": "Zellweger syndrome is associated with which cellular organelle?", "options": [{"label": "A", "text": "Peroxisomes", "correct": true}, {"label": "B", "text": "Nucleosomes", "correct": false}, {"label": "C", "text": "Lysosomes", "correct": false}, {"label": "D", "text": "Ribosomes", "correct": false}], "correct_answer": "A. Peroxisomes", "question_images": [], "explanation_images": [], "explanation": "<table cellspacing=\"0\" style=\"border-collapse:collapse; width:751px\">\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<td colspan=\"2\" style=\"border-bottom:1px solid black; border-left:1px solid black; border-right:1px solid black; border-top:1px solid black; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Zellweger Spectrum Disorder </strong></p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td colspan=\"2\" style=\"border-bottom:1px solid black; border-left:1px solid black; border-right:1px solid black; border-top:none; vertical-align:top\">\n<ul>\n<li>Rare autosomal <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"d54db2110416927771971e7c011a9f\">recessive</span> disorder with <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"144d78fe4816927771852de984c62f\">defective</span> <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"c0d194cb5b16927771957905b7aad6\">peroxisome</span> <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"2a7dfbac301692777183497b04697a\">biogenesis</span> affecting <strong>VLCFA metabolism.</strong></li>\n<li>Includes Zellweger syndrome, <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"77493a5b781692777193df12530299\">neonatal</span> adrenoleukodystrophy, <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"4c815174781692777190e1b4a5d704\">infantile</span> Refsum disease, and <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"fb6c267e9b1692777197157d5a3207\">rhizomelic</span> <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"f5b22e0e2c1692777184a00af86fe9\">chondrodysplasia</span> punctata.</li>\n</ul>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid black; border-left:1px solid black; border-right:1px solid black; border-top:none; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Etiology</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid black; border-left:none; border-right:1px solid black; border-top:none; vertical-align:top\">\n<ul>\n<li>Caused by mutations in <strong>PEX genes <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"b989cb3b0d1692777187dd7965b4d3\">encoding</span> peroxins,</strong> primarily <strong>PEX1/PEX6</strong></li>\n<li>Functional peroxisomal disturbances:\n\t\t\t\t<ol>\n<li>Zellweger spectrum: Generalized peroxisomal dysfunction.</li>\n<li>Adrenoleukodystrophy: Mutations in ABCD1, impacting VLCFA transport.</li>\n<li>Rhizomelic <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"f5b22e0e2c1692777184a00af86fe9\">chondrodysplasia</span> punctata: Multiple <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"11d4157da4169277718762144a4fe7\">enzymatic</span> defects.</li>\n</ol>\n</li>\n</ul>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid black; border-left:1px solid black; border-right:1px solid black; border-top:none; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Pathophysiology</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid black; border-left:none; border-right:1px solid black; border-top:none; vertical-align:top\">\n<ul>\n<li>Peroxisomes: Membrane-bound organelles with &gt;50 enzymes for <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"bc6cd9a9f9169277720261812ea113\">fatty</span> acid metabolism, abundant in liver/kidney.</li>\n<li>Mutated PEX genes disrupt <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"c0d194cb5b16927771957905b7aad6\">peroxisome</span> formation, leading to VLCFA accumulation, <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"10c83adb331692777197f775bec1aa\">reduced</span> <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"a48ce797cd1692777199efc43b3e4c\">steroid</span> biosynthesis, and neuronal damage.</li>\n<li>Major abnormalities:\n\t\t\t\t<ul>\n<li>Brain: Demyelination, neuronal injury.</li>\n<li>Liver: Fibrosis.</li>\n<li>Kidney: Cortical cysts.</li>\n</ul>\n</li>\n</ul>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid black; border-left:1px solid black; border-right:1px solid black; border-top:none; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Clinical Features</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid black; border-left:none; border-right:1px solid black; border-top:none; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Multisystem involvement with severity depending on age of onset:</p>\n<ul>\n<li>Neonatal-Infantile: Hypotonia, <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"11a5eea407169277720251b8446fa7\">feeding</span> issues, seizures, <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"9fdd7489051692777202cffe3f24cc\">facial</span> dysmorphism, <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"7b1f175723169277719459db16938e\">ocular</span> and hearing abnormalities, hepatomegaly.</li>\n<li>Childhood: Developmental delay, FTT, <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"3268e86ce01692777188f249c64d6e\">hepatic</span> dysfunction, <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"f955f012f716927771801d01e7d163\">adrenal</span> insufficiency, neuroregression.</li>\n<li>Adolescent-Adult: Neuroregression, ataxia, neuropathy, <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"f955f012f716927771801d01e7d163\">adrenal</span> insufficiency, leukodystrophy.</li>\n</ul>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid black; border-left:1px solid black; border-right:1px solid black; border-top:none; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Diagnosis</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid black; border-left:none; border-right:1px solid black; border-top:none; vertical-align:top\">\n<ul>\n<li>Initial: Clinical features + elevated VLCFA on <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"04df903fe8169277719383126b1b02\">newborn</span> screening.</li>\n<li>Biochemical tests: Elevated VLCFA, <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"cf978047b61692777183c0569f21f2\">bile</span> acid intermediates, and phytanic/pristanic acid; <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"10c83adb331692777197f775bec1aa\">reduced</span> plasmalogens.</li>\n<li>Genetic testing: Confirms PEX mutations.</li>\n<li>Prenatal diagnosis and <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"8a7bcc05181692777188abbdcdf808\">genetic counseling</span> recommended.</li>\n</ul>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid black; border-left:1px solid black; border-right:1px solid black; border-top:none; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Management</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid black; border-left:none; border-right:1px solid black; border-top:none; vertical-align:top\">\n<ul>\n<li>No cure; supportive care focuses on improving quality of life.</li>\n</ul>\n<p> </p>\n<p><strong>Therapies</strong>:</p>\n<ol>\n<li><strong>Docosahexaenoic acid</strong></li>\n<li><strong>Lorenzo oil:</strong> Reduces VLCFA but doesn't halt disease progression.</li>\n<li><strong>Cholic acid</strong>: Approved for <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"3268e86ce01692777188f249c64d6e\">hepatic</span> dysfunction.</li>\n</ol>\n<p> </p>\n<p><strong>Supportive Measures:</strong></p>\n<ul>\n<li>Hearing aids for hearing loss.</li>\n<li>Ophthalmologic care for vision issues.</li>\n<li>Antiepileptics for seizures.</li>\n<li>Vitamin supplementation: Fat-soluble vitamins (A, D, E, K).</li>\n<li>Cortisone for <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"f955f012f716927771801d01e7d163\">adrenal</span> insufficiency.</li>\n<li>Gastrostomy for <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"11a5eea407169277720251b8446fa7\">feeding</span> difficulties.</li>\n</ul>\n</td>\n</tr>\n</tbody>\n\n\n<p style='font-size: 10px; color: #808080; font-style: italic;'>@dams_new_robot</p>", "bot": "@dams_new_robot", "audio": "", "video": ""}, {"text": "Which of the following is caused by the deficiency of the enzyme tyrosine transaminase?", "options": [{"label": "A", "text": "Type I Tyrosinemia", "correct": false}, {"label": "B", "text": "Type II Tyrosinemia", "correct": true}, {"label": "C", "text": "Alkaptonuria", "correct": false}, {"label": "D", "text": "Type III Tyrosinemia", "correct": false}], "correct_answer": "B. Type II Tyrosinemia", "question_images": [], "explanation_images": [], "explanation": "<table cellspacing=\"0\" style=\"border-collapse:collapse\">\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Disorder</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Deficiency Enzyme</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Key Clinical Features</strong></p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Tyrosinemia type I</strong></p>\n<p><strong>(Option A ruled out)</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Fumarylacetoacetate hydrolase</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<ul>\n<li>Jaundice, hepatomegaly, hypoglycemia, HCC, liver cirrhosis</li>\n<li>Often presents with Fanconi syndrome and <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"b9356afdba16927771979d068c6587\">renal</span> failure</li>\n<li>Elevated tyrosine and <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"1bbb423a0e1692777199cf566e6b44\">succinylacetone</span> <strong>(pathognomic) </strong></li>\n</ul>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Tyrosinemia type II</strong></p>\n<p><strong>(Option B)</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Tyrosine aminotransferase</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<ul>\n<li>Painful corneal erosions, palmoplantar hyperkeratosis</li>\n<li>Also known as <strong>oculocutaneous tyrosinemia</strong></li>\n<li>Elevated tyrosine</li>\n</ul>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Tyrosinemia type III</strong></p>\n<p><strong>(Option D ruled out)</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>p-Hydroxyphenylpyruvate dioxygenase</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<ul>\n<li>Recurrent seizures, <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"8502a8f15e16927771909160b28bf2\">intermittent</span> ataxia</li>\n<li>Elevated tyrosine and p-hydroxyphenylpyruvate</li>\n</ul>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Alkaptonuria (Black <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"0096f2a7631692777201eb9f21d5a7\">urine</span> disease)</strong></p>\n<p><strong>(Option C ruled out)</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Homogentisate 1,2-dioxygenase</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<ul>\n<li>Dark urine, ochronosis, arthritis</li>\n<li>Black or brown <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"b5f46d7e431692777195efd6b43e9f\">pigmentation</span> of <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"3e4400809d16927771983252fc08b1\">sclera</span> <strong>(Osler’s sign)</strong> and ear cartilage</li>\n<li>Elevated homogentisic acid</li>\n</ul>\n</td>\n</tr>\n</tbody>\n\n\n<p style='font-size: 10px; color: #808080; font-style: italic;'>@dams_new_robot</p>", "bot": "@dams_new_robot", "audio": "", "video": ""}, {"text": "An infant presents to the Pediatrics OPD with a distended abdomen and jaundice. The mother reports that the baby has shown an increased appetite in recent months. During the clinical examination, the physician notes hepatomegaly. Which of the following enzyme deficiencies is most likely responsible for this condition?", "options": [{"label": "A", "text": "Glycogen Synthase", "correct": false}, {"label": "B", "text": "Glycogen phosphorylase", "correct": false}, {"label": "C", "text": "Glucose-6-Phosphatase", "correct": false}, {"label": "D", "text": "Galactose-1-Phosphate Uridyl Transferase", "correct": true}], "correct_answer": "D. Galactose-1-Phosphate Uridyl Transferase", "question_images": [], "explanation_images": [], "explanation": "<table cellspacing=\"0\" style=\"border-collapse:collapse\">\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<td colspan=\"2\" style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:middle\">\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><strong>Galactosemia </strong></p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Enzyme Deficiency</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<ul>\n<li>Galactose-1-phosphate uridylyltransferase (GALT) - <strong>Classical type</strong></li>\n<li><strong>Galactokinase- <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"1bbae82f1f16927771824f797639fa\">benign</span> disease with only oil drop cataract.</strong></li>\n<li>Epimerase- SNHL + symptoms of classical type</li>\n</ul>\n<p>(Low galactose-based diet can be given which is contraindicated in the classical type)</p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Pathophysiology</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<ul>\n<li>Accumulation of galactose-1-phosphate <strong>(toxic causing jaundice, and liver damage)</strong></li>\n<li>Inability to metabolize <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"99e53092e01692777188465c49d9b8\">galactose</span> from milk</li>\n<li>Damage to liver, kidney, and brain</li>\n</ul>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Clinical Features</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<ul>\n<li>Hepatic: Jaundice, hepatomegaly</li>\n<li>GI: Vomiting, diarrhea, failure to thrive</li>\n<li>CNS: Seizures, intellectual disability</li>\n<li>Eyes: Oil drop cataracts</li>\n<li>Increased risk of E. <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"cd0a7121a516927771846d8f5248bb\">coli</span> sepsis</li>\n</ul>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Diagnosis</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<ul>\n<li>Reducing substance in <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"0096f2a7631692777201eb9f21d5a7\">urine</span> (positive)( Positive Benedict test but negative <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"af3ae60c0c16927771889b84ca41c0\">glucose</span> <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"4a14dfa14e1692777194882f818d87\">oxidase</span> test)</li>\n<li>Direct <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"0f160e4e42169277718771b715516a\">enzyme</span> (GALT) assay</li>\n<li>Genetic testing <strong>(Perinatal diagnosis is possible)</strong></li>\n</ul>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Management</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<ul>\n<li>Lactose-free diet</li>\n<li>Breast Milk contraindicated</li>\n<li>Soy-based or elemental formulas</li>\n<li>Calcium supplementation</li>\n</ul>\n</td>\n</tr>\n</tbody>\n\n\n<p style='font-size: 10px; color: #808080; font-style: italic;'>@dams_new_robot</p>", "bot": "@dams_new_robot", "audio": "", "video": ""}, {"text": "A 1-month-old infant presents with immediate crying after breastfeeding, accompanied by diarrhea and vomiting. What is the most likely diagnosis?", "options": [{"label": "A", "text": "Lactose Intolerance", "correct": false}, {"label": "B", "text": "Duodenal Atresia", "correct": false}, {"label": "C", "text": "Galactosemia", "correct": true}, {"label": "D", "text": "Pyloric Stenosis", "correct": false}], "correct_answer": "C. Galactosemia", "question_images": [], "explanation_images": [], "explanation": "<table cellspacing=\"0\" style=\"border-collapse:collapse\">\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<td colspan=\"2\" style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:middle\">\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><strong>Galactosemia </strong></p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Enzyme Deficiency</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<ul>\n<li>Galactose-1-phosphate uridylyltransferase (GALT) - <strong>Classical type</strong></li>\n<li>Galactokinase- <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"1bbae82f1f16927771824f797639fa\">benign</span> disease with only oil drop cataract.</li>\n<li>Epimerase- SNHL + symptoms of classical type</li>\n</ul>\n<p>(Low galactose-based diet can be given which is contraindicated in the classical type)</p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Pathophysiology</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<ul>\n<li>Accumulation of galactose-1-phosphate <strong>(toxic causing jaundice, and liver damage)</strong></li>\n<li>Inability to metabolize <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"99e53092e01692777188465c49d9b8\">galactose</span> from milk</li>\n<li>Damage to liver, kidney, and brain</li>\n</ul>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Clinical Features</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<ul>\n<li>Hepatic: Jaundice, hepatomegaly</li>\n<li>GI: Vomiting, diarrhea, failure to thrive</li>\n<li>CNS: Seizures, intellectual disability</li>\n<li>Eyes: Oil drop cataracts</li>\n<li>Increased risk of E. <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"cd0a7121a516927771846d8f5248bb\">coli</span> sepsis</li>\n</ul>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Diagnosis</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<ul>\n<li>Reducing substance in <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"0096f2a7631692777201eb9f21d5a7\">urine</span> (positive)( Positive Benedict test but negative <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"af3ae60c0c16927771889b84ca41c0\">glucose</span> <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"4a14dfa14e1692777194882f818d87\">oxidase</span> test)</li>\n<li>Direct <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"0f160e4e42169277718771b715516a\">enzyme</span> (GALT) assay</li>\n<li>Genetic testing <strong>(Perinatal diagnosis is possible)</strong></li>\n</ul>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Management</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<ul>\n<li>Lactose-free diet</li>\n<li>Breast Milk contraindicated</li>\n<li>Soy-based or elemental formulas</li>\n<li>Calcium supplementation</li>\n</ul>\n</td>\n</tr>\n</tbody>\n\n\n<p style='font-size: 10px; color: #808080; font-style: italic;'>@dams_new_robot</p>", "bot": "@dams_new_robot", "audio": "", "video": ""}, {"text": "An infant presents with a distended abdomen, jaundice, increased appetite, and hepatomegaly. Which enzyme deficiency is most likely responsible for this condition?", "options": [{"label": "A", "text": "Glucose-6-phosphatase", "correct": true}, {"label": "B", "text": "Glycogen phosphorylase", "correct": false}, {"label": "C", "text": "Galactose-1-phosphate uridyl transferase", "correct": false}, {"label": "D", "text": "Glycogen synthase", "correct": false}], "correct_answer": "A. Glucose-6-phosphatase", "question_images": [], "explanation_images": [], "explanation": "<table cellspacing=\"0\" style=\"border-collapse:collapse\">\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Cause</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Deficiency of <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"bcab733e981692777188fe634201b6\">glucose-6-phosphatase</span> enzyme</p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Pathophysiology</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Inability to convert glucose-6-phosphate to glucose; leads to accumulation of glycogen, lactate, and triglycerides</p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Symptoms</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<ul>\n<li><strong>Severe hypoglycemia</strong></li>\n<li><strong>Hepatomegaly and Renomegaly</strong></li>\n<li>Growth retardation</li>\n<li>Lactic acidosis</li>\n<li>Hyperuricemia and Hyperlipidemia</li>\n</ul>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Diagnosis</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<ul>\n<li>Biochemical tests (hypoglycemia, <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"b82539c9ae1692777191a3f7ddd7bb\">lactic</span> acidosis, hyperuricemia, hyperlipidemia)</li>\n<li>Genetic testing</li>\n</ul>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Management</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<ul>\n<li>Frequent feedings with slow-release carbohydrates</li>\n<li>Blood <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"af3ae60c0c16927771889b84ca41c0\">glucose</span> monitoring</li>\n<li>Medications for associated conditions</li>\n<li>Liver <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"ee9f07b0a81692777200e416e4e5d7\">transplantation</span> (in severe cases)</li>\n</ul>\n</td>\n</tr>\n</tbody>\n\n<table cellspacing=\"0\" style=\"border-collapse:collapse\">\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Glycogen Storage Disease</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Enzyme Deficiency</strong></p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Type 0</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Glycogen <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"d2bd91ccac169277719941254e1795\">synthase</span> <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"209b85faf71692777185767d43e3bd\">deficiency</span> </strong></p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Type I (von Gierke's Disease)</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Glucose-6-phosphatase</strong></p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Type II (Pompe's Disease)</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Acid α-glucosidase (acid maltase)</p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Type III (Cori's Disease)</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Debranching <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"0f160e4e42169277718771b715516a\">enzyme</span> (amylo-1,6-glucosidase)</p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Type IV (Andersen's Disease)</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Branching enzyme</p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Type V (McArdle's Disease)</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Muscle <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"1fa65725491692777195ead6a7c81b\">phosphorylase</span> (myophosphorylase) <strong> </strong></p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Type VI (Hers' Disease)</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Liver phosphorylase</p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Type VII (Tarui's Disease)</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Phosphofructokinase (muscle type)</p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n</tbody>\n\n\n<p style='font-size: 10px; color: #808080; font-style: italic;'>@dams_new_robot</p>", "bot": "@dams_new_robot", "audio": "", "video": ""}]; if (!Array.isArray(questions) || questions.length === 0) { throw new Error("Questions data is empty or invalid"); } debugLog(`Successfully parsed ${questions.length} questions`); } catch (e) { console.error("Failed to parse questions_json:", e); document.getElementById('error-message').innerHTML = "Error loading quiz data. Please check the console for details or contact support."; document.getElementById('error-message').classList.remove('hidden'); document.getElementById('start-test').disabled = true; // Fallback to sample questions for testing questions = [ { text: "What is 2 + 2?", options: [ { label: "A", text: "3", correct: false }, { label: "B", text: "4", correct: true }, { label: "C", text: "5", correct: false }, { label: "D", text: "6", correct: false } ], correct_answer: "B. 4", question_images: [], explanation_images: [], explanation: "<p>2 + 2 = 4</p><p>@dams_new_robot</p>", bot: "@dams_new_robot", audio: "", video: "" } ]; debugLog("Loaded fallback questions"); } // Quiz state let currentQuestion = 0; let answers = new Array(questions.length).fill(null); let markedForReview = new Array(questions.length).fill(false); let timeRemaining = 31 * 60; // Duration in seconds let timerInterval = null; const quizId = `{title.replace(/\s+/g, '_').toLowerCase()}`; // Unique ID for local storage // Load saved progress function loadProgress() { try { debugLog("Loading progress from localStorage"); const saved = localStorage.getItem(`quiz_${quizId}`); if (saved) { const { savedAnswers, savedMarked, savedTime } = JSON.parse(saved); answers = savedAnswers || answers; markedForReview = savedMarked || markedForReview; timeRemaining = savedTime !== undefined ? savedTime : timeRemaining; debugLog("Progress loaded successfully"); } else { debugLog("No saved progress found"); } } catch (e) { console.error("Error loading progress:", e); debugLog("Failed to load progress: " + e.message); } } // Save progress function saveProgress() { try { debugLog("Saving progress to localStorage"); localStorage.setItem(`quiz_${quizId}`, JSON.stringify({ savedAnswers: answers, savedMarked: markedForReview, savedTime: timeRemaining })); debugLog("Progress saved successfully"); } catch (e) { console.error("Error saving progress:", e); debugLog("Failed to save progress: " + e.message); } } // Initialize quiz function initQuiz() { try { debugLog("Initializing quiz"); loadProgress(); const startButton = document.getElementById('start-test'); if (!startButton) { throw new Error("Start test button not found"); } startButton.addEventListener('click', startQuiz); debugLog("Start test button listener attached"); document.getElementById('previous-btn').addEventListener('click', showPreviousQuestion); document.getElementById('next-btn').addEventListener('click', showNextQuestion); document.getElementById('mark-review').addEventListener('click', toggleMarkForReview); document.getElementById('nav-toggle').addEventListener('click', toggleNavPanel); document.getElementById('submit-test').addEventListener('click', showSubmitModal); document.getElementById('continue-test').addEventListener('click', closeExitModal); document.getElementById('exit-test').addEventListener('click', () => { debugLog("Exiting test"); localStorage.removeItem(`quiz_${quizId}`); window.location.reload(); }); document.getElementById('cancel-submit').addEventListener('click', closeSubmitModal); document.getElementById('confirm-submit').addEventListener('click', submitTest); document.getElementById('take-again').addEventListener('click', () => { debugLog("Restarting test"); localStorage.removeItem(`quiz_${quizId}`); window.location.reload(); }); document.getElementById('review-test').addEventListener('click', () => showResults(currentResultQuestion)); document.getElementById('close-nav').addEventListener('click', toggleNavPanel); document.getElementById('theme-toggle').addEventListener('click', toggleTheme); document.getElementById('nav-filter').addEventListener('change', updateNavPanel); document.getElementById('prev-result').addEventListener('click', showPreviousResult); document.getElementById('next-result').addEventListener('click', showNextResult); document.getElementById('results-nav-toggle').addEventListener('click', toggleResultsNavPanel); document.getElementById('close-results-nav').addEventListener('click', toggleResultsNavPanel); document.getElementById('results-nav-filter').addEventListener('change', updateResultsNavPanel); debugLog("Quiz initialized successfully"); } catch (e) { console.error("Failed to initialize quiz:", e); debugLog("Failed to initialize quiz: " + e.message); document.getElementById('error-message').innerHTML = "Error initializing quiz. Please check the console for details or contact support."; document.getElementById('error-message').classList.remove('hidden'); document.getElementById('start-test').disabled = true; } } // Start quiz function startQuiz() { try { debugLog("Starting quiz"); document.getElementById('instructions').classList.add('hidden'); document.getElementById('quiz').classList.remove('hidden'); showQuestion(currentQuestion); startTimer(); updateNavPanel(); debugLog("Quiz started successfully"); } catch (e) { console.error("Error starting quiz:", e); debugLog("Failed to start quiz: " + e.message); document.getElementById('error-message').innerHTML = "Error starting quiz. Please check the console for details or contact support."; document.getElementById('error-message').classList.remove('hidden'); document.getElementById('quiz').classList.add('hidden'); document.getElementById('instructions').classList.remove('hidden'); } } // Show question function showQuestion(index) { try { debugLog(`Showing question ${index + 1}`); currentQuestion = index; const q = questions[index]; if (!q) { throw new Error(`Question ${index} is undefined`); } document.getElementById('question-number').innerHTML = `Question <span>${index + 1}</span> of ${questions.length}`; document.getElementById('question-text').innerHTML = q.text || "No question text available"; const imagesDiv = document.getElementById('question-images'); imagesDiv.innerHTML = q.question_images && q.question_images.length > 0 ? q.question_images.map(url => `<img src="${url}" alt="Question Image" class="max-w-full h-auto rounded-lg">`).join('') : ''; const optionsDiv = document.getElementById('options'); optionsDiv.innerHTML = q.options && q.options.length > 0 ? q.options.map(opt => ` <button class="option-btn w-full text-left p-3 border rounded-lg ${answers[index] === opt.label ? 'selected' : ''}" onclick="selectOption(${index}, '${opt.label}')" aria-label="Option ${opt.label}: ${opt.text}"> ${opt.label}. ${opt.text} </button> `).join('') : '<p class="text-red-500">No options available</p>'; document.getElementById('previous-btn').disabled = index === 0; document.getElementById('next-btn').disabled = index === questions.length - 1; document.getElementById('mark-review').classList.toggle('marked', markedForReview[index]); updateProgressBar(); saveProgress(); window.scrollTo({ top: 0, behavior: 'smooth' }); debugLog(`Question ${index + 1} displayed successfully`); } catch (e) { console.error("Error displaying question:", e); debugLog("Failed to display question: " + e.message); } } // Select option function selectOption(index, label) { try { debugLog(`Selecting option ${label} for question ${index + 1}`); answers[index] = label; const optionsDiv = document.getElementById('options'); const optionButtons = optionsDiv.querySelectorAll('.option-btn'); optionButtons.forEach(btn => { const btnLabel = btn.textContent.trim().split('.')[0]; btn.classList.toggle('selected', btnLabel === label); }); updateNavPanel(); saveProgress(); debugLog(`Option ${label} selected for question ${index + 1}`); } catch (e) { console.error("Error selecting option:", e); debugLog("Failed to select option: " + e.message); } } // Toggle mark for review function toggleMarkForReview() { try { debugLog(`Toggling mark for review on question ${currentQuestion + 1}`); markedForReview[currentQuestion] = !markedForReview[currentQuestion]; document.getElementById('mark-review').classList.toggle('marked', markedForReview[currentQuestion]); updateNavPanel(); saveProgress(); debugLog(`Mark for review toggled for question ${currentQuestion + 1}`); } catch (e) { console.error("Error marking for review:", e); debugLog("Failed to mark for review: " + e.message); } } // Navigate to previous question function showPreviousQuestion() { try { debugLog(`Navigating to previous question from ${currentQuestion + 1}`); if (currentQuestion > 0) { currentQuestion--; showQuestion(currentQuestion); } } catch (e) { console.error("Error navigating to previous question:", e); debugLog("Failed to navigate to previous question: " + e.message); } } // Navigate to next question function showNextQuestion() { try { debugLog(`Navigating to next question from ${currentQuestion + 1}`); if (currentQuestion < questions.length - 1) { currentQuestion++; showQuestion(currentQuestion); } } catch (e) { console.error("Error navigating to next question:", e); debugLog("Failed to navigate to next question: " + e.message); } } // Handle question navigation click function handleQuestionNavClick(index) { try { debugLog(`Navigating to question ${index + 1} via nav panel`); showQuestion(index); toggleNavPanel(); } catch (e) { console.error("Error handling navigation click:", e); debugLog("Failed to navigate via nav panel: " + e.message); } } // Start timer function startTimer() { try { debugLog("Starting timer"); timerInterval = setInterval(() => { if (timeRemaining <= 0) { debugLog("Timer expired, submitting test"); clearInterval(timerInterval); submitTest(); } else { timeRemaining--; const minutes = Math.floor(timeRemaining / 60); const seconds = timeRemaining % 60; document.getElementById('timer').innerHTML = `Time Remaining: <span>${minutes.toString().padStart(2, '0')}:${seconds.toString().padStart(2, '0')}</span>`; saveProgress(); } }, 1000); debugLog("Timer started successfully"); } catch (e) { console.error("Error starting timer:", e); debugLog("Failed to start timer: " + e.message); } } // Update progress bar function updateProgressBar() { try { debugLog("Updating progress bar"); const progress = ((currentQuestion + 1) / questions.length) * 100; document.getElementById('progress-bar').style.width = `${progress}%`; debugLog("Progress bar updated"); } catch (e) { console.error("Error updating progress bar:", e); debugLog("Failed to update progress bar: " + e.message); } } // Update quiz navigation panel function updateNavPanel() { try { debugLog("Updating quiz navigation panel"); const filter = document.getElementById('nav-filter').value; const navGrid = document.getElementById('nav-grid'); navGrid.innerHTML = questions.map((_, i) => { if (filter === 'answered' && !answers[i]) return ''; if (filter === 'unanswered' && answers[i]) return ''; if (filter === 'marked' && !markedForReview[i]) return ''; return ` <button class="question-nav-btn ${answers[i] ? 'answered' : 'unanswered'} ${markedForReview[i] ? 'marked-nav' : ''}" onclick="handleQuestionNavClick(${i})" aria-label="Go to Question ${i + 1}"> ${i + 1} </button> `; }).join(''); debugLog("Quiz navigation panel updated"); } catch (e) { console.error("Error updating quiz navigation panel:", e); debugLog("Failed to update quiz navigation panel: " + e.message); } } // Update results navigation panel function updateResultsNavPanel() { try { debugLog("Updating results navigation panel"); const filter = document.getElementById('results-nav-filter').value; const navGrid = document.getElementById('results-nav-grid'); navGrid.innerHTML = questions.map((_, i) => { if (filter === 'answered' && !answers[i]) return ''; if (filter === 'unanswered' && answers[i]) return ''; if (filter === 'marked' && !markedForReview[i]) return ''; return ` <button class="result-nav-btn-grid ${answers[i] ? 'answered' : 'unanswered'} ${markedForReview[i] ? 'marked-nav' : ''}" onclick="handleResultNavClick(${i})" aria-label="Go to Result for Question ${i + 1}"> ${i + 1} </button> `; }).join(''); debugLog("Results navigation panel updated"); } catch (e) { console.error("Error updating results navigation panel:", e); debugLog("Failed to update results navigation panel: " + e.message); } } // Toggle quiz navigation panel function toggleNavPanel() { try { debugLog("Toggling quiz navigation panel"); const navPanel = document.getElementById('nav-panel'); navPanel.classList.toggle('hidden'); debugLog("Quiz navigation panel toggled"); } catch (e) { console.error("Error toggling quiz navigation panel:", e); debugLog("Failed to toggle quiz navigation panel: " + e.message); } } // Toggle results navigation panel function toggleResultsNavPanel() { try { debugLog("Toggling results navigation panel"); const resultsNavPanel = document.getElementById('results-nav-panel'); resultsNavPanel.classList.toggle('hidden'); if (!resultsNavPanel.classList.contains('hidden')) { updateResultsNavPanel(); } debugLog("Results navigation panel toggled"); } catch (e) { console.error("Error toggling results navigation panel:", e); debugLog("Failed to toggle results navigation panel: " + e.message); } } // Handle result navigation click function handleResultNavClick(index) { try { debugLog(`Navigating to result for question ${index + 1} via nav panel`); showResults(index); toggleResultsNavPanel(); } catch (e) { console.error("Error handling result navigation click:", e); debugLog("Failed to navigate to result: " + e.message); } } // Show submit modal function showSubmitModal() { try { debugLog("Showing submit modal"); const attempted = answers.filter(a => a !== null).length; document.getElementById('attempted-count').textContent = attempted; document.getElementById('unattempted-count').textContent = questions.length - attempted; document.getElementById('submit-modal').classList.remove('hidden'); debugLog("Submit modal displayed"); } catch (e) { console.error("Error showing submit modal:", e); debugLog("Failed to show submit modal: " + e.message); } } // Close submit modal function closeSubmitModal() { try { debugLog("Closing submit modal"); document.getElementById('submit-modal').classList.add('hidden'); debugLog("Submit modal closed"); } catch (e) { console.error("Error closing submit modal:", e); debugLog("Failed to close submit modal: " + e.message); } } // Close exit modal function closeExitModal() { try { debugLog("Closing exit modal"); document.getElementById('exit-modal').classList.add('hidden'); debugLog("Exit modal closed"); } catch (e) { console.error("Error closing exit modal:", e); debugLog("Failed to close exit modal: " + e.message); } } // Submit test function submitTest() { try { debugLog("Submitting test"); clearInterval(timerInterval); document.getElementById('quiz').classList.add('hidden'); document.getElementById('submit-modal').classList.add('hidden'); document.getElementById('results').classList.remove('hidden'); showResults(0); // Start with first question // Trigger confetti animation confetti({ particleCount: 100, spread: 70, origin: { y: 0.6 } }); localStorage.removeItem(`quiz_${quizId}`); debugLog("Test submitted successfully"); } catch (e) { console.error("Error submitting test:", e); debugLog("Failed to submit test: " + e.message); } } // Show result for a single question function showResults(index) { try { debugLog(`Showing result for question ${index + 1}`); currentResultQuestion = index; let correct = 0, wrong = 0, unanswered = 0, marked = 0; answers.forEach((answer, i) => { const isCorrect = answer && questions[i].options.find(opt => opt.label === answer)?.correct; if (answer === null) unanswered++; else if (isCorrect) correct++; else wrong++; if (markedForReview[i]) marked++; }); const q = questions[index]; if (!q) { throw new Error(`Question ${index} is undefined`); } const userAnswer = answers[index]; const isCorrect = userAnswer && q.options.find(opt => opt.label === userAnswer)?.correct; const resultsContent = document.getElementById('results-content'); resultsContent.innerHTML = ` <div class="border p-4 rounded-lg ${isCorrect ? 'bg-green-50' : userAnswer ? 'bg-red-50' : 'bg-gray-50'}"> <p class="font-semibold">Question ${index + 1}: ${q.text || 'No question text'}</p> ${q.question_images && q.question_images.length > 0 ? q.question_images.map(url => `<img src="${url}" alt="Question Image" class="max-w-full h-auto rounded-lg my-2">`).join('') : ''} <p><strong>Your Answer:</strong> ${userAnswer ? `${userAnswer}. ${q.options.find(opt => opt.label === userAnswer)?.text || 'Invalid option'}` : 'Unanswered'}</p> <p><strong>Correct Answer:</strong> ${q.correct_answer || 'Unknown'}</p> <div class="mt-2">${q.explanation || 'No explanation available'}</div> ${q.explanation_images && q.explanation_images.length > 0 ? q.explanation_images.map(url => `<img src="${url}" alt="Explanation Image" class="max-w-full h-auto rounded-lg my-2">`).join('') : ''} ${q.video ? ` <button class="play-video bg-blue-500 text-white px-4 py-2 rounded-lg mt-2" onclick="loadVideo(this, '${q.video}', 'video-${index}')" aria-label="Play explanation video for Question ${index + 1}"> Play Video Explanation </button> <div id="video-${index}" class="video-container mt-2"></div> ` : '<p class="text-gray-500 mt-2">No video available</p>'} ${q.audio ? ` <button class="play-audio bg-blue-500 text-white px-4 py-2 rounded-lg mt-2" onclick="loadAudio(this, '${q.audio}', 'audio-${index}')" aria-label="Play audio explanation for Question ${index + 1}"> Play Audio Explanation </button> <div id="audio-${index}" class="audio-container mt-2"></div> ` : ''} </div> `; document.getElementById('correct-count').textContent = correct; document.getElementById('wrong-count').textContent = wrong; document.getElementById('unanswered-count').textContent = unanswered; document.getElementById('marked-count').textContent = marked; document.getElementById('result-question-number').innerHTML = `Question <span>${index + 1}</span> of ${questions.length}`; document.getElementById('prev-result').disabled = index === 0; document.getElementById('next-result').disabled = index === questions.length - 1; updateResultsNavPanel(); window.scrollTo({ top: 0, behavior: 'smooth' }); debugLog(`Result for question ${index + 1} displayed successfully`); } catch (e) { console.error("Error displaying result:", e); debugLog("Failed to display result: " + e.message); } } // Navigate to previous result function showPreviousResult() { try { debugLog(`Navigating to previous result from question ${currentResultQuestion + 1}`); if (currentResultQuestion > 0) { showResults(currentResultQuestion - 1); } } catch (e) { console.error("Error navigating to previous result:", e); debugLog("Failed to navigate to previous result: " + e.message); } } // Navigate to next result function showNextResult() { try { debugLog(`Navigating to next result from question ${currentResultQuestion + 1}`); if (currentResultQuestion < questions.length - 1) { showResults(currentResultQuestion + 1); } } catch (e) { console.error("Error navigating to next result:", e); debugLog("Failed to navigate to next result: " + e.message); } } // Lazy-load video function loadVideo(button, videoUrl, containerId) { try { debugLog(`Loading video for ${containerId}: ${videoUrl}`); if (!videoUrl) { const container = document.getElementById(containerId); container.innerHTML = `<p class="text-gray-500">No video available</p>`; button.remove(); debugLog("No video URL provided"); return; } const container = document.getElementById(containerId); container.innerHTML = ` <div class="video-loading"></div> <video controls class="w-full max-w-[600px] rounded-lg" preload="metadata" aria-label="Video explanation"> <source src="${videoUrl}" type="${videoUrl.endsWith('.m3u8') ? 'application/x-mpegURL' : 'video/mp4'}"> Your browser does not support the video tag. </video> `; container.classList.add('active'); button.remove(); // Initialize HLS.js for .m3u8 videos const video = container.querySelector('video'); if (videoUrl.endsWith('.m3u8') && Hls.isSupported()) { const hls = new Hls(); hls.loadSource(videoUrl); hls.attachMedia(video); hls.on(Hls.Events.ERROR, (event, data) => { console.error("HLS.js error:", data); container.innerHTML = `<p class="text-red-500">Error loading video. <a href="${videoUrl}" target="_blank" aria-label="Open video in new tab">Open video</a></p>`; debugLog("HLS.js error: " + JSON.stringify(data)); }); } else if (videoUrl.endsWith('.m3u8') && video.canPlayType('application/vnd.apple.mpegurl')) { video.src = videoUrl; } // Handle video load errors video.onerror = () => { console.error("Video load error for URL:", videoUrl); container.innerHTML = `<p class="text-red-500">Error loading video. <a href="${videoUrl}" target="_blank" aria-label="Open video in new tab">Open video</a></p>`; debugLog("Video load error for URL: " + videoUrl); }; // Remove loading spinner when video is ready video.onloadedmetadata = () => { container.querySelector('.video-loading').remove(); debugLog("Video loaded successfully"); }; } catch (e) { console.error("Error loading video:", e); debugLog("Failed to load video: " + e.message); const container = document.getElementById(containerId); container.innerHTML = `<p class="text-red-500">Error loading video. <a href="${videoUrl}" target="_blank" aria-label="Open video in new tab">Open video</a></p>`; } } // Lazy-load audio function loadAudio(button, audioUrl, containerId) { try { debugLog(`Loading audio for ${containerId}: ${audioUrl}`); if (!audioUrl) { const container = document.getElementById(containerId); container.innerHTML = `<p class="text-gray-500">No audio available</p>`; button.remove(); debugLog("No audio URL provided"); return; } const container = document.getElementById(containerId); container.innerHTML = ` <audio controls class="w-full max-w-[600px]" preload="metadata" aria-label="Audio explanation"> <source src="${audioUrl}" type="audio/mpeg"> Your browser does not support the audio tag. </audio> `; container.classList.add('active'); button.remove(); // Handle audio load errors const audio = container.querySelector('audio'); audio.onerror = () => { console.error("Audio load error for URL:", audioUrl); container.innerHTML = `<p class="text-red-500">Error loading audio. <a href="${audioUrl}" target="_blank" aria-label="Open audio in new tab">Open audio</a></p>`; debugLog("Audio load error for URL: " + audioUrl); }; debugLog("Audio loaded successfully"); } catch (e) { console.error("Error loading audio:", e); debugLog("Failed to load audio: " + e.message); const container = document.getElementById(containerId); container.innerHTML = `<p class="text-red-500">Error loading audio. <a href="${audioUrl}" target="_blank" aria-label="Open audio in new tab">Open audio</a></p>`; } } // Toggle dark mode function toggleTheme() { try { debugLog("Toggling theme"); document.documentElement.classList.toggle('dark'); localStorage.setItem('theme', document.documentElement.classList.contains('dark') ? 'dark' : 'light'); debugLog("Theme toggled successfully"); } catch (e) { console.error("Error toggling theme:", e); debugLog("Failed to toggle theme: " + e.message); } } // Load theme preference function loadTheme() { try { debugLog("Loading theme preference"); const theme = localStorage.getItem('theme'); if (theme === 'dark') { document.documentElement.classList.add('dark'); } debugLog("Theme loaded successfully"); } catch (e) { console.error("Error loading theme:", e); debugLog("Failed to load theme: " + e.message); } } // Initialize on DOM content loaded window.addEventListener('DOMContentLoaded', () => { try { debugLog("DOM content loaded, initializing quiz"); loadTheme(); initQuiz(); } catch (e) { console.error("Error during DOMContentLoaded:", e); debugLog("Failed to initialize on DOMContentLoaded: " + e.message); document.getElementById('error-message').innerHTML = "Error initializing quiz. Please check the console for details or contact support."; document.getElementById('error-message').classList.remove('hidden'); } }); </script> </body> </html>" frameborder="0" width="100%" height="2000px">
<div class="bg-white rounded-lg shadow-md p-4 md:p-6"> <h2 class="text-xl font-semibold mb-4">Instructions</h2> <h4 class="text-gray-800 text-lg font-semibold mt-6 mb-4">Test Features:</h4> <ul class="space-y-3"> <li class="flex items-center gap-3"> <i class="fa-solid fa-circle-check text-green-500"></i> Multiple choice questions with single correct answers </li> <li class="flex items-center gap-3"> <i class="fa-solid fa-circle-check text-green-500"></i> Timer-based testing for realistic exam conditions </li> <li class="flex items-center gap-3"> <i class="fa-solid fa-circle-check text-green-500"></i> Mark questions for review functionality </li> <li class="flex items-center gap-3"> <i class="fa-solid fa-circle-check text-green-500"></i> Comprehensive results and performance analysis </li> <li class="flex items-center gap-3"> <i class="fa-solid fa-circle-check text-green-500"></i> Mobile-optimized interface for learning on-the-go </li> </ul> <div class="mt-6 flex space-x-4 button-group md:flex-row flex-col"> <button class="bg-[#2c5281] text-white px-6 py-2 rounded-lg hover:bg-[#2c5281] transition" id="start-test">Start Test</button> </div> <div class="error-message hidden" id="error-message"></div> </div> </section> <!-- Quiz Section --> <section class="container mx-auto px-4 md:px-6 pt-4 md:pt-6 pb-1 hidden section-transition" id="quiz"> <div class="bg-white rounded-lg shadow-md p-4 md:p-6"> <!-- Progress Bar --> <div class="w-full bg-gray-200 rounded-full h-3 mb-4"> <div class="progress-bar h-3 rounded-full" id="progress-bar" style="width: 0%"></div> </div> <!-- Question Header --> <div class="flex flex-col md:flex-row justify-between items-center mb-4"> <h2 class="text-lg font-semibold" id="question-number">Question <span>1</span> of 4</h2> <p class="text-lg font-semibold mt-2 md:mt-0" id="timer">Time Remaining: <span>00:00</span></p> </div> <!-- Question Content --> <div class="mb-6" id="question-content"> <p class="text-gray-800 mb-4" id="question-text"></p> <div class="flex flex-wrap gap-4 mb-4" id="question-images"></div> <div class="space-y-3" id="options"></div> </div> <!-- Navigation Buttons --> <div class="flex flex-col md:flex-row justify-between items-center gap-2 md:gap-4"> <div class="flex gap-2 w-full md:w-auto"> <button class="bg-[#2c5281] text-white px-4 py-3 w-full md:w-32 h-14 rounded-lg hover:bg-[#2c5281] transition" disabled="" id="previous-btn">Previous</button> <button class="bg-[#2c5281] text-white px-4 py-3 w-full md:w-32 h-14 rounded-lg hover:bg-[#2c5281] transition" id="next-btn">Next</button> </div> <div class="flex items-center gap-2"> <button class="bg-transparent text-gray-700 px-4 py-2 rounded-lg hover:bg-gray-100 transition flex items-center gap-1" id="mark-review"> Review <svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" class="h-5 w-5" viewBox="0 0 20 20" fill="currentColor"> <path d="M10 2a1 1 0 00-1 1v14l3.293-3.293a1 1 0 011.414 0L17 17V3a1 1 0 00-1-1H10z" /> </svg> </button> <button class="bg-transparent text-gray-700 px-4 py-2 rounded-lg hover:bg-gray-100 transition flex items-center gap-1" id="nav-toggle"> Question 🧭 </button> <button class="bg-green-500 text-white px-6 py-3 w-44 h-14 rounded-lg hover:bg-green-600 transition w-full md:w-auto" id="submit-test">Submit Test</button> </div> </div> </section> <!-- Results Section --> <section class="container mx-auto px-4 md:px-6 pt-4 md:pt-6 pb-1 hidden section-transition" id="results"> <div class="bg-white rounded-lg shadow-md p-4 md:p-6"> <h2 class="text-2xl font-semibold mb-4">Anaesthesia Machine - Results</h2> <div class="grid grid-cols-1 md:grid-cols-2 gap-4 mb-6"> <p><strong>Correct:</strong> <span id="correct-count" class="text-[#000000]">0</span></p> <p><strong>Wrong:</strong> <span id="wrong-count" class="text-[#000000]">0</span></p> <p><strong>Unanswered:</strong> <span id="unanswered-count" class="text-[#000000]-500">0</span></p> <p><strong>Marked for Review:</strong> <span id="marked-count" class="text-[#000000]">0</span></p> </div> <h3 class="text-lg font-semibold mb-4" id="result-question-number">Question <span>1</span> of 4</h3> <div class="space-y-6" id="results-content"></div> <div class="result-nav"> <button aria-label="Previous question result" class="result-nav-btn bg-[#2c5281] text-white px-6 py-2 rounded-lg hover:bg-[#2c5281] transition" disabled="" id="prev-result">Previous</button> <button aria-label="Toggle results navigation panel" class="result-nav-btn bg-[#2c5281] text-white px-6 py-2 rounded-lg hover:bg-[#2c5281] transition" id="results-nav-toggle">Result 🧭</button> <button aria-label="Next question result" class="result-nav-btn bg-[#2c5281] text-white px-6 py-2 rounded-lg hover:bg-[#2c5281] transition" id="next-result">Next</button> </div> <div class="mt-6 flex space-x-4 button-group md:flex-row flex-col"> <button class="bg-green-500 text-white px-6 py-2 rounded-lg hover:bg-green-600 transition" id="take-again">Take Again</button> </div> </div> </section> <!-- Exit Confirmation Modal --> <div class="fixed inset-0 bg-black bg-opacity-50 flex items-center justify-center hidden" id="exit-modal"> <div class="bg-white rounded-lg p-6 max-w-sm w-full"> <h2 class="text-xl font-semibold mb-4">Leave Test?</h2> <p class="text-gray-700 mb-4">Your progress will be lost if you leave this page. Are you sure you want to exit?</p> <div class="flex justify-end space-x-4"> <button class="bg-gray-300 text-gray-700 px-4 py-2 rounded-lg hover:bg-gray-400 transition" id="continue-test">No, Continue</button> <button class="bg-red-500 text-white px-4 py-2 rounded-lg hover:bg-red-600 transition" id="exit-test">Yes, Exit</button> </div> </div> </div> <!-- Submit Confirmation Modal --> <div class="fixed inset-0 bg-black bg-opacity-50 flex items-center justify-center hidden" id="submit-modal"> <div class="bg-white rounded-lg p-6 max-w-sm w-full"> <h2 class="text-xl font-semibold mb-4">Confirm Submission</h2> <p class="text-gray-700 mb-2">You have attempted <span id="attempted-count">0</span> of 7 questions.</p> <p class="text-gray-700 mb-4"><span id="unattempted-count">0</span> questions are unattempted.</p> <div class="flex justify-end space-x-4"> <button class="bg-gray-300 text-gray-700 px-4 py-2 rounded-lg hover:bg-gray-400 transition" id="cancel-submit">Cancel</button> <button class="bg-green-500 text-white px-4 py-2 rounded-lg hover:bg-green-600 transition" id="confirm-submit">Submit Test</button> </div> </div> </div> <!-- Quiz Navigation Panel --> <div class="fixed inset-y-0 right-0 nav-panel bg-white shadow-lg p-4 hidden overflow-y-auto" id="nav-panel"> <h2 class="text-lg font-semibold mb-4">Questions Navigation</h2> <div class="mb-4"> <select class="w-full p-2 border rounded-lg text-gray-700" id="nav-filter"> <option value="all">All Questions</option> <option value="answered">Answered</option> <option value="unanswered">Unanswered</option> <option value="marked">Marked for Review</option> </select> </div> <div class="grid grid-cols-5 gap-2 md:gap-3" id="nav-grid"></div> <button class="mt-4 bg-gray-500 text-white px-4 py-2 rounded-lg hover:bg-gray-600 transition w-full" id="close-nav">Close</button> </div> <!-- Results Navigation Panel --> <div class="fixed inset-y-0 right-0 results-nav-panel bg-white shadow-lg p-4 hidden overflow-y-auto" id="results-nav-panel"> <h2 class="text-lg font-semibold mb-4">Results Navigation</h2> <div class="mb-4"> <select class="w-full p-2 border rounded-lg text-gray-700" id="results-nav-filter"> <option value="all">All Questions</option> <option value="answered">Answered</option> <option value="unanswered">Unanswered</option> <option value="marked">Marked for Review</option> </select> </div> <div class="grid grid-cols-5 gap-2 md:gap-3" id="results-nav-grid"></div> <button class="mt-4 bg-gray-500 text-white px-4 py-2 rounded-lg hover:bg-gray-600 transition w-full" id="close-results-nav">Close</button> </div> <!-- JavaScript Logic --> <script> // Enable debug mode for detailed logging const DEBUG_MODE = true; // Log debug messages function debugLog(message) { if (DEBUG_MODE) { console.log(`[DEBUG] ${message}`); } } // Initialize questions with error handling let questions = []; let currentResultQuestion = 0; // State for current question in results try { debugLog("Attempting to parse questions_json"); questions = [{"text": "What is the primary mechanism behind tissue damage in long-standing diabetes?", "options": [{"label": "A", "text": "Insulin resistance", "correct": false}, {"label": "B", "text": "Sorbitol accumulation", "correct": false}, {"label": "C", "text": "Hyperglycemia", "correct": true}, {"label": "D", "text": "Decreased insulin secretion", "correct": false}], "correct_answer": "C. Hyperglycemia", "question_images": [], "explanation_images": [], "explanation": "\n\n<p style='font-size: 10px; color: #808080; font-style: italic;'>@dams_new_robot</p>", "bot": "@dams_new_robot", "audio": "", "video": ""}, {"text": "Cholera is known to cause diarrhea through its interaction with specific receptors in the human body. Which of the following is known to make it easier for cholera toxin to enter the body through the intestinal mucosa?", "options": [{"label": "A", "text": "GLUT 1", "correct": false}, {"label": "B", "text": "GM2 ganglioside", "correct": false}, {"label": "C", "text": "Cephalin", "correct": false}, {"label": "D", "text": "GM1 ganglioside", "correct": true}], "correct_answer": "D. GM1 ganglioside", "question_images": [], "explanation_images": [], "explanation": "<p>Correct Option D - GM1 gang\n\n\n<p style='font-size: 10px; color: #808080; font-style: italic;'>@dams_new_robot</p>", "bot": "@dams_new_robot", "audio": "", "video": ""}, {"text": "Which of the following minerals is best known for insulin secretion stabilisation?", "options": [{"label": "A", "text": "Cadmium", "correct": false}, {"label": "B", "text": "Copper", "correct": false}, {"label": "C", "text": "Iron", "correct": false}, {"label": "D", "text": "Zinc", "correct": true}], "correct_answer": "D. Zinc", "question_images": [], "explanation_images": [], "explanation": "<p>Correct Option D - Z\n\n<p style='font-size: 10px; color: #808080; font-style: italic;'>@dams_new_robot</p>", "bot": "@dams_new_robot", "audio": "", "video": ""}, {"text": "A 13-year-old boy who accompanied his father to a fish farming region in his hometown accidentally consumes a white odourless chemical. He was under some medication and post-meal he developed toxicity of the drug. Which of the the following toxin is most likely to cause this condition?", "options": [{"label": "A", "text": "Alkyl guanides", "correct": false}, {"label": "B", "text": "BAL", "correct": false}, {"label": "C", "text": "Antimycin A", "correct": true}, {"label": "D", "text": "Rotenone", "correct": false}], "correct_answer": "C. Antimycin A", "question_images": [], "explanation_images": [], "explanation": "\n\n<p style='font-size: 10px; color: #808080; font-style: italic;'>@dams_new_robot</p>", "bot": "@dams_new_robot", "audio": "", "video": ""}, {"text": "In which of the following locations can cardiolipin be found?", "options": [{"label": "A", "text": "Outer mitochondrial membrane", "correct": false}, {"label": "B", "text": "Inner mitochondrial membrane", "correct": true}, {"label": "C", "text": "Cytosol", "correct": false}, {"label": "D", "text": "Mitochondrial matrix", "correct": false}], "correct_answer": "B. Inner mitochondrial membrane", "question_images": [], "explanation_images": [], "explanation": "<p>Correct Option B - Inner mitoch\n\n<p style='font-size: 10px; color: #808080; font-style: italic;'>@dams_new_robot</p>", "bot": "@dams_new_robot", "audio": "", "video": ""}, {"text": "A 13-year-old boy who accompanied his father to a fish farming region in his hometown accidentally consumes a white odourless chemical. He was under some medication and post-meal he developed toxicity of the drug. Which of the following toxin is most likely to cause this condition?", "options": [{"label": "A", "text": "Alkyl guanides", "correct": false}, {"label": "B", "text": "BAL", "correct": false}, {"label": "C", "text": "Antimycin A", "correct": false}, {"label": "D", "text": "Rotenone", "correct": true}], "correct_answer": "D. Rotenone", "question_images": [], "explanation_images": [], "explanation": "\n\n<p style='font-size: 10px; color: #808080; font-style: italic;'>@dams_new_robot</p>", "bot": "@dams_new_robot", "audio": "", "video": ""}, {"text": "Complex IV is inhibited by --?", "options": [{"label": "A", "text": "Rotenone", "correct": false}, {"label": "B", "text": "Cyanide", "correct": true}, {"label": "C", "text": "Carboxin", "correct": false}, {"label": "D", "text": "Antimycin A", "correct": false}], "correct_answer": "B. Cyanide", "question_images": [], "explanation_images": ["https://image.prepladder.com/content/xkIy7Ev425z9aKTHT94P1746708180.png"], "explanation": "<table cellspacing=\"0\" style=\"border-collapse:collapse; width:708px\">\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid black; border-left:1px solid black; border-right:1px solid black; border-top:1px solid black; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Inhibitor</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid black; border-left:none; border-right:1px solid black; border-top:1px solid black; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Target Site</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid black; border-left:none; border-right:1px solid black; border-top:1px solid black; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Mechanism</strong></p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid black; border-left:1px solid black; border-right:1px solid black; border-top:none; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Rotenone (Option A)</strong></p>\n<p><strong>Amobarbital</strong></p>\n<p><strong>Piericidin A</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid black; border-left:none; border-right:1px solid black; border-top:none; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Complex I</p>\n<p>(NADH dehydrogenase)</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid black; border-left:none; border-right:1px solid black; border-top:none; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Blocks <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"d416281a201692777187899c00aed8\">electron</span> transfer from Complex I to ubiquinone</p>\n<p> </p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid black; border-left:1px solid black; border-right:1px solid black; border-top:none; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>TTFA (Thenoyltrifluoroacetone)</strong></p>\n<p><strong>Carboxin</strong> <strong>(Option C)</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid black; border-left:none; border-right:1px solid black; border-top:none; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Complex II</p>\n<p>(Succinate dehydrogenase)</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid black; border-left:none; border-right:1px solid black; border-top:none; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Blocks <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"d416281a201692777187899c00aed8\">electron</span> transfer from Complex II to ubiquinone</p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid black; border-left:1px solid black; border-right:1px solid black; border-top:none; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Malonate</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid black; border-left:none; border-right:1px solid black; border-top:none; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Complex II</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid black; border-left:none; border-right:1px solid black; border-top:none; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Malonate is a competitive <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"b5fb56a28b1692777190396ae8b625\">inhibitor</span> of Complex II.</p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid black; border-left:1px solid black; border-right:1px solid black; border-top:none; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Antimycin A (Option D)</strong></p>\n<p><strong>BAL</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid black; border-left:none; border-right:1px solid black; border-top:none; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Complex III</p>\n<p>Cytochrome bc1 complex</p>\n<p> </p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid black; border-left:none; border-right:1px solid black; border-top:none; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Blocks <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"d416281a201692777187899c00aed8\">electron</span> transfer from Complex III to <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"29e8e2a5dd16927771855db589c581\">Cytochrome</span> C.</p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid black; border-left:1px solid black; border-right:1px solid black; border-top:none; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Cyanide (CN−)</strong> <strong>(Option B)</strong></p>\n<p><strong>Carbon <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"03077f6c8716927771923763487a9e\">monoxide</span> (CO)</strong></p>\n<p><strong>Hydrogen Sulfide (H2S)</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid black; border-left:none; border-right:1px solid black; border-top:none; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Complex IV</p>\n<p>(Cytochrome c Oxidase)</p>\n<p> </p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid black; border-left:none; border-right:1px solid black; border-top:none; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Prevents <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"d416281a201692777187899c00aed8\">electron</span> transfer from Complex IV to oxygen</p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid black; border-left:1px solid black; border-right:1px solid black; border-top:none; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Oligomycin</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid black; border-left:none; border-right:1px solid black; border-top:none; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>ATP <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"d2bd91ccac169277719941254e1795\">Synthase</span> (Complex V)</p>\n<p> </p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid black; border-left:none; border-right:1px solid black; border-top:none; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Blocks the <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"9c823198d61692777196bc71097d6d\">proton</span> channel of ATP synthase, preventing ATP synthesis</p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid black; border-left:1px solid black; border-right:1px solid black; border-top:none; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Atractyloside</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid black; border-left:none; border-right:1px solid black; border-top:none; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Adenine Nucleotide Translocase</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid black; border-left:none; border-right:1px solid black; border-top:none; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Blocks ADP/ATP exchange across the mitochondrial membrane</p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n</tbody>\n\n\n<p style='font-size: 10px; color: #808080; font-style: italic;'>@dams_new_robot</p>", "bot": "@dams_new_robot", "audio": "", "video": ""}]; if (!Array.isArray(questions) || questions.length === 0) { throw new Error("Questions data is empty or invalid"); } debugLog(`Successfully parsed ${questions.length} questions`); } catch (e) { console.error("Failed to parse questions_json:", e); document.getElementById('error-message').innerHTML = "Error loading quiz data. Please check the console for details or contact support."; document.getElementById('error-message').classList.remove('hidden'); document.getElementById('start-test').disabled = true; // Fallback to sample questions for testing questions = [ { text: "What is 2 + 2?", options: [ { label: "A", text: "3", correct: false }, { label: "B", text: "4", correct: true }, { label: "C", text: "5", correct: false }, { label: "D", text: "6", correct: false } ], correct_answer: "B. 4", question_images: [], explanation_images: [], explanation: "<p>2 + 2 = 4</p><p>@dams_new_robot</p>", bot: "@dams_new_robot", audio: "", video: "" } ]; debugLog("Loaded fallback questions"); } // Quiz state let currentQuestion = 0; let answers = new Array(questions.length).fill(null); let markedForReview = new Array(questions.length).fill(false); let timeRemaining = 17 * 60; // Duration in seconds let timerInterval = null; const quizId = `{title.replace(/\s+/g, '_').toLowerCase()}`; // Unique ID for local storage // Load saved progress function loadProgress() { try { debugLog("Loading progress from localStorage"); const saved = localStorage.getItem(`quiz_${quizId}`); if (saved) { const { savedAnswers, savedMarked, savedTime } = JSON.parse(saved); answers = savedAnswers || answers; markedForReview = savedMarked || markedForReview; timeRemaining = savedTime !== undefined ? savedTime : timeRemaining; debugLog("Progress loaded successfully"); } else { debugLog("No saved progress found"); } } catch (e) { console.error("Error loading progress:", e); debugLog("Failed to load progress: " + e.message); } } // Save progress function saveProgress() { try { debugLog("Saving progress to localStorage"); localStorage.setItem(`quiz_${quizId}`, JSON.stringify({ savedAnswers: answers, savedMarked: markedForReview, savedTime: timeRemaining })); debugLog("Progress saved successfully"); } catch (e) { console.error("Error saving progress:", e); debugLog("Failed to save progress: " + e.message); } } // Initialize quiz function initQuiz() { try { debugLog("Initializing quiz"); loadProgress(); const startButton = document.getElementById('start-test'); if (!startButton) { throw new Error("Start test button not found"); } startButton.addEventListener('click', startQuiz); debugLog("Start test button listener attached"); document.getElementById('previous-btn').addEventListener('click', showPreviousQuestion); document.getElementById('next-btn').addEventListener('click', showNextQuestion); document.getElementById('mark-review').addEventListener('click', toggleMarkForReview); document.getElementById('nav-toggle').addEventListener('click', toggleNavPanel); document.getElementById('submit-test').addEventListener('click', showSubmitModal); document.getElementById('continue-test').addEventListener('click', closeExitModal); document.getElementById('exit-test').addEventListener('click', () => { debugLog("Exiting test"); localStorage.removeItem(`quiz_${quizId}`); window.location.reload(); }); document.getElementById('cancel-submit').addEventListener('click', closeSubmitModal); document.getElementById('confirm-submit').addEventListener('click', submitTest); document.getElementById('take-again').addEventListener('click', () => { debugLog("Restarting test"); localStorage.removeItem(`quiz_${quizId}`); window.location.reload(); }); document.getElementById('review-test').addEventListener('click', () => showResults(currentResultQuestion)); document.getElementById('close-nav').addEventListener('click', toggleNavPanel); document.getElementById('theme-toggle').addEventListener('click', toggleTheme); document.getElementById('nav-filter').addEventListener('change', updateNavPanel); document.getElementById('prev-result').addEventListener('click', showPreviousResult); document.getElementById('next-result').addEventListener('click', showNextResult); document.getElementById('results-nav-toggle').addEventListener('click', toggleResultsNavPanel); document.getElementById('close-results-nav').addEventListener('click', toggleResultsNavPanel); document.getElementById('results-nav-filter').addEventListener('change', updateResultsNavPanel); debugLog("Quiz initialized successfully"); } catch (e) { console.error("Failed to initialize quiz:", e); debugLog("Failed to initialize quiz: " + e.message); document.getElementById('error-message').innerHTML = "Error initializing quiz. Please check the console for details or contact support."; document.getElementById('error-message').classList.remove('hidden'); document.getElementById('start-test').disabled = true; } } // Start quiz function startQuiz() { try { debugLog("Starting quiz"); document.getElementById('instructions').classList.add('hidden'); document.getElementById('quiz').classList.remove('hidden'); showQuestion(currentQuestion); startTimer(); updateNavPanel(); debugLog("Quiz started successfully"); } catch (e) { console.error("Error starting quiz:", e); debugLog("Failed to start quiz: " + e.message); document.getElementById('error-message').innerHTML = "Error starting quiz. Please check the console for details or contact support."; document.getElementById('error-message').classList.remove('hidden'); document.getElementById('quiz').classList.add('hidden'); document.getElementById('instructions').classList.remove('hidden'); } } // Show question function showQuestion(index) { try { debugLog(`Showing question ${index + 1}`); currentQuestion = index; const q = questions[index]; if (!q) { throw new Error(`Question ${index} is undefined`); } document.getElementById('question-number').innerHTML = `Question <span>${index + 1}</span> of ${questions.length}`; document.getElementById('question-text').innerHTML = q.text || "No question text available"; const imagesDiv = document.getElementById('question-images'); imagesDiv.innerHTML = q.question_images && q.question_images.length > 0 ? q.question_images.map(url => `<img src="${url}" alt="Question Image" class="max-w-full h-auto rounded-lg">`).join('') : ''; const optionsDiv = document.getElementById('options'); optionsDiv.innerHTML = q.options && q.options.length > 0 ? q.options.map(opt => ` <button class="option-btn w-full text-left p-3 border rounded-lg ${answers[index] === opt.label ? 'selected' : ''}" onclick="selectOption(${index}, '${opt.label}')" aria-label="Option ${opt.label}: ${opt.text}"> ${opt.label}. ${opt.text} </button> `).join('') : '<p class="text-red-500">No options available</p>'; document.getElementById('previous-btn').disabled = index === 0; document.getElementById('next-btn').disabled = index === questions.length - 1; document.getElementById('mark-review').classList.toggle('marked', markedForReview[index]); updateProgressBar(); saveProgress(); window.scrollTo({ top: 0, behavior: 'smooth' }); debugLog(`Question ${index + 1} displayed successfully`); } catch (e) { console.error("Error displaying question:", e); debugLog("Failed to display question: " + e.message); } } // Select option function selectOption(index, label) { try { debugLog(`Selecting option ${label} for question ${index + 1}`); answers[index] = label; const optionsDiv = document.getElementById('options'); const optionButtons = optionsDiv.querySelectorAll('.option-btn'); optionButtons.forEach(btn => { const btnLabel = btn.textContent.trim().split('.')[0]; btn.classList.toggle('selected', btnLabel === label); }); updateNavPanel(); saveProgress(); debugLog(`Option ${label} selected for question ${index + 1}`); } catch (e) { console.error("Error selecting option:", e); debugLog("Failed to select option: " + e.message); } } // Toggle mark for review function toggleMarkForReview() { try { debugLog(`Toggling mark for review on question ${currentQuestion + 1}`); markedForReview[currentQuestion] = !markedForReview[currentQuestion]; document.getElementById('mark-review').classList.toggle('marked', markedForReview[currentQuestion]); updateNavPanel(); saveProgress(); debugLog(`Mark for review toggled for question ${currentQuestion + 1}`); } catch (e) { console.error("Error marking for review:", e); debugLog("Failed to mark for review: " + e.message); } } // Navigate to previous question function showPreviousQuestion() { try { debugLog(`Navigating to previous question from ${currentQuestion + 1}`); if (currentQuestion > 0) { currentQuestion--; showQuestion(currentQuestion); } } catch (e) { console.error("Error navigating to previous question:", e); debugLog("Failed to navigate to previous question: " + e.message); } } // Navigate to next question function showNextQuestion() { try { debugLog(`Navigating to next question from ${currentQuestion + 1}`); if (currentQuestion < questions.length - 1) { currentQuestion++; showQuestion(currentQuestion); } } catch (e) { console.error("Error navigating to next question:", e); debugLog("Failed to navigate to next question: " + e.message); } } // Handle question navigation click function handleQuestionNavClick(index) { try { debugLog(`Navigating to question ${index + 1} via nav panel`); showQuestion(index); toggleNavPanel(); } catch (e) { console.error("Error handling navigation click:", e); debugLog("Failed to navigate via nav panel: " + e.message); } } // Start timer function startTimer() { try { debugLog("Starting timer"); timerInterval = setInterval(() => { if (timeRemaining <= 0) { debugLog("Timer expired, submitting test"); clearInterval(timerInterval); submitTest(); } else { timeRemaining--; const minutes = Math.floor(timeRemaining / 60); const seconds = timeRemaining % 60; document.getElementById('timer').innerHTML = `Time Remaining: <span>${minutes.toString().padStart(2, '0')}:${seconds.toString().padStart(2, '0')}</span>`; saveProgress(); } }, 1000); debugLog("Timer started successfully"); } catch (e) { console.error("Error starting timer:", e); debugLog("Failed to start timer: " + e.message); } } // Update progress bar function updateProgressBar() { try { debugLog("Updating progress bar"); const progress = ((currentQuestion + 1) / questions.length) * 100; document.getElementById('progress-bar').style.width = `${progress}%`; debugLog("Progress bar updated"); } catch (e) { console.error("Error updating progress bar:", e); debugLog("Failed to update progress bar: " + e.message); } } // Update quiz navigation panel function updateNavPanel() { try { debugLog("Updating quiz navigation panel"); const filter = document.getElementById('nav-filter').value; const navGrid = document.getElementById('nav-grid'); navGrid.innerHTML = questions.map((_, i) => { if (filter === 'answered' && !answers[i]) return ''; if (filter === 'unanswered' && answers[i]) return ''; if (filter === 'marked' && !markedForReview[i]) return ''; return ` <button class="question-nav-btn ${answers[i] ? 'answered' : 'unanswered'} ${markedForReview[i] ? 'marked-nav' : ''}" onclick="handleQuestionNavClick(${i})" aria-label="Go to Question ${i + 1}"> ${i + 1} </button> `; }).join(''); debugLog("Quiz navigation panel updated"); } catch (e) { console.error("Error updating quiz navigation panel:", e); debugLog("Failed to update quiz navigation panel: " + e.message); } } // Update results navigation panel function updateResultsNavPanel() { try { debugLog("Updating results navigation panel"); const filter = document.getElementById('results-nav-filter').value; const navGrid = document.getElementById('results-nav-grid'); navGrid.innerHTML = questions.map((_, i) => { if (filter === 'answered' && !answers[i]) return ''; if (filter === 'unanswered' && answers[i]) return ''; if (filter === 'marked' && !markedForReview[i]) return ''; return ` <button class="result-nav-btn-grid ${answers[i] ? 'answered' : 'unanswered'} ${markedForReview[i] ? 'marked-nav' : ''}" onclick="handleResultNavClick(${i})" aria-label="Go to Result for Question ${i + 1}"> ${i + 1} </button> `; }).join(''); debugLog("Results navigation panel updated"); } catch (e) { console.error("Error updating results navigation panel:", e); debugLog("Failed to update results navigation panel: " + e.message); } } // Toggle quiz navigation panel function toggleNavPanel() { try { debugLog("Toggling quiz navigation panel"); const navPanel = document.getElementById('nav-panel'); navPanel.classList.toggle('hidden'); debugLog("Quiz navigation panel toggled"); } catch (e) { console.error("Error toggling quiz navigation panel:", e); debugLog("Failed to toggle quiz navigation panel: " + e.message); } } // Toggle results navigation panel function toggleResultsNavPanel() { try { debugLog("Toggling results navigation panel"); const resultsNavPanel = document.getElementById('results-nav-panel'); resultsNavPanel.classList.toggle('hidden'); if (!resultsNavPanel.classList.contains('hidden')) { updateResultsNavPanel(); } debugLog("Results navigation panel toggled"); } catch (e) { console.error("Error toggling results navigation panel:", e); debugLog("Failed to toggle results navigation panel: " + e.message); } } // Handle result navigation click function handleResultNavClick(index) { try { debugLog(`Navigating to result for question ${index + 1} via nav panel`); showResults(index); toggleResultsNavPanel(); } catch (e) { console.error("Error handling result navigation click:", e); debugLog("Failed to navigate to result: " + e.message); } } // Show submit modal function showSubmitModal() { try { debugLog("Showing submit modal"); const attempted = answers.filter(a => a !== null).length; document.getElementById('attempted-count').textContent = attempted; document.getElementById('unattempted-count').textContent = questions.length - attempted; document.getElementById('submit-modal').classList.remove('hidden'); debugLog("Submit modal displayed"); } catch (e) { console.error("Error showing submit modal:", e); debugLog("Failed to show submit modal: " + e.message); } } // Close submit modal function closeSubmitModal() { try { debugLog("Closing submit modal"); document.getElementById('submit-modal').classList.add('hidden'); debugLog("Submit modal closed"); } catch (e) { console.error("Error closing submit modal:", e); debugLog("Failed to close submit modal: " + e.message); } } // Close exit modal function closeExitModal() { try { debugLog("Closing exit modal"); document.getElementById('exit-modal').classList.add('hidden'); debugLog("Exit modal closed"); } catch (e) { console.error("Error closing exit modal:", e); debugLog("Failed to close exit modal: " + e.message); } } // Submit test function submitTest() { try { debugLog("Submitting test"); clearInterval(timerInterval); document.getElementById('quiz').classList.add('hidden'); document.getElementById('submit-modal').classList.add('hidden'); document.getElementById('results').classList.remove('hidden'); showResults(0); // Start with first question // Trigger confetti animation confetti({ particleCount: 100, spread: 70, origin: { y: 0.6 } }); localStorage.removeItem(`quiz_${quizId}`); debugLog("Test submitted successfully"); } catch (e) { console.error("Error submitting test:", e); debugLog("Failed to submit test: " + e.message); } } // Show result for a single question function showResults(index) { try { debugLog(`Showing result for question ${index + 1}`); currentResultQuestion = index; let correct = 0, wrong = 0, unanswered = 0, marked = 0; answers.forEach((answer, i) => { const isCorrect = answer && questions[i].options.find(opt => opt.label === answer)?.correct; if (answer === null) unanswered++; else if (isCorrect) correct++; else wrong++; if (markedForReview[i]) marked++; }); const q = questions[index]; if (!q) { throw new Error(`Question ${index} is undefined`); } const userAnswer = answers[index]; const isCorrect = userAnswer && q.options.find(opt => opt.label === userAnswer)?.correct; const resultsContent = document.getElementById('results-content'); resultsContent.innerHTML = ` <div class="border p-4 rounded-lg ${isCorrect ? 'bg-green-50' : userAnswer ? 'bg-red-50' : 'bg-gray-50'}"> <p class="font-semibold">Question ${index + 1}: ${q.text || 'No question text'}</p> ${q.question_images && q.question_images.length > 0 ? q.question_images.map(url => `<img src="${url}" alt="Question Image" class="max-w-full h-auto rounded-lg my-2">`).join('') : ''} <p><strong>Your Answer:</strong> ${userAnswer ? `${userAnswer}. ${q.options.find(opt => opt.label === userAnswer)?.text || 'Invalid option'}` : 'Unanswered'}</p> <p><strong>Correct Answer:</strong> ${q.correct_answer || 'Unknown'}</p> <div class="mt-2">${q.explanation || 'No explanation available'}</div> ${q.explanation_images && q.explanation_images.length > 0 ? q.explanation_images.map(url => `<img src="${url}" alt="Explanation Image" class="max-w-full h-auto rounded-lg my-2">`).join('') : ''} ${q.video ? ` <button class="play-video bg-blue-500 text-white px-4 py-2 rounded-lg mt-2" onclick="loadVideo(this, '${q.video}', 'video-${index}')" aria-label="Play explanation video for Question ${index + 1}"> Play Video Explanation </button> <div id="video-${index}" class="video-container mt-2"></div> ` : '<p class="text-gray-500 mt-2">No video available</p>'} ${q.audio ? ` <button class="play-audio bg-blue-500 text-white px-4 py-2 rounded-lg mt-2" onclick="loadAudio(this, '${q.audio}', 'audio-${index}')" aria-label="Play audio explanation for Question ${index + 1}"> Play Audio Explanation </button> <div id="audio-${index}" class="audio-container mt-2"></div> ` : ''} </div> `; document.getElementById('correct-count').textContent = correct; document.getElementById('wrong-count').textContent = wrong; document.getElementById('unanswered-count').textContent = unanswered; document.getElementById('marked-count').textContent = marked; document.getElementById('result-question-number').innerHTML = `Question <span>${index + 1}</span> of ${questions.length}`; document.getElementById('prev-result').disabled = index === 0; document.getElementById('next-result').disabled = index === questions.length - 1; updateResultsNavPanel(); window.scrollTo({ top: 0, behavior: 'smooth' }); debugLog(`Result for question ${index + 1} displayed successfully`); } catch (e) { console.error("Error displaying result:", e); debugLog("Failed to display result: " + e.message); } } // Navigate to previous result function showPreviousResult() { try { debugLog(`Navigating to previous result from question ${currentResultQuestion + 1}`); if (currentResultQuestion > 0) { showResults(currentResultQuestion - 1); } } catch (e) { console.error("Error navigating to previous result:", e); debugLog("Failed to navigate to previous result: " + e.message); } } // Navigate to next result function showNextResult() { try { debugLog(`Navigating to next result from question ${currentResultQuestion + 1}`); if (currentResultQuestion < questions.length - 1) { showResults(currentResultQuestion + 1); } } catch (e) { console.error("Error navigating to next result:", e); debugLog("Failed to navigate to next result: " + e.message); } } // Lazy-load video function loadVideo(button, videoUrl, containerId) { try { debugLog(`Loading video for ${containerId}: ${videoUrl}`); if (!videoUrl) { const container = document.getElementById(containerId); container.innerHTML = `<p class="text-gray-500">No video available</p>`; button.remove(); debugLog("No video URL provided"); return; } const container = document.getElementById(containerId); container.innerHTML = ` <div class="video-loading"></div> <video controls class="w-full max-w-[600px] rounded-lg" preload="metadata" aria-label="Video explanation"> <source src="${videoUrl}" type="${videoUrl.endsWith('.m3u8') ? 'application/x-mpegURL' : 'video/mp4'}"> Your browser does not support the video tag. </video> `; container.classList.add('active'); button.remove(); // Initialize HLS.js for .m3u8 videos const video = container.querySelector('video'); if (videoUrl.endsWith('.m3u8') && Hls.isSupported()) { const hls = new Hls(); hls.loadSource(videoUrl); hls.attachMedia(video); hls.on(Hls.Events.ERROR, (event, data) => { console.error("HLS.js error:", data); container.innerHTML = `<p class="text-red-500">Error loading video. <a href="${videoUrl}" target="_blank" aria-label="Open video in new tab">Open video</a></p>`; debugLog("HLS.js error: " + JSON.stringify(data)); }); } else if (videoUrl.endsWith('.m3u8') && video.canPlayType('application/vnd.apple.mpegurl')) { video.src = videoUrl; } // Handle video load errors video.onerror = () => { console.error("Video load error for URL:", videoUrl); container.innerHTML = `<p class="text-red-500">Error loading video. <a href="${videoUrl}" target="_blank" aria-label="Open video in new tab">Open video</a></p>`; debugLog("Video load error for URL: " + videoUrl); }; // Remove loading spinner when video is ready video.onloadedmetadata = () => { container.querySelector('.video-loading').remove(); debugLog("Video loaded successfully"); }; } catch (e) { console.error("Error loading video:", e); debugLog("Failed to load video: " + e.message); const container = document.getElementById(containerId); container.innerHTML = `<p class="text-red-500">Error loading video. <a href="${videoUrl}" target="_blank" aria-label="Open video in new tab">Open video</a></p>`; } } // Lazy-load audio function loadAudio(button, audioUrl, containerId) { try { debugLog(`Loading audio for ${containerId}: ${audioUrl}`); if (!audioUrl) { const container = document.getElementById(containerId); container.innerHTML = `<p class="text-gray-500">No audio available</p>`; button.remove(); debugLog("No audio URL provided"); return; } const container = document.getElementById(containerId); container.innerHTML = ` <audio controls class="w-full max-w-[600px]" preload="metadata" aria-label="Audio explanation"> <source src="${audioUrl}" type="audio/mpeg"> Your browser does not support the audio tag. </audio> `; container.classList.add('active'); button.remove(); // Handle audio load errors const audio = container.querySelector('audio'); audio.onerror = () => { console.error("Audio load error for URL:", audioUrl); container.innerHTML = `<p class="text-red-500">Error loading audio. <a href="${audioUrl}" target="_blank" aria-label="Open audio in new tab">Open audio</a></p>`; debugLog("Audio load error for URL: " + audioUrl); }; debugLog("Audio loaded successfully"); } catch (e) { console.error("Error loading audio:", e); debugLog("Failed to load audio: " + e.message); const container = document.getElementById(containerId); container.innerHTML = `<p class="text-red-500">Error loading audio. <a href="${audioUrl}" target="_blank" aria-label="Open audio in new tab">Open audio</a></p>`; } } // Toggle dark mode function toggleTheme() { try { debugLog("Toggling theme"); document.documentElement.classList.toggle('dark'); localStorage.setItem('theme', document.documentElement.classList.contains('dark') ? 'dark' : 'light'); debugLog("Theme toggled successfully"); } catch (e) { console.error("Error toggling theme:", e); debugLog("Failed to toggle theme: " + e.message); } } // Load theme preference function loadTheme() { try { debugLog("Loading theme preference"); const theme = localStorage.getItem('theme'); if (theme === 'dark') { document.documentElement.classList.add('dark'); } debugLog("Theme loaded successfully"); } catch (e) { console.error("Error loading theme:", e); debugLog("Failed to load theme: " + e.message); } } // Initialize on DOM content loaded window.addEventListener('DOMContentLoaded', () => { try { debugLog("DOM content loaded, initializing quiz"); loadTheme(); initQuiz(); } catch (e) { console.error("Error during DOMContentLoaded:", e); debugLog("Failed to initialize on DOMContentLoaded: " + e.message); document.getElementById('error-message').innerHTML = "Error initializing quiz. Please check the console for details or contact support."; document.getElementById('error-message').classList.remove('hidden'); } }); </script> </body> </html>" frameborder="0" width="100%" height="2000px">
<div class="bg-white rounded-lg shadow-md p-4 md:p-6"> <h2 class="text-xl font-semibold mb-4">Instructions</h2> <h4 class="text-gray-800 text-lg font-semibold mt-6 mb-4">Test Features:</h4> <ul class="space-y-3"> <li class="flex items-center gap-3"> <i class="fa-solid fa-circle-check text-green-500"></i> Multiple choice questions with single correct answers </li> <li class="flex items-center gap-3"> <i class="fa-solid fa-circle-check text-green-500"></i> Timer-based testing for realistic exam conditions </li> <li class="flex items-center gap-3"> <i class="fa-solid fa-circle-check text-green-500"></i> Mark questions for review functionality </li> <li class="flex items-center gap-3"> <i class="fa-solid fa-circle-check text-green-500"></i> Comprehensive results and performance analysis </li> <li class="flex items-center gap-3"> <i class="fa-solid fa-circle-check text-green-500"></i> Mobile-optimized interface for learning on-the-go </li> </ul> <div class="mt-6 flex space-x-4 button-group md:flex-row flex-col"> <button class="bg-[#2c5281] text-white px-6 py-2 rounded-lg hover:bg-[#2c5281] transition" id="start-test">Start Test</button> </div> <div class="error-message hidden" id="error-message"></div> </div> </section> <!-- Quiz Section --> <section class="container mx-auto px-4 md:px-6 pt-4 md:pt-6 pb-1 hidden section-transition" id="quiz"> <div class="bg-white rounded-lg shadow-md p-4 md:p-6"> <!-- Progress Bar --> <div class="w-full bg-gray-200 rounded-full h-3 mb-4"> <div class="progress-bar h-3 rounded-full" id="progress-bar" style="width: 0%"></div> </div> <!-- Question Header --> <div class="flex flex-col md:flex-row justify-between items-center mb-4"> <h2 class="text-lg font-semibold" id="question-number">Question <span>1</span> of 4</h2> <p class="text-lg font-semibold mt-2 md:mt-0" id="timer">Time Remaining: <span>00:00</span></p> </div> <!-- Question Content --> <div class="mb-6" id="question-content"> <p class="text-gray-800 mb-4" id="question-text"></p> <div class="flex flex-wrap gap-4 mb-4" id="question-images"></div> <div class="space-y-3" id="options"></div> </div> <!-- Navigation Buttons --> <div class="flex flex-col md:flex-row justify-between items-center gap-2 md:gap-4"> <div class="flex gap-2 w-full md:w-auto"> <button class="bg-[#2c5281] text-white px-4 py-3 w-full md:w-32 h-14 rounded-lg hover:bg-[#2c5281] transition" disabled="" id="previous-btn">Previous</button> <button class="bg-[#2c5281] text-white px-4 py-3 w-full md:w-32 h-14 rounded-lg hover:bg-[#2c5281] transition" id="next-btn">Next</button> </div> <div class="flex items-center gap-2"> <button class="bg-transparent text-gray-700 px-4 py-2 rounded-lg hover:bg-gray-100 transition flex items-center gap-1" id="mark-review"> Review <svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" class="h-5 w-5" viewBox="0 0 20 20" fill="currentColor"> <path d="M10 2a1 1 0 00-1 1v14l3.293-3.293a1 1 0 011.414 0L17 17V3a1 1 0 00-1-1H10z" /> </svg> </button> <button class="bg-transparent text-gray-700 px-4 py-2 rounded-lg hover:bg-gray-100 transition flex items-center gap-1" id="nav-toggle"> Question 🧭 </button> <button class="bg-green-500 text-white px-6 py-3 w-44 h-14 rounded-lg hover:bg-green-600 transition w-full md:w-auto" id="submit-test">Submit Test</button> </div> </div> </section> <!-- Results Section --> <section class="container mx-auto px-4 md:px-6 pt-4 md:pt-6 pb-1 hidden section-transition" id="results"> <div class="bg-white rounded-lg shadow-md p-4 md:p-6"> <h2 class="text-2xl font-semibold mb-4">Anaesthesia Machine - Results</h2> <div class="grid grid-cols-1 md:grid-cols-2 gap-4 mb-6"> <p><strong>Correct:</strong> <span id="correct-count" class="text-[#000000]">0</span></p> <p><strong>Wrong:</strong> <span id="wrong-count" class="text-[#000000]">0</span></p> <p><strong>Unanswered:</strong> <span id="unanswered-count" class="text-[#000000]-500">0</span></p> <p><strong>Marked for Review:</strong> <span id="marked-count" class="text-[#000000]">0</span></p> </div> <h3 class="text-lg font-semibold mb-4" id="result-question-number">Question <span>1</span> of 4</h3> <div class="space-y-6" id="results-content"></div> <div class="result-nav"> <button aria-label="Previous question result" class="result-nav-btn bg-[#2c5281] text-white px-6 py-2 rounded-lg hover:bg-[#2c5281] transition" disabled="" id="prev-result">Previous</button> <button aria-label="Toggle results navigation panel" class="result-nav-btn bg-[#2c5281] text-white px-6 py-2 rounded-lg hover:bg-[#2c5281] transition" id="results-nav-toggle">Result 🧭</button> <button aria-label="Next question result" class="result-nav-btn bg-[#2c5281] text-white px-6 py-2 rounded-lg hover:bg-[#2c5281] transition" id="next-result">Next</button> </div> <div class="mt-6 flex space-x-4 button-group md:flex-row flex-col"> <button class="bg-green-500 text-white px-6 py-2 rounded-lg hover:bg-green-600 transition" id="take-again">Take Again</button> </div> </div> </section> <!-- Exit Confirmation Modal --> <div class="fixed inset-0 bg-black bg-opacity-50 flex items-center justify-center hidden" id="exit-modal"> <div class="bg-white rounded-lg p-6 max-w-sm w-full"> <h2 class="text-xl font-semibold mb-4">Leave Test?</h2> <p class="text-gray-700 mb-4">Your progress will be lost if you leave this page. Are you sure you want to exit?</p> <div class="flex justify-end space-x-4"> <button class="bg-gray-300 text-gray-700 px-4 py-2 rounded-lg hover:bg-gray-400 transition" id="continue-test">No, Continue</button> <button class="bg-red-500 text-white px-4 py-2 rounded-lg hover:bg-red-600 transition" id="exit-test">Yes, Exit</button> </div> </div> </div> <!-- Submit Confirmation Modal --> <div class="fixed inset-0 bg-black bg-opacity-50 flex items-center justify-center hidden" id="submit-modal"> <div class="bg-white rounded-lg p-6 max-w-sm w-full"> <h2 class="text-xl font-semibold mb-4">Confirm Submission</h2> <p class="text-gray-700 mb-2">You have attempted <span id="attempted-count">0</span> of 25 questions.</p> <p class="text-gray-700 mb-4"><span id="unattempted-count">0</span> questions are unattempted.</p> <div class="flex justify-end space-x-4"> <button class="bg-gray-300 text-gray-700 px-4 py-2 rounded-lg hover:bg-gray-400 transition" id="cancel-submit">Cancel</button> <button class="bg-green-500 text-white px-4 py-2 rounded-lg hover:bg-green-600 transition" id="confirm-submit">Submit Test</button> </div> </div> </div> <!-- Quiz Navigation Panel --> <div class="fixed inset-y-0 right-0 nav-panel bg-white shadow-lg p-4 hidden overflow-y-auto" id="nav-panel"> <h2 class="text-lg font-semibold mb-4">Questions Navigation</h2> <div class="mb-4"> <select class="w-full p-2 border rounded-lg text-gray-700" id="nav-filter"> <option value="all">All Questions</option> <option value="answered">Answered</option> <option value="unanswered">Unanswered</option> <option value="marked">Marked for Review</option> </select> </div> <div class="grid grid-cols-5 gap-2 md:gap-3" id="nav-grid"></div> <button class="mt-4 bg-gray-500 text-white px-4 py-2 rounded-lg hover:bg-gray-600 transition w-full" id="close-nav">Close</button> </div> <!-- Results Navigation Panel --> <div class="fixed inset-y-0 right-0 results-nav-panel bg-white shadow-lg p-4 hidden overflow-y-auto" id="results-nav-panel"> <h2 class="text-lg font-semibold mb-4">Results Navigation</h2> <div class="mb-4"> <select class="w-full p-2 border rounded-lg text-gray-700" id="results-nav-filter"> <option value="all">All Questions</option> <option value="answered">Answered</option> <option value="unanswered">Unanswered</option> <option value="marked">Marked for Review</option> </select> </div> <div class="grid grid-cols-5 gap-2 md:gap-3" id="results-nav-grid"></div> <button class="mt-4 bg-gray-500 text-white px-4 py-2 rounded-lg hover:bg-gray-600 transition w-full" id="close-results-nav">Close</button> </div> <!-- JavaScript Logic --> <script> // Enable debug mode for detailed logging const DEBUG_MODE = true; // Log debug messages function debugLog(message) { if (DEBUG_MODE) { console.log(`[DEBUG] ${message}`); } } // Initialize questions with error handling let questions = []; let currentResultQuestion = 0; // State for current question in results try { debugLog("Attempting to parse questions_json"); questions = [{"text": "Which of the following examples best illustrates competitive inhibition?", "options": [{"label": "A", "text": "Methotrexate and Dihydrofolate Reductase", "correct": true}, {"label": "B", "text": "Cyanide and Cytochrome c Oxidase", "correct": false}, {"label": "C", "text": "Alanine and Pyruvate Kinase", "correct": false}, {"label": "D", "text": "Citrate and Phosphofructokinase-1(PFK-1)", "correct": false}], "correct_answer": "A. Methotrexate and Dihydrofolate Reductase", "question_images": [], "explanation_images": ["https://image.prepladder.com/content/pncELfeyt91JpKUIvrBB1728030655.png"], "explanation": "<table cellspacing=\"0\" style=\"border-collapse:collapse; width:624px\">\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Competitive inhibitors</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>clinical correlation</strong></p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Methotrexate and <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"0f9fe95f081692777186e5071229c6\">Dihydrofolate</span> Reductase</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Methotrexate acts as a competitive <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"b5fb56a28b1692777190396ae8b625\">inhibitor</span> by mimicking dihydrofolate, the natural <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"385d52533a169277719991c090c3d7\">substrate</span> of DHFR, and binding to its active site, thereby preventing <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"0f9fe95f081692777186e5071229c6\">dihydrofolate</span> from binding and inhibiting the enzyme's activity.</p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Sulfa Drugs and PABA</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Sulfa drugs, such as sulfanilamide, competitively <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"6b3de87b7c16927771901326efbcd2\">inhibit</span> the <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"0f160e4e42169277718771b715516a\">enzyme</span> dihydropteroate <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"d2bd91ccac169277719941254e1795\">synthase</span> by mimicking <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"2840845b5b16927771946abe018ef6\">para-aminobenzoic acid</span> (PABA), a <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"385d52533a169277719991c090c3d7\">substrate</span> involved in <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"778971b8f5169277720391773cc8fa\">folic acid</span> <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"3fda45538a1692777199ec2a5478a5\">synthesis</span> in bacteria.</p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Ethanol and Alcohol Dehydrogenase</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Ethanol can act as a competitive <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"b5fb56a28b1692777190396ae8b625\">inhibitor</span> of <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"c578fa95fe16927771927ea57020f0\">methanol</span> <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"5b1a045f5f169277719210c0ac7a1e\">metabolism</span> by competing for the <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"08c37b57da1692777180a39e8239fb\">active site</span> of alcohol dehydrogenase. This is used in cases of <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"c578fa95fe16927771927ea57020f0\">methanol</span> poisoning.</p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Captopril and <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"881411ec321692777181ca707f2515\">Angiotensin-Converting Enzyme</span> (ACE)</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Captopril competes with the natural <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"385d52533a169277719991c090c3d7\">substrate</span> of ACE, thereby inhibiting the production of <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"c4d00ed86c1692777181c0c43a452a\">angiotensin</span> II, a <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"53172b32401692777195efbbb6b2e8\">peptide</span> that increases blood pressure.</p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n</tbody>\n\n\n<p style='font-size: 10px; color: #808080; font-style: italic;'>@dams_new_robot</p>", "bot": "@dams_new_robot", "audio": "https://image.prepladder.com/content/hl6Xkngy1oAS8HYclYUM1744078840.mp3", "video": ""}, {"text": "Which of the following statements is false on creatine kinase?", "options": [{"label": "A", "text": "Total creatine kinase is estimated in muscular dystrophies", "correct": false}, {"label": "B", "text": "Starts to rise within 3-6 hours of infarction", "correct": false}, {"label": "C", "text": "Increased in hemolysis and congestive heart failure", "correct": true}, {"label": "D", "text": "CK-MB is used as a marker in myocardial infarction", "correct": false}], "correct_answer": "C. Increased in hemolysis and congestive heart failure", "question_images": [], "explanation_images": [], "explanation": "\n\n<p style='font-size: 10px; color: #808080; font-style: italic;'>@dams_new_robot</p>", "bot": "@dams_new_robot", "audio": "https://image.prepladder.com/content/biUDEpFmvputFaloAkSN1739725490.mp3", "video": ""}, {"text": "Which of the following is used to study the kinetics of oligomeric enzymes?", "options": [{"label": "A", "text": "Lineweaver Burke equation", "correct": false}, {"label": "B", "text": "Michaelis Menten equation", "correct": false}, {"label": "C", "text": "Hill equation", "correct": true}, {"label": "D", "text": "Dixon equation", "correct": false}], "correct_answer": "C. Hill equation", "question_images": [], "explanation_images": ["https://image.prepladder.com/content/ohq4WYyHiiMaE2VMiNaj1728057958.png", "https://image.prepladder.com/content/WySIbQcCcixsYliuzlHy1728057998.png"], "explanation": "\n\n<p style='font-size: 10px; color: #808080; font-style: italic;'>@dams_new_robot</p>", "bot": "@dams_new_robot", "audio": "https://image.prepladder.com/content/U3hNTZWhNgCYTPASKb3j1739725708.mp3", "video": ""}, {"text": "Which among the following statements regarding the induction and repression of enzymes is NOT true?", "options": [{"label": "A", "text": "Repression acts at the gene level to decrease the amount of enzyme", "correct": false}, {"label": "B", "text": "Induction relieves repression on the operator site", "correct": false}, {"label": "C", "text": "Glucokinase is induced by insulin", "correct": false}, {"label": "D", "text": "ALA(Aminolevulinic acid) synthase is induced by heme", "correct": true}], "correct_answer": "D. ALA(Aminolevulinic acid) synthase is induced by heme", "question_images": [], "explanation_images": [], "explanation": "<table cellspacing=\"0\" style=\"border-collapse:collapse\">\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:middle\">\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><strong>Mechanism</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:middle\">\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><strong>Process</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:middle\">\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><strong>Examples</strong></p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td rowspan=\"4\" style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Induction</p>\n</td>\n<td rowspan=\"4\" style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Relieves <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"2c4392491a169277719764b937f110\">repression</span> on the operator site, increasing <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"0f160e4e42169277718771b715516a\">enzyme</span> <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"859a34e1061692777183872a5e4441\">biosynthesis</span> <strong>(Option B)</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td rowspan=\"4\" style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:middle\">\n<ul>\n<li>Lactose-utilizing enzymes in bacteria <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"f3063c1d8b169277719018bf869980\">induced</span> by <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"0aa69e4ec11692777191c26eff3504\">lactose</span> in the absence of glucose</li>\n<li>Tryptophan pyrrolase and transaminases <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"f3063c1d8b169277719018bf869980\">induced</span> by glucocorticoids</li>\n<li>Glucokinase <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"f3063c1d8b169277719018bf869980\">induced</span> by insulin<strong> (Option C)</strong></li>\n<li>ALA (Aminolevulinic acid) <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"d2bd91ccac169277719941254e1795\">synthase</span> <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"f3063c1d8b169277719018bf869980\">induced</span> by barbiturates</li>\n</ul>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td rowspan=\"3\" style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Repression</p>\n</td>\n<td rowspan=\"3\" style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Acts at the gene level, reducing the number of <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"0f160e4e42169277718771b715516a\">enzyme</span> molecules <strong>(Option A)</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td rowspan=\"3\" style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<ul>\n<li>ALA (Aminolevulinic acid) <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"d2bd91ccac169277719941254e1795\">synthase</span> is repressed by heme</li>\n</ul>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n</tr>\n</tbody>\n\n\n<p style='font-size: 10px; color: #808080; font-style: italic;'>@dams_new_robot</p>", "bot": "@dams_new_robot", "audio": "https://image.prepladder.com/content/wmxb0ksPPRvFdmfOcmpz1739725860.mp3", "video": ""}, {"text": "All of the following enzymes are proteins except?", "options": [{"label": "A", "text": "Aminoacyl tRNA synthetase", "correct": false}, {"label": "B", "text": "Peptidyl transferase", "correct": true}, {"label": "C", "text": "RNA polymerase", "correct": false}, {"label": "D", "text": "Acetyl-CoA synthetase", "correct": false}], "correct_answer": "B. Peptidyl transferase", "question_images": [], "explanation_images": [], "explanation": "<table cellspacing=\"0\" style=\"border-collapse:collapse\">\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Point</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Description</p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Definition</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Enzymes made up of RNA</p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Spliceosomes</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Ribozymes + protein components (stabilize the structure of ribozymes)</p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Examples</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<ul>\n<li>RNAse-P: generates the ends of tRNAs</li>\n<li>Peptidyl transferase: Present in ribosomes and used for protein biosynthesis</li>\n</ul>\n</td>\n</tr>\n</tbody>\n\n\n<p style='font-size: 10px; color: #808080; font-style: italic;'>@dams_new_robot</p>", "bot": "@dams_new_robot", "audio": "https://image.prepladder.com/content/5qhAQP84aaImZsCSGT5g1739725943.mp3", "video": ""}, {"text": "In a Lineweaver-Burk plot for an enzyme experiencing non-competitive inhibition, which of the following statements is correct?", "options": [{"label": "A", "text": "The slope of the Lineweaver-Burk plot increases, but the y-intercept remains the same.", "correct": false}, {"label": "B", "text": "The y-intercept increases while Km remains constant and the slope increases.", "correct": true}, {"label": "C", "text": "Both the slope and the y-intercept increase.", "correct": false}, {"label": "D", "text": "The slope of the Lineweaver-Burk plot decreases while the y-intercept increases.", "correct": false}], "correct_answer": "B. The y-intercept increases while Km remains constant and the slope increases.", "question_images": [], "explanation_images": ["https://image.prepladder.com/content/PoOz9nULrOtRyAUJfeaa1728057382.png"], "explanation": "\n\n<p style='font-size: 10px; color: #808080; font-style: italic;'>@dams_new_robot</p>", "bot": "@dams_new_robot", "audio": "https://image.prepladder.com/content/qJYQRt1BlvjqHmlWGUMJ1739801428.mp3", "video": ""}, {"text": "Which of the following statements accurately describes the changes in Km (Michaelis constant) and Vmax (maximum reaction rate) in the presence of an uncompetitive inhibitor?", "options": [{"label": "A", "text": "Km increases, Vmax increases", "correct": false}, {"label": "B", "text": "Km decreases, Vmax decreases", "correct": true}, {"label": "C", "text": "Km stays the same, Vmax decreases", "correct": false}, {"label": "D", "text": "Km increases, Vmax stays the same", "correct": false}], "correct_answer": "B. Km decreases, Vmax decreases", "question_images": [], "explanation_images": ["https://image.prepladder.com/content/mrtHaHRpGUlqIl6irYxl1728056938.png", "https://image.prepladder.com/content/XDFpYtmbwwibqrRnOrPj1728057000.png", "https://image.prepladder.com/content/EjJgIVD6Ps2oW06JlufF1728057057.png"], "explanation": "<table cellspacing=\"0\" style=\"border-collapse:collapse; width:624px\">\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Uncompetitive inhibitors</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Clinical correlation</strong></p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Lithium and <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"88151824d916927771903e5ea91ffc\">Inositol</span> Monophosphatase</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>This <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"f03ca2d2a716927771901227bc175a\">inhibition</span> disrupts the <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"26d585d1e41692777195144f4452a8\">phosphatidylinositol</span> <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"f9016f36fd1692777198b0fd5e9c6d\">signaling</span> pathway, which is important in mood regulation, making <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"42659effea16927771919c6224e529\">lithium</span> effective in treating <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"df4ae006fe1692777183604169e9b2\">bipolar</span> disorder.</p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Phenylalanine and <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"b95c7f7b821692777181df660ee7ff\">Alkaline</span> Phosphatase</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>It binds to the enzyme-substrate complex, reducing the enzyme's activity. This mechanism is studied in the context of <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"d92cbff33316927771927b4de10a5b\">metabolic</span> disorders involving phenylalanine.</p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n</tbody>\n\n\n<p style='font-size: 10px; color: #808080; font-style: italic;'>@dams_new_robot</p>", "bot": "@dams_new_robot", "audio": "https://image.prepladder.com/content/g2sVxnggufalFLldGTlA1739727724.mp3", "video": ""}, {"text": "Which of the following statements are true regarding enzymes? a) Enzymes are proteins that can accelerate reactions by factors of 10^6 to 10^9 or more. b) Enzymes act on a wide range of substrates. c) Enzymes stabilize the ground state. d) Enzymes can catalyze both forward and reverse reactions. their e) Enzymes are regulated by pH, temperature, inhibitors, and activators. f) Enzyme are water insoluble", "options": [{"label": "A", "text": "a, d, e, f ,c", "correct": false}, {"label": "B", "text": "a, b, d, e", "correct": false}, {"label": "C", "text": "a, d, e", "correct": true}, {"label": "D", "text": "a, e, f , c", "correct": false}], "correct_answer": "C. a, d, e", "question_images": [], "explanation_images": [], "explanation": "<table cellspacing=\"0\" style=\"border-collapse:collapse; width:624px\">\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<td colspan=\"2\" style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Properties of Enzyme</strong></p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Nature of Enzymes</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Enzymes are proteins, heat-sensitive, water-soluble. <strong>(Statement f ruled out)</strong></p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Efficiency</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Enzymes can accelerate reactions by factors 10<sup>6</sup> to 10<sup>9</sup> or more. <strong>(Statement a)</strong></p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Specificity</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Enzymes act on specific substrates and can distinguish stereoisomers.<strong> (Statement b ruled out)</strong></p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Cofactors/Coenzymes</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Some enzymes need non-protein molecules (cofactors or coenzymes) to be active.</p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Substrate Binding</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Enzymes bind substrates at multiple points, creating <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"525b6ba96f1692777184a50772fc19\">chiral</span> products from non-chiral substrates.</p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Transition State</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Enzymes stabilize the transition state, <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"ff02aa40d51692777191246d4a9b87\">lowering</span> <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"ba6b77f29316927771807350f86ce2\">activation</span> energy. <strong>(Statement c ruled out)</strong></p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Reversibility</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Enzymes can <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"66b0433bfd16927771836c33e8b7b8\">catalyze</span> both forward and reverse reactions. <strong>(Statement d)</strong></p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Regulation</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Activity is regulated by pH, temperature, inhibitors, and activators. <strong>(Statement e)</strong></p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n</tbody>\n\n\n<p style='font-size: 10px; color: #808080; font-style: italic;'>@dams_new_robot</p>", "bot": "@dams_new_robot", "audio": "https://image.prepladder.com/content/KOdthNFfl2cJbWYCirpe1739721680.mp3", "video": ""}, {"text": "Given the following enzyme kinetics parameters: Maximum velocity (Vmax): 100 µmol/min Michaelis constant (Km): 10 µM Initial velocity (Vo): 50 µmol/min What is the substrate concentration [S] of the given enzyme?", "options": [{"label": "A", "text": "5 µM", "correct": false}, {"label": "B", "text": "10 µM", "correct": true}, {"label": "C", "text": "20 µM", "correct": false}, {"label": "D", "text": "25 µM", "correct": false}], "correct_answer": "B. 10 µM", "question_images": [], "explanation_images": [], "explanation": "\n\n<p style='font-size: 10px; color: #808080; font-style: italic;'>@dams_new_robot</p>", "bot": "@dams_new_robot", "audio": "https://image.prepladder.com/content/ou3wnd3mj8d4v6WRuw271739726918.mp3", "video": ""}, {"text": "In enzyme kinetics, a double reciprocal plot (Lineweaver-Burk plot) is used to determine kinetic parameters. What do the x-intercept and y-intercept of a double reciprocal plot represent?", "options": [{"label": "A", "text": "x-intercept: -1/Km; y-intercept: 1/Vmax", "correct": true}, {"label": "B", "text": "x-intercept: 1/Km; y-intercept: 1/Vmax", "correct": false}, {"label": "C", "text": "x-intercept:1/Vmax; y-intercept: -1/Km", "correct": false}, {"label": "D", "text": "x-intercept: -1/Km; y-intercept: -1/Vmax", "correct": false}], "correct_answer": "A. x-intercept: -1/Km; y-intercept: 1/Vmax", "question_images": [], "explanation_images": ["https://image.prepladder.com/content/QfItd88gIr6NImrT0Tnu1728056596.png"], "explanation": "\n\n<p style='font-size: 10px; color: #808080; font-style: italic;'>@dams_new_robot</p>", "bot": "@dams_new_robot", "audio": "https://image.prepladder.com/content/g0UB6DMRN836UapgHfQz1739726827.mp3", "video": ""}, {"text": "Which of the following statements regarding Michaelis Menten equation is true?", "options": [{"label": "A", "text": "Used to calculate the rate of reaction", "correct": false}, {"label": "B", "text": "Substrate concentration is required to calculate the rate using Michaelis Menten equation", "correct": false}, {"label": "C", "text": "Michaelis constant is the substrate concentration at which the velocity of the reaction is half the maximal velocity", "correct": false}, {"label": "D", "text": "All are true", "correct": true}], "correct_answer": "D. All are true", "question_images": [], "explanation_images": ["https://image.prepladder.com/content/1rFDFIxFcrMoTxDC2Gjk1728056299.png"], "explanation": "\n\n<p style='font-size: 10px; color: #808080; font-style: italic;'>@dams_new_robot</p>", "bot": "@dams_new_robot", "audio": "https://image.prepladder.com/content/ClRBjCMwdYYaGyLuvbfx1739725368.mp3", "video": ""}, {"text": "What is the correct equation to calculate the catalytic efficiency of an enzyme?", "options": [{"label": "A", "text": "Kcat / Km", "correct": true}, {"label": "B", "text": "Km / Kcat", "correct": false}, {"label": "C", "text": "Vmax / St", "correct": false}, {"label": "D", "text": "Vmax / Km", "correct": false}], "correct_answer": "A. Kcat / Km", "question_images": [], "explanation_images": [], "explanation": "\n\n<p style='font-size: 10px; color: #808080; font-style: italic;'>@dams_new_robot</p>", "bot": "@dams_new_robot", "audio": "https://image.prepladder.com/content/0XBULN4WDnqLA0v963nu1739725222.mp3", "video": ""}, {"text": "Which of the following statements is false Increase in enzyme concentration increases the rate of reaction Increase in substrate concentration increases the rate of reaction Increase in product concentration increases the rate of reaction", "options": [{"label": "A", "text": "1, 3", "correct": false}, {"label": "B", "text": "3", "correct": true}, {"label": "C", "text": "1, 2, 3", "correct": false}, {"label": "D", "text": "None", "correct": false}], "correct_answer": "B. 3", "question_images": [], "explanation_images": ["https://image.prepladder.com/content/gwLKVwKYhaTCxBKbmt2q1728055979.png", "https://image.prepladder.com/content/sk0uTe2su50WChxcbFM21728056024.png", "https://image.prepladder.com/content/S0i6akATMPSwCwHpy0sm1728056082.png", "https://image.prepladder.com/content/DfKOtJMfWC0wThn1W5Qg1728056106.png", "https://image.prepladder.com/content/WVQZqDHjifKI61bEwiMN1728056148.png"], "explanation": "<table cellspacing=\"0\" style=\"border-collapse:collapse\">\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Factor</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Effect on Reaction Rate </strong></p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Enzyme Concentration</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<ul>\n<li>Rate of reaction increases with an increase in <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"0f160e4e42169277718771b715516a\">enzyme</span> concentration</li>\n</ul>\n<p> </p>\n<p style=\"text-align:center\"><img alt=\"\" data-author=\"NA\" data-hash=\"\" data-license=\"NA\" data-source=\"NA\" data-tags=\"\" height=\"472\" src=\"https://image.prepladder.com/content/gwLKVwKYhaTCxBKbmt2q1728055979.png\" width=\"600\"/></p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Substrate Concentration</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<ul>\n<li>Initial phases: <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"12c4510e191692777201c23ec126a3\">Velocity</span> increases with increasing <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"385d52533a169277719991c090c3d7\">substrate</span> concentration</li>\n<li>Vmax: Maximum <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"12c4510e191692777201c23ec126a3\">velocity</span> attainable at <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"385d52533a169277719991c090c3d7\">substrate</span> <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"e4696a0f8d169277719865588e55c7\">saturation</span> level</li>\n<li>Once Vmax is attained, changes in <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"385d52533a169277719991c090c3d7\">substrate</span> concentration will not affect the rate of reaction</li>\n</ul>\n<p> </p>\n<p style=\"text-align:center\"><img alt=\"\" data-author=\"NA\" data-hash=\"\" data-license=\"NA\" data-source=\"NA\" data-tags=\"\" height=\"469\" src=\"https://image.prepladder.com/content/sk0uTe2su50WChxcbFM21728056024.png\" width=\"600\"/></p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Product Concentration</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<ul>\n<li>Increased product concentration slows, stops, or reverses the reaction</li>\n</ul>\n<p> </p>\n<p style=\"text-align:center\"><img alt=\"\" data-author=\"NA\" data-hash=\"\" data-license=\"NA\" data-source=\"NA\" data-tags=\"\" height=\"463\" src=\"https://image.prepladder.com/content/S0i6akATMPSwCwHpy0sm1728056082.png\" width=\"600\"/></p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Temperature</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<ul>\n<li>Increasing temperature increases reaction velocity</li>\n<li>Velocity reaches a maximum at an <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"9627da6bc21692777194438ac75f8d\">optimum</span> temperature and then falls with further increase</li>\n</ul>\n<p> </p>\n<p style=\"text-align:center\"><img alt=\"\" data-author=\"NA\" data-hash=\"\" data-license=\"NA\" data-source=\"NA\" data-tags=\"\" height=\"465\" src=\"https://image.prepladder.com/content/DfKOtJMfWC0wThn1W5Qg1728056106.png\" width=\"600\"/></p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>pH</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<ul>\n<li>Each <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"0f160e4e42169277718771b715516a\">enzyme</span> has an <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"9627da6bc21692777194438ac75f8d\">optimum</span> pH</li>\n<li>pH value is nearer to optimum→reaction rate increases</li>\n</ul>\n<p style=\"text-align:center\"><img alt=\"\" data-author=\"NA\" data-hash=\"\" data-license=\"NA\" data-source=\"NA\" data-tags=\"\" height=\"441\" src=\"https://image.prepladder.com/content/WVQZqDHjifKI61bEwiMN1728056148.png\" width=\"600\"/></p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n</tbody>\n\n\n<p style='font-size: 10px; color: #808080; font-style: italic;'>@dams_new_robot</p>", "bot": "@dams_new_robot", "audio": "https://image.prepladder.com/content/4ADAK9M3E1n61noRq58Z1739724998.mp3", "video": ""}, {"text": "Which of the following statements is/are true regarding the mechanisms of action of enzymes? Enzymes that act by altering the strain of substrates catalyze lytic reactions Enzymes forming covalent bonds are seen commonly in group transfer reactions When the functional groups of aminoacyl side chains of enzymes act as an acid or base, the rate of reaction increases", "options": [{"label": "A", "text": "1, 2", "correct": false}, {"label": "B", "text": "2, 3", "correct": false}, {"label": "C", "text": "1, 3", "correct": false}, {"label": "D", "text": "1, 2, 3", "correct": true}], "correct_answer": "D. 1, 2, 3", "question_images": [], "explanation_images": [], "explanation": "<table cellspacing=\"0\" style=\"border-collapse:collapse\">\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:bottom\">\n<p><strong>Mechanism</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:bottom\">\n<p><strong>Description</strong></p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Catalysis by Proximity</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Substrates come in bond-forming proximity to enzymes→Enzymes bind <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"385d52533a169277719991c090c3d7\">substrate</span> molecules at their active site→region of high local <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"385d52533a169277719991c090c3d7\">substrate</span> concentration created→substates are ideally positioned to chemically interact→reaction is catalyzed</p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Acid-Base Catalysis</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Ionizable functional groups of <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"a7e293615316927771813618e25670\">aminoacyl</span> side chains and <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"c936e2cd131692777196b1d877f678\">prosthetic</span> groups of enzymes act as acids or <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"1ec6e3e9e11692777182b1220b131a\">bases</span> causing <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"daf30a96211692777183366f0702d6\">catalysis</span> <strong>(Statement 3)</strong></p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Catalysis by Strain</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Enzymes bind substrates in a <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"c6d0a6443d16927771840860d28dfb\">conformation</span> that weakens the bond targeted for cleavage→ catalyses <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"d54da38aaa1692777191560f60c0f9\">lytic</span> reactions <strong>(Statement 1)</strong></p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Covalent Catalysis</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<ul>\n<li>Formation of a <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"d7f598a3db1692777185bf93a6e6fa\">covalent</span> bond between the <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"0f160e4e42169277718771b715516a\">enzyme</span> and one or more substrates catalyzes the reaction</li>\n<li>Common among enzymes that <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"66b0433bfd16927771836c33e8b7b8\">catalyze</span> group transfer reactions <strong>(Statement 2)</strong></li>\n</ul>\n</td>\n</tr>\n</tbody>\n\n\n<p style='font-size: 10px; color: #808080; font-style: italic;'>@dams_new_robot</p>", "bot": "@dams_new_robot", "audio": "https://image.prepladder.com/content/PkPjDsMwvK1iNJnwkJ3x1739724878.mp3", "video": ""}, {"text": "A 35-year-old female with chronic diarrhea, weight loss, and fatty stools complains that her symptoms worsen after a high-fat meal. Reduced activity of pancreatic lipase is suspected. Which of the following ions is most likely to be low in this patient?", "options": [{"label": "A", "text": "Calcium", "correct": true}, {"label": "B", "text": "Copper", "correct": false}, {"label": "C", "text": "Iron", "correct": false}, {"label": "D", "text": "Zinc", "correct": false}], "correct_answer": "A. Calcium", "question_images": [], "explanation_images": [], "explanation": "<table cellspacing=\"0\" style=\"border-collapse:collapse\">\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><strong>Metal-ion (cofactor)</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><strong>Enzymes</strong></p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Calcium (Option A)</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Lecithinase, <strong>lipase</strong></p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Copper<strong> (Option B)</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Tyrosinase, <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"29e8e2a5dd16927771855db589c581\">cytochrome</span> oxidase, <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"7d51964ce51692777199dedcf19fc3\">superoxide</span> dismutase</p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Iron<strong> (Option C)</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Cytochrome oxidase, catalase, peroxidase, <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"c9a23eabc41692777202d1d98467d5\">xanthine</span> oxidase</p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Zinc<strong> (Option D)</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Carbonic anhydrase, carboxypeptidase, alcohol dehydrogenase</p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Magnesium</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Hexokinase, enolase, glucose-6-phosphatase</p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Manganese</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Phosphoglucomutase, <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"ff3732efdd169277718849d5645cfb\">glycosyl</span> transferases</p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Molybdenum</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Xanthine oxidase</p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n</tbody>\n\n\n<p style='font-size: 10px; color: #808080; font-style: italic;'>@dams_new_robot</p>", "bot": "@dams_new_robot", "audio": "https://image.prepladder.com/content/0YhCTlW9xsMUwosKiOt51739724162.mp3", "video": ""}, {"text": "A patient presents with symptoms of fatigue and muscle weakness. Laboratory tests indicate a deficiency in riboflavin. Which coenzyme's function is most likely affected?", "options": [{"label": "A", "text": "NAD", "correct": false}, {"label": "B", "text": "FAD", "correct": true}, {"label": "C", "text": "Coenzyme A", "correct": false}, {"label": "D", "text": "Folic acid", "correct": false}], "correct_answer": "B. FAD", "question_images": [], "explanation_images": [], "explanation": "<table cellspacing=\"0\" style=\"border-collapse:collapse; width:626px\">\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Coenzyme Type</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Source (Vitamin)</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Function</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Example Reaction</strong></p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>NAD/NADP <strong>(Option A)</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Nicotinamide (B3)</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Redox reactions</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Cellular respiration</p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>FAD / FM<strong> (Option B)</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Riboflavin (B2)</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Redox reactions</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Electron transport chain</p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Coenzyme A <strong>(Option C)</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Pantothenic acid (B5)</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Acyl group transfer</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Fatty acid metabolism</p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Folic acid/ <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"e5e2ce25c1169277718440498694d2\">Cobamide</span> <strong>(Option D)</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Folate (B9), B12</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>One-carbon metabolism</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>DNA synthesis</p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n</tbody>\n\n\n<p style='font-size: 10px; color: #808080; font-style: italic;'>@dams_new_robot</p>", "bot": "@dams_new_robot", "audio": "https://image.prepladder.com/content/FcHTbSYDKZcVAOAVa8XR1739724044.mp3", "video": ""}, {"text": "Which of the following is not a function of prosthetic groups?", "options": [{"label": "A", "text": "Substrate binding and orientation", "correct": false}, {"label": "B", "text": "Formation of covalent bonds", "correct": false}, {"label": "C", "text": "Electron transfer", "correct": false}, {"label": "D", "text": "Protein degradation", "correct": true}], "correct_answer": "D. Protein degradation", "question_images": [], "explanation_images": [], "explanation": "<table cellspacing=\"0\" style=\"border-collapse:collapse; width:605px\">\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<td colspan=\"2\" style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p style=\"text-align:center\"> </p>\n<p style=\"text-align:center\"><strong>Prosthetic groups</strong></p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td rowspan=\"2\" style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Definition</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td rowspan=\"2\" style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<ul>\n<li>Non-protein molecules tightly <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"d82fcb9d1f16927771836a9f6ccf14\">bound</span> to proteins via <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"d7f598a3db1692777185bf93a6e6fa\">covalent</span> or non-covalent bonds.</li>\n<li>Essential for <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"0f160e4e42169277718771b715516a\">enzyme</span> <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"fd8ccc41d916927771839aa8da6767\">catalytic</span> activity.</li>\n</ul>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td rowspan=\"6\" style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Examples</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td rowspan=\"6\" style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<ul>\n<li>Pyridoxal <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"189b6fc834169277719580eb39bb4c\">Phosphate</span> (PLP): <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"543f207eb51692777181723491a358\">Amino</span> acid metabolism.</li>\n<li>Flavin <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"28a7ae0cf2169277719263de8342fb\">Mononucleotide</span> (FMN) and <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"72f92d7caa169277720210bc5413a2\">Flavin</span> <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"701cef29c216927771801e7d1a7c0f\">Adenine</span> <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"419082b5c61692777186e04b66aafb\">Dinucleotide</span> (FAD): <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"70b8f453ed1692777197f54fb1181e\">Redox</span> reactions.</li>\n<li>Thiamin <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"53da8f40b5169277719620504e0cb9\">Pyrophosphate</span> (TPP): <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"52adc3ebf01692777185395a8b1e8c\">Decarboxylation</span> reactions.</li>\n</ul>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td rowspan=\"4\" style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Functions</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td rowspan=\"4\" style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<ul>\n<li>Substrate Binding and Orientation: Proper orientation of substrates for <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"fd8ccc41d916927771839aa8da6767\">catalytic</span> reaction. (Option A)</li>\n<li>Formation of <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"d7f598a3db1692777185bf93a6e6fa\">Covalent</span> Bonds: <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"d7f598a3db1692777185bf93a6e6fa\">Covalent</span> bonds with reaction intermediates. (Option B)</li>\n<li>Electron Transfer: Facilitates <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"d416281a201692777187899c00aed8\">electron</span> transfer in <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"70b8f453ed1692777197f54fb1181e\">redox</span> reactions. (Option C)</li>\n<li>Activation of Substrates: Acts as Lewis acids or <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"1ec6e3e9e11692777182b1220b131a\">bases</span> to enhance <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"385d52533a169277719991c090c3d7\">substrate</span> reactivity.</li>\n</ul>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td rowspan=\"3\" style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Characteristics</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td rowspan=\"3\" style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<ul>\n<li>Stable Incorporation: Tightly <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"d82fcb9d1f16927771836a9f6ccf14\">bound</span> to enzymes, unlike <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"a6cf2c3dc51692777200ef7fb22f69\">transient</span> cofactors.</li>\n<li>Role in Catalysis: Enhance <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"0f160e4e42169277718771b715516a\">enzyme</span> capabilities beyond <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"543f207eb51692777181723491a358\">amino</span> acid side chains.</li>\n<li>Versatility: Involved in various reactions like oxidation-reduction, group transfer, <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"d7f598a3db1692777185bf93a6e6fa\">covalent</span> bond formation.</li>\n</ul>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n</tr>\n</tbody>\n\n\n<p style='font-size: 10px; color: #808080; font-style: italic;'>@dams_new_robot</p>", "bot": "@dams_new_robot", "audio": "https://image.prepladder.com/content/mrC81CJx1oPALAnxSW681744078695.mp3", "video": ""}, {"text": "Match the enzyme class with its corresponding example: Enzyme Class Example A) Oxidoreductases 1) Hexokinase B) Transferases 2) Lactate dehydrogenase C) Hydrolases 3) DNA ligase D) Lyases 4) Trypsin E) Isomerases 5) Aldolase F) Ligases 6) Triosephosphate isomerase", "options": [{"label": "A", "text": "A-2, B-1, C-4, D-5, E-6, F-3", "correct": true}, {"label": "B", "text": "A-1, B-2, C-4, D-5, E-3, F-6", "correct": false}, {"label": "C", "text": "A-2, B-4, C-5, D-1, E-6, F-3", "correct": false}, {"label": "D", "text": "A-3, B-2, C-4, D-5, E-6, F-1", "correct": false}], "correct_answer": "A. A-2, B-1, C-4, D-5, E-6, F-3", "question_images": [], "explanation_images": [], "explanation": "<table cellspacing=\"0\" style=\"border-collapse:collapse; width:641px\">\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Class</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Function</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Examples</strong></p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Oxidoreductases</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Catalyze <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"5d4d8e05571692777194773e47337a\">oxidation-reduction</span> reactions</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Lactate dehydrogenase, glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase</p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Transferases</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Transfer functional groups</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Hexokinase, aminotransferase</p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Hydrolases</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Catalyze <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"310799d8981692777189d3a272674d\">hydrolytic</span> <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"db5610b3121692777184e0965a9fa4\">cleavage</span> of bonds</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Trypsin, <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"a79a62c36e169277718062f9630d56\">acetylcholine</span> esterase</p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Lyases</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Cleave bonds by means other than hydrolysis/oxidation</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Aldolase, decarboxylases</p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Isomerases</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Catalyze rearrangement of atoms</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Triosephosphate isomerase, racemases</p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Ligases</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Join two molecules, using ATP</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>DNA ligase, acetyl-CoA synthetase</p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n</tbody>\n\n\n<p style='font-size: 10px; color: #808080; font-style: italic;'>@dams_new_robot</p>", "bot": "@dams_new_robot", "audio": "https://image.prepladder.com/content/ae58LSoFssTNF04RaDRf1739722147.mp3", "video": ""}, {"text": "What is the role of activation energy in a chemical reaction, and how do enzymes influence it?", "options": [{"label": "A", "text": "Activation energy converts molecules from transition to ground state; enzymes increase it.", "correct": false}, {"label": "B", "text": "Activation energy converts molecules from ground state to transition state; enzymes lower it.", "correct": true}, {"label": "C", "text": "Activation energy is released during product formation; enzymes do not affect it.", "correct": false}, {"label": "D", "text": "Activation energy breaks bonds in products; enzymes increase it.", "correct": false}], "correct_answer": "B. Activation energy converts molecules from ground state to transition state; enzymes lower it.", "question_images": [], "explanation_images": ["https://image.prepladder.com/content/VpzdCEATpwiEFt8mdwwb1728030273.png"], "explanation": "<table cellspacing=\"0\" style=\"border-collapse:collapse; width:590px\">\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<td colspan=\"2\" style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong> Activation energy </strong></p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td rowspan=\"2\" style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Definition</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td rowspan=\"2\" style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<ul>\n<li>Activation energy is the energy required to convert molecules from the <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"20a7c0885516927771886cc3d31a89\">ground state</span> to the transition state (An unstable <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"cf8f491dba169277719075ce2b5594\">intermediate</span> with partially formed and broken bonds.</li>\n<li>Activation energy is a barrier that must be overcome for a reaction to proceed; typically positive, indicating an energy requirement.</li>\n</ul>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Role of Enzymes</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Enzymes lower <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"ba6b77f29316927771807350f86ce2\">activation</span> energy, making it easier for reactions to occur.</p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Reaction Rate Factors</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Reaction rate increases as <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"ba6b77f29316927771807350f86ce2\">activation</span> energy decreases; temperature increases <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"380a6ccecf1692777190e8f50d4829\">kinetic</span> energy, leading to more frequent and energetic collisions.</p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Visualization</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Transition state visualized as neither free <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"385d52533a169277719991c090c3d7\">substrate</span> <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"fe5171bb0016927771933a5ca5d376\">nor</span> product, with partial bonds forming and rupturing.</p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Substrate Binding</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Enzymes optimize weak interactions with substrates, providing the driving force for catalysis.</p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Influencing Factors</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Enzyme activity is affected by pH, temperature, and presence of inhibitors or activators.</p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Example</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Acid <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"41255286461692777189199a8b2dc7\">hydrolysis</span> of sucrose: <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"ba6b77f29316927771807350f86ce2\">Activation</span> energy with <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"0f160e4e42169277718771b715516a\">enzyme</span> (sucrase) is 9,000 cal/mol while without <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"0f160e4e42169277718771b715516a\">enzyme</span> is around 26,000 cal/mol.</p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n</tbody>\n\n\n<p style='font-size: 10px; color: #808080; font-style: italic;'>@dams_new_robot</p>", "bot": "@dams_new_robot", "audio": "https://image.prepladder.com/content/JyKDtqIkPmpnErC88G8r1739721905.mp3", "video": ""}, {"text": "Which of the following statements about suicide inhibition is incorrect?", "options": [{"label": "A", "text": "The inhibitor covalently binds to the enzyme after being converted to a reactive intermediate.", "correct": false}, {"label": "B", "text": "Suicide inhibition is a reversible form of enzyme inhibition.", "correct": true}, {"label": "C", "text": "Suicide inhibitors resemble the enzyme's natural substrate.", "correct": false}, {"label": "D", "text": "Allopurinol acts as a suicide inhibitor of xanthine oxidase to manage gout.", "correct": false}], "correct_answer": "B. Suicide inhibition is a reversible form of enzyme inhibition.", "question_images": [], "explanation_images": ["https://image.prepladder.com/content/KMCV5waxbxLY8ERa9tfn1728057541.png"], "explanation": "<table cellspacing=\"0\" style=\"border-collapse:collapse; width:664px\">\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Enzyme</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Inhibitor</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Mechanism</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Clinical Application</strong></p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Ornithine <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"71aa164f75169277718559680376bd\">Decarboxylase</span> (ODC)</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Difluoromethylornithine (DFMO)</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>DFMO binds to ODC, is converted to a <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"092583d1b41692777197a506409267\">reactive</span> form, and irreversibly inactivates the enzyme.</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Treats <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"edd7fdfb5916927772002c4eec4065\">trypanosomiasis</span> by stopping <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"a570ca1b60169277719600c2b7fd57\">polyamine</span> <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"3fda45538a1692777199ec2a5478a5\">synthesis</span> in <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"de1ef739ba1692777200ad86bcb682\">Trypanosoma</span> parasites.</p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Xanthine <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"4a14dfa14e1692777194882f818d87\">Oxidase</span> (Option D)</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Allopurinol</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Allopurinol is oxidized to alloxanthine, which forms an <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"ee77d507701692777190bfcf47b497\">irreversible</span> complex with <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"c9a23eabc41692777202d1d98467d5\">xanthine</span> oxidase.</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Manages <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"0b216ac0561692777188160d9a8814\">gout</span> by reducing <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"ffa20262931692777201caef35de16\">uric</span> acid levels.</p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Cyclo-oxygenase (COX)</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Aspirin</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Aspirin acetylates a serine <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"03b7c54a9016927771977bd980e378\">residue</span> in COX, irreversibly inhibiting the enzyme.</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Reduces <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"e747a47db616927771908bff4b8931\">inflammation</span> and pain, and prevents heart attacks and strokes.</p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n</tbody>\n\n\n<p style='font-size: 10px; color: #808080; font-style: italic;'>@dams_new_robot</p>", "bot": "@dams_new_robot", "audio": "https://image.prepladder.com/content/ZZ0G5HS9ey5sMFIT1kyW1739801644.mp3", "video": ""}, {"text": "Which of the following biochemical reactions is not regulated by allosteric regulation?", "options": [{"label": "A", "text": "Phosphofructokinase-1 in glycolysis", "correct": false}, {"label": "B", "text": "Aspartate transcarbamoylase in pyrimidine biosynthesis", "correct": false}, {"label": "C", "text": "Glycogen phosphorylase in glycogenolysis", "correct": false}, {"label": "D", "text": "Glucokinase in glycolysis", "correct": true}], "correct_answer": "D. Glucokinase in glycolysis", "question_images": [], "explanation_images": [], "explanation": "<table cellspacing=\"0\" style=\"border-collapse:collapse; width:636px\">\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Enzyme</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Allosteric Inhibitor</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Allosteric Activator</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Notes</strong></p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Phosphofructokinase (Option A)</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>ATP, citrate</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>AMP, F-2,6-P</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Key regulatory <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"0f160e4e42169277718771b715516a\">enzyme</span> in glycolysis</p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Aspartate <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"7112d0942c169277720013e640d39e\">transcarbamoylase</span> (Option B)</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>CTP</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>ATP</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Important in <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"cb474d9869169277719611d301e616\">pyrimidine</span> synthesis</p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Glycogen <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"1fa65725491692777195ead6a7c81b\">phosphorylase</span> (Option C)</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>ATP, glucose-6-P</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>AMP</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Regulates <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"2e2aa646ab1692777188e3eb8286d8\">glycogen</span> breakdown</p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Pyruvate kinase</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>ATP, alanine</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>F-1,6-BP</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Regulates glycolysis</p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n</tbody>\n\n\n<p style='font-size: 10px; color: #808080; font-style: italic;'>@dams_new_robot</p>", "bot": "@dams_new_robot", "audio": "https://image.prepladder.com/content/ThOJXlyptjTOo6GcGOyR1739801831.mp3", "video": ""}, {"text": "Which of the following shapes of the Michaelis-Menten plot is observed for allosteric regulation?", "options": [{"label": "A", "text": "Hyperbolic curve", "correct": false}, {"label": "B", "text": "Sigmoidal curve", "correct": true}, {"label": "C", "text": "Linear increase", "correct": false}, {"label": "D", "text": "Parabolic curve", "correct": false}], "correct_answer": "B. Sigmoidal curve", "question_images": [], "explanation_images": ["https://image.prepladder.com/content/OI7uVDgCdxBwlbG2E3xO1728058647.png"], "explanation": "\n\n\n<p style='font-size: 10px; color: #808080; font-style: italic;'>@dams_new_robot</p>", "bot": "@dams_new_robot", "audio": "https://image.prepladder.com/content/aXEQC82Dxxn8i18AVRam1739801981.mp3", "video": ""}, {"text": "Match the following regulation mechanisms with their respective enzymatic reactions: Regulation mechanisms Enzymatic reactions 1. Compartmentation a. Phosphorylation of glycogen phosphorylase 2. Feedback inhibition b. Negative regulation of phosphofructokinase by ATP 3. Covalent modification c. Segregation of glycolytic enzymes in the cytosol 4. Proteolytic activation d. Activation of pepsinogen to pepsin", "options": [{"label": "A", "text": "1 - c, 2 - d, 3 - a, 4 - b", "correct": false}, {"label": "B", "text": "1 - b, 2 - c, 3 - d, 4 - a", "correct": false}, {"label": "C", "text": "1 - c, 2 - b, 3 - a, 4 - d", "correct": true}, {"label": "D", "text": "1 - d, 2 - a, 3 - b, 4 - c", "correct": false}], "correct_answer": "C. 1 - c, 2 - b, 3 - a, 4 - d", "question_images": [], "explanation_images": [], "explanation": "<table cellspacing=\"0\" style=\"border-collapse:collapse; width:661px\">\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Regulation mechanisms</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Enzymatic reactions</p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>1. Compartmentation</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>c. <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"5635d577151692777198b120f90e6b\">Segregation</span> of <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"e55eb31d591692777188cb1fad1f5e\">glycolytic</span> enzymes in the cytosol</p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>2. Feedback inhibition</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>b. Negative regulation of phosphofructokinase by ATP</p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>3. <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"d7f598a3db1692777185bf93a6e6fa\">Covalent</span> modification</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>a. <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"619ba5e99c16927771958308fb8687\">Phosphorylation</span> of <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"2e2aa646ab1692777188e3eb8286d8\">glycogen</span> phosphorylase</p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>4. <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"f8440ebdc11692777196443e066978\">Proteolytic</span> activation</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>d. <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"ba6b77f29316927771807350f86ce2\">Activation</span> of <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"ba6a4968271692777195adb7c5c8f0\">pepsinogen</span> to pepsin</p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n</tbody>\n</table>\n<table cellspacing=\"0\" style=\"border-collapse:collapse; width:700px\">\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Regulatory Mechanism</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Description</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Examples</strong></p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Compartmentation</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Separating <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"d92cbff33316927771927b4de10a5b\">metabolic</span> processes into different <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"12a6f23332169277718402ca6703e2\">cellular</span> compartments to regulate their activity.</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<ul>\n<li>Segregation of <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"e55eb31d591692777188cb1fad1f5e\">glycolytic</span> enzymes in the cytosol.</li>\n<li>Separation of <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"bc6cd9a9f9169277720261812ea113\">fatty</span> acid <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"224ea8a9e41692777194e81be113d8\">oxidation</span> in the <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"18c9e7b9721692777192bd042528cc\">mitochondria</span> from <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"bc6cd9a9f9169277720261812ea113\">fatty</span> acid <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"3fda45538a1692777199ec2a5478a5\">synthesis</span> in the cytosol.</li>\n</ul>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Feedback Inhibition</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>A molecule decreases the activity of an enzyme.</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<ul>\n<li>Negative regulation of phosphofructokinase by ATP.</li>\n<li>Inhibition of <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"03cde2c78516927771803012c626ac\">acetyl-CoA carboxylase</span> by palmitoyl-CoA in <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"bc6cd9a9f9169277720261812ea113\">fatty</span> acid synthesis.</li>\n</ul>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Covalent Modification</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Addition or removal of a <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"d7f598a3db1692777185bf93a6e6fa\">covalent</span> bond of a chemical group to alter an enzyme's activity.</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<ul>\n<li>Phosphorylation of <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"2e2aa646ab1692777188e3eb8286d8\">glycogen</span> phosphorylase.</li>\n<li>Acetylation of histones affecting gene expression.</li>\n</ul>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Proteolytic Activation</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Converting an inactive <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"0f160e4e42169277718771b715516a\">enzyme</span> <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"ae13cdc5c3169277719683e9f6bda5\">precursor</span> into its active <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"a1b06f401f1692777203a53393ba98\">form</span> through <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"f8440ebdc11692777196443e066978\">proteolytic</span> cleavage.</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<ul>\n<li>Activation of <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"ba6a4968271692777195adb7c5c8f0\">pepsinogen</span> to pepsin.</li>\n<li>Activation of <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"f4289daa6816927772007d51f2e486\">trypsinogen</span> to trypsin.</li>\n</ul>\n</td>\n</tr>\n</tbody>\n\n\n<p style='font-size: 10px; color: #808080; font-style: italic;'>@dams_new_robot</p>", "bot": "@dams_new_robot", "audio": "https://image.prepladder.com/content/Hg4FloibQFGZu9uMfqfG1739726669.mp3", "video": ""}, {"text": "Which of the following statements about isoenzymes is incorrect?", "options": [{"label": "A", "text": "Isoenzymes can be distinguished by their different amino acid sequences or structural properties", "correct": false}, {"label": "B", "text": "Allozymes are produced by different genes and can have distinct Km values or substrate affinities", "correct": true}, {"label": "C", "text": "Isoforms result from post-translational modifications, such as changes in sialic acid content in alkaline phosphatase (ALP)", "correct": false}, {"label": "D", "text": "Electrophoresis is a technique used to separate isoenzymes based on their mobility.", "correct": false}], "correct_answer": "B. Allozymes are produced by different genes and can have distinct Km values or substrate affinities", "question_images": [], "explanation_images": [], "explanation": "\n\n<p style='font-size: 10px; color: #808080; font-style: italic;'>@dams_new_robot</p>", "bot": "@dams_new_robot", "audio": "https://image.prepladder.com/content/QZsk5Ns505NrmXh5Gr4o1739726419.mp3", "video": ""}, {"text": "A 45-year-old male presents with severe pain and swelling in his right calf following an intense workout session two days ago. Laboratory tests, including measurements of lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) isoenzymes, are ordered. Which LDH isoenzyme is most indicative of the patient's condition?", "options": [{"label": "A", "text": "LDH-1", "correct": false}, {"label": "B", "text": "LDH-2", "correct": false}, {"label": "C", "text": "LDH-3", "correct": false}, {"label": "D", "text": "LDH-5", "correct": true}], "correct_answer": "D. LDH-5", "question_images": [], "explanation_images": [], "explanation": "<table cellspacing=\"0\" style=\"border-collapse:collapse; width:601px\">\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Isoenzyme</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Tissue/Organ</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Clinical Use</strong></p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>LDH-1<strong>(Option A)</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Heart</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Elevated levels can indicate myocardial <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"77aed446d2169277719007f42bf052\">infarction</span> or other tissue damage.</p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>LDH-2 <strong>(Option B)</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Reticuloendothelial system</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Elevated levels can suggest tissue damage or disease.</p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>LDH-3 <strong>(Option C)</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Lungs</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Elevated levels can be associated with lung conditions.</p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>LDH-4</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Kidneys and placenta</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Elevated levels may indicate <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"4aa6035df41692777190b41d4a1583\">kidney</span> or <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"797686400a16927771956b27d401ff\">placental</span> issues.</p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>LDH-5</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Liver and skeletal muscle</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Elevated levels can be related to liver or muscle damage.</p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n</tbody>\n\n\n<p style='font-size: 10px; color: #808080; font-style: italic;'>@dams_new_robot</p>", "bot": "@dams_new_robot", "audio": "https://image.prepladder.com/content/qesHvMBPhekozqGuB33W1739726123.mp3", "video": ""}]; if (!Array.isArray(questions) || questions.length === 0) { throw new Error("Questions data is empty or invalid"); } debugLog(`Successfully parsed ${questions.length} questions`); } catch (e) { console.error("Failed to parse questions_json:", e); document.getElementById('error-message').innerHTML = "Error loading quiz data. Please check the console for details or contact support."; document.getElementById('error-message').classList.remove('hidden'); document.getElementById('start-test').disabled = true; // Fallback to sample questions for testing questions = [ { text: "What is 2 + 2?", options: [ { label: "A", text: "3", correct: false }, { label: "B", text: "4", correct: true }, { label: "C", text: "5", correct: false }, { label: "D", text: "6", correct: false } ], correct_answer: "B. 4", question_images: [], explanation_images: [], explanation: "<p>2 + 2 = 4</p><p>@dams_new_robot</p>", bot: "@dams_new_robot", audio: "", video: "" } ]; debugLog("Loaded fallback questions"); } // Quiz state let currentQuestion = 0; let answers = new Array(questions.length).fill(null); let markedForReview = new Array(questions.length).fill(false); let timeRemaining = 35 * 60; // Duration in seconds let timerInterval = null; const quizId = `{title.replace(/\s+/g, '_').toLowerCase()}`; // Unique ID for local storage // Load saved progress function loadProgress() { try { debugLog("Loading progress from localStorage"); const saved = localStorage.getItem(`quiz_${quizId}`); if (saved) { const { savedAnswers, savedMarked, savedTime } = JSON.parse(saved); answers = savedAnswers || answers; markedForReview = savedMarked || markedForReview; timeRemaining = savedTime !== undefined ? savedTime : timeRemaining; debugLog("Progress loaded successfully"); } else { debugLog("No saved progress found"); } } catch (e) { console.error("Error loading progress:", e); debugLog("Failed to load progress: " + e.message); } } // Save progress function saveProgress() { try { debugLog("Saving progress to localStorage"); localStorage.setItem(`quiz_${quizId}`, JSON.stringify({ savedAnswers: answers, savedMarked: markedForReview, savedTime: timeRemaining })); debugLog("Progress saved successfully"); } catch (e) { console.error("Error saving progress:", e); debugLog("Failed to save progress: " + e.message); } } // Initialize quiz function initQuiz() { try { debugLog("Initializing quiz"); loadProgress(); const startButton = document.getElementById('start-test'); if (!startButton) { throw new Error("Start test button not found"); } startButton.addEventListener('click', startQuiz); debugLog("Start test button listener attached"); document.getElementById('previous-btn').addEventListener('click', showPreviousQuestion); document.getElementById('next-btn').addEventListener('click', showNextQuestion); document.getElementById('mark-review').addEventListener('click', toggleMarkForReview); document.getElementById('nav-toggle').addEventListener('click', toggleNavPanel); document.getElementById('submit-test').addEventListener('click', showSubmitModal); document.getElementById('continue-test').addEventListener('click', closeExitModal); document.getElementById('exit-test').addEventListener('click', () => { debugLog("Exiting test"); localStorage.removeItem(`quiz_${quizId}`); window.location.reload(); }); document.getElementById('cancel-submit').addEventListener('click', closeSubmitModal); document.getElementById('confirm-submit').addEventListener('click', submitTest); document.getElementById('take-again').addEventListener('click', () => { debugLog("Restarting test"); localStorage.removeItem(`quiz_${quizId}`); window.location.reload(); }); document.getElementById('review-test').addEventListener('click', () => showResults(currentResultQuestion)); document.getElementById('close-nav').addEventListener('click', toggleNavPanel); document.getElementById('theme-toggle').addEventListener('click', toggleTheme); document.getElementById('nav-filter').addEventListener('change', updateNavPanel); document.getElementById('prev-result').addEventListener('click', showPreviousResult); document.getElementById('next-result').addEventListener('click', showNextResult); document.getElementById('results-nav-toggle').addEventListener('click', toggleResultsNavPanel); document.getElementById('close-results-nav').addEventListener('click', toggleResultsNavPanel); document.getElementById('results-nav-filter').addEventListener('change', updateResultsNavPanel); debugLog("Quiz initialized successfully"); } catch (e) { console.error("Failed to initialize quiz:", e); debugLog("Failed to initialize quiz: " + e.message); document.getElementById('error-message').innerHTML = "Error initializing quiz. Please check the console for details or contact support."; document.getElementById('error-message').classList.remove('hidden'); document.getElementById('start-test').disabled = true; } } // Start quiz function startQuiz() { try { debugLog("Starting quiz"); document.getElementById('instructions').classList.add('hidden'); document.getElementById('quiz').classList.remove('hidden'); showQuestion(currentQuestion); startTimer(); updateNavPanel(); debugLog("Quiz started successfully"); } catch (e) { console.error("Error starting quiz:", e); debugLog("Failed to start quiz: " + e.message); document.getElementById('error-message').innerHTML = "Error starting quiz. Please check the console for details or contact support."; document.getElementById('error-message').classList.remove('hidden'); document.getElementById('quiz').classList.add('hidden'); document.getElementById('instructions').classList.remove('hidden'); } } // Show question function showQuestion(index) { try { debugLog(`Showing question ${index + 1}`); currentQuestion = index; const q = questions[index]; if (!q) { throw new Error(`Question ${index} is undefined`); } document.getElementById('question-number').innerHTML = `Question <span>${index + 1}</span> of ${questions.length}`; document.getElementById('question-text').innerHTML = q.text || "No question text available"; const imagesDiv = document.getElementById('question-images'); imagesDiv.innerHTML = q.question_images && q.question_images.length > 0 ? q.question_images.map(url => `<img src="${url}" alt="Question Image" class="max-w-full h-auto rounded-lg">`).join('') : ''; const optionsDiv = document.getElementById('options'); optionsDiv.innerHTML = q.options && q.options.length > 0 ? q.options.map(opt => ` <button class="option-btn w-full text-left p-3 border rounded-lg ${answers[index] === opt.label ? 'selected' : ''}" onclick="selectOption(${index}, '${opt.label}')" aria-label="Option ${opt.label}: ${opt.text}"> ${opt.label}. ${opt.text} </button> `).join('') : '<p class="text-red-500">No options available</p>'; document.getElementById('previous-btn').disabled = index === 0; document.getElementById('next-btn').disabled = index === questions.length - 1; document.getElementById('mark-review').classList.toggle('marked', markedForReview[index]); updateProgressBar(); saveProgress(); window.scrollTo({ top: 0, behavior: 'smooth' }); debugLog(`Question ${index + 1} displayed successfully`); } catch (e) { console.error("Error displaying question:", e); debugLog("Failed to display question: " + e.message); } } // Select option function selectOption(index, label) { try { debugLog(`Selecting option ${label} for question ${index + 1}`); answers[index] = label; const optionsDiv = document.getElementById('options'); const optionButtons = optionsDiv.querySelectorAll('.option-btn'); optionButtons.forEach(btn => { const btnLabel = btn.textContent.trim().split('.')[0]; btn.classList.toggle('selected', btnLabel === label); }); updateNavPanel(); saveProgress(); debugLog(`Option ${label} selected for question ${index + 1}`); } catch (e) { console.error("Error selecting option:", e); debugLog("Failed to select option: " + e.message); } } // Toggle mark for review function toggleMarkForReview() { try { debugLog(`Toggling mark for review on question ${currentQuestion + 1}`); markedForReview[currentQuestion] = !markedForReview[currentQuestion]; document.getElementById('mark-review').classList.toggle('marked', markedForReview[currentQuestion]); updateNavPanel(); saveProgress(); debugLog(`Mark for review toggled for question ${currentQuestion + 1}`); } catch (e) { console.error("Error marking for review:", e); debugLog("Failed to mark for review: " + e.message); } } // Navigate to previous question function showPreviousQuestion() { try { debugLog(`Navigating to previous question from ${currentQuestion + 1}`); if (currentQuestion > 0) { currentQuestion--; showQuestion(currentQuestion); } } catch (e) { console.error("Error navigating to previous question:", e); debugLog("Failed to navigate to previous question: " + e.message); } } // Navigate to next question function showNextQuestion() { try { debugLog(`Navigating to next question from ${currentQuestion + 1}`); if (currentQuestion < questions.length - 1) { currentQuestion++; showQuestion(currentQuestion); } } catch (e) { console.error("Error navigating to next question:", e); debugLog("Failed to navigate to next question: " + e.message); } } // Handle question navigation click function handleQuestionNavClick(index) { try { debugLog(`Navigating to question ${index + 1} via nav panel`); showQuestion(index); toggleNavPanel(); } catch (e) { console.error("Error handling navigation click:", e); debugLog("Failed to navigate via nav panel: " + e.message); } } // Start timer function startTimer() { try { debugLog("Starting timer"); timerInterval = setInterval(() => { if (timeRemaining <= 0) { debugLog("Timer expired, submitting test"); clearInterval(timerInterval); submitTest(); } else { timeRemaining--; const minutes = Math.floor(timeRemaining / 60); const seconds = timeRemaining % 60; document.getElementById('timer').innerHTML = `Time Remaining: <span>${minutes.toString().padStart(2, '0')}:${seconds.toString().padStart(2, '0')}</span>`; saveProgress(); } }, 1000); debugLog("Timer started successfully"); } catch (e) { console.error("Error starting timer:", e); debugLog("Failed to start timer: " + e.message); } } // Update progress bar function updateProgressBar() { try { debugLog("Updating progress bar"); const progress = ((currentQuestion + 1) / questions.length) * 100; document.getElementById('progress-bar').style.width = `${progress}%`; debugLog("Progress bar updated"); } catch (e) { console.error("Error updating progress bar:", e); debugLog("Failed to update progress bar: " + e.message); } } // Update quiz navigation panel function updateNavPanel() { try { debugLog("Updating quiz navigation panel"); const filter = document.getElementById('nav-filter').value; const navGrid = document.getElementById('nav-grid'); navGrid.innerHTML = questions.map((_, i) => { if (filter === 'answered' && !answers[i]) return ''; if (filter === 'unanswered' && answers[i]) return ''; if (filter === 'marked' && !markedForReview[i]) return ''; return ` <button class="question-nav-btn ${answers[i] ? 'answered' : 'unanswered'} ${markedForReview[i] ? 'marked-nav' : ''}" onclick="handleQuestionNavClick(${i})" aria-label="Go to Question ${i + 1}"> ${i + 1} </button> `; }).join(''); debugLog("Quiz navigation panel updated"); } catch (e) { console.error("Error updating quiz navigation panel:", e); debugLog("Failed to update quiz navigation panel: " + e.message); } } // Update results navigation panel function updateResultsNavPanel() { try { debugLog("Updating results navigation panel"); const filter = document.getElementById('results-nav-filter').value; const navGrid = document.getElementById('results-nav-grid'); navGrid.innerHTML = questions.map((_, i) => { if (filter === 'answered' && !answers[i]) return ''; if (filter === 'unanswered' && answers[i]) return ''; if (filter === 'marked' && !markedForReview[i]) return ''; return ` <button class="result-nav-btn-grid ${answers[i] ? 'answered' : 'unanswered'} ${markedForReview[i] ? 'marked-nav' : ''}" onclick="handleResultNavClick(${i})" aria-label="Go to Result for Question ${i + 1}"> ${i + 1} </button> `; }).join(''); debugLog("Results navigation panel updated"); } catch (e) { console.error("Error updating results navigation panel:", e); debugLog("Failed to update results navigation panel: " + e.message); } } // Toggle quiz navigation panel function toggleNavPanel() { try { debugLog("Toggling quiz navigation panel"); const navPanel = document.getElementById('nav-panel'); navPanel.classList.toggle('hidden'); debugLog("Quiz navigation panel toggled"); } catch (e) { console.error("Error toggling quiz navigation panel:", e); debugLog("Failed to toggle quiz navigation panel: " + e.message); } } // Toggle results navigation panel function toggleResultsNavPanel() { try { debugLog("Toggling results navigation panel"); const resultsNavPanel = document.getElementById('results-nav-panel'); resultsNavPanel.classList.toggle('hidden'); if (!resultsNavPanel.classList.contains('hidden')) { updateResultsNavPanel(); } debugLog("Results navigation panel toggled"); } catch (e) { console.error("Error toggling results navigation panel:", e); debugLog("Failed to toggle results navigation panel: " + e.message); } } // Handle result navigation click function handleResultNavClick(index) { try { debugLog(`Navigating to result for question ${index + 1} via nav panel`); showResults(index); toggleResultsNavPanel(); } catch (e) { console.error("Error handling result navigation click:", e); debugLog("Failed to navigate to result: " + e.message); } } // Show submit modal function showSubmitModal() { try { debugLog("Showing submit modal"); const attempted = answers.filter(a => a !== null).length; document.getElementById('attempted-count').textContent = attempted; document.getElementById('unattempted-count').textContent = questions.length - attempted; document.getElementById('submit-modal').classList.remove('hidden'); debugLog("Submit modal displayed"); } catch (e) { console.error("Error showing submit modal:", e); debugLog("Failed to show submit modal: " + e.message); } } // Close submit modal function closeSubmitModal() { try { debugLog("Closing submit modal"); document.getElementById('submit-modal').classList.add('hidden'); debugLog("Submit modal closed"); } catch (e) { console.error("Error closing submit modal:", e); debugLog("Failed to close submit modal: " + e.message); } } // Close exit modal function closeExitModal() { try { debugLog("Closing exit modal"); document.getElementById('exit-modal').classList.add('hidden'); debugLog("Exit modal closed"); } catch (e) { console.error("Error closing exit modal:", e); debugLog("Failed to close exit modal: " + e.message); } } // Submit test function submitTest() { try { debugLog("Submitting test"); clearInterval(timerInterval); document.getElementById('quiz').classList.add('hidden'); document.getElementById('submit-modal').classList.add('hidden'); document.getElementById('results').classList.remove('hidden'); showResults(0); // Start with first question // Trigger confetti animation confetti({ particleCount: 100, spread: 70, origin: { y: 0.6 } }); localStorage.removeItem(`quiz_${quizId}`); debugLog("Test submitted successfully"); } catch (e) { console.error("Error submitting test:", e); debugLog("Failed to submit test: " + e.message); } } // Show result for a single question function showResults(index) { try { debugLog(`Showing result for question ${index + 1}`); currentResultQuestion = index; let correct = 0, wrong = 0, unanswered = 0, marked = 0; answers.forEach((answer, i) => { const isCorrect = answer && questions[i].options.find(opt => opt.label === answer)?.correct; if (answer === null) unanswered++; else if (isCorrect) correct++; else wrong++; if (markedForReview[i]) marked++; }); const q = questions[index]; if (!q) { throw new Error(`Question ${index} is undefined`); } const userAnswer = answers[index]; const isCorrect = userAnswer && q.options.find(opt => opt.label === userAnswer)?.correct; const resultsContent = document.getElementById('results-content'); resultsContent.innerHTML = ` <div class="border p-4 rounded-lg ${isCorrect ? 'bg-green-50' : userAnswer ? 'bg-red-50' : 'bg-gray-50'}"> <p class="font-semibold">Question ${index + 1}: ${q.text || 'No question text'}</p> ${q.question_images && q.question_images.length > 0 ? q.question_images.map(url => `<img src="${url}" alt="Question Image" class="max-w-full h-auto rounded-lg my-2">`).join('') : ''} <p><strong>Your Answer:</strong> ${userAnswer ? `${userAnswer}. ${q.options.find(opt => opt.label === userAnswer)?.text || 'Invalid option'}` : 'Unanswered'}</p> <p><strong>Correct Answer:</strong> ${q.correct_answer || 'Unknown'}</p> <div class="mt-2">${q.explanation || 'No explanation available'}</div> ${q.explanation_images && q.explanation_images.length > 0 ? q.explanation_images.map(url => `<img src="${url}" alt="Explanation Image" class="max-w-full h-auto rounded-lg my-2">`).join('') : ''} ${q.video ? ` <button class="play-video bg-blue-500 text-white px-4 py-2 rounded-lg mt-2" onclick="loadVideo(this, '${q.video}', 'video-${index}')" aria-label="Play explanation video for Question ${index + 1}"> Play Video Explanation </button> <div id="video-${index}" class="video-container mt-2"></div> ` : '<p class="text-gray-500 mt-2">No video available</p>'} ${q.audio ? ` <button class="play-audio bg-blue-500 text-white px-4 py-2 rounded-lg mt-2" onclick="loadAudio(this, '${q.audio}', 'audio-${index}')" aria-label="Play audio explanation for Question ${index + 1}"> Play Audio Explanation </button> <div id="audio-${index}" class="audio-container mt-2"></div> ` : ''} </div> `; document.getElementById('correct-count').textContent = correct; document.getElementById('wrong-count').textContent = wrong; document.getElementById('unanswered-count').textContent = unanswered; document.getElementById('marked-count').textContent = marked; document.getElementById('result-question-number').innerHTML = `Question <span>${index + 1}</span> of ${questions.length}`; document.getElementById('prev-result').disabled = index === 0; document.getElementById('next-result').disabled = index === questions.length - 1; updateResultsNavPanel(); window.scrollTo({ top: 0, behavior: 'smooth' }); debugLog(`Result for question ${index + 1} displayed successfully`); } catch (e) { console.error("Error displaying result:", e); debugLog("Failed to display result: " + e.message); } } // Navigate to previous result function showPreviousResult() { try { debugLog(`Navigating to previous result from question ${currentResultQuestion + 1}`); if (currentResultQuestion > 0) { showResults(currentResultQuestion - 1); } } catch (e) { console.error("Error navigating to previous result:", e); debugLog("Failed to navigate to previous result: " + e.message); } } // Navigate to next result function showNextResult() { try { debugLog(`Navigating to next result from question ${currentResultQuestion + 1}`); if (currentResultQuestion < questions.length - 1) { showResults(currentResultQuestion + 1); } } catch (e) { console.error("Error navigating to next result:", e); debugLog("Failed to navigate to next result: " + e.message); } } // Lazy-load video function loadVideo(button, videoUrl, containerId) { try { debugLog(`Loading video for ${containerId}: ${videoUrl}`); if (!videoUrl) { const container = document.getElementById(containerId); container.innerHTML = `<p class="text-gray-500">No video available</p>`; button.remove(); debugLog("No video URL provided"); return; } const container = document.getElementById(containerId); container.innerHTML = ` <div class="video-loading"></div> <video controls class="w-full max-w-[600px] rounded-lg" preload="metadata" aria-label="Video explanation"> <source src="${videoUrl}" type="${videoUrl.endsWith('.m3u8') ? 'application/x-mpegURL' : 'video/mp4'}"> Your browser does not support the video tag. </video> `; container.classList.add('active'); button.remove(); // Initialize HLS.js for .m3u8 videos const video = container.querySelector('video'); if (videoUrl.endsWith('.m3u8') && Hls.isSupported()) { const hls = new Hls(); hls.loadSource(videoUrl); hls.attachMedia(video); hls.on(Hls.Events.ERROR, (event, data) => { console.error("HLS.js error:", data); container.innerHTML = `<p class="text-red-500">Error loading video. <a href="${videoUrl}" target="_blank" aria-label="Open video in new tab">Open video</a></p>`; debugLog("HLS.js error: " + JSON.stringify(data)); }); } else if (videoUrl.endsWith('.m3u8') && video.canPlayType('application/vnd.apple.mpegurl')) { video.src = videoUrl; } // Handle video load errors video.onerror = () => { console.error("Video load error for URL:", videoUrl); container.innerHTML = `<p class="text-red-500">Error loading video. <a href="${videoUrl}" target="_blank" aria-label="Open video in new tab">Open video</a></p>`; debugLog("Video load error for URL: " + videoUrl); }; // Remove loading spinner when video is ready video.onloadedmetadata = () => { container.querySelector('.video-loading').remove(); debugLog("Video loaded successfully"); }; } catch (e) { console.error("Error loading video:", e); debugLog("Failed to load video: " + e.message); const container = document.getElementById(containerId); container.innerHTML = `<p class="text-red-500">Error loading video. <a href="${videoUrl}" target="_blank" aria-label="Open video in new tab">Open video</a></p>`; } } // Lazy-load audio function loadAudio(button, audioUrl, containerId) { try { debugLog(`Loading audio for ${containerId}: ${audioUrl}`); if (!audioUrl) { const container = document.getElementById(containerId); container.innerHTML = `<p class="text-gray-500">No audio available</p>`; button.remove(); debugLog("No audio URL provided"); return; } const container = document.getElementById(containerId); container.innerHTML = ` <audio controls class="w-full max-w-[600px]" preload="metadata" aria-label="Audio explanation"> <source src="${audioUrl}" type="audio/mpeg"> Your browser does not support the audio tag. </audio> `; container.classList.add('active'); button.remove(); // Handle audio load errors const audio = container.querySelector('audio'); audio.onerror = () => { console.error("Audio load error for URL:", audioUrl); container.innerHTML = `<p class="text-red-500">Error loading audio. <a href="${audioUrl}" target="_blank" aria-label="Open audio in new tab">Open audio</a></p>`; debugLog("Audio load error for URL: " + audioUrl); }; debugLog("Audio loaded successfully"); } catch (e) { console.error("Error loading audio:", e); debugLog("Failed to load audio: " + e.message); const container = document.getElementById(containerId); container.innerHTML = `<p class="text-red-500">Error loading audio. <a href="${audioUrl}" target="_blank" aria-label="Open audio in new tab">Open audio</a></p>`; } } // Toggle dark mode function toggleTheme() { try { debugLog("Toggling theme"); document.documentElement.classList.toggle('dark'); localStorage.setItem('theme', document.documentElement.classList.contains('dark') ? 'dark' : 'light'); debugLog("Theme toggled successfully"); } catch (e) { console.error("Error toggling theme:", e); debugLog("Failed to toggle theme: " + e.message); } } // Load theme preference function loadTheme() { try { debugLog("Loading theme preference"); const theme = localStorage.getItem('theme'); if (theme === 'dark') { document.documentElement.classList.add('dark'); } debugLog("Theme loaded successfully"); } catch (e) { console.error("Error loading theme:", e); debugLog("Failed to load theme: " + e.message); } } // Initialize on DOM content loaded window.addEventListener('DOMContentLoaded', () => { try { debugLog("DOM content loaded, initializing quiz"); loadTheme(); initQuiz(); } catch (e) { console.error("Error during DOMContentLoaded:", e); debugLog("Failed to initialize on DOMContentLoaded: " + e.message); document.getElementById('error-message').innerHTML = "Error initializing quiz. Please check the console for details or contact support."; document.getElementById('error-message').classList.remove('hidden'); } }); </script> </body> </html>" frameborder="0" width="100%" height="2000px">
<div class="bg-white rounded-lg shadow-md p-4 md:p-6"> <h2 class="text-xl font-semibold mb-4">Instructions</h2> <h4 class="text-gray-800 text-lg font-semibold mt-6 mb-4">Test Features:</h4> <ul class="space-y-3"> <li class="flex items-center gap-3"> <i class="fa-solid fa-circle-check text-green-500"></i> Multiple choice questions with single correct answers </li> <li class="flex items-center gap-3"> <i class="fa-solid fa-circle-check text-green-500"></i> Timer-based testing for realistic exam conditions </li> <li class="flex items-center gap-3"> <i class="fa-solid fa-circle-check text-green-500"></i> Mark questions for review functionality </li> <li class="flex items-center gap-3"> <i class="fa-solid fa-circle-check text-green-500"></i> Comprehensive results and performance analysis </li> <li class="flex items-center gap-3"> <i class="fa-solid fa-circle-check text-green-500"></i> Mobile-optimized interface for learning on-the-go </li> </ul> <div class="mt-6 flex space-x-4 button-group md:flex-row flex-col"> <button class="bg-[#2c5281] text-white px-6 py-2 rounded-lg hover:bg-[#2c5281] transition" id="start-test">Start Test</button> </div> <div class="error-message hidden" id="error-message"></div> </div> </section> <!-- Quiz Section --> <section class="container mx-auto px-4 md:px-6 pt-4 md:pt-6 pb-1 hidden section-transition" id="quiz"> <div class="bg-white rounded-lg shadow-md p-4 md:p-6"> <!-- Progress Bar --> <div class="w-full bg-gray-200 rounded-full h-3 mb-4"> <div class="progress-bar h-3 rounded-full" id="progress-bar" style="width: 0%"></div> </div> <!-- Question Header --> <div class="flex flex-col md:flex-row justify-between items-center mb-4"> <h2 class="text-lg font-semibold" id="question-number">Question <span>1</span> of 4</h2> <p class="text-lg font-semibold mt-2 md:mt-0" id="timer">Time Remaining: <span>00:00</span></p> </div> <!-- Question Content --> <div class="mb-6" id="question-content"> <p class="text-gray-800 mb-4" id="question-text"></p> <div class="flex flex-wrap gap-4 mb-4" id="question-images"></div> <div class="space-y-3" id="options"></div> </div> <!-- Navigation Buttons --> <div class="flex flex-col md:flex-row justify-between items-center gap-2 md:gap-4"> <div class="flex gap-2 w-full md:w-auto"> <button class="bg-[#2c5281] text-white px-4 py-3 w-full md:w-32 h-14 rounded-lg hover:bg-[#2c5281] transition" disabled="" id="previous-btn">Previous</button> <button class="bg-[#2c5281] text-white px-4 py-3 w-full md:w-32 h-14 rounded-lg hover:bg-[#2c5281] transition" id="next-btn">Next</button> </div> <div class="flex items-center gap-2"> <button class="bg-transparent text-gray-700 px-4 py-2 rounded-lg hover:bg-gray-100 transition flex items-center gap-1" id="mark-review"> Review <svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" class="h-5 w-5" viewBox="0 0 20 20" fill="currentColor"> <path d="M10 2a1 1 0 00-1 1v14l3.293-3.293a1 1 0 011.414 0L17 17V3a1 1 0 00-1-1H10z" /> </svg> </button> <button class="bg-transparent text-gray-700 px-4 py-2 rounded-lg hover:bg-gray-100 transition flex items-center gap-1" id="nav-toggle"> Question 🧭 </button> <button class="bg-green-500 text-white px-6 py-3 w-44 h-14 rounded-lg hover:bg-green-600 transition w-full md:w-auto" id="submit-test">Submit Test</button> </div> </div> </section> <!-- Results Section --> <section class="container mx-auto px-4 md:px-6 pt-4 md:pt-6 pb-1 hidden section-transition" id="results"> <div class="bg-white rounded-lg shadow-md p-4 md:p-6"> <h2 class="text-2xl font-semibold mb-4">Anaesthesia Machine - Results</h2> <div class="grid grid-cols-1 md:grid-cols-2 gap-4 mb-6"> <p><strong>Correct:</strong> <span id="correct-count" class="text-[#000000]">0</span></p> <p><strong>Wrong:</strong> <span id="wrong-count" class="text-[#000000]">0</span></p> <p><strong>Unanswered:</strong> <span id="unanswered-count" class="text-[#000000]-500">0</span></p> <p><strong>Marked for Review:</strong> <span id="marked-count" class="text-[#000000]">0</span></p> </div> <h3 class="text-lg font-semibold mb-4" id="result-question-number">Question <span>1</span> of 4</h3> <div class="space-y-6" id="results-content"></div> <div class="result-nav"> <button aria-label="Previous question result" class="result-nav-btn bg-[#2c5281] text-white px-6 py-2 rounded-lg hover:bg-[#2c5281] transition" disabled="" id="prev-result">Previous</button> <button aria-label="Toggle results navigation panel" class="result-nav-btn bg-[#2c5281] text-white px-6 py-2 rounded-lg hover:bg-[#2c5281] transition" id="results-nav-toggle">Result 🧭</button> <button aria-label="Next question result" class="result-nav-btn bg-[#2c5281] text-white px-6 py-2 rounded-lg hover:bg-[#2c5281] transition" id="next-result">Next</button> </div> <div class="mt-6 flex space-x-4 button-group md:flex-row flex-col"> <button class="bg-green-500 text-white px-6 py-2 rounded-lg hover:bg-green-600 transition" id="take-again">Take Again</button> </div> </div> </section> <!-- Exit Confirmation Modal --> <div class="fixed inset-0 bg-black bg-opacity-50 flex items-center justify-center hidden" id="exit-modal"> <div class="bg-white rounded-lg p-6 max-w-sm w-full"> <h2 class="text-xl font-semibold mb-4">Leave Test?</h2> <p class="text-gray-700 mb-4">Your progress will be lost if you leave this page. Are you sure you want to exit?</p> <div class="flex justify-end space-x-4"> <button class="bg-gray-300 text-gray-700 px-4 py-2 rounded-lg hover:bg-gray-400 transition" id="continue-test">No, Continue</button> <button class="bg-red-500 text-white px-4 py-2 rounded-lg hover:bg-red-600 transition" id="exit-test">Yes, Exit</button> </div> </div> </div> <!-- Submit Confirmation Modal --> <div class="fixed inset-0 bg-black bg-opacity-50 flex items-center justify-center hidden" id="submit-modal"> <div class="bg-white rounded-lg p-6 max-w-sm w-full"> <h2 class="text-xl font-semibold mb-4">Confirm Submission</h2> <p class="text-gray-700 mb-2">You have attempted <span id="attempted-count">0</span> of 29 questions.</p> <p class="text-gray-700 mb-4"><span id="unattempted-count">0</span> questions are unattempted.</p> <div class="flex justify-end space-x-4"> <button class="bg-gray-300 text-gray-700 px-4 py-2 rounded-lg hover:bg-gray-400 transition" id="cancel-submit">Cancel</button> <button class="bg-green-500 text-white px-4 py-2 rounded-lg hover:bg-green-600 transition" id="confirm-submit">Submit Test</button> </div> </div> </div> <!-- Quiz Navigation Panel --> <div class="fixed inset-y-0 right-0 nav-panel bg-white shadow-lg p-4 hidden overflow-y-auto" id="nav-panel"> <h2 class="text-lg font-semibold mb-4">Questions Navigation</h2> <div class="mb-4"> <select class="w-full p-2 border rounded-lg text-gray-700" id="nav-filter"> <option value="all">All Questions</option> <option value="answered">Answered</option> <option value="unanswered">Unanswered</option> <option value="marked">Marked for Review</option> </select> </div> <div class="grid grid-cols-5 gap-2 md:gap-3" id="nav-grid"></div> <button class="mt-4 bg-gray-500 text-white px-4 py-2 rounded-lg hover:bg-gray-600 transition w-full" id="close-nav">Close</button> </div> <!-- Results Navigation Panel --> <div class="fixed inset-y-0 right-0 results-nav-panel bg-white shadow-lg p-4 hidden overflow-y-auto" id="results-nav-panel"> <h2 class="text-lg font-semibold mb-4">Results Navigation</h2> <div class="mb-4"> <select class="w-full p-2 border rounded-lg text-gray-700" id="results-nav-filter"> <option value="all">All Questions</option> <option value="answered">Answered</option> <option value="unanswered">Unanswered</option> <option value="marked">Marked for Review</option> </select> </div> <div class="grid grid-cols-5 gap-2 md:gap-3" id="results-nav-grid"></div> <button class="mt-4 bg-gray-500 text-white px-4 py-2 rounded-lg hover:bg-gray-600 transition w-full" id="close-results-nav">Close</button> </div> <!-- JavaScript Logic --> <script> // Enable debug mode for detailed logging const DEBUG_MODE = true; // Log debug messages function debugLog(message) { if (DEBUG_MODE) { console.log(`[DEBUG] ${message}`); } } // Initialize questions with error handling let questions = []; let currentResultQuestion = 0; // State for current question in results try { debugLog("Attempting to parse questions_json"); questions = [{"text": "Which of the following is true regarding competitive inhibition?", "options": [{"label": "A", "text": "The inhibitor binds to an allosteric site on the enzyme.", "correct": false}, {"label": "B", "text": "Competitive inhibition decreases the apparent Vmax (maximum reaction rate) of the enzyme.", "correct": false}, {"label": "C", "text": "Increasing substrate concentration can overcome competitive inhibition.", "correct": true}, {"label": "D", "text": "Competitive inhibition decreases the Km for the substrate", "correct": false}], "correct_answer": "C. Increasing substrate concentration can overcome competitive inhibition.", "question_images": [], "explanation_images": ["https://image.prepladder.com/notes/hq1O2ef7wA2PguA3b7g11746451315.png", "https://image.prepladder.com/notes/oMrKsigWVMM89hrFylca1746451506.png"], "explanation": "<table cellspacing=\"0\" style=\"border-collapse:collapse\">\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Competitive inhibitors</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Clinical Correlation</strong></p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Methotrexate and <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"0f9fe95f081692777186e5071229c6\">Dihydrofolate</span> Reductase</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Methotrexate acts as a competitive <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"b5fb56a28b1692777190396ae8b625\">inhibitor</span> by mimicking dihydrofolate, the natural <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"385d52533a169277719991c090c3d7\">substrate</span> of DHFR, and binding to its active site, thereby preventing <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"0f9fe95f081692777186e5071229c6\">dihydrofolate</span> from binding and inhibiting the enzyme's activity.</p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Sulfa Drugs and PABA</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Sulfa drugs, such as sulfanilamide, competitively <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"6b3de87b7c16927771901326efbcd2\">inhibit</span> the <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"0f160e4e42169277718771b715516a\">enzyme</span> dihydropteroate <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"d2bd91ccac169277719941254e1795\">synthase</span> by mimicking <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"2840845b5b16927771946abe018ef6\">para-aminobenzoic acid</span> (PABA), a <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"385d52533a169277719991c090c3d7\">substrate</span> involved in <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"778971b8f5169277720391773cc8fa\">folic acid</span> <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"3fda45538a1692777199ec2a5478a5\">synthesis</span> in bacteria.</p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Ethanol and Alcohol Dehydrogenase</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Ethanol can act as a competitive <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"b5fb56a28b1692777190396ae8b625\">inhibitor</span> of <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"c578fa95fe16927771927ea57020f0\">methanol</span> <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"5b1a045f5f169277719210c0ac7a1e\">metabolism</span> by competing for the <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"08c37b57da1692777180a39e8239fb\">active site</span> of alcohol dehydrogenase. This is used in cases of <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"c578fa95fe16927771927ea57020f0\">methanol</span> poisoning.</p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Captopril and <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"881411ec321692777181ca707f2515\">Angiotensin-Converting Enzyme</span> (ACE)</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Captopril competes with the natural <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"385d52533a169277719991c090c3d7\">substrate</span> of ACE, thereby inhibiting the production of <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"c4d00ed86c1692777181c0c43a452a\">angiotensin</span> II, a <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"53172b32401692777195efbbb6b2e8\">peptide</span> that increases blood pressure.</p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n</tbody>\n\n\n<p style='font-size: 10px; color: #808080; font-style: italic;'>@dams_new_robot</p>", "bot": "@dams_new_robot", "audio": "", "video": ""}, {"text": "In a given reaction, the concentration of the substrate is 1000 times greater than the Km value of the enzyme. After 9 minutes, only 1% of the substrate (12 microgram/ml) has been converted into product. If the enzyme concentration is reduced to 1/3 and the substrate concentration is doubled, what is the new time required to convert the substrate into the same amount of product, i.e., 12 microgram/ml?", "options": [{"label": "A", "text": "9 minutes", "correct": false}, {"label": "B", "text": "4.5 minutes", "correct": false}, {"label": "C", "text": "27 minutes", "correct": true}, {"label": "D", "text": "13.5 minutes", "correct": false}], "correct_answer": "C. 27 minutes", "question_images": [], "explanation_images": [], "explanation": "<p>Correct Option C: \n<table>\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<td>\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><strong>Kinetics</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td>\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><strong>Zero-Order Kinetics</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td>\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><strong>First-Order Kinetics</strong></p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td>\n<p>Definition</p>\n</td>\n<td>\n<p>The rate of reaction is independent of the concentration of the reactant.</p>\n</td>\n<td>\n<p>The rate of reaction is directly proportional to the concentration of the reactant.</p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td>\n<p>Rate Equation</p>\n</td>\n<td>\n<p>Rate = k (k is the rate constant)</p>\n</td>\n<td>\n<p>Rate = k[A] (k is the rate constant, [A] is the concentration of the reactant)</p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td>\n<p>Reaction Rate</p>\n</td>\n<td>\n<p>Constant rate over time.</p>\n</td>\n<td>\n<p>Rate decreases as the <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"01c740e13716927771972becb9c378\">reactant</span> concentration decreases.</p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td>\n<p>Concentration vs. Time Graph</p>\n</td>\n<td>\n<p>Linear decrease in concentration over time.</p>\n</td>\n<td>\n<p>Exponential decrease in concentration over time.</p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td>\n<p>Half-Life</p>\n</td>\n<td>\n<p>The time required for the initial concentration of the <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"01c740e13716927771972becb9c378\">reactant</span> to decrease by half is constant.</p>\n</td>\n<td>\n<p>The time required for the concentration of the <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"01c740e13716927771972becb9c378\">reactant</span> to decrease by half increases as the <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"01c740e13716927771972becb9c378\">reactant</span> concentration decreases.</p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td>\n<p>Reaction Order</p>\n</td>\n<td>\n<p>Zero-order (rate does not depend on <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"01c740e13716927771972becb9c378\">reactant</span> concentration).</p>\n</td>\n<td>\n<p>First-order (rate is directly proportional to <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"01c740e13716927771972becb9c378\">reactant</span> concentration).</p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td>\n<p>Examples</p>\n</td>\n<td>\n<p>Decomposition of a substance by a constant-rate process.</p>\n</td>\n<td>\n<p>Radioactive decay, most <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"11d4157da4169277718762144a4fe7\">enzymatic</span> reactions, and many chemical reactions involving a single reactant.</p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td>\n<p>Influencing Factors</p>\n</td>\n<td>\n<p>Temperature and catalysts may influence the rate, but not the reaction order.</p>\n</td>\n<td>\n<p>Temperature, catalysts, and <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"01c740e13716927771972becb9c378\">reactant</span> concentration can affect the rate.</p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n</tbody>\n\n\n<p style='font-size: 10px; color: #808080; font-style: italic;'>@dams_new_robot</p>", "bot": "@dams_new_robot", "audio": "", "video": ""}, {"text": "A 13-year-old with acute flaccid paralysis, the pediatric resident orders an RT-PCR on a CSF sample to identify the causative virus. Which of the following described the enzyme correctly?", "options": [{"label": "A", "text": "DNA-dependent RNA polymerase", "correct": false}, {"label": "B", "text": "RNA-dependent DNA polymerase", "correct": false}, {"label": "C", "text": "DNA-dependent DNA polymerase", "correct": false}, {"label": "D", "text": "RNA-dependent RNA polymerase", "correct": true}], "correct_answer": "D. RNA-dependent RNA polymerase", "question_images": [], "explanation_images": [], "explanation": "\n\n<p style='font-size: 10px; color: #808080; font-style: italic;'>@dams_new_robot</p>", "bot": "@dams_new_robot", "audio": "", "video": ""}, {"text": "Which of the following is not a copper-containing enzyme?", "options": [{"label": "A", "text": "Mitochondrial superoxide dismutase", "correct": true}, {"label": "B", "text": "Cytosolic superoxide dismutase", "correct": false}, {"label": "C", "text": "Tyrosinase", "correct": false}, {"label": "D", "text": "Lysyl oxidase", "correct": false}], "correct_answer": "A. Mitochondrial superoxide dismutase", "question_images": [], "explanation_images": [], "explanation": "\n\n<p style='font-size: 10px; color: #808080; font-style: italic;'>@dams_new_robot</p>", "bot": "@dams_new_robot", "audio": "", "video": ""}, {"text": "Which enzymes show deficiency in Von Gierke's disease?", "options": [{"label": "A", "text": "Liver glycogen phosphorylase", "correct": false}, {"label": "B", "text": "Muscle glycogen phosphorylase", "correct": false}, {"label": "C", "text": "Glycogen debranching enzyme", "correct": false}, {"label": "D", "text": "Glucose-6-phosphatase", "correct": true}], "correct_answer": "D. Glucose-6-phosphatase", "question_images": [], "explanation_images": ["https://image.prepladder.com/content/l7JOrztWAwqYYQJzXmej1746708320.png"], "explanation": "<table cellspacing=\"0\" style=\"border-collapse:collapse; width:614px\">\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<td colspan=\"2\" style=\"border-bottom:1px solid black; border-left:1px solid black; border-right:1px solid black; border-top:1px solid black; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Von Gierke's Disease (Glycogen Storage Disease Type I)</strong></p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid black; border-left:1px solid black; border-right:1px solid black; border-top:none; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Cause</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid black; border-left:none; border-right:1px solid black; border-top:none; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Deficiency of <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"bcab733e981692777188fe634201b6\">glucose-6-phosphatase</span> enzyme</p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid black; border-left:1px solid black; border-right:1px solid black; border-top:none; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Pathophysiology</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid black; border-left:none; border-right:1px solid black; border-top:none; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Inability to convert glucose-6-phosphate to glucose; leads to accumulation of glycogen, lactate, and triglycerides</p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid black; border-left:1px solid black; border-right:1px solid black; border-top:none; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Symptoms</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid black; border-left:none; border-right:1px solid black; border-top:none; vertical-align:top\">\n<ul>\n<li><strong>Severe hypoglycemia</strong></li>\n<li><strong>Hepatomegaly and Renomegaly</strong></li>\n<li>Growth retardation</li>\n<li>Lactic acidosis</li>\n<li>Hyperuricemia and Hyperlipidemia</li>\n</ul>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid black; border-left:1px solid black; border-right:1px solid black; border-top:none; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Diagnosis</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid black; border-left:none; border-right:1px solid black; border-top:none; vertical-align:top\">\n<ul>\n<li>Biochemical tests (hypoglycemia, <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"b82539c9ae1692777191a3f7ddd7bb\">lactic</span> acidosis, hyperuricemia, hyperlipidemia)</li>\n<li>Genetic testing</li>\n</ul>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid black; border-left:1px solid black; border-right:1px solid black; border-top:none; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Management</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid black; border-left:none; border-right:1px solid black; border-top:none; vertical-align:top\">\n<ul>\n<li>Frequent feedings with slow-release carbohydrates</li>\n<li>Blood <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"af3ae60c0c16927771889b84ca41c0\">glucose</span> monitoring</li>\n<li>Medications for associated conditions</li>\n<li>Liver <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"ee9f07b0a81692777200e416e4e5d7\">transplantation</span> (in severe cases)</li>\n</ul>\n</td>\n</tr>\n</tbody>\n</table>\n<table cellspacing=\"0\" style=\"border-collapse:collapse; width:631px\">\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid black; border-left:1px solid black; border-right:1px solid black; border-top:1px solid black; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Glycogen Storage Disease</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid black; border-left:none; border-right:1px solid black; border-top:1px solid black; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Enzyme Deficiency</strong></p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid black; border-left:1px solid black; border-right:1px solid black; border-top:none; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Type 0</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid black; border-left:none; border-right:1px solid black; border-top:none; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Glycogen <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"d2bd91ccac169277719941254e1795\">synthase</span> deficiency</p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid black; border-left:1px solid black; border-right:1px solid black; border-top:none; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Type I (von Gierke's Disease)</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid black; border-left:none; border-right:1px solid black; border-top:none; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Glucose-6-phosphatase</p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid black; border-left:1px solid black; border-right:1px solid black; border-top:none; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Type II (Pompe's Disease)</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid black; border-left:none; border-right:1px solid black; border-top:none; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Acid α-glucosidase (acid maltase)</p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid black; border-left:1px solid black; border-right:1px solid black; border-top:none; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Type III (Cori's Disease)</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid black; border-left:none; border-right:1px solid black; border-top:none; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Debranching <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"0f160e4e42169277718771b715516a\">enzyme</span> (amylo-1,6-glucosidase)</p>\n<p><strong>(Option C ruled out)</strong></p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid black; border-left:1px solid black; border-right:1px solid black; border-top:none; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Type IV (Andersen's Disease)</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid black; border-left:none; border-right:1px solid black; border-top:none; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Branching enzyme</p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid black; border-left:1px solid black; border-right:1px solid black; border-top:none; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Type V (McArdle's Disease)</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid black; border-left:none; border-right:1px solid black; border-top:none; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Muscle <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"2e2aa646ab1692777188e3eb8286d8\">glycogen</span> <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"1fa65725491692777195ead6a7c81b\">phosphorylase</span> (myophosphorylase)</p>\n<p><strong>(Option B ruled out)</strong></p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid black; border-left:1px solid black; border-right:1px solid black; border-top:none; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Type VI (Hers' Disease)</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid black; border-left:none; border-right:1px solid black; border-top:none; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Liver <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"2e2aa646ab1692777188e3eb8286d8\">glycogen</span> phosphorylase</p>\n<p><strong>(Option A ruled out)</strong></p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid black; border-left:1px solid black; border-right:1px solid black; border-top:none; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Type VII (Tarui's Disease)</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid black; border-left:none; border-right:1px solid black; border-top:none; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Phosphofructokinase (muscle type)</p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n</tbody>\n\n\n<p style='font-size: 10px; color: #808080; font-style: italic;'>@dams_new_robot</p>", "bot": "@dams_new_robot", "audio": "", "video": ""}, {"text": "What is the likely diagnosis for a 36-year-old man who has been experiencing bluish-black discoloration of the sclera and pinna for the past 6 months, along with a history of black urine upon standing since childhood?", "options": [{"label": "A", "text": "Phenylketonuria", "correct": false}, {"label": "B", "text": "Alkaptonuria", "correct": true}, {"label": "C", "text": "Tyrosinemia", "correct": false}, {"label": "D", "text": "Maple syrup urine disease", "correct": false}], "correct_answer": "B. Alkaptonuria", "question_images": [], "explanation_images": ["https://image.prepladder.com/content/isf53u4mhdqrrChi6fpn1746708053.png", "https://image.prepladder.com/content/8PLiCCruitKmtjVkoS8z1746708053.png", "https://image.prepladder.com/content/AnQ0nKG1bb8itmFFiOat1746708053.png"], "explanation": "<table cellspacing=\"0\" style=\"border-collapse:collapse; width:626px\">\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<td colspan=\"2\" style=\"border-bottom:1px solid black; border-left:1px solid black; border-right:1px solid black; border-top:1px solid black; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Garrod's <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"8520f0f8381692777200370bfb958c\">tetrad</span> in alkaptonuria</strong></p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid black; border-left:1px solid black; border-right:1px solid black; border-top:none; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>1. Homogentisic Aciduria</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid black; border-left:none; border-right:1px solid black; border-top:none; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Presence of <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"d442747c48169277718942db69fa7e\">homogentisic acid</span> in the urine, which turns dark upon standing or when exposed to air.</p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid black; border-left:1px solid black; border-right:1px solid black; border-top:none; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>2. Ochronosis</strong></p>\n<figure class=\"caption_element\"><img alt=\"\" data-author=\"Siavashi, Babak &amp; Zehtab, Mohammad &amp; Pendar, Ehsan. \" data-hash=\"\" data-license=\"CC BY SA 2.0\" data-source=\"https://www.researchgate.net/figure/Ochronotic-pigmentation-of-the-sclera-Photography-of-patients-eye-after-admission_fig2_40900293\" data-tags=\"\" height=\"244\" src=\"https://image.prepladder.com/content/isf53u4mhdqrrChi6fpn1746708053.png\" width=\"323\"/>\n<figcaption>{{caption_text}}</figcaption>\n</figure>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid black; border-left:none; border-right:1px solid black; border-top:none; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Deposition of dark <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"05e2e2617c16927771952bcbeea08b\">pigment</span> in <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"67e237a57c16927771859803f93ab3\">connective</span> tissues, particularly noticeable in the ear cartilage, sclera, and other <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"67e237a57c16927771859803f93ab3\">connective</span> tissues, leading to a bluish-black discoloration.The image shows Osler’s sign.</p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid black; border-left:1px solid black; border-right:1px solid black; border-top:none; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>3. Arthropathy</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid black; border-left:none; border-right:1px solid black; border-top:none; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Degenerative joint disease, especially affecting the spine and large joints, leading to chronic pain and stiffness.</p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid black; border-left:1px solid black; border-right:1px solid black; border-top:none; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>4. <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"e1fb96fd2416927771830dfed40e14\">Cardiac</span> Involvement</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid black; border-left:none; border-right:1px solid black; border-top:none; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Includes <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"efba33a3fd1692777189906f884236\">heart valve</span> <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"a1ee14c673169277718351bfe6afd4\">calcification</span> and <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"2991baa5dd16927771828a23544924\">atherosclerosis</span> due to the deposition of <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"05e2e2617c16927771952bcbeea08b\">pigment</span> in <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"e1fb96fd2416927771830dfed40e14\">cardiac</span> tissues.</p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n</tbody>\n\n\n<p style='font-size: 10px; color: #808080; font-style: italic;'>@dams_new_robot</p>", "bot": "@dams_new_robot", "audio": "", "video": ""}, {"text": "Deficiency of copper which is necessary for lysyl oxidase is seen in", "options": [{"label": "A", "text": "Scurvy", "correct": false}, {"label": "B", "text": "Scoliosis", "correct": false}, {"label": "C", "text": "Ehler Danlos Syndrome", "correct": false}, {"label": "D", "text": "Menke's disease", "correct": true}], "correct_answer": "D. Menke's disease", "question_images": [], "explanation_images": [], "explanation": "<table cellspacing=\"0\" style=\"border-collapse:collapse; width:719px\">\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Genetic Basis</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>X-linked <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"359a8718a61692777185568ac80abb\">defect</span> (affects only male children)</p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Cause</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Mutation in the ATP7A gene (absence of <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"a621be29da16927771901bc91014d1\">intracellular</span> <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"7b5fb2b56416927771858f02fd5508\">copper</span> binding ATPase)</p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td rowspan=\"5\" style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Presentation</p>\n</td>\n<td rowspan=\"5\" style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<ul>\n<li>Dietary <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"7b5fb2b56416927771858f02fd5508\">copper</span> is absorbed from the GI <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"1a1307223f16927772017a994bfc39\">tract</span> but cannot be transported to blood</li>\n<li>Copper cannot be mobilized from intestinal and other tissue cells</li>\n<li>Copper accumulates within cells due to the inability to export it</li>\n<li>Defective <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"2cf4952c63169277718543a0883583\">cross-linking</span> of <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"67e237a57c16927771859803f93ab3\">connective</span> tissue, affecting <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"526ede3fee169277720184378acc5e\">vascular</span> and <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"67e237a57c16927771859803f93ab3\">connective</span> tissues</li>\n<li>Typically fatal in <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"663d16ec8e169277719095f74c9816\">infancy</span> due to severe <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"67e237a57c16927771859803f93ab3\">connective</span> tissue and <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"526ede3fee169277720184378acc5e\">vascular</span> defects</li>\n</ul>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n</tr>\n</tbody>\n\n\n<p style='font-size: 10px; color: #808080; font-style: italic;'>@dams_new_robot</p>", "bot": "@dams_new_robot", "audio": "", "video": ""}, {"text": "A 13-year-old boy presents with jaundice, fatigue, muscle stiffness, tremors, behavioral changes, hepatosplenomegaly, and Kayser-Fleischer rings. Which test is definitive for the diagnosis?", "options": [{"label": "A", "text": "Urinary copper", "correct": false}, {"label": "B", "text": "Serum ceruloplasmin", "correct": true}, {"label": "C", "text": "Hepatic parenchymal copper concentration", "correct": false}, {"label": "D", "text": "Genetic testing for ATP7B mutation", "correct": false}], "correct_answer": "B. Serum ceruloplasmin", "question_images": [], "explanation_images": ["https://image.prepladder.com/content/xmjE7051KErEKf8I1T5k1747657700.png"], "explanation": "<table cellspacing=\"0\">\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<td>\n<p><strong>Aspect</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td>\n<p><strong>Details</strong></p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td>\n<p><strong>Definition</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td>\n<p>Autosomal <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"d54db2110416927771971e7c011a9f\">recessive</span> disorder of <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"7b5fb2b56416927771858f02fd5508\">copper</span> <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"5b1a045f5f169277719210c0ac7a1e\">metabolism</span> leading to <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"7b5fb2b56416927771858f02fd5508\">copper</span> accumulation in tissues.</p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td>\n<p><strong>Gene Affected</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td>\n<p><strong>ATP7B</strong> gene <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"7a67bdf6f81692777193cfd480f228\">mutation</span> on <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"7157c1f59916927771846116d74646\">chromosome</span> 13.<strong>(Option D)</strong></p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td>\n<p><strong>Pathophysiology</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td>\n<ul>\n<li>Defective <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"7b5fb2b56416927771858f02fd5508\">copper</span> transport leads to:</li>\n<li>Decreased <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"7b5fb2b56416927771858f02fd5508\">copper</span> <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"7bc107ea09169277719095466ee864\">incorporation</span> into ceruloplasmin.</li>\n<li>Impaired <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"7dd6eda7ce169277718325f22de9e8\">biliary</span> <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"0f7653c9ef1692777187deaa35f749\">excretion</span> of copper.</li>\n<li>Copper accumulates in the liver, spills into the bloodstream, and deposits in various tissues.</li>\n</ul>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td colspan=\"2\">\n<p><strong>Clinical Features</strong></p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td>\n<p><strong>Hepatic</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td>\n<ul>\n<li>Acute hepatitis</li>\n<li>Chronic liver disease (cirrhosis)</li>\n<li>Fulminant <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"3268e86ce01692777188f249c64d6e\">hepatic</span> failure</li>\n</ul>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td>\n<p><strong>Neurological</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td>\n<ul>\n<li>Dysarthria</li>\n<li>Movement disorders (tremors, dystonia, chorea)</li>\n<li>Rigidity, bradykinesia</li>\n</ul>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td>\n<p><strong>Psychiatric</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td>\n<ul>\n<li>Depression, irritability, or psychosis</li>\n<li>Cognitive decline</li>\n</ul>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td>\n<p><strong>Ophthalmological</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td>\n<ul>\n<li><strong>Kayser-Fleischer rings</strong> (golden-brown ring at the corneal margin due to <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"7b5fb2b56416927771858f02fd5508\">copper</span> deposition) in <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"7fbb9ec5b716927771981c011f4299\">slit</span> lamp examination <strong>(Option D)</strong></li>\n<li>Sunflower cataracts (less common)</li>\n</ul>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td colspan=\"2\">\n<p><strong>Diagnosis</strong></p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td>\n<p><strong>Biochemical</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td>\n<ul>\n<li><strong>Gold standard: Elevated <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"3268e86ce01692777188f249c64d6e\">hepatic</span> <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"7b5fb2b56416927771858f02fd5508\">copper</span> content on liver <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"754ab07a2e1692777183ed178c883d\">biopsy</span> (&gt;250 µg/g dry weight) </strong><strong>(Option C)</strong></li>\n<li>Low <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"1ffaec13de169277719828374cfda0\">serum</span> <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"d0297935661692777184085cf7e86f\">ceruloplasmin</span> (&lt;20 mg/dL) <strong>(Option B)</strong></li>\n<li>Elevated 24-hour <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"0b72f5e96b16927772018dec8a87e2\">urinary</span> <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"7b5fb2b56416927771858f02fd5508\">copper</span> <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"0f7653c9ef1692777187deaa35f749\">excretion</span> (&gt;100 µg/day) <strong>(Option A)</strong></li>\n</ul>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td>\n<p><strong>Imaging</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td>\n<p>Brain MRI: Hyperintensities in <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"923af580cf16927771829606bce2a7\">basal</span> <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"f2804c808516927771887dda93e56c\">ganglia</span> (e.g., \"face of the giant panda\" sign in the midbrain)</p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td colspan=\"2\">\n<p><strong>Treatment</strong></p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td>\n<p><strong>Copper Chelation</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td>\n<p><strong>D-Penicillamine</strong> (binds and increases <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"0b72f5e96b16927772018dec8a87e2\">urinary</span> <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"7b5fb2b56416927771858f02fd5508\">copper</span> excretion)</p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td>\n<p><strong>Copper <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"5fcb9396d1169277718069dd7fa788\">Absorption</span> Blockers</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td>\n<p><strong>Zinc salts</strong>: Compete with <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"7b5fb2b56416927771858f02fd5508\">copper</span> <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"5fcb9396d1169277718069dd7fa788\">absorption</span> in the gut</p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td>\n<p><strong>Dietary</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td>\n<p>Low-copper diet (avoid shellfish, nuts, chocolate, liver)</p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td>\n<p><strong>Liver Transplant</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td>\n<p>For severe liver failure or unresponsive cases</p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n</tbody>\n\n\n<p style='font-size: 10px; color: #808080; font-style: italic;'>@dams_new_robot</p>", "bot": "@dams_new_robot", "audio": "", "video": ""}, {"text": "Which of the following enzymes is dependent on Vitamin C for its activity?", "options": [{"label": "A", "text": "Lysyl dehydrogenase", "correct": false}, {"label": "B", "text": "Lysyl oxidase", "correct": false}, {"label": "C", "text": "Prolyl hydroxylase", "correct": true}, {"label": "D", "text": "Hydroxyprolyl kinase", "correct": false}], "correct_answer": "C. Prolyl hydroxylase", "question_images": [], "explanation_images": [], "explanation": "<table cellspacing=\"0\" style=\"border-collapse:collapse; width:624px\">\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Enzyme</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Function</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Vitamin C Dependency</strong></p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Prolyl hydroxylase</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Hydroxylates <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"e17970718c16927771967aa6347980\">proline</span> residues in <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"d215f4a56c16927771842f34a24156\">collagen</span> for stability.</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Yes</strong></p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Lysyl hydroxylase</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Hydroxylates <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"6413333d09169277719125b8a2a652\">lysine</span> residues in <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"d215f4a56c16927771842f34a24156\">collagen</span> for cross-linking.</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Yes</strong></p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Lysyl oxidase</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Cross-links <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"d215f4a56c16927771842f34a24156\">collagen</span> via <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"126202981a1692777181f2970b8c7f\">aldehyde</span> formation.</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>No</strong> (Requires copper)</p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Hydroxyprolyl kinase</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Phosphorylates hydroxyproline.</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>No</strong></p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n</tbody>\n\n\n<p style='font-size: 10px; color: #808080; font-style: italic;'>@dams_new_robot</p>", "bot": "@dams_new_robot", "audio": "", "video": ""}, {"text": "A patient presents with severe abdominal pain and elevated lipase levels. Imaging reveals a stone in the common bile duct (CBD). Which enzyme is likely to be elevated in this condition?", "options": [{"label": "A", "text": "Gamma-glutamyl transferase (GGT)", "correct": true}, {"label": "B", "text": "Lactate Dehydrogenase (LDH)", "correct": false}, {"label": "C", "text": "Alanine Aminotransferase (ALT)", "correct": false}, {"label": "D", "text": "Aspartate Aminotransferase (AST)", "correct": false}], "correct_answer": "A. Gamma-glutamyl transferase (GGT)", "question_images": [], "explanation_images": [], "explanation": "<p>Correct Option A - Gamma-glutamyl &lt;span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"2288cbf3741692777200318d2f5b39\"&gt;transferase&lt;/span&gt; (GGT)\n\n<p style='font-size: 10px; color: #808080; font-style: italic;'>@dams_new_robot</p>", "bot": "@dams_new_robot", "audio": "", "video": ""}, {"text": "In the given graph, identify the type of inhibition:", "options": [{"label": "A", "text": "Competitive", "correct": true}, {"label": "B", "text": "Non-competitive", "correct": false}, {"label": "C", "text": "Mixed", "correct": false}, {"label": "D", "text": "None of the above", "correct": false}], "correct_answer": "A. Competitive", "question_images": ["https://image.prepladder.com/content/GnRdsNVSUm75Bm2TEcqW1724833653.png"], "explanation_images": ["https://image.prepladder.com/content/DrqRgiLbJzVOUgQrxbPL1724847142.png"], "explanation": "<p>Correct Option A – Competitiv\n\n\n<p style='font-size: 10px; color: #808080; font-style: italic;'>@dams_new_robot</p>", "bot": "@dams_new_robot", "audio": "", "video": ""}, {"text": "What is the most likely diagnosis of a hypertensive patient presenting with Tanner stage 4 development and hyperpigmentation?", "options": [{"label": "A", "text": "21 beta hydroxylase deficiency", "correct": false}, {"label": "B", "text": "11 Beta hydroxylase deficiency", "correct": true}, {"label": "C", "text": "17 beta hydroxylase deficiency", "correct": false}, {"label": "D", "text": "17 alpha hydroxylase deficiency", "correct": false}], "correct_answer": "B. 11 Beta hydroxylase deficiency", "question_images": [], "explanation_images": [], "explanation": "<p>Correct Option B - 11 &lt;span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"806eb8418c16927771822855b56695\"&gt;Beta&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"0b592280091692777189e27f90a885\"&gt;hydroxylase&lt;/span&g\n\n\n<p style='font-size: 10px; color: #808080; font-style: italic;'>@dams_new_robot</p>", "bot": "@dams_new_robot", "audio": "", "video": ""}, {"text": "In the given enzyme kinetics graphs, identify the types of inhibitors labeled as A and B.", "options": [{"label": "A", "text": "Competitive and Non-Competitive", "correct": true}, {"label": "B", "text": "Uncompetitive and Non-competitive", "correct": false}, {"label": "C", "text": "Non-Competitive and Uncompetitive", "correct": false}, {"label": "D", "text": "Non-competitive and competitive", "correct": false}], "correct_answer": "A. Competitive and Non-Competitive", "question_images": ["https://image.prepladder.com/content/4fdT8YpBjZABhzpK8kvD1717752799.png"], "explanation_images": [], "explanation": "<p>Correct Option A - Competitive and Non-Competitiv\n\n<p style='font-size: 10px; color: #808080; font-style: italic;'>@dams_new_robot</p>", "bot": "@dams_new_robot", "audio": "", "video": ""}, {"text": "What is the substance that is most likely to be secreted by the hypothalamus?", "options": [{"label": "A", "text": "Hexokinase I", "correct": false}, {"label": "B", "text": "Hexokinase II", "correct": false}, {"label": "C", "text": "Hexokinase III", "correct": false}, {"label": "D", "text": "Hexokinase IV", "correct": true}], "correct_answer": "D. Hexokinase IV", "question_images": [], "explanation_images": [], "explanation": "<p>Correct Option D - &lt;span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"f6bd38b28e16927771897f2f362097\"&gt;Hexokinase&lt;/span&gt; IV: \n\n\n<p style='font-size: 10px; color: #808080; font-style: italic;'>@dams_new_robot</p>", "bot": "@dams_new_robot", "audio": "", "video": ""}, {"text": "By the action of the enzyme aromatase, testosterone is transformed into which of the subsequent hormones?", "options": [{"label": "A", "text": "5-hydroxy testosterone", "correct": false}, {"label": "B", "text": "Estradiol", "correct": true}, {"label": "C", "text": "Cortisol", "correct": false}, {"label": "D", "text": "Cortisone", "correct": false}], "correct_answer": "B. Estradiol", "question_images": [], "explanation_images": [], "explanation": "<p>Correct Option B - E\n\n<p style='font-size: 10px; color: #808080; font-style: italic;'>@dams_new_robot</p>", "bot": "@dams_new_robot", "audio": "", "video": ""}, {"text": "Which of the statements below accurately describes the characteristics of the Michaelis-Menten graph?", "options": [{"label": "A", "text": "Km is directly proportional to substrate concentration", "correct": true}, {"label": "B", "text": "Km doesn't vary with the enzyme concentration", "correct": false}, {"label": "C", "text": "Km is indirectly proportional to substrate concentration", "correct": false}, {"label": "D", "text": "Km has no relation to substrate concentration", "correct": false}], "correct_answer": "A. Km is directly proportional to substrate concentration", "question_images": [], "explanation_images": [], "explanation": "\n\n\n<p style='font-size: 10px; color: #808080; font-style: italic;'>@dams_new_robot</p>", "bot": "@dams_new_robot", "audio": "", "video": ""}, {"text": "A female was diagnosed with lead poisoning. What is the probable enzyme defect responsible for her condition?", "options": [{"label": "A", "text": "ALA synthase", "correct": false}, {"label": "B", "text": "ALA dehydratase", "correct": true}, {"label": "C", "text": "Heme synthase", "correct": false}, {"label": "D", "text": "Coproporphyrinogen oxidase", "correct": false}], "correct_answer": "B. ALA dehydratase", "question_images": [], "explanation_images": [], "explanation": "<p>Correct Option B - &lt;span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"eaa99cd1ab16927771803509d276b7\"&gt;ALA&lt;/span&gt; deh\n\n<p style='font-size: 10px; color: #808080; font-style: italic;'>@dams_new_robot</p>", "bot": "@dams_new_robot", "audio": "", "video": ""}, {"text": "A 62-year-old male with CAD comes to the physician for a follow-up examination. His blood pressure is 130/80 mm Hg, height of 182 cm, weight of 85 kg, and a BMI of 25 kg/m². Serum studies shows a glucose concentration of 95 mg/dL and homocysteine concentration of 19.3 μmol/L (N=5–15). Serum lipid concentrations are within the normal range. which of the following enzyme deficiencies is most likely to be found in this patient?", "options": [{"label": "A", "text": "Homogentisate oxidase", "correct": false}, {"label": "B", "text": "Cystathionine beta synthase", "correct": true}, {"label": "C", "text": "Cystathionine gamma synthase", "correct": false}, {"label": "D", "text": "HGPRTase", "correct": false}], "correct_answer": "B. Cystathionine beta synthase", "question_images": [], "explanation_images": [], "explanation": "<p>Correct Option B -Cystathionine &lt;span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"806eb8418c16927771822855b56695\"&gt;beta&lt;/span&gt; synth\n\n<p style='font-size: 10px; color: #808080; font-style: italic;'>@dams_new_robot</p>", "bot": "@dams_new_robot", "audio": "", "video": ""}, {"text": "A 2-month-old infant is brought to the pediatrician due to feeding difficulties, vomiting, and failure to thrive. The child's history reveals that the infant wasborn full-term and had a normal birth weight. On physical examination, the infant appears jaundiced, and the liver is palpable below the costal margin. Oil drop Cataracts are also noted on eye examination. Laboratory tests show elevated levels of galactose in the blood and urine. Based on these clinical findings, which enzyme deficiency is most likely responsible for this presentation?", "options": [{"label": "A", "text": "G6PD (Glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase)", "correct": false}, {"label": "B", "text": "GALT (Galactose-1-phosphate uridylyltransferase)", "correct": true}, {"label": "C", "text": "ALDH (Aldehyde dehydrogenase)", "correct": false}, {"label": "D", "text": "PKU (Phenylalanine hydroxylase)", "correct": false}], "correct_answer": "B. GALT (Galactose-1-phosphate uridylyltransferase)", "question_images": [], "explanation_images": [], "explanation": "<p>Correct Option B - &lt;span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"c6e368ee6b169277718891cd4af5a4\"&gt;GALT&lt;/span&gt; (Galactose-1-phosphate uridylyltransferase)\n\n\n<p style='font-size: 10px; color: #808080; font-style: italic;'>@dams_new_robot</p>", "bot": "@dams_new_robot", "audio": "", "video": ""}, {"text": "Which mineral is associated with the functioning of carbonic anhydrase?", "options": [{"label": "A", "text": "Zinc", "correct": true}, {"label": "B", "text": "Iron", "correct": false}, {"label": "C", "text": "Calcium", "correct": false}, {"label": "D", "text": "Potassium", "correct": false}], "correct_answer": "A. Zinc", "question_images": [], "explanation_images": [], "explanation": "<p>Correct Option A - Z\n<table align=\"center\" cellspacing=\"0\" style=\"border-collapse:collapse\">\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid black; border-left:1px solid black; border-right:1px solid black; border-top:1px solid black; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Metal</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid black; border-left:none; border-right:1px solid black; border-top:1px solid black; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Enzyme Examples</strong></p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid black; border-left:1px solid black; border-right:1px solid black; border-top:none; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Zinc</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid black; border-left:none; border-right:1px solid black; border-top:none; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Carbonic anhydrase, Alcohol dehydrogenase</p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid black; border-left:1px solid black; border-right:1px solid black; border-top:none; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Iron</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid black; border-left:none; border-right:1px solid black; border-top:none; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Catalase, Cytochromes, Hemoglobin</p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid black; border-left:1px solid black; border-right:1px solid black; border-top:none; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Copper</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid black; border-left:none; border-right:1px solid black; border-top:none; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Cytochrome c oxidase, <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"7d51964ce51692777199dedcf19fc3\">Superoxide</span> dismutase</p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid black; border-left:1px solid black; border-right:1px solid black; border-top:none; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Magnesium</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid black; border-left:none; border-right:1px solid black; border-top:none; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>ATPases, DNA polymerases</p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid black; border-left:1px solid black; border-right:1px solid black; border-top:none; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Manganese</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid black; border-left:none; border-right:1px solid black; border-top:none; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Superoxide dismutase, Arginase</p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid black; border-left:1px solid black; border-right:1px solid black; border-top:none; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Calcium</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid black; border-left:none; border-right:1px solid black; border-top:none; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Calmodulin, Protein kinases</p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid black; border-left:1px solid black; border-right:1px solid black; border-top:none; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Sodium</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid black; border-left:none; border-right:1px solid black; border-top:none; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Sodium-potassium ATPase</p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid black; border-left:1px solid black; border-right:1px solid black; border-top:none; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Potassium</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid black; border-left:none; border-right:1px solid black; border-top:none; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Sodium-potassium ATPase</p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n</tbody>\n\n<p style='font-size: 10px; color: #808080; font-style: italic;'>@dams_new_robot</p>", "bot": "@dams_new_robot", "audio": "", "video": ""}, {"text": "Enolase is inhibited by which of the following substances?", "options": [{"label": "A", "text": "NaF", "correct": true}, {"label": "B", "text": "Fluoroacetate", "correct": false}, {"label": "C", "text": "Iodoacetate", "correct": false}, {"label": "D", "text": "Potassium oxalate", "correct": false}], "correct_answer": "A. NaF", "question_images": [], "explanation_images": [], "explanation": "<p>Correct Option A\n\n<p style='font-size: 10px; color: #808080; font-style: italic;'>@dams_new_robot</p>", "bot": "@dams_new_robot", "audio": "", "video": ""}, {"text": "Which one of the following is the most specific biomarker for pheochromocytoma, a rare tumor that typically arises in the chromaffin cells (pheochromocytes) of the adrenal gland and is usually benign?", "options": [{"label": "A", "text": "VMA", "correct": true}, {"label": "B", "text": "Catecholamine", "correct": false}, {"label": "C", "text": "5 - HIAA", "correct": false}, {"label": "D", "text": "Serotonin", "correct": false}], "correct_answer": "A. VMA", "question_images": [], "explanation_images": [], "explanation": "<p>Correct option A\n\n<p style='font-size: 10px; color: #808080; font-style: italic;'>@dams_new_robot</p>", "bot": "@dams_new_robot", "audio": "", "video": ""}, {"text": "Which enzymes are affected in Menke's disease?", "options": [{"label": "A", "text": "Lysyl hydroxylase", "correct": false}, {"label": "B", "text": "Lysyl oxidase", "correct": true}, {"label": "C", "text": "Prolyl oxidase", "correct": false}, {"label": "D", "text": "Prolyl hydroxylase", "correct": false}], "correct_answer": "B. Lysyl oxidase", "question_images": [], "explanation_images": [], "explanation": "<p>Correct Option B\n\n<p style='font-size: 10px; color: #808080; font-style: italic;'>@dams_new_robot</p>", "bot": "@dams_new_robot", "audio": "", "video": ""}, {"text": "Which statement accurately describes an allosteric modifier?", "options": [{"label": "A", "text": "Desaturates the enzyme", "correct": false}, {"label": "B", "text": "This causes the enzyme to worker faster only", "correct": false}, {"label": "C", "text": "Binds to the catalytic site", "correct": false}, {"label": "D", "text": "Participates in feedback regulation", "correct": true}], "correct_answer": "D. Participates in feedback regulation", "question_images": [], "explanation_images": [], "explanation": "<p>Correct Option D - Participates in feedback regu\n\n<p style='font-size: 10px; color: #808080; font-style: italic;'>@dams_new_robot</p>", "bot": "@dams_new_robot", "audio": "", "video": ""}, {"text": "The flipped LDH ratio implies____", "options": [{"label": "A", "text": "LDH 1 &amp;gt; LDH 2", "correct": true}, {"label": "B", "text": "LDH 2 &amp;gt; LDH 1", "correct": false}, {"label": "C", "text": "LDH 2 &amp;gt; LDH 3", "correct": false}, {"label": "D", "text": "LDH 3 &amp;gt; LDH 2", "correct": false}], "correct_answer": "A. LDH 1 &gt; LDH 2", "question_images": [], "explanation_images": [], "explanation": "<p>Correct Option A - LDH 1 &amp;gt; &lt;span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"511c533d8b1692777191aa64479963\"&gt;LDH&lt;/span&gt; 2\n<table align=\"center\" cellspacing=\"0\" style=\"border-collapse:collapse\">\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid black; border-left:1px solid black; border-right:1px solid black; border-top:1px solid black; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>LDH Isozyme</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid black; border-left:none; border-right:1px solid black; border-top:1px solid black; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Composition</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid black; border-left:none; border-right:1px solid black; border-top:1px solid black; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Location</strong></p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid black; border-left:1px solid black; border-right:1px solid black; border-top:none; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>LDH-1</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid black; border-left:none; border-right:1px solid black; border-top:none; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>H4</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid black; border-left:none; border-right:1px solid black; border-top:none; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Heart</p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid black; border-left:1px solid black; border-right:1px solid black; border-top:none; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>LDH-2</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid black; border-left:none; border-right:1px solid black; border-top:none; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>H3M1</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid black; border-left:none; border-right:1px solid black; border-top:none; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>RBCs, heart</p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid black; border-left:1px solid black; border-right:1px solid black; border-top:none; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>LDH-3</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid black; border-left:none; border-right:1px solid black; border-top:none; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>H2M2</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid black; border-left:none; border-right:1px solid black; border-top:none; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Lungs, brain , platelet, <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"4fb6bd90f016927771918d4a2993ed\">lymphatic</span> tissue</p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid black; border-left:1px solid black; border-right:1px solid black; border-top:none; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>LDH-4</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid black; border-left:none; border-right:1px solid black; border-top:none; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>H1M3</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid black; border-left:none; border-right:1px solid black; border-top:none; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Liver, Skeletal muscle</p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid black; border-left:1px solid black; border-right:1px solid black; border-top:none; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>LDH-5</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid black; border-left:none; border-right:1px solid black; border-top:none; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>M4</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid black; border-left:none; border-right:1px solid black; border-top:none; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Liver, Skeletal muscle,</p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n</tbody>\n\n\n<p style='font-size: 10px; color: #808080; font-style: italic;'>@dams_new_robot</p>", "bot": "@dams_new_robot", "audio": "", "video": ""}, {"text": "The catalytic efficiency of enzyme is best expressed by which of the following kinetic constant:-", "options": [{"label": "A", "text": "Kcat/Km", "correct": true}, {"label": "B", "text": "Km/Kcat", "correct": false}, {"label": "C", "text": "Km/ka", "correct": false}, {"label": "D", "text": "Ka/km", "correct": false}], "correct_answer": "A. Kcat/Km", "question_images": [], "explanation_images": [], "explanation": "<p>Correct Option A\n\n\n<p style='font-size: 10px; color: #808080; font-style: italic;'>@dams_new_robot</p>", "bot": "@dams_new_robot", "audio": "", "video": ""}, {"text": "Which of the following statements is false regarding the reduction of activation energy?", "options": [{"label": "A", "text": "GF is lowered", "correct": false}, {"label": "B", "text": "Stability of transition state is reduced", "correct": true}, {"label": "C", "text": "It depends upon complementarity of active site of enzyme and substrate", "correct": false}, {"label": "D", "text": "Conformational change may occur at the active site of enzyme at the time of binding to substrate", "correct": false}], "correct_answer": "B. Stability of transition state is reduced", "question_images": [], "explanation_images": [], "explanation": "<p>Correct Option B\n\n<p style='font-size: 10px; color: #808080; font-style: italic;'>@dams_new_robot</p>", "bot": "@dams_new_robot", "audio": "", "video": ""}, {"text": "An adolescent male patient presented with pain in the calf muscles on exercise. On biopsy, an excessive amount of glycogen was found to be present in the muscle. What is the most likely enzyme deficiency?", "options": [{"label": "A", "text": "Muscle-debranching enzyme", "correct": false}, {"label": "B", "text": "Phosphofructokine", "correct": false}, {"label": "C", "text": "Glucose 6 phosphatase", "correct": false}, {"label": "D", "text": "Muscle glycogen phosphorylase", "correct": true}], "correct_answer": "D. Muscle glycogen phosphorylase", "question_images": [], "explanation_images": [], "explanation": "<p>Correct Option D - \n<table>\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<td>\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><strong>Enzyme</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td>\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><strong>Deficiency</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td>\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><strong>Associated Disease</strong></p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td>\n<p>Muscle <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"2e2aa646ab1692777188e3eb8286d8\">Glycogen</span> Phosphorylase</p>\n</td>\n<td>\n<p>Deficiency of muscle <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"2e2aa646ab1692777188e3eb8286d8\">glycogen</span> phosphorylase</p>\n</td>\n<td>\n<p>McArdle disease (Glycogen storage disease type V)</p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td>\n<p>Hexosaminidase A</p>\n</td>\n<td>\n<p>Deficiency of <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"83bc72cb5f1692777189a2a86cfbad\">hexosaminidase</span> A</p>\n</td>\n<td>\n<p>Tay-Sachs disease</p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td>\n<p>Alpha-galactosidase A</p>\n</td>\n<td>\n<p>Deficiency of alpha-galactosidase A</p>\n</td>\n<td>\n<p>Fabry disease</p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td>\n<p>Glucose-6-phosphatase</p>\n</td>\n<td>\n<p>Deficiency of glucose-6-phosphatase</p>\n</td>\n<td>\n<p>Von Gierke disease (Glycogen storage disease type Ia)</p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td>\n<p>Phenylalanine hydroxylase</p>\n</td>\n<td>\n<p>Deficiency of <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"5e52c07d0f1692777195dd08cc451f\">phenylalanine</span> hydroxylase</p>\n</td>\n<td>\n<p>Phenylketonuria (PKU)</p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td>\n<p>Lysosomal Acid Lipase</p>\n</td>\n<td>\n<p>Deficiency of lysosomal acid lipase</p>\n</td>\n<td>\n<p>Wolman disease, <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"be0045ca781692777184d797b8ba96\">Cholesteryl</span> <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"4a769f1fa91692777187e17d7ed73a\">ester</span> storage disease (CESD)</p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td>\n<p>Fructokinase</p>\n</td>\n<td>\n<p>Deficiency of fructokinase</p>\n</td>\n<td>\n<p>Essential fructosuria</p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n</tbody>\n\n\n<p style='font-size: 10px; color: #808080; font-style: italic;'>@dams_new_robot</p>", "bot": "@dams_new_robot", "audio": "", "video": ""}, {"text": "Hormone-sensitive lipase is activated by all of the following EXCEPT?", "options": [{"label": "A", "text": "Glucagon", "correct": false}, {"label": "B", "text": "Epinephrine", "correct": false}, {"label": "C", "text": "ACTH", "correct": false}, {"label": "D", "text": "Insulin", "correct": true}], "correct_answer": "D. Insulin", "question_images": [], "explanation_images": [], "explanation": "<p>Correct Option D - Insu\n\n<p style='font-size: 10px; color: #808080; font-style: italic;'>@dams_new_robot</p>", "bot": "@dams_new_robot", "audio": "", "video": ""}]; if (!Array.isArray(questions) || questions.length === 0) { throw new Error("Questions data is empty or invalid"); } debugLog(`Successfully parsed ${questions.length} questions`); } catch (e) { console.error("Failed to parse questions_json:", e); document.getElementById('error-message').innerHTML = "Error loading quiz data. Please check the console for details or contact support."; document.getElementById('error-message').classList.remove('hidden'); document.getElementById('start-test').disabled = true; // Fallback to sample questions for testing questions = [ { text: "What is 2 + 2?", options: [ { label: "A", text: "3", correct: false }, { label: "B", text: "4", correct: true }, { label: "C", text: "5", correct: false }, { label: "D", text: "6", correct: false } ], correct_answer: "B. 4", question_images: [], explanation_images: [], explanation: "<p>2 + 2 = 4</p><p>@dams_new_robot</p>", bot: "@dams_new_robot", audio: "", video: "" } ]; debugLog("Loaded fallback questions"); } // Quiz state let currentQuestion = 0; let answers = new Array(questions.length).fill(null); let markedForReview = new Array(questions.length).fill(false); let timeRemaining = 39 * 60; // Duration in seconds let timerInterval = null; const quizId = `{title.replace(/\s+/g, '_').toLowerCase()}`; // Unique ID for local storage // Load saved progress function loadProgress() { try { debugLog("Loading progress from localStorage"); const saved = localStorage.getItem(`quiz_${quizId}`); if (saved) { const { savedAnswers, savedMarked, savedTime } = JSON.parse(saved); answers = savedAnswers || answers; markedForReview = savedMarked || markedForReview; timeRemaining = savedTime !== undefined ? savedTime : timeRemaining; debugLog("Progress loaded successfully"); } else { debugLog("No saved progress found"); } } catch (e) { console.error("Error loading progress:", e); debugLog("Failed to load progress: " + e.message); } } // Save progress function saveProgress() { try { debugLog("Saving progress to localStorage"); localStorage.setItem(`quiz_${quizId}`, JSON.stringify({ savedAnswers: answers, savedMarked: markedForReview, savedTime: timeRemaining })); debugLog("Progress saved successfully"); } catch (e) { console.error("Error saving progress:", e); debugLog("Failed to save progress: " + e.message); } } // Initialize quiz function initQuiz() { try { debugLog("Initializing quiz"); loadProgress(); const startButton = document.getElementById('start-test'); if (!startButton) { throw new Error("Start test button not found"); } startButton.addEventListener('click', startQuiz); debugLog("Start test button listener attached"); document.getElementById('previous-btn').addEventListener('click', showPreviousQuestion); document.getElementById('next-btn').addEventListener('click', showNextQuestion); document.getElementById('mark-review').addEventListener('click', toggleMarkForReview); document.getElementById('nav-toggle').addEventListener('click', toggleNavPanel); document.getElementById('submit-test').addEventListener('click', showSubmitModal); document.getElementById('continue-test').addEventListener('click', closeExitModal); document.getElementById('exit-test').addEventListener('click', () => { debugLog("Exiting test"); localStorage.removeItem(`quiz_${quizId}`); window.location.reload(); }); document.getElementById('cancel-submit').addEventListener('click', closeSubmitModal); document.getElementById('confirm-submit').addEventListener('click', submitTest); document.getElementById('take-again').addEventListener('click', () => { debugLog("Restarting test"); localStorage.removeItem(`quiz_${quizId}`); window.location.reload(); }); document.getElementById('review-test').addEventListener('click', () => showResults(currentResultQuestion)); document.getElementById('close-nav').addEventListener('click', toggleNavPanel); document.getElementById('theme-toggle').addEventListener('click', toggleTheme); document.getElementById('nav-filter').addEventListener('change', updateNavPanel); document.getElementById('prev-result').addEventListener('click', showPreviousResult); document.getElementById('next-result').addEventListener('click', showNextResult); document.getElementById('results-nav-toggle').addEventListener('click', toggleResultsNavPanel); document.getElementById('close-results-nav').addEventListener('click', toggleResultsNavPanel); document.getElementById('results-nav-filter').addEventListener('change', updateResultsNavPanel); debugLog("Quiz initialized successfully"); } catch (e) { console.error("Failed to initialize quiz:", e); debugLog("Failed to initialize quiz: " + e.message); document.getElementById('error-message').innerHTML = "Error initializing quiz. Please check the console for details or contact support."; document.getElementById('error-message').classList.remove('hidden'); document.getElementById('start-test').disabled = true; } } // Start quiz function startQuiz() { try { debugLog("Starting quiz"); document.getElementById('instructions').classList.add('hidden'); document.getElementById('quiz').classList.remove('hidden'); showQuestion(currentQuestion); startTimer(); updateNavPanel(); debugLog("Quiz started successfully"); } catch (e) { console.error("Error starting quiz:", e); debugLog("Failed to start quiz: " + e.message); document.getElementById('error-message').innerHTML = "Error starting quiz. Please check the console for details or contact support."; document.getElementById('error-message').classList.remove('hidden'); document.getElementById('quiz').classList.add('hidden'); document.getElementById('instructions').classList.remove('hidden'); } } // Show question function showQuestion(index) { try { debugLog(`Showing question ${index + 1}`); currentQuestion = index; const q = questions[index]; if (!q) { throw new Error(`Question ${index} is undefined`); } document.getElementById('question-number').innerHTML = `Question <span>${index + 1}</span> of ${questions.length}`; document.getElementById('question-text').innerHTML = q.text || "No question text available"; const imagesDiv = document.getElementById('question-images'); imagesDiv.innerHTML = q.question_images && q.question_images.length > 0 ? q.question_images.map(url => `<img src="${url}" alt="Question Image" class="max-w-full h-auto rounded-lg">`).join('') : ''; const optionsDiv = document.getElementById('options'); optionsDiv.innerHTML = q.options && q.options.length > 0 ? q.options.map(opt => ` <button class="option-btn w-full text-left p-3 border rounded-lg ${answers[index] === opt.label ? 'selected' : ''}" onclick="selectOption(${index}, '${opt.label}')" aria-label="Option ${opt.label}: ${opt.text}"> ${opt.label}. ${opt.text} </button> `).join('') : '<p class="text-red-500">No options available</p>'; document.getElementById('previous-btn').disabled = index === 0; document.getElementById('next-btn').disabled = index === questions.length - 1; document.getElementById('mark-review').classList.toggle('marked', markedForReview[index]); updateProgressBar(); saveProgress(); window.scrollTo({ top: 0, behavior: 'smooth' }); debugLog(`Question ${index + 1} displayed successfully`); } catch (e) { console.error("Error displaying question:", e); debugLog("Failed to display question: " + e.message); } } // Select option function selectOption(index, label) { try { debugLog(`Selecting option ${label} for question ${index + 1}`); answers[index] = label; const optionsDiv = document.getElementById('options'); const optionButtons = optionsDiv.querySelectorAll('.option-btn'); optionButtons.forEach(btn => { const btnLabel = btn.textContent.trim().split('.')[0]; btn.classList.toggle('selected', btnLabel === label); }); updateNavPanel(); saveProgress(); debugLog(`Option ${label} selected for question ${index + 1}`); } catch (e) { console.error("Error selecting option:", e); debugLog("Failed to select option: " + e.message); } } // Toggle mark for review function toggleMarkForReview() { try { debugLog(`Toggling mark for review on question ${currentQuestion + 1}`); markedForReview[currentQuestion] = !markedForReview[currentQuestion]; document.getElementById('mark-review').classList.toggle('marked', markedForReview[currentQuestion]); updateNavPanel(); saveProgress(); debugLog(`Mark for review toggled for question ${currentQuestion + 1}`); } catch (e) { console.error("Error marking for review:", e); debugLog("Failed to mark for review: " + e.message); } } // Navigate to previous question function showPreviousQuestion() { try { debugLog(`Navigating to previous question from ${currentQuestion + 1}`); if (currentQuestion > 0) { currentQuestion--; showQuestion(currentQuestion); } } catch (e) { console.error("Error navigating to previous question:", e); debugLog("Failed to navigate to previous question: " + e.message); } } // Navigate to next question function showNextQuestion() { try { debugLog(`Navigating to next question from ${currentQuestion + 1}`); if (currentQuestion < questions.length - 1) { currentQuestion++; showQuestion(currentQuestion); } } catch (e) { console.error("Error navigating to next question:", e); debugLog("Failed to navigate to next question: " + e.message); } } // Handle question navigation click function handleQuestionNavClick(index) { try { debugLog(`Navigating to question ${index + 1} via nav panel`); showQuestion(index); toggleNavPanel(); } catch (e) { console.error("Error handling navigation click:", e); debugLog("Failed to navigate via nav panel: " + e.message); } } // Start timer function startTimer() { try { debugLog("Starting timer"); timerInterval = setInterval(() => { if (timeRemaining <= 0) { debugLog("Timer expired, submitting test"); clearInterval(timerInterval); submitTest(); } else { timeRemaining--; const minutes = Math.floor(timeRemaining / 60); const seconds = timeRemaining % 60; document.getElementById('timer').innerHTML = `Time Remaining: <span>${minutes.toString().padStart(2, '0')}:${seconds.toString().padStart(2, '0')}</span>`; saveProgress(); } }, 1000); debugLog("Timer started successfully"); } catch (e) { console.error("Error starting timer:", e); debugLog("Failed to start timer: " + e.message); } } // Update progress bar function updateProgressBar() { try { debugLog("Updating progress bar"); const progress = ((currentQuestion + 1) / questions.length) * 100; document.getElementById('progress-bar').style.width = `${progress}%`; debugLog("Progress bar updated"); } catch (e) { console.error("Error updating progress bar:", e); debugLog("Failed to update progress bar: " + e.message); } } // Update quiz navigation panel function updateNavPanel() { try { debugLog("Updating quiz navigation panel"); const filter = document.getElementById('nav-filter').value; const navGrid = document.getElementById('nav-grid'); navGrid.innerHTML = questions.map((_, i) => { if (filter === 'answered' && !answers[i]) return ''; if (filter === 'unanswered' && answers[i]) return ''; if (filter === 'marked' && !markedForReview[i]) return ''; return ` <button class="question-nav-btn ${answers[i] ? 'answered' : 'unanswered'} ${markedForReview[i] ? 'marked-nav' : ''}" onclick="handleQuestionNavClick(${i})" aria-label="Go to Question ${i + 1}"> ${i + 1} </button> `; }).join(''); debugLog("Quiz navigation panel updated"); } catch (e) { console.error("Error updating quiz navigation panel:", e); debugLog("Failed to update quiz navigation panel: " + e.message); } } // Update results navigation panel function updateResultsNavPanel() { try { debugLog("Updating results navigation panel"); const filter = document.getElementById('results-nav-filter').value; const navGrid = document.getElementById('results-nav-grid'); navGrid.innerHTML = questions.map((_, i) => { if (filter === 'answered' && !answers[i]) return ''; if (filter === 'unanswered' && answers[i]) return ''; if (filter === 'marked' && !markedForReview[i]) return ''; return ` <button class="result-nav-btn-grid ${answers[i] ? 'answered' : 'unanswered'} ${markedForReview[i] ? 'marked-nav' : ''}" onclick="handleResultNavClick(${i})" aria-label="Go to Result for Question ${i + 1}"> ${i + 1} </button> `; }).join(''); debugLog("Results navigation panel updated"); } catch (e) { console.error("Error updating results navigation panel:", e); debugLog("Failed to update results navigation panel: " + e.message); } } // Toggle quiz navigation panel function toggleNavPanel() { try { debugLog("Toggling quiz navigation panel"); const navPanel = document.getElementById('nav-panel'); navPanel.classList.toggle('hidden'); debugLog("Quiz navigation panel toggled"); } catch (e) { console.error("Error toggling quiz navigation panel:", e); debugLog("Failed to toggle quiz navigation panel: " + e.message); } } // Toggle results navigation panel function toggleResultsNavPanel() { try { debugLog("Toggling results navigation panel"); const resultsNavPanel = document.getElementById('results-nav-panel'); resultsNavPanel.classList.toggle('hidden'); if (!resultsNavPanel.classList.contains('hidden')) { updateResultsNavPanel(); } debugLog("Results navigation panel toggled"); } catch (e) { console.error("Error toggling results navigation panel:", e); debugLog("Failed to toggle results navigation panel: " + e.message); } } // Handle result navigation click function handleResultNavClick(index) { try { debugLog(`Navigating to result for question ${index + 1} via nav panel`); showResults(index); toggleResultsNavPanel(); } catch (e) { console.error("Error handling result navigation click:", e); debugLog("Failed to navigate to result: " + e.message); } } // Show submit modal function showSubmitModal() { try { debugLog("Showing submit modal"); const attempted = answers.filter(a => a !== null).length; document.getElementById('attempted-count').textContent = attempted; document.getElementById('unattempted-count').textContent = questions.length - attempted; document.getElementById('submit-modal').classList.remove('hidden'); debugLog("Submit modal displayed"); } catch (e) { console.error("Error showing submit modal:", e); debugLog("Failed to show submit modal: " + e.message); } } // Close submit modal function closeSubmitModal() { try { debugLog("Closing submit modal"); document.getElementById('submit-modal').classList.add('hidden'); debugLog("Submit modal closed"); } catch (e) { console.error("Error closing submit modal:", e); debugLog("Failed to close submit modal: " + e.message); } } // Close exit modal function closeExitModal() { try { debugLog("Closing exit modal"); document.getElementById('exit-modal').classList.add('hidden'); debugLog("Exit modal closed"); } catch (e) { console.error("Error closing exit modal:", e); debugLog("Failed to close exit modal: " + e.message); } } // Submit test function submitTest() { try { debugLog("Submitting test"); clearInterval(timerInterval); document.getElementById('quiz').classList.add('hidden'); document.getElementById('submit-modal').classList.add('hidden'); document.getElementById('results').classList.remove('hidden'); showResults(0); // Start with first question // Trigger confetti animation confetti({ particleCount: 100, spread: 70, origin: { y: 0.6 } }); localStorage.removeItem(`quiz_${quizId}`); debugLog("Test submitted successfully"); } catch (e) { console.error("Error submitting test:", e); debugLog("Failed to submit test: " + e.message); } } // Show result for a single question function showResults(index) { try { debugLog(`Showing result for question ${index + 1}`); currentResultQuestion = index; let correct = 0, wrong = 0, unanswered = 0, marked = 0; answers.forEach((answer, i) => { const isCorrect = answer && questions[i].options.find(opt => opt.label === answer)?.correct; if (answer === null) unanswered++; else if (isCorrect) correct++; else wrong++; if (markedForReview[i]) marked++; }); const q = questions[index]; if (!q) { throw new Error(`Question ${index} is undefined`); } const userAnswer = answers[index]; const isCorrect = userAnswer && q.options.find(opt => opt.label === userAnswer)?.correct; const resultsContent = document.getElementById('results-content'); resultsContent.innerHTML = ` <div class="border p-4 rounded-lg ${isCorrect ? 'bg-green-50' : userAnswer ? 'bg-red-50' : 'bg-gray-50'}"> <p class="font-semibold">Question ${index + 1}: ${q.text || 'No question text'}</p> ${q.question_images && q.question_images.length > 0 ? q.question_images.map(url => `<img src="${url}" alt="Question Image" class="max-w-full h-auto rounded-lg my-2">`).join('') : ''} <p><strong>Your Answer:</strong> ${userAnswer ? `${userAnswer}. ${q.options.find(opt => opt.label === userAnswer)?.text || 'Invalid option'}` : 'Unanswered'}</p> <p><strong>Correct Answer:</strong> ${q.correct_answer || 'Unknown'}</p> <div class="mt-2">${q.explanation || 'No explanation available'}</div> ${q.explanation_images && q.explanation_images.length > 0 ? q.explanation_images.map(url => `<img src="${url}" alt="Explanation Image" class="max-w-full h-auto rounded-lg my-2">`).join('') : ''} ${q.video ? ` <button class="play-video bg-blue-500 text-white px-4 py-2 rounded-lg mt-2" onclick="loadVideo(this, '${q.video}', 'video-${index}')" aria-label="Play explanation video for Question ${index + 1}"> Play Video Explanation </button> <div id="video-${index}" class="video-container mt-2"></div> ` : '<p class="text-gray-500 mt-2">No video available</p>'} ${q.audio ? ` <button class="play-audio bg-blue-500 text-white px-4 py-2 rounded-lg mt-2" onclick="loadAudio(this, '${q.audio}', 'audio-${index}')" aria-label="Play audio explanation for Question ${index + 1}"> Play Audio Explanation </button> <div id="audio-${index}" class="audio-container mt-2"></div> ` : ''} </div> `; document.getElementById('correct-count').textContent = correct; document.getElementById('wrong-count').textContent = wrong; document.getElementById('unanswered-count').textContent = unanswered; document.getElementById('marked-count').textContent = marked; document.getElementById('result-question-number').innerHTML = `Question <span>${index + 1}</span> of ${questions.length}`; document.getElementById('prev-result').disabled = index === 0; document.getElementById('next-result').disabled = index === questions.length - 1; updateResultsNavPanel(); window.scrollTo({ top: 0, behavior: 'smooth' }); debugLog(`Result for question ${index + 1} displayed successfully`); } catch (e) { console.error("Error displaying result:", e); debugLog("Failed to display result: " + e.message); } } // Navigate to previous result function showPreviousResult() { try { debugLog(`Navigating to previous result from question ${currentResultQuestion + 1}`); if (currentResultQuestion > 0) { showResults(currentResultQuestion - 1); } } catch (e) { console.error("Error navigating to previous result:", e); debugLog("Failed to navigate to previous result: " + e.message); } } // Navigate to next result function showNextResult() { try { debugLog(`Navigating to next result from question ${currentResultQuestion + 1}`); if (currentResultQuestion < questions.length - 1) { showResults(currentResultQuestion + 1); } } catch (e) { console.error("Error navigating to next result:", e); debugLog("Failed to navigate to next result: " + e.message); } } // Lazy-load video function loadVideo(button, videoUrl, containerId) { try { debugLog(`Loading video for ${containerId}: ${videoUrl}`); if (!videoUrl) { const container = document.getElementById(containerId); container.innerHTML = `<p class="text-gray-500">No video available</p>`; button.remove(); debugLog("No video URL provided"); return; } const container = document.getElementById(containerId); container.innerHTML = ` <div class="video-loading"></div> <video controls class="w-full max-w-[600px] rounded-lg" preload="metadata" aria-label="Video explanation"> <source src="${videoUrl}" type="${videoUrl.endsWith('.m3u8') ? 'application/x-mpegURL' : 'video/mp4'}"> Your browser does not support the video tag. </video> `; container.classList.add('active'); button.remove(); // Initialize HLS.js for .m3u8 videos const video = container.querySelector('video'); if (videoUrl.endsWith('.m3u8') && Hls.isSupported()) { const hls = new Hls(); hls.loadSource(videoUrl); hls.attachMedia(video); hls.on(Hls.Events.ERROR, (event, data) => { console.error("HLS.js error:", data); container.innerHTML = `<p class="text-red-500">Error loading video. <a href="${videoUrl}" target="_blank" aria-label="Open video in new tab">Open video</a></p>`; debugLog("HLS.js error: " + JSON.stringify(data)); }); } else if (videoUrl.endsWith('.m3u8') && video.canPlayType('application/vnd.apple.mpegurl')) { video.src = videoUrl; } // Handle video load errors video.onerror = () => { console.error("Video load error for URL:", videoUrl); container.innerHTML = `<p class="text-red-500">Error loading video. <a href="${videoUrl}" target="_blank" aria-label="Open video in new tab">Open video</a></p>`; debugLog("Video load error for URL: " + videoUrl); }; // Remove loading spinner when video is ready video.onloadedmetadata = () => { container.querySelector('.video-loading').remove(); debugLog("Video loaded successfully"); }; } catch (e) { console.error("Error loading video:", e); debugLog("Failed to load video: " + e.message); const container = document.getElementById(containerId); container.innerHTML = `<p class="text-red-500">Error loading video. <a href="${videoUrl}" target="_blank" aria-label="Open video in new tab">Open video</a></p>`; } } // Lazy-load audio function loadAudio(button, audioUrl, containerId) { try { debugLog(`Loading audio for ${containerId}: ${audioUrl}`); if (!audioUrl) { const container = document.getElementById(containerId); container.innerHTML = `<p class="text-gray-500">No audio available</p>`; button.remove(); debugLog("No audio URL provided"); return; } const container = document.getElementById(containerId); container.innerHTML = ` <audio controls class="w-full max-w-[600px]" preload="metadata" aria-label="Audio explanation"> <source src="${audioUrl}" type="audio/mpeg"> Your browser does not support the audio tag. </audio> `; container.classList.add('active'); button.remove(); // Handle audio load errors const audio = container.querySelector('audio'); audio.onerror = () => { console.error("Audio load error for URL:", audioUrl); container.innerHTML = `<p class="text-red-500">Error loading audio. <a href="${audioUrl}" target="_blank" aria-label="Open audio in new tab">Open audio</a></p>`; debugLog("Audio load error for URL: " + audioUrl); }; debugLog("Audio loaded successfully"); } catch (e) { console.error("Error loading audio:", e); debugLog("Failed to load audio: " + e.message); const container = document.getElementById(containerId); container.innerHTML = `<p class="text-red-500">Error loading audio. <a href="${audioUrl}" target="_blank" aria-label="Open audio in new tab">Open audio</a></p>`; } } // Toggle dark mode function toggleTheme() { try { debugLog("Toggling theme"); document.documentElement.classList.toggle('dark'); localStorage.setItem('theme', document.documentElement.classList.contains('dark') ? 'dark' : 'light'); debugLog("Theme toggled successfully"); } catch (e) { console.error("Error toggling theme:", e); debugLog("Failed to toggle theme: " + e.message); } } // Load theme preference function loadTheme() { try { debugLog("Loading theme preference"); const theme = localStorage.getItem('theme'); if (theme === 'dark') { document.documentElement.classList.add('dark'); } debugLog("Theme loaded successfully"); } catch (e) { console.error("Error loading theme:", e); debugLog("Failed to load theme: " + e.message); } } // Initialize on DOM content loaded window.addEventListener('DOMContentLoaded', () => { try { debugLog("DOM content loaded, initializing quiz"); loadTheme(); initQuiz(); } catch (e) { console.error("Error during DOMContentLoaded:", e); debugLog("Failed to initialize on DOMContentLoaded: " + e.message); document.getElementById('error-message').innerHTML = "Error initializing quiz. Please check the console for details or contact support."; document.getElementById('error-message').classList.remove('hidden'); } }); </script> </body> </html>" frameborder="0" width="100%" height="2000px">
<div class="bg-white rounded-lg shadow-md p-4 md:p-6"> <h2 class="text-xl font-semibold mb-4">Instructions</h2> <h4 class="text-gray-800 text-lg font-semibold mt-6 mb-4">Test Features:</h4> <ul class="space-y-3"> <li class="flex items-center gap-3"> <i class="fa-solid fa-circle-check text-green-500"></i> Multiple choice questions with single correct answers </li> <li class="flex items-center gap-3"> <i class="fa-solid fa-circle-check text-green-500"></i> Timer-based testing for realistic exam conditions </li> <li class="flex items-center gap-3"> <i class="fa-solid fa-circle-check text-green-500"></i> Mark questions for review functionality </li> <li class="flex items-center gap-3"> <i class="fa-solid fa-circle-check text-green-500"></i> Comprehensive results and performance analysis </li> <li class="flex items-center gap-3"> <i class="fa-solid fa-circle-check text-green-500"></i> Mobile-optimized interface for learning on-the-go </li> </ul> <div class="mt-6 flex space-x-4 button-group md:flex-row flex-col"> <button class="bg-[#2c5281] text-white px-6 py-2 rounded-lg hover:bg-[#2c5281] transition" id="start-test">Start Test</button> </div> <div class="error-message hidden" id="error-message"></div> </div> </section> <!-- Quiz Section --> <section class="container mx-auto px-4 md:px-6 pt-4 md:pt-6 pb-1 hidden section-transition" id="quiz"> <div class="bg-white rounded-lg shadow-md p-4 md:p-6"> <!-- Progress Bar --> <div class="w-full bg-gray-200 rounded-full h-3 mb-4"> <div class="progress-bar h-3 rounded-full" id="progress-bar" style="width: 0%"></div> </div> <!-- Question Header --> <div class="flex flex-col md:flex-row justify-between items-center mb-4"> <h2 class="text-lg font-semibold" id="question-number">Question <span>1</span> of 4</h2> <p class="text-lg font-semibold mt-2 md:mt-0" id="timer">Time Remaining: <span>00:00</span></p> </div> <!-- Question Content --> <div class="mb-6" id="question-content"> <p class="text-gray-800 mb-4" id="question-text"></p> <div class="flex flex-wrap gap-4 mb-4" id="question-images"></div> <div class="space-y-3" id="options"></div> </div> <!-- Navigation Buttons --> <div class="flex flex-col md:flex-row justify-between items-center gap-2 md:gap-4"> <div class="flex gap-2 w-full md:w-auto"> <button class="bg-[#2c5281] text-white px-4 py-3 w-full md:w-32 h-14 rounded-lg hover:bg-[#2c5281] transition" disabled="" id="previous-btn">Previous</button> <button class="bg-[#2c5281] text-white px-4 py-3 w-full md:w-32 h-14 rounded-lg hover:bg-[#2c5281] transition" id="next-btn">Next</button> </div> <div class="flex items-center gap-2"> <button class="bg-transparent text-gray-700 px-4 py-2 rounded-lg hover:bg-gray-100 transition flex items-center gap-1" id="mark-review"> Review <svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" class="h-5 w-5" viewBox="0 0 20 20" fill="currentColor"> <path d="M10 2a1 1 0 00-1 1v14l3.293-3.293a1 1 0 011.414 0L17 17V3a1 1 0 00-1-1H10z" /> </svg> </button> <button class="bg-transparent text-gray-700 px-4 py-2 rounded-lg hover:bg-gray-100 transition flex items-center gap-1" id="nav-toggle"> Question 🧭 </button> <button class="bg-green-500 text-white px-6 py-3 w-44 h-14 rounded-lg hover:bg-green-600 transition w-full md:w-auto" id="submit-test">Submit Test</button> </div> </div> </section> <!-- Results Section --> <section class="container mx-auto px-4 md:px-6 pt-4 md:pt-6 pb-1 hidden section-transition" id="results"> <div class="bg-white rounded-lg shadow-md p-4 md:p-6"> <h2 class="text-2xl font-semibold mb-4">Anaesthesia Machine - Results</h2> <div class="grid grid-cols-1 md:grid-cols-2 gap-4 mb-6"> <p><strong>Correct:</strong> <span id="correct-count" class="text-[#000000]">0</span></p> <p><strong>Wrong:</strong> <span id="wrong-count" class="text-[#000000]">0</span></p> <p><strong>Unanswered:</strong> <span id="unanswered-count" class="text-[#000000]-500">0</span></p> <p><strong>Marked for Review:</strong> <span id="marked-count" class="text-[#000000]">0</span></p> </div> <h3 class="text-lg font-semibold mb-4" id="result-question-number">Question <span>1</span> of 4</h3> <div class="space-y-6" id="results-content"></div> <div class="result-nav"> <button aria-label="Previous question result" class="result-nav-btn bg-[#2c5281] text-white px-6 py-2 rounded-lg hover:bg-[#2c5281] transition" disabled="" id="prev-result">Previous</button> <button aria-label="Toggle results navigation panel" class="result-nav-btn bg-[#2c5281] text-white px-6 py-2 rounded-lg hover:bg-[#2c5281] transition" id="results-nav-toggle">Result 🧭</button> <button aria-label="Next question result" class="result-nav-btn bg-[#2c5281] text-white px-6 py-2 rounded-lg hover:bg-[#2c5281] transition" id="next-result">Next</button> </div> <div class="mt-6 flex space-x-4 button-group md:flex-row flex-col"> <button class="bg-green-500 text-white px-6 py-2 rounded-lg hover:bg-green-600 transition" id="take-again">Take Again</button> </div> </div> </section> <!-- Exit Confirmation Modal --> <div class="fixed inset-0 bg-black bg-opacity-50 flex items-center justify-center hidden" id="exit-modal"> <div class="bg-white rounded-lg p-6 max-w-sm w-full"> <h2 class="text-xl font-semibold mb-4">Leave Test?</h2> <p class="text-gray-700 mb-4">Your progress will be lost if you leave this page. Are you sure you want to exit?</p> <div class="flex justify-end space-x-4"> <button class="bg-gray-300 text-gray-700 px-4 py-2 rounded-lg hover:bg-gray-400 transition" id="continue-test">No, Continue</button> <button class="bg-red-500 text-white px-4 py-2 rounded-lg hover:bg-red-600 transition" id="exit-test">Yes, Exit</button> </div> </div> </div> <!-- Submit Confirmation Modal --> <div class="fixed inset-0 bg-black bg-opacity-50 flex items-center justify-center hidden" id="submit-modal"> <div class="bg-white rounded-lg p-6 max-w-sm w-full"> <h2 class="text-xl font-semibold mb-4">Confirm Submission</h2> <p class="text-gray-700 mb-2">You have attempted <span id="attempted-count">0</span> of 18 questions.</p> <p class="text-gray-700 mb-4"><span id="unattempted-count">0</span> questions are unattempted.</p> <div class="flex justify-end space-x-4"> <button class="bg-gray-300 text-gray-700 px-4 py-2 rounded-lg hover:bg-gray-400 transition" id="cancel-submit">Cancel</button> <button class="bg-green-500 text-white px-4 py-2 rounded-lg hover:bg-green-600 transition" id="confirm-submit">Submit Test</button> </div> </div> </div> <!-- Quiz Navigation Panel --> <div class="fixed inset-y-0 right-0 nav-panel bg-white shadow-lg p-4 hidden overflow-y-auto" id="nav-panel"> <h2 class="text-lg font-semibold mb-4">Questions Navigation</h2> <div class="mb-4"> <select class="w-full p-2 border rounded-lg text-gray-700" id="nav-filter"> <option value="all">All Questions</option> <option value="answered">Answered</option> <option value="unanswered">Unanswered</option> <option value="marked">Marked for Review</option> </select> </div> <div class="grid grid-cols-5 gap-2 md:gap-3" id="nav-grid"></div> <button class="mt-4 bg-gray-500 text-white px-4 py-2 rounded-lg hover:bg-gray-600 transition w-full" id="close-nav">Close</button> </div> <!-- Results Navigation Panel --> <div class="fixed inset-y-0 right-0 results-nav-panel bg-white shadow-lg p-4 hidden overflow-y-auto" id="results-nav-panel"> <h2 class="text-lg font-semibold mb-4">Results Navigation</h2> <div class="mb-4"> <select class="w-full p-2 border rounded-lg text-gray-700" id="results-nav-filter"> <option value="all">All Questions</option> <option value="answered">Answered</option> <option value="unanswered">Unanswered</option> <option value="marked">Marked for Review</option> </select> </div> <div class="grid grid-cols-5 gap-2 md:gap-3" id="results-nav-grid"></div> <button class="mt-4 bg-gray-500 text-white px-4 py-2 rounded-lg hover:bg-gray-600 transition w-full" id="close-results-nav">Close</button> </div> <!-- JavaScript Logic --> <script> // Enable debug mode for detailed logging const DEBUG_MODE = true; // Log debug messages function debugLog(message) { if (DEBUG_MODE) { console.log(`[DEBUG] ${message}`); } } // Initialize questions with error handling let questions = []; let currentResultQuestion = 0; // State for current question in results try { debugLog("Attempting to parse questions_json"); questions = [{"text": "Which of the following best describes a mechanism involved in epigenetic changes that lead to heterochromatin formation?", "options": [{"label": "A", "text": "Histone acetylation and DNA methylation of adenine residues", "correct": false}, {"label": "B", "text": "Histone deacetylation and methylation in CG islands", "correct": true}, {"label": "C", "text": "DNA replication", "correct": false}, {"label": "D", "text": "Histone phosphorylation", "correct": false}], "correct_answer": "B. Histone deacetylation and methylation in CG islands", "question_images": [], "explanation_images": [], "explanation": "\n\n<p style='font-size: 10px; color: #808080; font-style: italic;'>@dams_new_robot</p>", "bot": "@dams_new_robot", "audio": "https://image.prepladder.com/content/ebf1sOtC6omhd7rWGw4w1744166684.mp3", "video": ""}, {"text": "Which of the following statements about the lac operon is/are correct? Lac I is constitutively expressed. Lac Y is responsible for lactose transport into the cell. The structural genes are expressed when the CAP site is free. The ZYA genes are expressed when the operator site is free.", "options": [{"label": "A", "text": "1 and 2", "correct": false}, {"label": "B", "text": "1, 2, and 3", "correct": false}, {"label": "C", "text": "1, 2, and 4", "correct": true}, {"label": "D", "text": "1, 2, 3, and 4", "correct": false}], "correct_answer": "C. 1, 2, and 4", "question_images": [], "explanation_images": ["https://image.prepladder.com/content/e7KTtyfoaZqmNzZd92ec1735188823.png"], "explanation": "\n\n<p style='font-size: 10px; color: #808080; font-style: italic;'>@dams_new_robot</p>", "bot": "@dams_new_robot", "audio": "https://image.prepladder.com/content/iVVEszLYKgMiNKdepu0J1744043088.mp3", "video": ""}, {"text": "Which of the following statements about cloning vectors is correct? Plasmids can carry DNA inserts up to 10 kilobases in size. Phage vectors can carry DNA inserts up to approximately 50 kilobases. Cosmids are hybrid vectors that combine features of plasmids and phages. Artificial chromosomes are used to clone very large DNA fragments.", "options": [{"label": "A", "text": "1, 2, and 3", "correct": false}, {"label": "B", "text": "1 and 4", "correct": false}, {"label": "C", "text": "All of the above", "correct": false}, {"label": "D", "text": "1, 3, and 4", "correct": true}], "correct_answer": "D. 1, 3, and 4", "question_images": [], "explanation_images": [], "explanation": "<table cellspacing=\"0\" style=\"border-collapse:collapse; width:681px\">\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Vector</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Size (Kb)</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Features</strong></p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\"> \n\t\t\t<p><strong>Plasmids</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\"> \n\t\t\t<p>&lt;10</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<ul>\n<li>Small, <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"0919f0017e1692777184ac3748841f\">circular</span> DNA molecules found in Bacteria</li>\n<li>Commonly used for <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"64f16bfb8e1692777184c61b2356b6\">cloning</span> and expressing small DNA fragments</li>\n<li>Replicate independently of the bacterial chromosome.</li>\n</ul>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\"> \n\t\t\t<p><strong>Bacteriophages</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p> </p>\n<p>10-20</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<ul>\n<li>Bacterial viruses with <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"d02067c4b51692777191b8eec8b062\">linear</span> DNA genomes</li>\n<li>Useful for <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"64f16bfb8e1692777184c61b2356b6\">cloning</span> slightly larger DNA fragments</li>\n<li>Infect bacterial cells to propagate the cloned DNA</li>\n</ul>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Bacterial Artificial </strong></p>\n<p><strong>Chromosomes </strong></p>\n<p><strong>(BACs) </strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p> </p>\n<p>50-250</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<ul>\n<li>BACs are vectors based on the F-plasmid of E. coli.</li>\n<li>They can accommodate large DNA inserts</li>\n<li>Used for constructing genomic libraries</li>\n</ul>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Yeast Artificial </strong></p>\n<p><strong>Chromosomes </strong></p>\n<p><strong>(YACs)</strong><strong> </strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p> </p>\n<p>&gt;500</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<ul>\n<li>YACs are vectors that can accommodate very large DNA inserts, even larger than BACs</li>\n<li>More <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"607476ab371692777196d0cb2f13bc\">prone</span> to <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"fb0a25da2516927771845ff097fa8c\">chimerism</span> and <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"acb259200b16927771908888d1377c\">instability</span> compared to BACs</li>\n</ul>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Cosmids</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>35 - 50</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<ul>\n<li>Hybrid vectors combining <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"795d6c91ea16927771954ebce2fadf\">plasmid</span> and <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"d40be13a521692777194d54f866a62\">phage</span> features</li>\n</ul>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Viral Vectors</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\"> </td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<ul>\n<li>Derived from viruses that <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"eb32e458601692777190ed974ab329\">infect</span> mammalian cells</li>\n<li>Include adenoviral, adenovirus-associated <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"5cc2d9fac616927772021889ee6d52\">viral</span> (AAV), and retroviral vectors.</li>\n</ul>\n</td>\n</tr>\n</tbody>\n\n\n<p style='font-size: 10px; color: #808080; font-style: italic;'>@dams_new_robot</p>", "bot": "@dams_new_robot", "audio": "https://image.prepladder.com/content/H1pK2qgIEDd6N8eDpWFH1744164997.mp3", "video": ""}, {"text": "In their CRISPR-Cas9 experiment with a mammalian cell line, the research team observes the repair of DNA double-strand breaks. Which repair mechanisms are they most likely observing? Non-Homologous End Joining (NHEJ) Homologous End Joining (HEJ) Nucleotide Excision Repair (NER) Base Excision Repair (BER)", "options": [{"label": "A", "text": "1 and 2", "correct": true}, {"label": "B", "text": "1, 2, 3", "correct": false}, {"label": "C", "text": "1 and 4", "correct": false}, {"label": "D", "text": "All of the above", "correct": false}], "correct_answer": "A. 1 and 2", "question_images": [], "explanation_images": [], "explanation": "\n\n<p style='font-size: 10px; color: #808080; font-style: italic;'>@dams_new_robot</p>", "bot": "@dams_new_robot", "audio": "https://image.prepladder.com/content/XlqreF3qxO6RCzNh5Cex1744165164.mp3", "video": ""}, {"text": "Which of the following is the feature of the ‘M’ phase in the image of the Cell cycle?", "options": [{"label": "A", "text": "DNA replication occurs to duplicate the genome.", "correct": false}, {"label": "B", "text": "Chromosomes are highly condensed to facilitate segregation.", "correct": true}, {"label": "C", "text": "Cell growth and preparation for DNA synthesis take place.", "correct": false}, {"label": "D", "text": "Proofreading and repair of DNA replication errors are conducted.", "correct": false}], "correct_answer": "B. Chromosomes are highly condensed to facilitate segregation.", "question_images": ["https://image.prepladder.com/content/3aaPw4pHaSAGAs1xbrln1735188925.png"], "explanation_images": [], "explanation": "<table cellspacing=\"0\" style=\"border-collapse:collapse; width:615px\">\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Phases</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Chromosome </strong></p>\n<p><strong>State</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Features</strong></p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Gap 1 (G1) Phase</strong></p>\n<p>Pre-synthetic phase</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\"> \n\t\t\t<p>Uncondensed</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<ul>\n<li>Cell growth and <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"3fda45538a1692777199ec2a5478a5\">synthesis</span> of proteins and organelles.<strong> (Option C)</strong></li>\n<li>DNA proofreading and repair.</li>\n</ul>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Synthesis (S) Phase</strong></p>\n<p>DNA <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"3e05409f651692777197645882d8a2\">replication</span> occurs <strong>(Option A)</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\"> \n\t\t\t<p>Uncondensed</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<ul>\n<li>Replication of the entire <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"38e826cc0616927771883619c4227c\">genome</span> and formation of sister chromatids.</li>\n<li>Increase in the levels of DNA polymerases and other <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"3e05409f651692777197645882d8a2\">replication</span> enzymes.</li>\n</ul>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Gap 2 (G2) Phase</strong></p>\n<p>Post-synthetic or pre-mitotic phase</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\"> \n\t\t\t<p>Uncondensed</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Final proofreading and repair. <strong>(Option D)</strong></p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Mitosis (M) Phase</strong></p>\n<p>Division of the <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"ff628904401692777193c8a9f9159e\">nucleus</span> and <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"728bb228361692777185b98c34534b\">cytoplasm</span> to produce two daughter cells.</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\"> \n\t\t\t<p>Condensed</p>\n<p>(ensure proper</p>\n<p>segregation).</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<ul>\n<li>Chromosome condensation, alignment, and segregation.</li>\n<li>Cytokinesis, where the <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"728bb228361692777185b98c34534b\">cytoplasm</span> divides, resulting in two separate cells.</li>\n</ul>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Interphase</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\"> </td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>The combined phases of G1, S, and G2 are where the cell grows, duplicates its DNA and prepares for division.</p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Gap 0 (G0) Phase</strong></p>\n<p>(Resting phase)</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p> </p>\n<p>Condensed</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Permanent or Temporary phase based on Cell type.</p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n</tbody>\n\n\n<p style='font-size: 10px; color: #808080; font-style: italic;'>@dams_new_robot</p>", "bot": "@dams_new_robot", "audio": "https://image.prepladder.com/content/ugv34NPfRTznSsU7Z5SV1744165283.mp3", "video": ""}, {"text": "A 32-year-old patient presents with a family history of progressive muscle weakness, cognitive decline, and involuntary movements. Genetic testing reveals a specific type of microsatellite instability disorder. Which of the following trinucleotide repeat sequences is most likely associated?", "options": [{"label": "A", "text": "CAG", "correct": true}, {"label": "B", "text": "CTG", "correct": false}, {"label": "C", "text": "CGG", "correct": false}, {"label": "D", "text": "GAA", "correct": false}], "correct_answer": "A. CAG", "question_images": [], "explanation_images": [], "explanation": "<table cellspacing=\"0\" style=\"border-collapse:collapse; width:624px\">\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Disease</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Trinucleotide </strong></p>\n<p><strong>Repeats</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Mode of Inheritance</strong></p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Huntington’s Disease</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>CAG</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>AD</p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Myotonic Dystrophy</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>CTG <strong>(Option B)</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>AD</p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Fragile X Syndrome</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>CGG <strong>(Option C)</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>XLD</p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Friedreich’s Ataxia</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>GAA <strong>(Option D)</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>AR</p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n</tbody>\n\n\n<p style='font-size: 10px; color: #808080; font-style: italic;'>@dams_new_robot</p>", "bot": "@dams_new_robot", "audio": "https://image.prepladder.com/content/QAdrm5UquLwsFsis3Dos1744166292.mp3", "video": ""}, {"text": "A 5-year-old boy presents with frequent falls, difficulty climbing stairs, and an unusual way of getting up from the floor. Genetic testing reveals a mutation in a gene associated with a severe muscle disorder. Which of the following statements about the involved gene is true?", "options": [{"label": "A", "text": "Located on chromosome 7", "correct": false}, {"label": "B", "text": "Largest in the human genome.", "correct": true}, {"label": "C", "text": "Associated with a condition that primarily affects females", "correct": false}, {"label": "D", "text": "The Gene’s product is a component of the sarcomere.", "correct": false}], "correct_answer": "B. Largest in the human genome.", "question_images": [], "explanation_images": [], "explanation": "\n\n<p style='font-size: 10px; color: #808080; font-style: italic;'>@dams_new_robot</p>", "bot": "@dams_new_robot", "audio": "", "video": ""}, {"text": "Satellite DNA has various applications due to its unique repetitive sequences. Which of the following is not an application of satellite DNA?", "options": [{"label": "A", "text": "Forensic identification and criminal investigations", "correct": false}, {"label": "B", "text": "Determining genetic susceptibility to cardiovascular diseases", "correct": true}, {"label": "C", "text": "Resolving paternal dispute cases", "correct": false}, {"label": "D", "text": "Studying evolutionary relationships and genetic diversity", "correct": false}], "correct_answer": "B. Determining genetic susceptibility to cardiovascular diseases", "question_images": [], "explanation_images": [], "explanation": "\n\n<p style='font-size: 10px; color: #808080; font-style: italic;'>@dams_new_robot</p>", "bot": "@dams_new_robot", "audio": "https://image.prepladder.com/content/fCe52dn1lEtDDpjlUqoP1744166458.mp3", "video": ""}, {"text": "Which of the following statements is not accurate regarding post-transcriptional modifications of eukaryotic RNA?", "options": [{"label": "A", "text": "The addition of a poly-A tail at the 3′ end.", "correct": false}, {"label": "B", "text": "The 5′ capping involves a 5′ to 5′ triphosphate bridge.", "correct": false}, {"label": "C", "text": "Methylation of the N6 position of adenine.", "correct": false}, {"label": "D", "text": "Introns are removed, and exons are spliced within the cytoplasm.", "correct": true}], "correct_answer": "D. Introns are removed, and exons are spliced within the cytoplasm.", "question_images": [], "explanation_images": ["https://image.prepladder.com/content/ggsjdNTruCOjkZ5OvAJW1735189051.png"], "explanation": "<table cellspacing=\"0\" style=\"border-collapse:collapse; width:624px\">\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Poly-A Tailing (3′ End)</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<ul>\n<li>Addition of a poly-A tail (20-250 nucleotides) in the nucleoplasm.</li>\n<li>Protects <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"d6f42e0fac169277719339c004a084\">mRNA</span> from degradation.</li>\n</ul>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>5′ Capping</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<ul>\n<li>Addition of a 7-methyl <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"1231a711af1692777188843b09b991\">guanosine</span> cap at the 5′ end.</li>\n<li>Involves a 5′ to 5′ <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"7fa0befcdb16927772002b0b0b23d1\">triphosphate</span> bridge.</li>\n<li>Enhances <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"d6f42e0fac169277719339c004a084\">mRNA</span> stability and translation initiation.</li>\n</ul>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Splicing</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<ul>\n<li>Introns (non-coding regions) are removed, and exons (coding regions) are joined together.</li>\n<li>This <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"5948ed9b541692777199d94749e06a\">splicing</span> occurs in the <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"ff628904401692777193c8a9f9159e\">nucleus</span> and requires energy.</li>\n</ul>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Methylation</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<ul>\n<li>Methylation of <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"701cef29c216927771801e7d1a7c0f\">adenine</span> residues and <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"387285772b16927771979217d6cd30\">ribose</span> 2′-hydroxyl groups.</li>\n<li>Primarily occurs in the <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"728bb228361692777185b98c34534b\">cytoplasm</span> for <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"7d67967edd1692777200906dde9e61\">tRNA</span> and rRNA.</li>\n</ul>\n</td>\n</tr>\n</tbody>\n\n\n<p style='font-size: 10px; color: #808080; font-style: italic;'>@dams_new_robot</p>", "bot": "@dams_new_robot", "audio": "https://image.prepladder.com/content/1BoDVoiHGHn4OeBDqkpj1744166778.mp3", "video": ""}, {"text": "A researcher aims to clone a large eukaryotic gene fragment (~600 kb) for use in functional genomics studies. Which of the following cloning vectors is the most appropriate for this purpose?", "options": [{"label": "A", "text": "Plasmid", "correct": false}, {"label": "B", "text": "Bacteriophage λ", "correct": false}, {"label": "C", "text": "Yeast Artificial Chromosome (YAC)", "correct": true}, {"label": "D", "text": "Cosmid", "correct": false}], "correct_answer": "C. Yeast Artificial Chromosome (YAC)", "question_images": [], "explanation_images": [], "explanation": "<table cellspacing=\"0\" style=\"border-collapse:collapse; width:769px\">\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><strong>Cloning Type</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><strong>Key Features</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><strong>Insert Size</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><strong>Applications</strong></p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Plasmid-Based Cloning</p>\n<p><strong>(Option A)</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Small, <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"0919f0017e1692777184ac3748841f\">circular</span> DNA in bacteria, independent replication, <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"ff6b4f4d491692777181a02bad075e\">antibiotic</span> resistance genes</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>~10 kb</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Gene cloning, bacterial expression</p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Phage-Based Cloning</p>\n<p><strong>(Option B)</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Uses <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"81495024f1169277718242d46f70f7\">bacteriophage</span> (e.g., λ phage), foreign DNA inserted into <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"d40be13a521692777194d54f866a62\">phage</span> genome</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>~20 kb</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>High-efficiency cloning, <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"d40be13a521692777194d54f866a62\">phage</span> display</p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Cosmid-Based Cloning</p>\n<p><strong>(Option D)</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Hybrid of <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"795d6c91ea16927771954ebce2fadf\">plasmid</span> &amp; <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"d40be13a521692777194d54f866a62\">phage</span> λ, contains <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"8635918a781692777185035cef9bd8\">cos</span> sites for efficient packaging</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>~100-300 kb</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Genome sequencing, gene mapping</p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Yeast Artificial <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"7157c1f59916927771846116d74646\">Chromosome</span> (YAC)</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Functions as a eukaryotic chromosome, contains <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"c0ca0c53601692777184a1f6e29e6c\">centromere</span> &amp; telomere</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>~100-1000 kb</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Cloning large eukaryotic DNA fragments</p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Mammalian <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"5cc2d9fac616927772021889ee6d52\">Viral</span> Vectors</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Used in gene therapy, adenoviral (DNA-based), retroviral (RNA-based)</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Varies</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Gene expression in mammalian cells, stable integration</p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n</tbody>\n\n\n<p style='font-size: 10px; color: #808080; font-style: italic;'>@dams_new_robot</p>", "bot": "@dams_new_robot", "audio": "https://image.prepladder.com/content/3RB5nnKfh255iTKfatM61744042192.mp3", "video": ""}, {"text": "In human somatic cells, which of the following statements accurately describes the chromatin and its characteristics?", "options": [{"label": "A", "text": "Constitutive heterochromatin is always active", "correct": false}, {"label": "B", "text": "Facultative heterochromatin includes the Barr body", "correct": true}, {"label": "C", "text": "Euchromatin is found in centromeric regions", "correct": false}, {"label": "D", "text": "Heterochromatin is active and less stained", "correct": false}], "correct_answer": "B. Facultative heterochromatin includes the Barr body", "question_images": [], "explanation_images": ["https://image.prepladder.com/content/KcCiLz0SypgeTOTGyDU81735189140.png"], "explanation": "\n\n<p style='font-size: 10px; color: #808080; font-style: italic;'>@dams_new_robot</p>", "bot": "@dams_new_robot", "audio": "https://image.prepladder.com/content/CThVkMmEuVsjwtCJRJaF1744166197.mp3", "video": ""}, {"text": "In a laboratory setting, E. coli bacteria are cultured in a medium where glucose and lactose is available. To increase the expression of the lac operon, which levels of lactose and cAMP would you expect to be present?", "options": [{"label": "A", "text": "High lactose and low cAMP", "correct": false}, {"label": "B", "text": "Low lactose and high cAMP", "correct": false}, {"label": "C", "text": "High lactose and high cAMP", "correct": true}, {"label": "D", "text": "Low lactose and low cAMP", "correct": false}], "correct_answer": "C. High lactose and high cAMP", "question_images": [], "explanation_images": ["https://image.prepladder.com/content/vC8YJVuUyXf4gvziqNYX1735189250.png", "https://image.prepladder.com/content/WR3T2G4jkzvy0HJQAL961727670601.png"], "explanation": "\n\n<p style='font-size: 10px; color: #808080; font-style: italic;'>@dams_new_robot</p>", "bot": "@dams_new_robot", "audio": "https://image.prepladder.com/content/BGlR7si7vmDl8OlwJRfY1744165377.mp3", "video": ""}, {"text": "Which of the following techniques is specifically designed to introduce specific genetic modifications, such as gene knock-ins or knock-outs, into the genome of an organism?", "options": [{"label": "A", "text": "FISH (Fluorescence In Situ Hybridization)", "correct": false}, {"label": "B", "text": "CRISPR-Cas", "correct": true}, {"label": "C", "text": "Recombinant DNA Technology", "correct": false}, {"label": "D", "text": "Comparative Genomic Hybridization", "correct": false}], "correct_answer": "B. CRISPR-Cas", "question_images": [], "explanation_images": [], "explanation": "\n\n<p style='font-size: 10px; color: #808080; font-style: italic;'>@dams_new_robot</p>", "bot": "@dams_new_robot", "audio": "https://image.prepladder.com/content/H4HJ0Lzy3CivWqfpykF81744164066.mp3", "video": ""}, {"text": "Which of the following is true about the significance of technology in the following image?", "options": [{"label": "A", "text": "Used to study multiple gene expressions simultaneously", "correct": true}, {"label": "B", "text": "Not used to deciding the course of treatment", "correct": false}, {"label": "C", "text": "They have been completely replaced by next-generation sequencing.", "correct": false}, {"label": "D", "text": "Not used in proteomics and genotyping.", "correct": false}], "correct_answer": "A. Used to study multiple gene expressions simultaneously", "question_images": ["https://image.prepladder.com/content/3tH3ebHmQOY2wqDnHsRz1735189374.png"], "explanation_images": [], "explanation": "\n\n<p style='font-size: 10px; color: #808080; font-style: italic;'>@dams_new_robot</p>", "bot": "@dams_new_robot", "audio": "https://image.prepladder.com/content/qlPf2QZTug53ZbbVQmZo1744163850.mp3", "video": ""}, {"text": "Which of the following vectors is most suitable for cloning large DNA fragments up to 300 kb in size?", "options": [{"label": "A", "text": "Plasmids", "correct": false}, {"label": "B", "text": "Bacteriophages", "correct": false}, {"label": "C", "text": "Bacterial Artificial Chromosomes (BACs)", "correct": true}, {"label": "D", "text": "Yeast Artificial Chromosomes (YACs)", "correct": false}], "correct_answer": "C. Bacterial Artificial Chromosomes (BACs)", "question_images": [], "explanation_images": [], "explanation": "<table cellspacing=\"0\" style=\"border-collapse:collapse; width:681px\">\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Vector</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Size</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Description</strong></p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Plasmids</strong><strong> (Option A)</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Up to 10 kb</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<ul>\n<li>Plasmids are small, <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"0919f0017e1692777184ac3748841f\">circular</span> DNA molecules commonly used in <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"b566321fe8169277719716b1cf4df0\">recombinant</span> DNA technology.</li>\n<li>They are easy to manipulate and introduce into bacterial cells. However, they typically can only accommodate small to medium-sized DNA inserts. They are not suitable for very large DNA fragments.</li>\n</ul>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Bacteriophages</strong></p>\n<p><strong>(Option B)</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>10-20 kb</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<ul>\n<li>Bacteriophages, particularly <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"480a28f2ba1692777191df6f60792d\">lambda</span> <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"d40be13a521692777194d54f866a62\">phage</span> vectors, are used for <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"64f16bfb8e1692777184c61b2356b6\">cloning</span> DNA fragments.</li>\n<li>While larger than plasmids, they are still not suitable for very large DNA fragments of 300 kb.</li>\n</ul>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Bacterial Artificial Chromosomes (BACs) </strong><strong>(Option C)</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>50-250 kb</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<ul>\n<li>BACs are vectors based on the F-plasmid of E. coli.</li>\n<li>They can accommodate large DNA inserts and are widely used for constructing genomic libraries.</li>\n</ul>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Yeast Artificial Chromosomes (YACs)</strong><strong> (Option D)</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>&gt;500</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<ul>\n<li>YACs are vectors that can accommodate very large DNA inserts, even larger than BACs.</li>\n<li>While they can certainly handle 300 kb inserts, they are more <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"607476ab371692777196d0cb2f13bc\">prone</span> to <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"fb0a25da2516927771845ff097fa8c\">chimerism</span> and <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"acb259200b16927771908888d1377c\">instability</span> compared to BACs.</li>\n</ul>\n</td>\n</tr>\n</tbody>\n\n\n<p style='font-size: 10px; color: #808080; font-style: italic;'>@dams_new_robot</p>", "bot": "@dams_new_robot", "audio": "https://image.prepladder.com/content/PHgDAyuq0GWJtxlTiQmd1741659829.mp3", "video": ""}, {"text": "Which type of blotting technique is used to detect specific RNA sequences within a sample?", "options": [{"label": "A", "text": "Southern Blotting", "correct": false}, {"label": "B", "text": "Northern Blotting", "correct": true}, {"label": "C", "text": "Western Blotting", "correct": false}, {"label": "D", "text": "Eastern blotting", "correct": false}], "correct_answer": "B. Northern Blotting", "question_images": [], "explanation_images": ["https://image.prepladder.com/content/b7NoUe5eK0Jy7jabveYN1735189557.png"], "explanation": "<table cellspacing=\"0\" style=\"border-collapse:collapse; width:623px\">\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Types</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Target</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Features</strong></p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Southern blotting</strong></p>\n<p><strong>(Option A)</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>DNA sequences</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>It involves separating DNA fragments by <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"b0bdc3a1d416927771884d50c944ec\">gel</span> electrophoresis, transferring them to a membrane, and then using labelled probes to identify specific sequences</p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Northern blotting</strong></p>\n<p><strong>(Option B)</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>RNA sequences</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>The process is similar to DNA <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"94d75664451692777183028ad73753\">blotting</span> but focuses on RNA.</p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Western blotting</strong></p>\n<p><strong>(Option C)</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Proteins</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>This technique specifically detects and analyses proteins in a complex mixture. It involves separating proteins by <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"b0bdc3a1d416927771884d50c944ec\">gel</span> electrophoresis, transferring them to a membrane, and then using specific antibodies to detect the proteins.</p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Eastern blotting</strong></p>\n<p><strong>(Option D)</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Post-translational modifications<strong> </strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>It refers to specialised Western <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"94d75664451692777183028ad73753\">blotting</span> techniques that detect specific<strong> post-translational modifications </strong>of proteins, such as <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"619ba5e99c16927771958308fb8687\">phosphorylation</span> or glycosylation.</p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n</tbody>\n\n\n<p style='font-size: 10px; color: #808080; font-style: italic;'>@dams_new_robot</p>", "bot": "@dams_new_robot", "audio": "https://image.prepladder.com/content/jaD1kV0KOAvp8skp6xN41744042537.mp3", "video": ""}, {"text": "Which type of restriction endonuclease creates staggered cuts in the DNA, producing \"sticky ends\"?", "options": [{"label": "A", "text": "Type I restriction enzymes", "correct": false}, {"label": "B", "text": "Type II restriction enzymes", "correct": true}, {"label": "C", "text": "Type III restriction enzymes", "correct": false}, {"label": "D", "text": "Type IV restriction enzymes", "correct": false}], "correct_answer": "B. Type II restriction enzymes", "question_images": [], "explanation_images": ["https://image.prepladder.com/content/b8wuo7DhVZXAWX2fRN2a1735189655.png"], "explanation": "<table cellspacing=\"0\" style=\"border-collapse:collapse; width:624px\">\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Characteristic</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Type I</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Type II</strong></p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Subunit structure</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Complex (3 subunits)</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Simple (1-2 subunits)</p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>ATP requirement</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Yes</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>No</p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Cleavage site</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Random, far from recognition site</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>At or near the recognition site</p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Recognition sequence</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Asymmetric</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Usually symmetric</p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n</tbody>\n</table>\n<table cellspacing=\"0\" style=\"border-collapse:collapse; width:NaN\">\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Sticky End</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Blunt End</strong></p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Cuts both the DNA strands at two different sites.</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Cuts both the strands at the same site.</p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Forms two complexes with overhanging ends.</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Forms two complexes with <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"324b1bfa7816927771834f9e3f6704\">blunt</span> ends.</p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n</tbody>\n\n\n<p style='font-size: 10px; color: #808080; font-style: italic;'>@dams_new_robot</p>", "bot": "@dams_new_robot", "audio": "https://image.prepladder.com/content/WumfHue2AxGTOPhVSQqh1744042367.mp3", "video": ""}, {"text": "Which of the following represents the correct sequence of steps in recombinant DNA technology?", "options": [{"label": "A", "text": "Isolation of DNA → Insertion of recombinant DNA into host → Ligation → Cutting of DNA with restriction enzymes → Selection and screening.", "correct": false}, {"label": "B", "text": "Cutting of DNA with restriction enzymes → Ligation → Isolation of DNA → Insertion of recombinant DNA into host → Selection and screening.", "correct": false}, {"label": "C", "text": "Isolation of DNA → Cutting of DNA with restriction enzymes → Ligation → Insertion of recombinant DNA into host → Selection and screening.", "correct": true}, {"label": "D", "text": "Ligation → Isolation of DNA → Cutting of DNA with restriction enzymes → Insertion of recombinant DNA into host → Selection and screening.", "correct": false}], "correct_answer": "C. Isolation of DNA → Cutting of DNA with restriction enzymes → Ligation → Insertion of recombinant DNA into host → Selection and screening.", "question_images": [], "explanation_images": ["https://image.prepladder.com/content/gGVLeKerezLw9FFxyvHh1727669366.png", "https://image.prepladder.com/content/F1l29I76IcoqbCC6Guz71735189740.png"], "explanation": "\n\n<p style='font-size: 10px; color: #808080; font-style: italic;'>@dams_new_robot</p>", "bot": "@dams_new_robot", "audio": "https://image.prepladder.com/content/LGMHuiBjvaVP5Zfbv1we1741658928.mp3", "video": ""}]; if (!Array.isArray(questions) || questions.length === 0) { throw new Error("Questions data is empty or invalid"); } debugLog(`Successfully parsed ${questions.length} questions`); } catch (e) { console.error("Failed to parse questions_json:", e); document.getElementById('error-message').innerHTML = "Error loading quiz data. Please check the console for details or contact support."; document.getElementById('error-message').classList.remove('hidden'); document.getElementById('start-test').disabled = true; // Fallback to sample questions for testing questions = [ { text: "What is 2 + 2?", options: [ { label: "A", text: "3", correct: false }, { label: "B", text: "4", correct: true }, { label: "C", text: "5", correct: false }, { label: "D", text: "6", correct: false } ], correct_answer: "B. 4", question_images: [], explanation_images: [], explanation: "<p>2 + 2 = 4</p><p>@dams_new_robot</p>", bot: "@dams_new_robot", audio: "", video: "" } ]; debugLog("Loaded fallback questions"); } // Quiz state let currentQuestion = 0; let answers = new Array(questions.length).fill(null); let markedForReview = new Array(questions.length).fill(false); let timeRemaining = 28 * 60; // Duration in seconds let timerInterval = null; const quizId = `{title.replace(/\s+/g, '_').toLowerCase()}`; // Unique ID for local storage // Load saved progress function loadProgress() { try { debugLog("Loading progress from localStorage"); const saved = localStorage.getItem(`quiz_${quizId}`); if (saved) { const { savedAnswers, savedMarked, savedTime } = JSON.parse(saved); answers = savedAnswers || answers; markedForReview = savedMarked || markedForReview; timeRemaining = savedTime !== undefined ? savedTime : timeRemaining; debugLog("Progress loaded successfully"); } else { debugLog("No saved progress found"); } } catch (e) { console.error("Error loading progress:", e); debugLog("Failed to load progress: " + e.message); } } // Save progress function saveProgress() { try { debugLog("Saving progress to localStorage"); localStorage.setItem(`quiz_${quizId}`, JSON.stringify({ savedAnswers: answers, savedMarked: markedForReview, savedTime: timeRemaining })); debugLog("Progress saved successfully"); } catch (e) { console.error("Error saving progress:", e); debugLog("Failed to save progress: " + e.message); } } // Initialize quiz function initQuiz() { try { debugLog("Initializing quiz"); loadProgress(); const startButton = document.getElementById('start-test'); if (!startButton) { throw new Error("Start test button not found"); } startButton.addEventListener('click', startQuiz); debugLog("Start test button listener attached"); document.getElementById('previous-btn').addEventListener('click', showPreviousQuestion); document.getElementById('next-btn').addEventListener('click', showNextQuestion); document.getElementById('mark-review').addEventListener('click', toggleMarkForReview); document.getElementById('nav-toggle').addEventListener('click', toggleNavPanel); document.getElementById('submit-test').addEventListener('click', showSubmitModal); document.getElementById('continue-test').addEventListener('click', closeExitModal); document.getElementById('exit-test').addEventListener('click', () => { debugLog("Exiting test"); localStorage.removeItem(`quiz_${quizId}`); window.location.reload(); }); document.getElementById('cancel-submit').addEventListener('click', closeSubmitModal); document.getElementById('confirm-submit').addEventListener('click', submitTest); document.getElementById('take-again').addEventListener('click', () => { debugLog("Restarting test"); localStorage.removeItem(`quiz_${quizId}`); window.location.reload(); }); document.getElementById('review-test').addEventListener('click', () => showResults(currentResultQuestion)); document.getElementById('close-nav').addEventListener('click', toggleNavPanel); document.getElementById('theme-toggle').addEventListener('click', toggleTheme); document.getElementById('nav-filter').addEventListener('change', updateNavPanel); document.getElementById('prev-result').addEventListener('click', showPreviousResult); document.getElementById('next-result').addEventListener('click', showNextResult); document.getElementById('results-nav-toggle').addEventListener('click', toggleResultsNavPanel); document.getElementById('close-results-nav').addEventListener('click', toggleResultsNavPanel); document.getElementById('results-nav-filter').addEventListener('change', updateResultsNavPanel); debugLog("Quiz initialized successfully"); } catch (e) { console.error("Failed to initialize quiz:", e); debugLog("Failed to initialize quiz: " + e.message); document.getElementById('error-message').innerHTML = "Error initializing quiz. Please check the console for details or contact support."; document.getElementById('error-message').classList.remove('hidden'); document.getElementById('start-test').disabled = true; } } // Start quiz function startQuiz() { try { debugLog("Starting quiz"); document.getElementById('instructions').classList.add('hidden'); document.getElementById('quiz').classList.remove('hidden'); showQuestion(currentQuestion); startTimer(); updateNavPanel(); debugLog("Quiz started successfully"); } catch (e) { console.error("Error starting quiz:", e); debugLog("Failed to start quiz: " + e.message); document.getElementById('error-message').innerHTML = "Error starting quiz. Please check the console for details or contact support."; document.getElementById('error-message').classList.remove('hidden'); document.getElementById('quiz').classList.add('hidden'); document.getElementById('instructions').classList.remove('hidden'); } } // Show question function showQuestion(index) { try { debugLog(`Showing question ${index + 1}`); currentQuestion = index; const q = questions[index]; if (!q) { throw new Error(`Question ${index} is undefined`); } document.getElementById('question-number').innerHTML = `Question <span>${index + 1}</span> of ${questions.length}`; document.getElementById('question-text').innerHTML = q.text || "No question text available"; const imagesDiv = document.getElementById('question-images'); imagesDiv.innerHTML = q.question_images && q.question_images.length > 0 ? q.question_images.map(url => `<img src="${url}" alt="Question Image" class="max-w-full h-auto rounded-lg">`).join('') : ''; const optionsDiv = document.getElementById('options'); optionsDiv.innerHTML = q.options && q.options.length > 0 ? q.options.map(opt => ` <button class="option-btn w-full text-left p-3 border rounded-lg ${answers[index] === opt.label ? 'selected' : ''}" onclick="selectOption(${index}, '${opt.label}')" aria-label="Option ${opt.label}: ${opt.text}"> ${opt.label}. ${opt.text} </button> `).join('') : '<p class="text-red-500">No options available</p>'; document.getElementById('previous-btn').disabled = index === 0; document.getElementById('next-btn').disabled = index === questions.length - 1; document.getElementById('mark-review').classList.toggle('marked', markedForReview[index]); updateProgressBar(); saveProgress(); window.scrollTo({ top: 0, behavior: 'smooth' }); debugLog(`Question ${index + 1} displayed successfully`); } catch (e) { console.error("Error displaying question:", e); debugLog("Failed to display question: " + e.message); } } // Select option function selectOption(index, label) { try { debugLog(`Selecting option ${label} for question ${index + 1}`); answers[index] = label; const optionsDiv = document.getElementById('options'); const optionButtons = optionsDiv.querySelectorAll('.option-btn'); optionButtons.forEach(btn => { const btnLabel = btn.textContent.trim().split('.')[0]; btn.classList.toggle('selected', btnLabel === label); }); updateNavPanel(); saveProgress(); debugLog(`Option ${label} selected for question ${index + 1}`); } catch (e) { console.error("Error selecting option:", e); debugLog("Failed to select option: " + e.message); } } // Toggle mark for review function toggleMarkForReview() { try { debugLog(`Toggling mark for review on question ${currentQuestion + 1}`); markedForReview[currentQuestion] = !markedForReview[currentQuestion]; document.getElementById('mark-review').classList.toggle('marked', markedForReview[currentQuestion]); updateNavPanel(); saveProgress(); debugLog(`Mark for review toggled for question ${currentQuestion + 1}`); } catch (e) { console.error("Error marking for review:", e); debugLog("Failed to mark for review: " + e.message); } } // Navigate to previous question function showPreviousQuestion() { try { debugLog(`Navigating to previous question from ${currentQuestion + 1}`); if (currentQuestion > 0) { currentQuestion--; showQuestion(currentQuestion); } } catch (e) { console.error("Error navigating to previous question:", e); debugLog("Failed to navigate to previous question: " + e.message); } } // Navigate to next question function showNextQuestion() { try { debugLog(`Navigating to next question from ${currentQuestion + 1}`); if (currentQuestion < questions.length - 1) { currentQuestion++; showQuestion(currentQuestion); } } catch (e) { console.error("Error navigating to next question:", e); debugLog("Failed to navigate to next question: " + e.message); } } // Handle question navigation click function handleQuestionNavClick(index) { try { debugLog(`Navigating to question ${index + 1} via nav panel`); showQuestion(index); toggleNavPanel(); } catch (e) { console.error("Error handling navigation click:", e); debugLog("Failed to navigate via nav panel: " + e.message); } } // Start timer function startTimer() { try { debugLog("Starting timer"); timerInterval = setInterval(() => { if (timeRemaining <= 0) { debugLog("Timer expired, submitting test"); clearInterval(timerInterval); submitTest(); } else { timeRemaining--; const minutes = Math.floor(timeRemaining / 60); const seconds = timeRemaining % 60; document.getElementById('timer').innerHTML = `Time Remaining: <span>${minutes.toString().padStart(2, '0')}:${seconds.toString().padStart(2, '0')}</span>`; saveProgress(); } }, 1000); debugLog("Timer started successfully"); } catch (e) { console.error("Error starting timer:", e); debugLog("Failed to start timer: " + e.message); } } // Update progress bar function updateProgressBar() { try { debugLog("Updating progress bar"); const progress = ((currentQuestion + 1) / questions.length) * 100; document.getElementById('progress-bar').style.width = `${progress}%`; debugLog("Progress bar updated"); } catch (e) { console.error("Error updating progress bar:", e); debugLog("Failed to update progress bar: " + e.message); } } // Update quiz navigation panel function updateNavPanel() { try { debugLog("Updating quiz navigation panel"); const filter = document.getElementById('nav-filter').value; const navGrid = document.getElementById('nav-grid'); navGrid.innerHTML = questions.map((_, i) => { if (filter === 'answered' && !answers[i]) return ''; if (filter === 'unanswered' && answers[i]) return ''; if (filter === 'marked' && !markedForReview[i]) return ''; return ` <button class="question-nav-btn ${answers[i] ? 'answered' : 'unanswered'} ${markedForReview[i] ? 'marked-nav' : ''}" onclick="handleQuestionNavClick(${i})" aria-label="Go to Question ${i + 1}"> ${i + 1} </button> `; }).join(''); debugLog("Quiz navigation panel updated"); } catch (e) { console.error("Error updating quiz navigation panel:", e); debugLog("Failed to update quiz navigation panel: " + e.message); } } // Update results navigation panel function updateResultsNavPanel() { try { debugLog("Updating results navigation panel"); const filter = document.getElementById('results-nav-filter').value; const navGrid = document.getElementById('results-nav-grid'); navGrid.innerHTML = questions.map((_, i) => { if (filter === 'answered' && !answers[i]) return ''; if (filter === 'unanswered' && answers[i]) return ''; if (filter === 'marked' && !markedForReview[i]) return ''; return ` <button class="result-nav-btn-grid ${answers[i] ? 'answered' : 'unanswered'} ${markedForReview[i] ? 'marked-nav' : ''}" onclick="handleResultNavClick(${i})" aria-label="Go to Result for Question ${i + 1}"> ${i + 1} </button> `; }).join(''); debugLog("Results navigation panel updated"); } catch (e) { console.error("Error updating results navigation panel:", e); debugLog("Failed to update results navigation panel: " + e.message); } } // Toggle quiz navigation panel function toggleNavPanel() { try { debugLog("Toggling quiz navigation panel"); const navPanel = document.getElementById('nav-panel'); navPanel.classList.toggle('hidden'); debugLog("Quiz navigation panel toggled"); } catch (e) { console.error("Error toggling quiz navigation panel:", e); debugLog("Failed to toggle quiz navigation panel: " + e.message); } } // Toggle results navigation panel function toggleResultsNavPanel() { try { debugLog("Toggling results navigation panel"); const resultsNavPanel = document.getElementById('results-nav-panel'); resultsNavPanel.classList.toggle('hidden'); if (!resultsNavPanel.classList.contains('hidden')) { updateResultsNavPanel(); } debugLog("Results navigation panel toggled"); } catch (e) { console.error("Error toggling results navigation panel:", e); debugLog("Failed to toggle results navigation panel: " + e.message); } } // Handle result navigation click function handleResultNavClick(index) { try { debugLog(`Navigating to result for question ${index + 1} via nav panel`); showResults(index); toggleResultsNavPanel(); } catch (e) { console.error("Error handling result navigation click:", e); debugLog("Failed to navigate to result: " + e.message); } } // Show submit modal function showSubmitModal() { try { debugLog("Showing submit modal"); const attempted = answers.filter(a => a !== null).length; document.getElementById('attempted-count').textContent = attempted; document.getElementById('unattempted-count').textContent = questions.length - attempted; document.getElementById('submit-modal').classList.remove('hidden'); debugLog("Submit modal displayed"); } catch (e) { console.error("Error showing submit modal:", e); debugLog("Failed to show submit modal: " + e.message); } } // Close submit modal function closeSubmitModal() { try { debugLog("Closing submit modal"); document.getElementById('submit-modal').classList.add('hidden'); debugLog("Submit modal closed"); } catch (e) { console.error("Error closing submit modal:", e); debugLog("Failed to close submit modal: " + e.message); } } // Close exit modal function closeExitModal() { try { debugLog("Closing exit modal"); document.getElementById('exit-modal').classList.add('hidden'); debugLog("Exit modal closed"); } catch (e) { console.error("Error closing exit modal:", e); debugLog("Failed to close exit modal: " + e.message); } } // Submit test function submitTest() { try { debugLog("Submitting test"); clearInterval(timerInterval); document.getElementById('quiz').classList.add('hidden'); document.getElementById('submit-modal').classList.add('hidden'); document.getElementById('results').classList.remove('hidden'); showResults(0); // Start with first question // Trigger confetti animation confetti({ particleCount: 100, spread: 70, origin: { y: 0.6 } }); localStorage.removeItem(`quiz_${quizId}`); debugLog("Test submitted successfully"); } catch (e) { console.error("Error submitting test:", e); debugLog("Failed to submit test: " + e.message); } } // Show result for a single question function showResults(index) { try { debugLog(`Showing result for question ${index + 1}`); currentResultQuestion = index; let correct = 0, wrong = 0, unanswered = 0, marked = 0; answers.forEach((answer, i) => { const isCorrect = answer && questions[i].options.find(opt => opt.label === answer)?.correct; if (answer === null) unanswered++; else if (isCorrect) correct++; else wrong++; if (markedForReview[i]) marked++; }); const q = questions[index]; if (!q) { throw new Error(`Question ${index} is undefined`); } const userAnswer = answers[index]; const isCorrect = userAnswer && q.options.find(opt => opt.label === userAnswer)?.correct; const resultsContent = document.getElementById('results-content'); resultsContent.innerHTML = ` <div class="border p-4 rounded-lg ${isCorrect ? 'bg-green-50' : userAnswer ? 'bg-red-50' : 'bg-gray-50'}"> <p class="font-semibold">Question ${index + 1}: ${q.text || 'No question text'}</p> ${q.question_images && q.question_images.length > 0 ? q.question_images.map(url => `<img src="${url}" alt="Question Image" class="max-w-full h-auto rounded-lg my-2">`).join('') : ''} <p><strong>Your Answer:</strong> ${userAnswer ? `${userAnswer}. ${q.options.find(opt => opt.label === userAnswer)?.text || 'Invalid option'}` : 'Unanswered'}</p> <p><strong>Correct Answer:</strong> ${q.correct_answer || 'Unknown'}</p> <div class="mt-2">${q.explanation || 'No explanation available'}</div> ${q.explanation_images && q.explanation_images.length > 0 ? q.explanation_images.map(url => `<img src="${url}" alt="Explanation Image" class="max-w-full h-auto rounded-lg my-2">`).join('') : ''} ${q.video ? ` <button class="play-video bg-blue-500 text-white px-4 py-2 rounded-lg mt-2" onclick="loadVideo(this, '${q.video}', 'video-${index}')" aria-label="Play explanation video for Question ${index + 1}"> Play Video Explanation </button> <div id="video-${index}" class="video-container mt-2"></div> ` : '<p class="text-gray-500 mt-2">No video available</p>'} ${q.audio ? ` <button class="play-audio bg-blue-500 text-white px-4 py-2 rounded-lg mt-2" onclick="loadAudio(this, '${q.audio}', 'audio-${index}')" aria-label="Play audio explanation for Question ${index + 1}"> Play Audio Explanation </button> <div id="audio-${index}" class="audio-container mt-2"></div> ` : ''} </div> `; document.getElementById('correct-count').textContent = correct; document.getElementById('wrong-count').textContent = wrong; document.getElementById('unanswered-count').textContent = unanswered; document.getElementById('marked-count').textContent = marked; document.getElementById('result-question-number').innerHTML = `Question <span>${index + 1}</span> of ${questions.length}`; document.getElementById('prev-result').disabled = index === 0; document.getElementById('next-result').disabled = index === questions.length - 1; updateResultsNavPanel(); window.scrollTo({ top: 0, behavior: 'smooth' }); debugLog(`Result for question ${index + 1} displayed successfully`); } catch (e) { console.error("Error displaying result:", e); debugLog("Failed to display result: " + e.message); } } // Navigate to previous result function showPreviousResult() { try { debugLog(`Navigating to previous result from question ${currentResultQuestion + 1}`); if (currentResultQuestion > 0) { showResults(currentResultQuestion - 1); } } catch (e) { console.error("Error navigating to previous result:", e); debugLog("Failed to navigate to previous result: " + e.message); } } // Navigate to next result function showNextResult() { try { debugLog(`Navigating to next result from question ${currentResultQuestion + 1}`); if (currentResultQuestion < questions.length - 1) { showResults(currentResultQuestion + 1); } } catch (e) { console.error("Error navigating to next result:", e); debugLog("Failed to navigate to next result: " + e.message); } } // Lazy-load video function loadVideo(button, videoUrl, containerId) { try { debugLog(`Loading video for ${containerId}: ${videoUrl}`); if (!videoUrl) { const container = document.getElementById(containerId); container.innerHTML = `<p class="text-gray-500">No video available</p>`; button.remove(); debugLog("No video URL provided"); return; } const container = document.getElementById(containerId); container.innerHTML = ` <div class="video-loading"></div> <video controls class="w-full max-w-[600px] rounded-lg" preload="metadata" aria-label="Video explanation"> <source src="${videoUrl}" type="${videoUrl.endsWith('.m3u8') ? 'application/x-mpegURL' : 'video/mp4'}"> Your browser does not support the video tag. </video> `; container.classList.add('active'); button.remove(); // Initialize HLS.js for .m3u8 videos const video = container.querySelector('video'); if (videoUrl.endsWith('.m3u8') && Hls.isSupported()) { const hls = new Hls(); hls.loadSource(videoUrl); hls.attachMedia(video); hls.on(Hls.Events.ERROR, (event, data) => { console.error("HLS.js error:", data); container.innerHTML = `<p class="text-red-500">Error loading video. <a href="${videoUrl}" target="_blank" aria-label="Open video in new tab">Open video</a></p>`; debugLog("HLS.js error: " + JSON.stringify(data)); }); } else if (videoUrl.endsWith('.m3u8') && video.canPlayType('application/vnd.apple.mpegurl')) { video.src = videoUrl; } // Handle video load errors video.onerror = () => { console.error("Video load error for URL:", videoUrl); container.innerHTML = `<p class="text-red-500">Error loading video. <a href="${videoUrl}" target="_blank" aria-label="Open video in new tab">Open video</a></p>`; debugLog("Video load error for URL: " + videoUrl); }; // Remove loading spinner when video is ready video.onloadedmetadata = () => { container.querySelector('.video-loading').remove(); debugLog("Video loaded successfully"); }; } catch (e) { console.error("Error loading video:", e); debugLog("Failed to load video: " + e.message); const container = document.getElementById(containerId); container.innerHTML = `<p class="text-red-500">Error loading video. <a href="${videoUrl}" target="_blank" aria-label="Open video in new tab">Open video</a></p>`; } } // Lazy-load audio function loadAudio(button, audioUrl, containerId) { try { debugLog(`Loading audio for ${containerId}: ${audioUrl}`); if (!audioUrl) { const container = document.getElementById(containerId); container.innerHTML = `<p class="text-gray-500">No audio available</p>`; button.remove(); debugLog("No audio URL provided"); return; } const container = document.getElementById(containerId); container.innerHTML = ` <audio controls class="w-full max-w-[600px]" preload="metadata" aria-label="Audio explanation"> <source src="${audioUrl}" type="audio/mpeg"> Your browser does not support the audio tag. </audio> `; container.classList.add('active'); button.remove(); // Handle audio load errors const audio = container.querySelector('audio'); audio.onerror = () => { console.error("Audio load error for URL:", audioUrl); container.innerHTML = `<p class="text-red-500">Error loading audio. <a href="${audioUrl}" target="_blank" aria-label="Open audio in new tab">Open audio</a></p>`; debugLog("Audio load error for URL: " + audioUrl); }; debugLog("Audio loaded successfully"); } catch (e) { console.error("Error loading audio:", e); debugLog("Failed to load audio: " + e.message); const container = document.getElementById(containerId); container.innerHTML = `<p class="text-red-500">Error loading audio. <a href="${audioUrl}" target="_blank" aria-label="Open audio in new tab">Open audio</a></p>`; } } // Toggle dark mode function toggleTheme() { try { debugLog("Toggling theme"); document.documentElement.classList.toggle('dark'); localStorage.setItem('theme', document.documentElement.classList.contains('dark') ? 'dark' : 'light'); debugLog("Theme toggled successfully"); } catch (e) { console.error("Error toggling theme:", e); debugLog("Failed to toggle theme: " + e.message); } } // Load theme preference function loadTheme() { try { debugLog("Loading theme preference"); const theme = localStorage.getItem('theme'); if (theme === 'dark') { document.documentElement.classList.add('dark'); } debugLog("Theme loaded successfully"); } catch (e) { console.error("Error loading theme:", e); debugLog("Failed to load theme: " + e.message); } } // Initialize on DOM content loaded window.addEventListener('DOMContentLoaded', () => { try { debugLog("DOM content loaded, initializing quiz"); loadTheme(); initQuiz(); } catch (e) { console.error("Error during DOMContentLoaded:", e); debugLog("Failed to initialize on DOMContentLoaded: " + e.message); document.getElementById('error-message').innerHTML = "Error initializing quiz. Please check the console for details or contact support."; document.getElementById('error-message').classList.remove('hidden'); } }); </script> </body> </html>" frameborder="0" width="100%" height="2000px">
<div class="bg-white rounded-lg shadow-md p-4 md:p-6"> <h2 class="text-xl font-semibold mb-4">Instructions</h2> <h4 class="text-gray-800 text-lg font-semibold mt-6 mb-4">Test Features:</h4> <ul class="space-y-3"> <li class="flex items-center gap-3"> <i class="fa-solid fa-circle-check text-green-500"></i> Multiple choice questions with single correct answers </li> <li class="flex items-center gap-3"> <i class="fa-solid fa-circle-check text-green-500"></i> Timer-based testing for realistic exam conditions </li> <li class="flex items-center gap-3"> <i class="fa-solid fa-circle-check text-green-500"></i> Mark questions for review functionality </li> <li class="flex items-center gap-3"> <i class="fa-solid fa-circle-check text-green-500"></i> Comprehensive results and performance analysis </li> <li class="flex items-center gap-3"> <i class="fa-solid fa-circle-check text-green-500"></i> Mobile-optimized interface for learning on-the-go </li> </ul> <div class="mt-6 flex space-x-4 button-group md:flex-row flex-col"> <button class="bg-[#2c5281] text-white px-6 py-2 rounded-lg hover:bg-[#2c5281] transition" id="start-test">Start Test</button> </div> <div class="error-message hidden" id="error-message"></div> </div> </section> <!-- Quiz Section --> <section class="container mx-auto px-4 md:px-6 pt-4 md:pt-6 pb-1 hidden section-transition" id="quiz"> <div class="bg-white rounded-lg shadow-md p-4 md:p-6"> <!-- Progress Bar --> <div class="w-full bg-gray-200 rounded-full h-3 mb-4"> <div class="progress-bar h-3 rounded-full" id="progress-bar" style="width: 0%"></div> </div> <!-- Question Header --> <div class="flex flex-col md:flex-row justify-between items-center mb-4"> <h2 class="text-lg font-semibold" id="question-number">Question <span>1</span> of 4</h2> <p class="text-lg font-semibold mt-2 md:mt-0" id="timer">Time Remaining: <span>00:00</span></p> </div> <!-- Question Content --> <div class="mb-6" id="question-content"> <p class="text-gray-800 mb-4" id="question-text"></p> <div class="flex flex-wrap gap-4 mb-4" id="question-images"></div> <div class="space-y-3" id="options"></div> </div> <!-- Navigation Buttons --> <div class="flex flex-col md:flex-row justify-between items-center gap-2 md:gap-4"> <div class="flex gap-2 w-full md:w-auto"> <button class="bg-[#2c5281] text-white px-4 py-3 w-full md:w-32 h-14 rounded-lg hover:bg-[#2c5281] transition" disabled="" id="previous-btn">Previous</button> <button class="bg-[#2c5281] text-white px-4 py-3 w-full md:w-32 h-14 rounded-lg hover:bg-[#2c5281] transition" id="next-btn">Next</button> </div> <div class="flex items-center gap-2"> <button class="bg-transparent text-gray-700 px-4 py-2 rounded-lg hover:bg-gray-100 transition flex items-center gap-1" id="mark-review"> Review <svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" class="h-5 w-5" viewBox="0 0 20 20" fill="currentColor"> <path d="M10 2a1 1 0 00-1 1v14l3.293-3.293a1 1 0 011.414 0L17 17V3a1 1 0 00-1-1H10z" /> </svg> </button> <button class="bg-transparent text-gray-700 px-4 py-2 rounded-lg hover:bg-gray-100 transition flex items-center gap-1" id="nav-toggle"> Question 🧭 </button> <button class="bg-green-500 text-white px-6 py-3 w-44 h-14 rounded-lg hover:bg-green-600 transition w-full md:w-auto" id="submit-test">Submit Test</button> </div> </div> </section> <!-- Results Section --> <section class="container mx-auto px-4 md:px-6 pt-4 md:pt-6 pb-1 hidden section-transition" id="results"> <div class="bg-white rounded-lg shadow-md p-4 md:p-6"> <h2 class="text-2xl font-semibold mb-4">Anaesthesia Machine - Results</h2> <div class="grid grid-cols-1 md:grid-cols-2 gap-4 mb-6"> <p><strong>Correct:</strong> <span id="correct-count" class="text-[#000000]">0</span></p> <p><strong>Wrong:</strong> <span id="wrong-count" class="text-[#000000]">0</span></p> <p><strong>Unanswered:</strong> <span id="unanswered-count" class="text-[#000000]-500">0</span></p> <p><strong>Marked for Review:</strong> <span id="marked-count" class="text-[#000000]">0</span></p> </div> <h3 class="text-lg font-semibold mb-4" id="result-question-number">Question <span>1</span> of 4</h3> <div class="space-y-6" id="results-content"></div> <div class="result-nav"> <button aria-label="Previous question result" class="result-nav-btn bg-[#2c5281] text-white px-6 py-2 rounded-lg hover:bg-[#2c5281] transition" disabled="" id="prev-result">Previous</button> <button aria-label="Toggle results navigation panel" class="result-nav-btn bg-[#2c5281] text-white px-6 py-2 rounded-lg hover:bg-[#2c5281] transition" id="results-nav-toggle">Result 🧭</button> <button aria-label="Next question result" class="result-nav-btn bg-[#2c5281] text-white px-6 py-2 rounded-lg hover:bg-[#2c5281] transition" id="next-result">Next</button> </div> <div class="mt-6 flex space-x-4 button-group md:flex-row flex-col"> <button class="bg-green-500 text-white px-6 py-2 rounded-lg hover:bg-green-600 transition" id="take-again">Take Again</button> </div> </div> </section> <!-- Exit Confirmation Modal --> <div class="fixed inset-0 bg-black bg-opacity-50 flex items-center justify-center hidden" id="exit-modal"> <div class="bg-white rounded-lg p-6 max-w-sm w-full"> <h2 class="text-xl font-semibold mb-4">Leave Test?</h2> <p class="text-gray-700 mb-4">Your progress will be lost if you leave this page. Are you sure you want to exit?</p> <div class="flex justify-end space-x-4"> <button class="bg-gray-300 text-gray-700 px-4 py-2 rounded-lg hover:bg-gray-400 transition" id="continue-test">No, Continue</button> <button class="bg-red-500 text-white px-4 py-2 rounded-lg hover:bg-red-600 transition" id="exit-test">Yes, Exit</button> </div> </div> </div> <!-- Submit Confirmation Modal --> <div class="fixed inset-0 bg-black bg-opacity-50 flex items-center justify-center hidden" id="submit-modal"> <div class="bg-white rounded-lg p-6 max-w-sm w-full"> <h2 class="text-xl font-semibold mb-4">Confirm Submission</h2> <p class="text-gray-700 mb-2">You have attempted <span id="attempted-count">0</span> of 27 questions.</p> <p class="text-gray-700 mb-4"><span id="unattempted-count">0</span> questions are unattempted.</p> <div class="flex justify-end space-x-4"> <button class="bg-gray-300 text-gray-700 px-4 py-2 rounded-lg hover:bg-gray-400 transition" id="cancel-submit">Cancel</button> <button class="bg-green-500 text-white px-4 py-2 rounded-lg hover:bg-green-600 transition" id="confirm-submit">Submit Test</button> </div> </div> </div> <!-- Quiz Navigation Panel --> <div class="fixed inset-y-0 right-0 nav-panel bg-white shadow-lg p-4 hidden overflow-y-auto" id="nav-panel"> <h2 class="text-lg font-semibold mb-4">Questions Navigation</h2> <div class="mb-4"> <select class="w-full p-2 border rounded-lg text-gray-700" id="nav-filter"> <option value="all">All Questions</option> <option value="answered">Answered</option> <option value="unanswered">Unanswered</option> <option value="marked">Marked for Review</option> </select> </div> <div class="grid grid-cols-5 gap-2 md:gap-3" id="nav-grid"></div> <button class="mt-4 bg-gray-500 text-white px-4 py-2 rounded-lg hover:bg-gray-600 transition w-full" id="close-nav">Close</button> </div> <!-- Results Navigation Panel --> <div class="fixed inset-y-0 right-0 results-nav-panel bg-white shadow-lg p-4 hidden overflow-y-auto" id="results-nav-panel"> <h2 class="text-lg font-semibold mb-4">Results Navigation</h2> <div class="mb-4"> <select class="w-full p-2 border rounded-lg text-gray-700" id="results-nav-filter"> <option value="all">All Questions</option> <option value="answered">Answered</option> <option value="unanswered">Unanswered</option> <option value="marked">Marked for Review</option> </select> </div> <div class="grid grid-cols-5 gap-2 md:gap-3" id="results-nav-grid"></div> <button class="mt-4 bg-gray-500 text-white px-4 py-2 rounded-lg hover:bg-gray-600 transition w-full" id="close-results-nav">Close</button> </div> <!-- JavaScript Logic --> <script> // Enable debug mode for detailed logging const DEBUG_MODE = true; // Log debug messages function debugLog(message) { if (DEBUG_MODE) { console.log(`[DEBUG] ${message}`); } } // Initialize questions with error handling let questions = []; let currentResultQuestion = 0; // State for current question in results try { debugLog("Attempting to parse questions_json"); questions = [{"text": "Which of the following is not a requirement for the activity of DNA polymerase during DNA replication?", "options": [{"label": "A", "text": "A primer with a free 3′-OH group", "correct": false}, {"label": "B", "text": "A single-stranded DNA template", "correct": false}, {"label": "C", "text": "Free ribonucleoside triphosphates (rNTPs)", "correct": true}, {"label": "D", "text": "A divalent cation cofactor, typically Mg²⁺", "correct": false}], "correct_answer": "C. Free ribonucleoside triphosphates (rNTPs)", "question_images": [], "explanation_images": [], "explanation": "\n\n<p style='font-size: 10px; color: #808080; font-style: italic;'>@dams_new_robot</p>", "bot": "@dams_new_robot", "audio": "https://image.prepladder.com/content/1wnozCjH7SRjjNATg8u21739978773.mp3", "video": ""}, {"text": "A scientist observes the process of DNA replication in a human stem cell. He takes a sample of double-stranded DNA from the cell and studies it separately. He finds that the total amount of adenine in the sample is 24%. From the given information, what percentage of cytosine is present in the sample?", "options": [{"label": "A", "text": "52%", "correct": false}, {"label": "B", "text": "24%", "correct": false}, {"label": "C", "text": "30%", "correct": false}, {"label": "D", "text": "26%", "correct": true}], "correct_answer": "D. 26%", "question_images": [], "explanation_images": ["https://image.prepladder.com/content/wqDPh6vDy0dTeGhSrFVU1735186124.png"], "explanation": "\n\n<p style='font-size: 10px; color: #808080; font-style: italic;'>@dams_new_robot</p>", "bot": "@dams_new_robot", "audio": "https://image.prepladder.com/content/16gzGOhSCmtIbJNX3jjU1739809650.mp3", "video": ""}, {"text": "What is the wavelength at which nucleic acids show maximum absorbance of UV light?", "options": [{"label": "A", "text": "260 nm", "correct": true}, {"label": "B", "text": "280 nm", "correct": false}, {"label": "C", "text": "400 nm", "correct": false}, {"label": "D", "text": "340 nm", "correct": false}], "correct_answer": "A. 260 nm", "question_images": [], "explanation_images": [], "explanation": "<table>\n<thead>\n<tr>\n<th><strong>Molecule</strong></th>\n<th><strong>Maximum <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"1afa3cc37416927771805a37f77fd0\">Absorbance</span> (nm)</strong></th>\n<th><strong>Reason</strong></th>\n</tr>\n</thead>\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<td><strong>DNA/RNA</strong></td>\n<td><strong>260 nm</strong></td>\n<td>Nitrogenous <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"1ec6e3e9e11692777182b1220b131a\">bases</span> (purines &amp; pyrimidines)</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td><strong>Proteins</strong></td>\n<td><strong>280 nm (Option B ruled out)</strong></td>\n<td>Aromatic <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"543f207eb51692777181723491a358\">amino</span> acids (tryptophan &amp; tyrosine)</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td><strong>NADH/NADPH </strong></td>\n<td><strong>340 nm (Option D ruled out)</strong></td>\n<td>Reduced <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"5eb9769383169277719347453a36cc\">nicotinamide</span> ring</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td><strong>Hemoglobin</strong></td>\n<td><strong>400 nm (Option C ruled out)</strong></td>\n<td>Heme group</td>\n</tr>\n</tbody>\n\n\n<p style='font-size: 10px; color: #808080; font-style: italic;'>@dams_new_robot</p>", "bot": "@dams_new_robot", "audio": "https://image.prepladder.com/content/0Z4VXnhVkam444bPFarM1739809757.mp3", "video": ""}, {"text": "What sequence is repeated in human telomeres?", "options": [{"label": "A", "text": "5'-TTAAGG-3'", "correct": false}, {"label": "B", "text": "5'-GGTACC-3'", "correct": false}, {"label": "C", "text": "5'-TTAGGG-3'", "correct": true}, {"label": "D", "text": "5'-AGCTAG-3'", "correct": false}], "correct_answer": "C. 5'-TTAGGG-3'", "question_images": [], "explanation_images": [], "explanation": "<table>\n<thead>\n<tr>\n<th><strong>Feature</strong></th>\n<th><strong>Description</strong></th>\n</tr>\n</thead>\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<td><strong>Sequence</strong></td>\n<td>5'-TTAGGG-3' repeat</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td><strong>Function</strong></td>\n<td>Protects <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"7157c1f59916927771846116d74646\">chromosome</span> ends from <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"d395f610461692777185cbe8b8806d\">degradation</span> and fusion</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td><strong>Telomerase Activity</strong></td>\n<td>Adds repeats using an RNA template</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td><strong>Shortening Effect</strong></td>\n<td>Telomeres shorten with each <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"17827b01cc1692777184bf6f27f6ad\">cell division</span> due to incomplete <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"28789851281692777191ee17a9bce7\">lagging strand</span> synthesis</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td><strong>Associated Diseases</strong></td>\n<td>Premature <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"b9d804af7716927772001ebdb234b1\">telomere</span> shortening is <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"8d0fca798b1692777191b6cd41880f\">linked</span> to <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"c13872f9e3169277718001d2a0f063\">aging</span> and diseases like <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"8faaca347f16927771861001cbc1a8\">dyskeratosis</span> congenita and <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"1ea06afcbd1692777181199bfa3300\">aplastic</span> anemia</td>\n</tr>\n</tbody>\n\n\n<p style='font-size: 10px; color: #808080; font-style: italic;'>@dams_new_robot</p>", "bot": "@dams_new_robot", "audio": "https://image.prepladder.com/content/RJY6tqPfKb79fvoUWfvL1739981565.mp3", "video": ""}, {"text": "Which of the following is not caused by a defective NER mechanism?", "options": [{"label": "A", "text": "Xeroderma pigmentosum (XP)", "correct": false}, {"label": "B", "text": "Cockayne syndrome (CS)", "correct": false}, {"label": "C", "text": "Trichothiodystrophy (TTD)", "correct": false}, {"label": "D", "text": "Werner syndrome (WS)", "correct": true}], "correct_answer": "D. Werner syndrome (WS)", "question_images": [], "explanation_images": ["https://image.prepladder.com/content/MUI452xSmO63RuGtHRbY1735186253.png"], "explanation": "\n\n<p style='font-size: 10px; color: #808080; font-style: italic;'>@dams_new_robot</p>", "bot": "@dams_new_robot", "audio": "https://image.prepladder.com/content/i0erERiV2OaIxa5z7FfN1744040967.mp3", "video": ""}, {"text": "What is the role of UvrABC exinuclease in nucleotide excision repair (NER)?", "options": [{"label": "A", "text": "It fills in the gap with new nucleotides", "correct": false}, {"label": "B", "text": "It recognizes and excises damaged DNA segments.", "correct": true}, {"label": "C", "text": "It seals the DNA strand after repair.", "correct": false}, {"label": "D", "text": "It unwinds the DNA double helix.", "correct": false}], "correct_answer": "B. It recognizes and excises damaged DNA segments.", "question_images": [], "explanation_images": ["https://image.prepladder.com/content/AD5szjEjFmYLCNywEIRO1735186386.png"], "explanation": "\n\n<p style='font-size: 10px; color: #808080; font-style: italic;'>@dams_new_robot</p>", "bot": "@dams_new_robot", "audio": "https://image.prepladder.com/content/GWAPqc8mLR2qnbBDmIDP1739981434.mp3", "video": ""}, {"text": "Mismatch repair defects are mostly associated with which of the following?", "options": [{"label": "A", "text": "Hereditary Nonpolyposis Colon Cancer (HNPCC)", "correct": true}, {"label": "B", "text": "Familial Adenomatous Polyposis (FAP)", "correct": false}, {"label": "C", "text": "Li-Fraumeni syndrome", "correct": false}, {"label": "D", "text": "Retinoblastoma", "correct": false}], "correct_answer": "A. Hereditary Nonpolyposis Colon Cancer (HNPCC)", "question_images": [], "explanation_images": [], "explanation": "<table>\n<thead>\n<tr>\n<th><strong>Syndrome</strong></th>\n<th><strong>Genetic Defect</strong></th>\n<th><strong>Cancer Risk</strong></th>\n</tr>\n</thead>\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<td><strong>HNPCC (Lynch Syndrome)</strong></td>\n<td><strong>MMR gene mutations (MLH1, MSH2, MSH6, PMS2)</strong></td>\n<td><strong>Colorectal, endometrial, ovarian, <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"12347b15191692777188bc86d226e1\">gastric</span> cancers</strong></td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td><strong>FAP (Familial <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"bf1f32fbd81692777180c0d2485ab2\">Adenomatous</span> Polyposis) (Option B ruled out)</strong></td>\n<td><strong>APC gene mutation</strong></td>\n<td><strong>Multiple <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"f04bf2125316927771847bfe139191\">colorectal</span> adenomas, <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"0fce15e71f1692777184feb9af5303\">colon</span> cancer</strong></td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td><strong>Li-Fraumeni Syndrome (Option C ruled out)</strong></td>\n<td><strong>TP53 mutation</strong></td>\n<td><strong>Breast, brain, sarcomas, leukemias</strong></td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td><strong>Retinoblastoma (Option D ruled out)</strong></td>\n<td><strong>RB1 gene mutation</strong></td>\n<td><strong>Retinoblastoma, osteosarcoma</strong></td>\n</tr>\n</tbody>\n\n\n<p style='font-size: 10px; color: #808080; font-style: italic;'>@dams_new_robot</p>", "bot": "@dams_new_robot", "audio": "https://image.prepladder.com/content/9uuRAgaZmdjjrC9SrbvS1739981328.mp3", "video": ""}, {"text": "Why are methylases important in the mismatch repair mechanism in prokaryotes like E. coli?", "options": [{"label": "A", "text": "They add methyl groups to the newly synthesized DNA strand, marking it for repair.", "correct": false}, {"label": "B", "text": "They methylate the parental DNA strand, allowing the Mut proteins to distinguish it from the daughter strand.", "correct": true}, {"label": "C", "text": "They remove mismatched bases from the DNA strand.", "correct": false}, {"label": "D", "text": "They act as exonucleases during the repair process.", "correct": false}], "correct_answer": "B. They methylate the parental DNA strand, allowing the Mut proteins to distinguish it from the daughter strand.", "question_images": [], "explanation_images": [], "explanation": "\n\n<p style='font-size: 10px; color: #808080; font-style: italic;'>@dams_new_robot</p>", "bot": "@dams_new_robot", "audio": "https://image.prepladder.com/content/ipF64P4ZYnMBM8nrA2cr1744040764.mp3", "video": ""}, {"text": "Which of the following enzymes helps remove the defective base during base excision repair (BER)?", "options": [{"label": "A", "text": "DNA polymerase I", "correct": false}, {"label": "B", "text": "DNA ligase", "correct": false}, {"label": "C", "text": "DNA glycosylase", "correct": true}, {"label": "D", "text": "AP endonuclease", "correct": false}], "correct_answer": "C. DNA glycosylase", "question_images": [], "explanation_images": [], "explanation": "\n\n<p style='font-size: 10px; color: #808080; font-style: italic;'>@dams_new_robot</p>", "bot": "@dams_new_robot", "audio": "https://image.prepladder.com/content/PuRiaZWWbsO91J29TmK91739980968.mp3", "video": ""}, {"text": "A 6-year-old child presents with recurrent respiratory infections and poor growth despite a normal diet. Genetic testing reveals Cystic fibrosis. What type of mutation causes cystic fibrosis?", "options": [{"label": "A", "text": "Phenotypic heterogeneity", "correct": false}, {"label": "B", "text": "Pleiotropy", "correct": false}, {"label": "C", "text": "Allelic heterogeneity", "correct": true}, {"label": "D", "text": "Heteroplasmy", "correct": false}], "correct_answer": "C. Allelic heterogeneity", "question_images": [], "explanation_images": [], "explanation": "<table cellspacing=\"0\" style=\"border-collapse:collapse; width:NaN\">\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Phenotypic heterogeneity</strong></p>\n<p><strong>(Option A ruled out)</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Pleiotropy</strong></p>\n<p><strong>(Option B ruled out)</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Allelic heterogeneity</strong></p>\n<p><strong>(Option C)</strong></p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Variability in the <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"d65c62dcca169277719550dd2b3530\">phenotype</span> that is caused by mutations in the same gene</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<ul>\n<li>Disorders where multiple, seemingly unrelated organ systems are affected.</li>\n<li>A single gene is responsible for several distinct and seemingly unrelated <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"4ed693de911692777195bb9630f513\">phenotypic</span> effects</li>\n</ul>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Different mutations (changes) in a single gene cause the same disease or condition</p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Example:</strong></p>\n<p>Loss-of-function mutations in the RET<a href=\"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/RET_proto-oncogene\"> </a>gene, which encodes a <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"9e4959f6f316927771978bb152d440\">receptor</span> tyrosine kinase, leads to inherited failure of development of <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"566fcef0991692777184068f36db82\">colonic</span> ganglia, leading to <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"144d78fe4816927771852de984c62f\">defective</span> <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"566fcef0991692777184068f36db82\">colonic</span> <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"c8c1db40c9169277719258df1a6b43\">motility</span> and severe chronic <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"281b8ef3701692777185aa34365916\">constipation</span> (Hirschsprung disease)</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Example: </strong></p>\n<p>The <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"88c5dcbf0a1692777181e199712f81\">allele</span> causing <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"6518acf261169277719312127935af\">neurofibromatosis</span> <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"ebcb7136251692777201ef4b5c5718\">type 1</span> can produce abnormalities of skin pigmentation, neurofibromas of the <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"255674f3271692777195c172d86daf\">peripheral</span> nerves, short stature, macrocephaly, skeletal abnormalities, and fits</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Example:</strong></p>\n<p>Cystic <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"21e2d5a70616927772021fcdec0ca9\">fibrosis</span> is caused by having one of many different mutations in the <em>CFTR</em> gene.</p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n</tbody>\n\n\n<p style='font-size: 10px; color: #808080; font-style: italic;'>@dams_new_robot</p>", "bot": "@dams_new_robot", "audio": "https://image.prepladder.com/content/SoOx2awr1m5nhSMxB86M1739980619.mp3", "video": ""}, {"text": "Which of the following statements accurately describes the role of DNA polymerase δ (Pol δ) in eukaryotic cells?", "options": [{"label": "A", "text": "It synthesizes RNA primers necessary for DNA replication.", "correct": false}, {"label": "B", "text": "It is responsible for leading-strand DNA synthesis.", "correct": false}, {"label": "C", "text": "It requires a primer and provides proofreading during lagging-strand synthesis.", "correct": true}, {"label": "D", "text": "It directly repairs damaged DNA by filling in gaps.", "correct": false}], "correct_answer": "C. It requires a primer and provides proofreading during lagging-strand synthesis.", "question_images": [], "explanation_images": [], "explanation": "<table>\n<thead>\n<tr>\n<th><strong>DNA Polymerase</strong></th>\n<th><strong>Function</strong></th>\n</tr>\n</thead>\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<td><strong>Pol α</strong></td>\n<td>Synthesizes <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"cc65bdc03f169277719726a675e8a7\">RNA</span> primers and initiates DNA synthesis</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td><strong>Pol δ</strong></td>\n<td>Lagging-strand synthesis, proofreading, and high-fidelity replication</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td><strong>Pol ε</strong></td>\n<td>Leading-strand <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"3fda45538a1692777199ec2a5478a5\">synthesis</span> and proofreading</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td><strong>Pol β</strong></td>\n<td>Involved in base <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"20b3ce06c5169277718756ee95c1e9\">excision</span> repair (BER)</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td><strong>Pol γ</strong></td>\n<td>Replicates mitochondrial DNA</td>\n</tr>\n</tbody>\n\n\n<p style='font-size: 10px; color: #808080; font-style: italic;'>@dams_new_robot</p>", "bot": "@dams_new_robot", "audio": "https://image.prepladder.com/content/ifpXjPc2l5v2YGbHpFLg1739980418.mp3", "video": ""}, {"text": "Which of the following statements about telomeres and telomerase is correct?", "options": [{"label": "A", "text": "Telomeres prevent chromosome ends from degrading but do not shorten during cell division.", "correct": false}, {"label": "B", "text": "Telomerase adds repetitive DNA sequences to the 5′ end of chromosomes", "correct": false}, {"label": "C", "text": "Telomeres are composed of repetitive sequences that help prevent chromosome fusion.", "correct": true}, {"label": "D", "text": "The shortening of telomeres occurs due to the continuous synthesis of the lagging strand.", "correct": false}], "correct_answer": "C. Telomeres are composed of repetitive sequences that help prevent chromosome fusion.", "question_images": [], "explanation_images": [], "explanation": "<table>\n<thead>\n<tr>\n<th><strong>Feature</strong></th>\n<th><strong>Description</strong></th>\n</tr>\n</thead>\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<td><strong>Telomere Composition</strong></td>\n<td>Repetitive TTAGGG sequences in humans</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td><strong>Function</strong></td>\n<td>Protect <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"7157c1f59916927771846116d74646\">chromosome</span> ends from <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"d395f610461692777185cbe8b8806d\">degradation</span> and fusion</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td><strong>Shortening Mechanism</strong></td>\n<td>Due to incomplete <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"28789851281692777191ee17a9bce7\">lagging strand</span> <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"3fda45538a1692777199ec2a5478a5\">synthesis</span> in DNA replication</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td><strong>Role of Telomerase</strong></td>\n<td>Extends the 3′ end of DNA using an <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"cc65bdc03f169277719726a675e8a7\">RNA</span> <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"10b417ea411692777200181de285bf\">template</span> to compensate for shortening</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td><strong>Cell Types with Active Telomerase</strong></td>\n<td>Germ cells, stem cells, and cancer cells</td>\n</tr>\n</tbody>\n\n<table cellspacing=\"0\" style=\"border-collapse:collapse; width:614px\">\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Aspect</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Description</strong></p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Telomeres</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Protective structures at <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"7157c1f59916927771846116d74646\">chromosome</span> ends; <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"e87bc6bc00169277719735c567397a\">repetitive DNA</span> (5′-TTAGGG-3′)</p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Telomere Shortening</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Occurs during replication; <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"28789851281692777191ee17a9bce7\">lagging strand</span> lacks <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"10b417ea411692777200181de285bf\">template</span> for <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"930dac4e5e169277719605287af20d\">primer</span> synthesis, leading to progressive shortening</p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Telomerase</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>RNA-dependent DNA polymerase; adds TTAGGG repeats using its <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"cc65bdc03f169277719726a675e8a7\">RNA</span> template</p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n</tbody>\n\n\n<p style='font-size: 10px; color: #808080; font-style: italic;'>@dams_new_robot</p>", "bot": "@dams_new_robot", "audio": "https://image.prepladder.com/content/8xpO0Z5tLs7zpzfENV4w1739979358.mp3", "video": ""}, {"text": "Which of the following statements about DNA polymerases in E. coli is true?", "options": [{"label": "A", "text": "DNA Polymerase I is the primary enzyme for DNA synthesis at the replication fork.", "correct": false}, {"label": "B", "text": "DNA Polymerase II is primarily responsible for gap filling following DNA replication", "correct": false}, {"label": "C", "text": "DNA Polymerase III has the highest rate of chain elongation and is involved in both leading and lagging strand synthesis.", "correct": true}, {"label": "D", "text": "All three DNA polymerases perform identical functions in DNA synthesis.", "correct": false}], "correct_answer": "C. DNA Polymerase III has the highest rate of chain elongation and is involved in both leading and lagging strand synthesis.", "question_images": [], "explanation_images": [], "explanation": "\n<table cellspacing=\"0\" style=\"border-collapse:collapse; width:624px\">\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>DNA Polymerase</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Main Function</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Additional Notes</strong></p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>DNA <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"d419920a6616927771969805c3d65d\">Polymerase</span> I</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Proofreading, DNA repair, gap filling</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Involved in recombination</p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>DNA <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"d419920a6616927771969805c3d65d\">Polymerase</span> II</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Proofreading, DNA repair</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Similar function to pol I</p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>DNA <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"d419920a6616927771969805c3d65d\">Polymerase</span> III</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Main <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"0f160e4e42169277718771b715516a\">enzyme</span> for DNA synthesis</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Highest processivity; synthesizes leading and lagging strands; associates with sliding <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"fc31e1a6d21692777184b2462457a6\">clamp</span> β subunits</p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n</tbody>\n\n\n<p style='font-size: 10px; color: #808080; font-style: italic;'>@dams_new_robot</p>", "bot": "@dams_new_robot", "audio": "https://image.prepladder.com/content/EBrZS2b6gyM1aV5daA5R1739978962.mp3", "video": ""}, {"text": "Which of the following is not a requirement for DNA replication in eukaryotes?", "options": [{"label": "A", "text": "Origin of replication (ori)", "correct": false}, {"label": "B", "text": "DNA helicase", "correct": false}, {"label": "C", "text": "RNA primer", "correct": false}, {"label": "D", "text": "RNA polymerase", "correct": true}], "correct_answer": "D. RNA polymerase", "question_images": [], "explanation_images": [], "explanation": "<table>\n<thead>\n<tr>\n<th><strong>Component</strong></th>\n<th><strong>Function</strong></th>\n</tr>\n</thead>\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<td><strong>Origin of <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"3e05409f651692777197645882d8a2\">Replication</span> (ori) (Option A ruled out)</strong></td>\n<td>Specific DNA sequences where <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"3e05409f651692777197645882d8a2\">replication</span> starts</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td><strong>DNA Helicase (Option B ruled out)</strong></td>\n<td>Unwinds the DNA double helix</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td><strong>Single-Strand Binding Proteins (SSBPs)</strong></td>\n<td>Stabilize unwound DNA strands</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td><strong>Primase (RNA <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"d419920a6616927771969805c3d65d\">polymerase</span> type)</strong></td>\n<td>Synthesizes short <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"cc65bdc03f169277719726a675e8a7\">RNA</span> primers</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td><strong>DNA <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"d419920a6616927771969805c3d65d\">Polymerase</span> α, δ, and ε</strong></td>\n<td>Synthesizes new DNA strands</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td><strong>Sliding <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"fc31e1a6d21692777184b2462457a6\">Clamp</span> (PCNA)</strong></td>\n<td>Enhances <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"59b270e4eb1692777186cf05589eda\">DNA polymerase</span> processivity</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td><strong>Topoisomerase</strong></td>\n<td>Relieves supercoiling ahead of the <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"3e05409f651692777197645882d8a2\">replication</span> fork</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td><strong>DNA Ligase</strong></td>\n<td>Seals <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"de00b233d91692777194e1f0483837\">Okazaki fragments</span> on the lagging strand</td>\n</tr>\n</tbody>\n\n<table cellspacing=\"0\" style=\"border-collapse:collapse; width:614px\">\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Step</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Description</strong></p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>1. Identification of Ori</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Specific DNA sequence where <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"3e05409f651692777197645882d8a2\">replication</span> begins.</p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>2. Unwinding of DNA</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>DNA <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"b743df46a21692777188fd0624955a\">helicase</span> unwinds dsDNA, and SSBs stabilize ssDNA.</p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>3. <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"3e05409f651692777197645882d8a2\">Replication</span> Fork Formation</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Fork consists of DNA helicase, SSBs, primase, and DNA polymerase; <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"58aa5e2b631692777196efc0cd9eac\">primase</span> synthesizes <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"cc65bdc03f169277719726a675e8a7\">RNA</span> primer.</p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>4. DNA <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"3fda45538a1692777199ec2a5478a5\">Synthesis</span> Initiation/Elongation</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>DNA <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"d419920a6616927771969805c3d65d\">polymerase</span> extends <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"cc65bdc03f169277719726a675e8a7\">RNA</span> <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"930dac4e5e169277719605287af20d\">primer</span> by adding deoxynucleotides.</p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>5. <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"3e05409f651692777197645882d8a2\">Replication</span> Bubbles/Ligation</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Bidirectional <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"3e05409f651692777197645882d8a2\">replication</span> creates bubbles; <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"de00b233d91692777194e1f0483837\">Okazaki fragments</span> are joined by DNA ligase.</p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>6. <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"77399c6ee0169277718492fb8fd58f\">Chromatin</span> Reconstitution</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Newly replicated DNA is assembled into nucleosomes.</p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n</tbody>\n\n\n<p style='font-size: 10px; color: #808080; font-style: italic;'>@dams_new_robot</p>", "bot": "@dams_new_robot", "audio": "https://image.prepladder.com/content/jJsjFfroDWINFnqvtU8f1739978851.mp3", "video": ""}, {"text": "Which of the following disorders are not caused due to defect in the Non homologous End Joining?", "options": [{"label": "A", "text": "Fanconi's anaemia", "correct": true}, {"label": "B", "text": "Ataxia telengectasia", "correct": false}, {"label": "C", "text": "Blooms syndrome", "correct": false}, {"label": "D", "text": "Severe combined immunodeficiency disorder (SCID)", "correct": false}], "correct_answer": "A. Fanconi's anaemia", "question_images": [], "explanation_images": [], "explanation": "\n\n<p style='font-size: 10px; color: #808080; font-style: italic;'>@dams_new_robot</p>", "bot": "@dams_new_robot", "audio": "https://image.prepladder.com/content/zz9F9WoZU7bhotxicLnR1739807928.mp3", "video": ""}, {"text": "A 45 y/o woman presents with visual disturbances, including gradual vision loss and difficulty seeing in low light, along with muscle weakness and fatigue. She has a history of early-onset cardiac conduction issues and worsening symptoms over the years. Her family history shows similar symptoms in her mother. What genetic condition best explains her symptoms?", "options": [{"label": "A", "text": "Leber’s Hereditary Optic Neuropathy (LHON)", "correct": true}, {"label": "B", "text": "Myoclonic Epilepsy with Ragged Red Fibers (MERRF)", "correct": false}, {"label": "C", "text": "Mitochondrial Encephalopathy, Lactic Acidosis, and Stroke-like Episodes (MELAS)", "correct": false}, {"label": "D", "text": "Leigh’s Syndrome.", "correct": false}], "correct_answer": "A. Leber’s Hereditary Optic Neuropathy (LHON)", "question_images": [], "explanation_images": [], "explanation": "<table>\n<thead>\n<tr>\n<th><strong>Syndrome</strong></th>\n<th><strong>Genetic Defect</strong></th>\n<th><strong>Key Clinical Features</strong></th>\n</tr>\n</thead>\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<td><strong>Leber’s <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"ee5175c06116927771880846d1cbe0\">Hereditary</span> <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"1b9a354cdb1692777194802683234d\">Optic</span> <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"2d9476094c16927771933bcb162f19\">Neuropathy</span> (LHON)</strong></td>\n<td>mtDNA mutations in <strong>ND1, ND4, ND6</strong> (Complex I subunits)</td>\n<td><strong>Painless, progressive vision loss</strong>, <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"1b9a354cdb1692777194802683234d\">optic</span> atrophy, <strong>cardiac <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"63bda90e3516927771848cbb473f04\">conduction</span> defects</strong>, <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"a191a950d7169277719148e72a75e2\">maternal</span> inheritance</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td>\n<p><strong>Myoclonic <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"7546d26cea1692777187c257d4e14c\">Epilepsy</span> with Ragged Red Fibers (MERRF)</strong></p>\n<p><strong>(Option B ruled out)</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td>mtDNA mutations in <strong>MT-TK (tRNA-Lys gene)</strong></td>\n<td><strong>Myoclonic epilepsy, muscle weakness</strong>, ataxia, hearing loss, <strong>ragged red fibers</strong> on muscle biopsy</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td>\n<p><strong>Mitochondrial Encephalopathy, <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"b82539c9ae1692777191a3f7ddd7bb\">Lactic</span> Acidosis, and Stroke-like Episodes (MELAS)</strong></p>\n<p><strong>(Option C ruled out)</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td>mtDNA mutations in <strong>MT-TL1 (tRNA-Leu gene)</strong></td>\n<td><strong>Stroke-like episodes, <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"b82539c9ae1692777191a3f7ddd7bb\">lactic</span> acidosis</strong>, seizures, progressive dementia, diabetes, muscle weakness</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td>\n<p><strong>Leigh’s Syndrome</strong></p>\n<p><strong>(Option D ruled out)</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td>mtDNA or <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"8fc9acf02d1692777193b3c2747cad\">nuclear DNA</span> mutations (Complex I or IV defects, <strong>NDUFS genes</strong>)</td>\n<td><strong>Neurodegeneration in infancy</strong>, hypotonia, <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"4004f1f7241692777183d200f866da\">brainstem</span> dysfunction, ataxia, <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"cfad80a0f716927771979aae100f95\">respiratory</span> failure</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td><strong>Kearns-Sayre Syndrome (KSS)</strong></td>\n<td>Large-scale <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"be003ab8e21692777193372f7699ef\">mtDNA</span> deletions</td>\n<td><strong>Progressive external ophthalmoplegia, <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"45d1f54a631692777195670b446c7e\">pigmentary</span> retinopathy, <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"e1fb96fd2416927771830dfed40e14\">cardiac</span> <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"63bda90e3516927771848cbb473f04\">conduction</span> defects, muscle weakness</strong></td>\n</tr>\n</tbody>\n\n\n<p style='font-size: 10px; color: #808080; font-style: italic;'>@dams_new_robot</p>", "bot": "@dams_new_robot", "audio": "https://image.prepladder.com/content/vRE3YALCfRZ9w6Cy1sIU1739978700.mp3", "video": ""}, {"text": "Which of the following is a characteristic of mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA)?", "options": [{"label": "A", "text": "It is linear and single-stranded", "correct": false}, {"label": "B", "text": "It has very few non-coding regions and a higher mutation rate compared to nuclear DNA.", "correct": true}, {"label": "C", "text": "It uses the standard genetic code, including AGA and AGG as codons for arginine (Arg).", "correct": false}, {"label": "D", "text": "It is composed of linear strands and encodes for all 67 subunits of the respiratory chain.", "correct": false}], "correct_answer": "B. It has very few non-coding regions and a higher mutation rate compared to nuclear DNA.", "question_images": [], "explanation_images": [], "explanation": "<table cellspacing=\"0\" style=\"border-collapse:collapse; width:624px\">\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:middle\">\n<p><strong>Feature</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:middle\">\n<p><strong>Description</strong></p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:middle\">\n<p><strong>Structure</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:middle\">\n<p>Circular, double-stranded; composed of heavy (H) and light (L) chains. <strong>(Option A ruled out)</strong></p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:middle\">\n<p><strong>Length</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:middle\">\n<p>16,569 base pairs (bp).</p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td rowspan=\"5\" style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:middle\">\n<p><strong>Protein-Encoding Subunits</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td rowspan=\"5\" style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:middle\">Most <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"cfad80a0f716927771979aae100f95\">respiratory</span> chain proteins are encoded by <strong>nuclear DNA</strong> and imported into <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"18c9e7b9721692777192bd042528cc\">mitochondria</span> (<strong>Option D ruled out</strong>)</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:middle\">\n<p><strong>Ribosomal RNAs</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:middle\">\n<p>Encodes 16S (large) and 12S (small) mitochondrial rRNAs.</p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:middle\">\n<p><strong>tRNAs</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:middle\">\n<p>Encodes 22 mitochondrial <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"7d67967edd1692777200906dde9e61\">tRNA</span> molecules.</p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td rowspan=\"2\" style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:middle\">\n<p><strong>Genetic Code Differences</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:middle\">\n<p>UGA typically a stop <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"3faf36c69716927771840561232eaa\">codon</span> is read as <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"059bdf5c031692777200fedbf3ef66\">tryptophan</span> (Trp)</p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:middle\">\n<p>AGA and AGG: normally <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"e61a190afe16927771828271a46f94\">arginine</span> (Arg) codons are read as stop codons <strong>(Option C ruled out)</strong></p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:middle\">\n<p><strong>Untranslated Sequences</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:middle\">\n<p>Very few non-coding regions.</p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:middle\">\n<p><strong>Mutation Rate</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:middle\">\n<p>5-10 times higher than nuclear DNA.</p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:middle\">\n<p><strong>Evolutionary Studies</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:middle\">\n<p>Comparisons of <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"be003ab8e21692777193372f7699ef\">mtDNA</span> sequences provide insights into the evolutionary history of <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"bb9362c6b91692777196130a2d1d70\">primates</span> and other species.</p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n</tbody>\n\n\n<p style='font-size: 10px; color: #808080; font-style: italic;'>@dams_new_robot</p>", "bot": "@dams_new_robot", "audio": "https://image.prepladder.com/content/8k4bS7XPcuY40TiGJIFz1739809403.mp3", "video": ""}, {"text": "Which histone is least tightly bound to chromatin and can be easily removed with a salt solution?", "options": [{"label": "A", "text": "H2A", "correct": false}, {"label": "B", "text": "H1", "correct": true}, {"label": "C", "text": "H3", "correct": false}, {"label": "D", "text": "H4", "correct": false}], "correct_answer": "B. H1", "question_images": [], "explanation_images": ["https://image.prepladder.com/content/KrCLmdnspL8z0zmoloRx1735362466.png"], "explanation": "<table>\n<thead>\n<tr>\n<th><strong>Histone Type</strong></th>\n<th><strong>Function</strong></th>\n<th><strong>Binding to DNA</strong></th>\n</tr>\n</thead>\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<td><strong>H1 (Linker Histone)</strong></td>\n<td>Stabilizes nucleosomes, promotes <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"77399c6ee0169277718492fb8fd58f\">chromatin</span> compaction</td>\n<td><strong>Least tightly bound</strong>, removable with salt solutions</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td><strong>H2A, H2B (Core Histones) (Option A ruled out)</strong></td>\n<td>Form <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"2f9fcbc0831692777189f689777d4f\">histone</span> octamer, aid in <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"c04e3370101692777193c443d503fb\">nucleosome</span> structure</td>\n<td>Tightly bound</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td><strong>H3, H4 (Core Histones) (Options C &amp; D ruled out)</strong></td>\n<td>Critical for <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"c04e3370101692777193c443d503fb\">nucleosome</span> stability and gene regulation</td>\n<td>Tightly bound</td>\n</tr>\n</tbody>\n\n\n<p style='font-size: 10px; color: #808080; font-style: italic;'>@dams_new_robot</p>", "bot": "@dams_new_robot", "audio": "https://image.prepladder.com/content/snIRZLzHnah41MGhOf7C1739809249.mp3", "video": ""}, {"text": "Which of the following factors can cause the denaturation of DNA? a) Increasing temperature b) Increasing salt concentration c) Decreasing temperature d) DNA with a high A-T base composition e) DNA with a high G-C base composition f) Adding Urea g) Adding Formamide h) Decreasing salt concentration", "options": [{"label": "A", "text": "b, c, e, g, h", "correct": false}, {"label": "B", "text": "c, d, e, h", "correct": false}, {"label": "C", "text": "a, d, f, g, h", "correct": true}, {"label": "D", "text": "a, b, e, g", "correct": false}], "correct_answer": "C. a, d, f, g, h", "question_images": [], "explanation_images": [], "explanation": "\n\n<p style='font-size: 10px; color: #808080; font-style: italic;'>@dams_new_robot</p>", "bot": "@dams_new_robot", "audio": "https://image.prepladder.com/content/Anp6Vi2evSPkJZ8B40dV1739808976.mp3", "video": ""}, {"text": "Which of the following statements about the different types of DNA is TRUE?", "options": [{"label": "A", "text": "B-DNA has a left-handed helix and a full turn with 12 bases.", "correct": false}, {"label": "B", "text": "A-DNA forms during dehydration and has grooves of the same dimensions.", "correct": true}, {"label": "C", "text": "Z-DNA forms under normal physiological conditions and has a right-handed helix", "correct": false}, {"label": "D", "text": "A-DNA is the predominant form found in physiological conditions and has 11 bases per full turn.", "correct": false}], "correct_answer": "B. A-DNA forms during dehydration and has grooves of the same dimensions.", "question_images": [], "explanation_images": ["https://image.prepladder.com/content/nljJGFGk0iLRnPEbdbbL1735187112.png"], "explanation": "<table>\n<thead>\n<tr>\n<th><strong>Type of DNA</strong></th>\n<th><strong>Helical Direction</strong></th>\n<th><strong>Base Pairs per Turn</strong></th>\n<th><strong>Grooves</strong></th>\n<th><strong>Conditions</strong></th>\n</tr>\n</thead>\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<td><strong>B-DNA</strong></td>\n<td>Right-handed</td>\n<td>10.5</td>\n<td>Major <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"21ee3a5f911692777188099a3310c4\">groove</span> is wide and deep, minor <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"21ee3a5f911692777188099a3310c4\">groove</span> is narrow</td>\n<td>Physiological conditions</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td><strong>A-DNA</strong></td>\n<td>Right-handed</td>\n<td>11</td>\n<td>Grooves are of nearly equal dimensions</td>\n<td>Forms during dehydration</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td><strong>Z-DNA</strong></td>\n<td>Left-handed</td>\n<td>12</td>\n<td>Major <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"21ee3a5f911692777188099a3310c4\">groove</span> is shallow, minor <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"21ee3a5f911692777188099a3310c4\">groove</span> is deep</td>\n<td>Forms under high salt or supercoiling</td>\n</tr>\n</tbody>\n\n\n<p style='font-size: 10px; color: #808080; font-style: italic;'>@dams_new_robot</p>", "bot": "@dams_new_robot", "audio": "https://image.prepladder.com/content/AxRLtqivfiRN8vfEPZt11739808873.mp3", "video": ""}, {"text": "In the analogy of the DNA double helix to a spiral staircase, what do the \"handrails\" and \"steps\" represent?", "options": [{"label": "A", "text": "Handrails are nitrogenous bases; steps are phosphodiester bonds", "correct": false}, {"label": "B", "text": "Handrails are nitrogenous bases; steps are the sugar-phosphate backbone", "correct": false}, {"label": "C", "text": "Handrails are the sugar-phosphate backbone; steps are nitrogenous bases", "correct": true}, {"label": "D", "text": "Handrails are hydrogen bonds; steps are deoxyribose sugars", "correct": false}], "correct_answer": "C. Handrails are the sugar-phosphate backbone; steps are nitrogenous bases", "question_images": [], "explanation_images": ["https://image.prepladder.com/notes/StysvPTuHnvGEt7KDpbp1744014656.png", "https://image.prepladder.com/content/IafshPaRnwNTlSTr2HQq1735187276.png"], "explanation": "\n\n<p style='font-size: 10px; color: #808080; font-style: italic;'>@dams_new_robot</p>", "bot": "@dams_new_robot", "audio": "https://image.prepladder.com/content/L2vZerzgNT0JqOnMKOzA1739808757.mp3", "video": ""}, {"text": "In the structure of nucleotides, where does the esterification of the phosphate group typically occur?", "options": [{"label": "A", "text": "On the 1' carbon of the pentose sugar", "correct": false}, {"label": "B", "text": "On the 2' hydroxyl group of the pentose sugar", "correct": false}, {"label": "C", "text": "On the 5' or 3' hydroxyl group of the pentose sugar", "correct": true}, {"label": "D", "text": "On the N1 position of the nitrogenous base", "correct": false}], "correct_answer": "C. On the 5' or 3' hydroxyl group of the pentose sugar", "question_images": [], "explanation_images": ["https://image.prepladder.com/content/7g6xWzuFiJXrDGwyrgoK1735187498.png"], "explanation": "\n\n<p style='font-size: 10px; color: #808080; font-style: italic;'>@dams_new_robot</p>", "bot": "@dams_new_robot", "audio": "https://image.prepladder.com/content/ojqw1nE0VVn9d3ax5UHS1739808698.mp3", "video": ""}, {"text": "What is the primary role of inosine monophosphate (IMP) in cellular metabolism?", "options": [{"label": "A", "text": "Directly involved in energy transfer like ATP", "correct": false}, {"label": "B", "text": "Acts as a precursor for both adenosine monophosphate (AMP) and guanosine monophosphate (GMP)", "correct": true}, {"label": "C", "text": "Inhibits the de novo synthesis of purine nucleotides", "correct": false}, {"label": "D", "text": "Serves as an end product of the salvage pathway for purine nucleotides", "correct": false}], "correct_answer": "B. Acts as a precursor for both adenosine monophosphate (AMP) and guanosine monophosphate (GMP)", "question_images": [], "explanation_images": ["https://image.prepladder.com/content/D3hHOPedCOVZZgGLbUF51735187692.png", "https://image.prepladder.com/notes/5lIdusjPoQGyrANazDzJ1744014877.png"], "explanation": "\n\n<p style='font-size: 10px; color: #808080; font-style: italic;'>@dams_new_robot</p>", "bot": "@dams_new_robot", "audio": "https://image.prepladder.com/content/4xHKejWwf7OAAbPHY5xv1739808502.mp3", "video": ""}, {"text": "What type of bond forms between a nitrogenous base and a pentose sugar in a nucleoside?", "options": [{"label": "A", "text": "α-N-glycosidic bond", "correct": false}, {"label": "B", "text": "β-N-glycosidic bond", "correct": true}, {"label": "C", "text": "Phosphodiester bond", "correct": false}, {"label": "D", "text": "Hydrogen bond", "correct": false}], "correct_answer": "B. β-N-glycosidic bond", "question_images": [], "explanation_images": ["https://image.prepladder.com/content/6rSmVBWZD6yioNrMOz6w1735187879.png"], "explanation": "\n\n<p style='font-size: 10px; color: #808080; font-style: italic;'>@dams_new_robot</p>", "bot": "@dams_new_robot", "audio": "https://image.prepladder.com/content/gpBZZTBlTnKbZp5gI0PK1739808422.mp3", "video": ""}, {"text": "Which of the following is a pyrimidine base found in nucleic acids?", "options": [{"label": "A", "text": "Uracil", "correct": true}, {"label": "B", "text": "Hypoxanthine", "correct": false}, {"label": "C", "text": "Xanthine", "correct": false}, {"label": "D", "text": "Guanosine", "correct": false}], "correct_answer": "A. Uracil", "question_images": [], "explanation_images": ["https://image.prepladder.com/content/zwy9mgX5aioYCkCeVQVW1735188044.png", "https://image.prepladder.com/content/HN0oloh4NHBN8tBWBsT11735187987.png"], "explanation": "\n\n<p style='font-size: 10px; color: #808080; font-style: italic;'>@dams_new_robot</p>", "bot": "@dams_new_robot", "audio": "https://image.prepladder.com/content/CjAf5ljIiGs9HG9slX3C1739808176.mp3", "video": ""}, {"text": "Which of the following is not caused by a defect of ds DNA repair?", "options": [{"label": "A", "text": "Cockayne syndrome (CS)", "correct": true}, {"label": "B", "text": "Fanconi’s anemia", "correct": false}, {"label": "C", "text": "Severe Combined Immunodeficiency (SCID)", "correct": false}, {"label": "D", "text": "Bloom's syndrome", "correct": false}], "correct_answer": "A. Cockayne syndrome (CS)", "question_images": [], "explanation_images": [], "explanation": "<table>\n<thead>\n<tr>\n<th><strong>Disorder</strong></th>\n<th><strong>Defective Repair Mechanism</strong></th>\n</tr>\n</thead>\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<td><strong>Ataxia telangiectasia</strong></td>\n<td>Non-Homologous End Joining (NHEJ)</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td><strong>Bloom’s syndrome</strong> <strong>(Option D ruled out)</strong></td>\n<td>Homologous DNA Repair (HDR)</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td><strong>Severe <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"4dc8c69a7016927771850f8a074583\">Combined Immunodeficiency</span> (SCID)</strong> <strong>(Option C ruled out)</strong></td>\n<td>Non-Homologous End Joining (NHEJ)</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td><strong>Fanconi’s anemia</strong> <strong>(Option B ruled out)</strong></td>\n<td>Fanconi <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"53bee2a41216927771814d7ec3a67f\">Anemia</span> Repair <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"3aa5abc2fa169277719488e088076d\">Pathway</span> (Interacts with HDR)</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td><strong>HBOC (Human Breast and <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"4af6983ff31692777194b80e4a7e57\">Ovarian Cancer</span> Syndrome)</strong></td>\n<td>Homologous DNA Repair (HDR) (BRCA1/BRCA2 mutation)</td>\n</tr>\n</tbody>\n\n\n<p style='font-size: 10px; color: #808080; font-style: italic;'>@dams_new_robot</p>", "bot": "@dams_new_robot", "audio": "https://image.prepladder.com/content/BBpi3QTWfsMwt0q5gEO91739808125.mp3", "video": ""}, {"text": "Which of the following statements about Homologous DNA Repair (HR) is correct?", "options": [{"label": "A", "text": "HR is active during G0/G1 phases of the cell cycle.", "correct": false}, {"label": "B", "text": "HR is an error-prone process compared to nonhomologous end joining (NHEJ).", "correct": false}, {"label": "C", "text": "HR uses a homologous DNA template for repair, making it highly accurate.", "correct": true}, {"label": "D", "text": "Defects in HR-related proteins decrease Ovarian and breast cancers", "correct": false}], "correct_answer": "C. HR uses a homologous DNA template for repair, making it highly accurate.", "question_images": [], "explanation_images": [], "explanation": "\n\n<p style='font-size: 10px; color: #808080; font-style: italic;'>@dams_new_robot</p>", "bot": "@dams_new_robot", "audio": "https://image.prepladder.com/content/eU9DBEDlT6MdLiSiRCs41744040419.mp3", "video": ""}]; if (!Array.isArray(questions) || questions.length === 0) { throw new Error("Questions data is empty or invalid"); } debugLog(`Successfully parsed ${questions.length} questions`); } catch (e) { console.error("Failed to parse questions_json:", e); document.getElementById('error-message').innerHTML = "Error loading quiz data. Please check the console for details or contact support."; document.getElementById('error-message').classList.remove('hidden'); document.getElementById('start-test').disabled = true; // Fallback to sample questions for testing questions = [ { text: "What is 2 + 2?", options: [ { label: "A", text: "3", correct: false }, { label: "B", text: "4", correct: true }, { label: "C", text: "5", correct: false }, { label: "D", text: "6", correct: false } ], correct_answer: "B. 4", question_images: [], explanation_images: [], explanation: "<p>2 + 2 = 4</p><p>@dams_new_robot</p>", bot: "@dams_new_robot", audio: "", video: "" } ]; debugLog("Loaded fallback questions"); } // Quiz state let currentQuestion = 0; let answers = new Array(questions.length).fill(null); let markedForReview = new Array(questions.length).fill(false); let timeRemaining = 37 * 60; // Duration in seconds let timerInterval = null; const quizId = `{title.replace(/\s+/g, '_').toLowerCase()}`; // Unique ID for local storage // Load saved progress function loadProgress() { try { debugLog("Loading progress from localStorage"); const saved = localStorage.getItem(`quiz_${quizId}`); if (saved) { const { savedAnswers, savedMarked, savedTime } = JSON.parse(saved); answers = savedAnswers || answers; markedForReview = savedMarked || markedForReview; timeRemaining = savedTime !== undefined ? savedTime : timeRemaining; debugLog("Progress loaded successfully"); } else { debugLog("No saved progress found"); } } catch (e) { console.error("Error loading progress:", e); debugLog("Failed to load progress: " + e.message); } } // Save progress function saveProgress() { try { debugLog("Saving progress to localStorage"); localStorage.setItem(`quiz_${quizId}`, JSON.stringify({ savedAnswers: answers, savedMarked: markedForReview, savedTime: timeRemaining })); debugLog("Progress saved successfully"); } catch (e) { console.error("Error saving progress:", e); debugLog("Failed to save progress: " + e.message); } } // Initialize quiz function initQuiz() { try { debugLog("Initializing quiz"); loadProgress(); const startButton = document.getElementById('start-test'); if (!startButton) { throw new Error("Start test button not found"); } startButton.addEventListener('click', startQuiz); debugLog("Start test button listener attached"); document.getElementById('previous-btn').addEventListener('click', showPreviousQuestion); document.getElementById('next-btn').addEventListener('click', showNextQuestion); document.getElementById('mark-review').addEventListener('click', toggleMarkForReview); document.getElementById('nav-toggle').addEventListener('click', toggleNavPanel); document.getElementById('submit-test').addEventListener('click', showSubmitModal); document.getElementById('continue-test').addEventListener('click', closeExitModal); document.getElementById('exit-test').addEventListener('click', () => { debugLog("Exiting test"); localStorage.removeItem(`quiz_${quizId}`); window.location.reload(); }); document.getElementById('cancel-submit').addEventListener('click', closeSubmitModal); document.getElementById('confirm-submit').addEventListener('click', submitTest); document.getElementById('take-again').addEventListener('click', () => { debugLog("Restarting test"); localStorage.removeItem(`quiz_${quizId}`); window.location.reload(); }); document.getElementById('review-test').addEventListener('click', () => showResults(currentResultQuestion)); document.getElementById('close-nav').addEventListener('click', toggleNavPanel); document.getElementById('theme-toggle').addEventListener('click', toggleTheme); document.getElementById('nav-filter').addEventListener('change', updateNavPanel); document.getElementById('prev-result').addEventListener('click', showPreviousResult); document.getElementById('next-result').addEventListener('click', showNextResult); document.getElementById('results-nav-toggle').addEventListener('click', toggleResultsNavPanel); document.getElementById('close-results-nav').addEventListener('click', toggleResultsNavPanel); document.getElementById('results-nav-filter').addEventListener('change', updateResultsNavPanel); debugLog("Quiz initialized successfully"); } catch (e) { console.error("Failed to initialize quiz:", e); debugLog("Failed to initialize quiz: " + e.message); document.getElementById('error-message').innerHTML = "Error initializing quiz. Please check the console for details or contact support."; document.getElementById('error-message').classList.remove('hidden'); document.getElementById('start-test').disabled = true; } } // Start quiz function startQuiz() { try { debugLog("Starting quiz"); document.getElementById('instructions').classList.add('hidden'); document.getElementById('quiz').classList.remove('hidden'); showQuestion(currentQuestion); startTimer(); updateNavPanel(); debugLog("Quiz started successfully"); } catch (e) { console.error("Error starting quiz:", e); debugLog("Failed to start quiz: " + e.message); document.getElementById('error-message').innerHTML = "Error starting quiz. Please check the console for details or contact support."; document.getElementById('error-message').classList.remove('hidden'); document.getElementById('quiz').classList.add('hidden'); document.getElementById('instructions').classList.remove('hidden'); } } // Show question function showQuestion(index) { try { debugLog(`Showing question ${index + 1}`); currentQuestion = index; const q = questions[index]; if (!q) { throw new Error(`Question ${index} is undefined`); } document.getElementById('question-number').innerHTML = `Question <span>${index + 1}</span> of ${questions.length}`; document.getElementById('question-text').innerHTML = q.text || "No question text available"; const imagesDiv = document.getElementById('question-images'); imagesDiv.innerHTML = q.question_images && q.question_images.length > 0 ? q.question_images.map(url => `<img src="${url}" alt="Question Image" class="max-w-full h-auto rounded-lg">`).join('') : ''; const optionsDiv = document.getElementById('options'); optionsDiv.innerHTML = q.options && q.options.length > 0 ? q.options.map(opt => ` <button class="option-btn w-full text-left p-3 border rounded-lg ${answers[index] === opt.label ? 'selected' : ''}" onclick="selectOption(${index}, '${opt.label}')" aria-label="Option ${opt.label}: ${opt.text}"> ${opt.label}. ${opt.text} </button> `).join('') : '<p class="text-red-500">No options available</p>'; document.getElementById('previous-btn').disabled = index === 0; document.getElementById('next-btn').disabled = index === questions.length - 1; document.getElementById('mark-review').classList.toggle('marked', markedForReview[index]); updateProgressBar(); saveProgress(); window.scrollTo({ top: 0, behavior: 'smooth' }); debugLog(`Question ${index + 1} displayed successfully`); } catch (e) { console.error("Error displaying question:", e); debugLog("Failed to display question: " + e.message); } } // Select option function selectOption(index, label) { try { debugLog(`Selecting option ${label} for question ${index + 1}`); answers[index] = label; const optionsDiv = document.getElementById('options'); const optionButtons = optionsDiv.querySelectorAll('.option-btn'); optionButtons.forEach(btn => { const btnLabel = btn.textContent.trim().split('.')[0]; btn.classList.toggle('selected', btnLabel === label); }); updateNavPanel(); saveProgress(); debugLog(`Option ${label} selected for question ${index + 1}`); } catch (e) { console.error("Error selecting option:", e); debugLog("Failed to select option: " + e.message); } } // Toggle mark for review function toggleMarkForReview() { try { debugLog(`Toggling mark for review on question ${currentQuestion + 1}`); markedForReview[currentQuestion] = !markedForReview[currentQuestion]; document.getElementById('mark-review').classList.toggle('marked', markedForReview[currentQuestion]); updateNavPanel(); saveProgress(); debugLog(`Mark for review toggled for question ${currentQuestion + 1}`); } catch (e) { console.error("Error marking for review:", e); debugLog("Failed to mark for review: " + e.message); } } // Navigate to previous question function showPreviousQuestion() { try { debugLog(`Navigating to previous question from ${currentQuestion + 1}`); if (currentQuestion > 0) { currentQuestion--; showQuestion(currentQuestion); } } catch (e) { console.error("Error navigating to previous question:", e); debugLog("Failed to navigate to previous question: " + e.message); } } // Navigate to next question function showNextQuestion() { try { debugLog(`Navigating to next question from ${currentQuestion + 1}`); if (currentQuestion < questions.length - 1) { currentQuestion++; showQuestion(currentQuestion); } } catch (e) { console.error("Error navigating to next question:", e); debugLog("Failed to navigate to next question: " + e.message); } } // Handle question navigation click function handleQuestionNavClick(index) { try { debugLog(`Navigating to question ${index + 1} via nav panel`); showQuestion(index); toggleNavPanel(); } catch (e) { console.error("Error handling navigation click:", e); debugLog("Failed to navigate via nav panel: " + e.message); } } // Start timer function startTimer() { try { debugLog("Starting timer"); timerInterval = setInterval(() => { if (timeRemaining <= 0) { debugLog("Timer expired, submitting test"); clearInterval(timerInterval); submitTest(); } else { timeRemaining--; const minutes = Math.floor(timeRemaining / 60); const seconds = timeRemaining % 60; document.getElementById('timer').innerHTML = `Time Remaining: <span>${minutes.toString().padStart(2, '0')}:${seconds.toString().padStart(2, '0')}</span>`; saveProgress(); } }, 1000); debugLog("Timer started successfully"); } catch (e) { console.error("Error starting timer:", e); debugLog("Failed to start timer: " + e.message); } } // Update progress bar function updateProgressBar() { try { debugLog("Updating progress bar"); const progress = ((currentQuestion + 1) / questions.length) * 100; document.getElementById('progress-bar').style.width = `${progress}%`; debugLog("Progress bar updated"); } catch (e) { console.error("Error updating progress bar:", e); debugLog("Failed to update progress bar: " + e.message); } } // Update quiz navigation panel function updateNavPanel() { try { debugLog("Updating quiz navigation panel"); const filter = document.getElementById('nav-filter').value; const navGrid = document.getElementById('nav-grid'); navGrid.innerHTML = questions.map((_, i) => { if (filter === 'answered' && !answers[i]) return ''; if (filter === 'unanswered' && answers[i]) return ''; if (filter === 'marked' && !markedForReview[i]) return ''; return ` <button class="question-nav-btn ${answers[i] ? 'answered' : 'unanswered'} ${markedForReview[i] ? 'marked-nav' : ''}" onclick="handleQuestionNavClick(${i})" aria-label="Go to Question ${i + 1}"> ${i + 1} </button> `; }).join(''); debugLog("Quiz navigation panel updated"); } catch (e) { console.error("Error updating quiz navigation panel:", e); debugLog("Failed to update quiz navigation panel: " + e.message); } } // Update results navigation panel function updateResultsNavPanel() { try { debugLog("Updating results navigation panel"); const filter = document.getElementById('results-nav-filter').value; const navGrid = document.getElementById('results-nav-grid'); navGrid.innerHTML = questions.map((_, i) => { if (filter === 'answered' && !answers[i]) return ''; if (filter === 'unanswered' && answers[i]) return ''; if (filter === 'marked' && !markedForReview[i]) return ''; return ` <button class="result-nav-btn-grid ${answers[i] ? 'answered' : 'unanswered'} ${markedForReview[i] ? 'marked-nav' : ''}" onclick="handleResultNavClick(${i})" aria-label="Go to Result for Question ${i + 1}"> ${i + 1} </button> `; }).join(''); debugLog("Results navigation panel updated"); } catch (e) { console.error("Error updating results navigation panel:", e); debugLog("Failed to update results navigation panel: " + e.message); } } // Toggle quiz navigation panel function toggleNavPanel() { try { debugLog("Toggling quiz navigation panel"); const navPanel = document.getElementById('nav-panel'); navPanel.classList.toggle('hidden'); debugLog("Quiz navigation panel toggled"); } catch (e) { console.error("Error toggling quiz navigation panel:", e); debugLog("Failed to toggle quiz navigation panel: " + e.message); } } // Toggle results navigation panel function toggleResultsNavPanel() { try { debugLog("Toggling results navigation panel"); const resultsNavPanel = document.getElementById('results-nav-panel'); resultsNavPanel.classList.toggle('hidden'); if (!resultsNavPanel.classList.contains('hidden')) { updateResultsNavPanel(); } debugLog("Results navigation panel toggled"); } catch (e) { console.error("Error toggling results navigation panel:", e); debugLog("Failed to toggle results navigation panel: " + e.message); } } // Handle result navigation click function handleResultNavClick(index) { try { debugLog(`Navigating to result for question ${index + 1} via nav panel`); showResults(index); toggleResultsNavPanel(); } catch (e) { console.error("Error handling result navigation click:", e); debugLog("Failed to navigate to result: " + e.message); } } // Show submit modal function showSubmitModal() { try { debugLog("Showing submit modal"); const attempted = answers.filter(a => a !== null).length; document.getElementById('attempted-count').textContent = attempted; document.getElementById('unattempted-count').textContent = questions.length - attempted; document.getElementById('submit-modal').classList.remove('hidden'); debugLog("Submit modal displayed"); } catch (e) { console.error("Error showing submit modal:", e); debugLog("Failed to show submit modal: " + e.message); } } // Close submit modal function closeSubmitModal() { try { debugLog("Closing submit modal"); document.getElementById('submit-modal').classList.add('hidden'); debugLog("Submit modal closed"); } catch (e) { console.error("Error closing submit modal:", e); debugLog("Failed to close submit modal: " + e.message); } } // Close exit modal function closeExitModal() { try { debugLog("Closing exit modal"); document.getElementById('exit-modal').classList.add('hidden'); debugLog("Exit modal closed"); } catch (e) { console.error("Error closing exit modal:", e); debugLog("Failed to close exit modal: " + e.message); } } // Submit test function submitTest() { try { debugLog("Submitting test"); clearInterval(timerInterval); document.getElementById('quiz').classList.add('hidden'); document.getElementById('submit-modal').classList.add('hidden'); document.getElementById('results').classList.remove('hidden'); showResults(0); // Start with first question // Trigger confetti animation confetti({ particleCount: 100, spread: 70, origin: { y: 0.6 } }); localStorage.removeItem(`quiz_${quizId}`); debugLog("Test submitted successfully"); } catch (e) { console.error("Error submitting test:", e); debugLog("Failed to submit test: " + e.message); } } // Show result for a single question function showResults(index) { try { debugLog(`Showing result for question ${index + 1}`); currentResultQuestion = index; let correct = 0, wrong = 0, unanswered = 0, marked = 0; answers.forEach((answer, i) => { const isCorrect = answer && questions[i].options.find(opt => opt.label === answer)?.correct; if (answer === null) unanswered++; else if (isCorrect) correct++; else wrong++; if (markedForReview[i]) marked++; }); const q = questions[index]; if (!q) { throw new Error(`Question ${index} is undefined`); } const userAnswer = answers[index]; const isCorrect = userAnswer && q.options.find(opt => opt.label === userAnswer)?.correct; const resultsContent = document.getElementById('results-content'); resultsContent.innerHTML = ` <div class="border p-4 rounded-lg ${isCorrect ? 'bg-green-50' : userAnswer ? 'bg-red-50' : 'bg-gray-50'}"> <p class="font-semibold">Question ${index + 1}: ${q.text || 'No question text'}</p> ${q.question_images && q.question_images.length > 0 ? q.question_images.map(url => `<img src="${url}" alt="Question Image" class="max-w-full h-auto rounded-lg my-2">`).join('') : ''} <p><strong>Your Answer:</strong> ${userAnswer ? `${userAnswer}. ${q.options.find(opt => opt.label === userAnswer)?.text || 'Invalid option'}` : 'Unanswered'}</p> <p><strong>Correct Answer:</strong> ${q.correct_answer || 'Unknown'}</p> <div class="mt-2">${q.explanation || 'No explanation available'}</div> ${q.explanation_images && q.explanation_images.length > 0 ? q.explanation_images.map(url => `<img src="${url}" alt="Explanation Image" class="max-w-full h-auto rounded-lg my-2">`).join('') : ''} ${q.video ? ` <button class="play-video bg-blue-500 text-white px-4 py-2 rounded-lg mt-2" onclick="loadVideo(this, '${q.video}', 'video-${index}')" aria-label="Play explanation video for Question ${index + 1}"> Play Video Explanation </button> <div id="video-${index}" class="video-container mt-2"></div> ` : '<p class="text-gray-500 mt-2">No video available</p>'} ${q.audio ? ` <button class="play-audio bg-blue-500 text-white px-4 py-2 rounded-lg mt-2" onclick="loadAudio(this, '${q.audio}', 'audio-${index}')" aria-label="Play audio explanation for Question ${index + 1}"> Play Audio Explanation </button> <div id="audio-${index}" class="audio-container mt-2"></div> ` : ''} </div> `; document.getElementById('correct-count').textContent = correct; document.getElementById('wrong-count').textContent = wrong; document.getElementById('unanswered-count').textContent = unanswered; document.getElementById('marked-count').textContent = marked; document.getElementById('result-question-number').innerHTML = `Question <span>${index + 1}</span> of ${questions.length}`; document.getElementById('prev-result').disabled = index === 0; document.getElementById('next-result').disabled = index === questions.length - 1; updateResultsNavPanel(); window.scrollTo({ top: 0, behavior: 'smooth' }); debugLog(`Result for question ${index + 1} displayed successfully`); } catch (e) { console.error("Error displaying result:", e); debugLog("Failed to display result: " + e.message); } } // Navigate to previous result function showPreviousResult() { try { debugLog(`Navigating to previous result from question ${currentResultQuestion + 1}`); if (currentResultQuestion > 0) { showResults(currentResultQuestion - 1); } } catch (e) { console.error("Error navigating to previous result:", e); debugLog("Failed to navigate to previous result: " + e.message); } } // Navigate to next result function showNextResult() { try { debugLog(`Navigating to next result from question ${currentResultQuestion + 1}`); if (currentResultQuestion < questions.length - 1) { showResults(currentResultQuestion + 1); } } catch (e) { console.error("Error navigating to next result:", e); debugLog("Failed to navigate to next result: " + e.message); } } // Lazy-load video function loadVideo(button, videoUrl, containerId) { try { debugLog(`Loading video for ${containerId}: ${videoUrl}`); if (!videoUrl) { const container = document.getElementById(containerId); container.innerHTML = `<p class="text-gray-500">No video available</p>`; button.remove(); debugLog("No video URL provided"); return; } const container = document.getElementById(containerId); container.innerHTML = ` <div class="video-loading"></div> <video controls class="w-full max-w-[600px] rounded-lg" preload="metadata" aria-label="Video explanation"> <source src="${videoUrl}" type="${videoUrl.endsWith('.m3u8') ? 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<div class="bg-white rounded-lg shadow-md p-4 md:p-6"> <h2 class="text-xl font-semibold mb-4">Instructions</h2> <h4 class="text-gray-800 text-lg font-semibold mt-6 mb-4">Test Features:</h4> <ul class="space-y-3"> <li class="flex items-center gap-3"> <i class="fa-solid fa-circle-check text-green-500"></i> Multiple choice questions with single correct answers </li> <li class="flex items-center gap-3"> <i class="fa-solid fa-circle-check text-green-500"></i> Timer-based testing for realistic exam conditions </li> <li class="flex items-center gap-3"> <i class="fa-solid fa-circle-check text-green-500"></i> Mark questions for review functionality </li> <li class="flex items-center gap-3"> <i class="fa-solid fa-circle-check text-green-500"></i> Comprehensive results and performance analysis </li> <li class="flex items-center gap-3"> <i class="fa-solid fa-circle-check text-green-500"></i> Mobile-optimized interface for learning on-the-go </li> </ul> <div class="mt-6 flex space-x-4 button-group md:flex-row flex-col"> <button class="bg-[#2c5281] text-white px-6 py-2 rounded-lg hover:bg-[#2c5281] transition" id="start-test">Start Test</button> </div> <div class="error-message hidden" id="error-message"></div> </div> </section> <!-- Quiz Section --> <section class="container mx-auto px-4 md:px-6 pt-4 md:pt-6 pb-1 hidden section-transition" id="quiz"> <div class="bg-white rounded-lg shadow-md p-4 md:p-6"> <!-- Progress Bar --> <div class="w-full bg-gray-200 rounded-full h-3 mb-4"> <div class="progress-bar h-3 rounded-full" id="progress-bar" style="width: 0%"></div> </div> <!-- Question Header --> <div class="flex flex-col md:flex-row justify-between items-center mb-4"> <h2 class="text-lg font-semibold" id="question-number">Question <span>1</span> of 4</h2> <p class="text-lg font-semibold mt-2 md:mt-0" id="timer">Time Remaining: <span>00:00</span></p> </div> <!-- Question Content --> <div class="mb-6" id="question-content"> <p class="text-gray-800 mb-4" id="question-text"></p> <div class="flex flex-wrap gap-4 mb-4" id="question-images"></div> <div class="space-y-3" id="options"></div> </div> <!-- Navigation Buttons --> <div class="flex flex-col md:flex-row justify-between items-center gap-2 md:gap-4"> <div class="flex gap-2 w-full md:w-auto"> <button class="bg-[#2c5281] text-white px-4 py-3 w-full md:w-32 h-14 rounded-lg hover:bg-[#2c5281] transition" disabled="" id="previous-btn">Previous</button> <button class="bg-[#2c5281] text-white px-4 py-3 w-full md:w-32 h-14 rounded-lg hover:bg-[#2c5281] transition" id="next-btn">Next</button> </div> <div class="flex items-center gap-2"> <button class="bg-transparent text-gray-700 px-4 py-2 rounded-lg hover:bg-gray-100 transition flex items-center gap-1" id="mark-review"> Review <svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" class="h-5 w-5" viewBox="0 0 20 20" fill="currentColor"> <path d="M10 2a1 1 0 00-1 1v14l3.293-3.293a1 1 0 011.414 0L17 17V3a1 1 0 00-1-1H10z" /> </svg> </button> <button class="bg-transparent text-gray-700 px-4 py-2 rounded-lg hover:bg-gray-100 transition flex items-center gap-1" id="nav-toggle"> Question 🧭 </button> <button class="bg-green-500 text-white px-6 py-3 w-44 h-14 rounded-lg hover:bg-green-600 transition w-full md:w-auto" id="submit-test">Submit Test</button> </div> </div> </section> <!-- Results Section --> <section class="container mx-auto px-4 md:px-6 pt-4 md:pt-6 pb-1 hidden section-transition" id="results"> <div class="bg-white rounded-lg shadow-md p-4 md:p-6"> <h2 class="text-2xl font-semibold mb-4">Anaesthesia Machine - Results</h2> <div class="grid grid-cols-1 md:grid-cols-2 gap-4 mb-6"> <p><strong>Correct:</strong> <span id="correct-count" class="text-[#000000]">0</span></p> <p><strong>Wrong:</strong> <span id="wrong-count" class="text-[#000000]">0</span></p> <p><strong>Unanswered:</strong> <span id="unanswered-count" class="text-[#000000]-500">0</span></p> <p><strong>Marked for Review:</strong> <span id="marked-count" class="text-[#000000]">0</span></p> </div> <h3 class="text-lg font-semibold mb-4" id="result-question-number">Question <span>1</span> of 4</h3> <div class="space-y-6" id="results-content"></div> <div class="result-nav"> <button aria-label="Previous question result" class="result-nav-btn bg-[#2c5281] text-white px-6 py-2 rounded-lg hover:bg-[#2c5281] transition" disabled="" id="prev-result">Previous</button> <button aria-label="Toggle results navigation panel" class="result-nav-btn bg-[#2c5281] text-white px-6 py-2 rounded-lg hover:bg-[#2c5281] transition" id="results-nav-toggle">Result 🧭</button> <button aria-label="Next question result" class="result-nav-btn bg-[#2c5281] text-white px-6 py-2 rounded-lg hover:bg-[#2c5281] transition" id="next-result">Next</button> </div> <div class="mt-6 flex space-x-4 button-group md:flex-row flex-col"> <button class="bg-green-500 text-white px-6 py-2 rounded-lg hover:bg-green-600 transition" id="take-again">Take Again</button> </div> </div> </section> <!-- Exit Confirmation Modal --> <div class="fixed inset-0 bg-black bg-opacity-50 flex items-center justify-center hidden" id="exit-modal"> <div class="bg-white rounded-lg p-6 max-w-sm w-full"> <h2 class="text-xl font-semibold mb-4">Leave Test?</h2> <p class="text-gray-700 mb-4">Your progress will be lost if you leave this page. Are you sure you want to exit?</p> <div class="flex justify-end space-x-4"> <button class="bg-gray-300 text-gray-700 px-4 py-2 rounded-lg hover:bg-gray-400 transition" id="continue-test">No, Continue</button> <button class="bg-red-500 text-white px-4 py-2 rounded-lg hover:bg-red-600 transition" id="exit-test">Yes, Exit</button> </div> </div> </div> <!-- Submit Confirmation Modal --> <div class="fixed inset-0 bg-black bg-opacity-50 flex items-center justify-center hidden" id="submit-modal"> <div class="bg-white rounded-lg p-6 max-w-sm w-full"> <h2 class="text-xl font-semibold mb-4">Confirm Submission</h2> <p class="text-gray-700 mb-2">You have attempted <span id="attempted-count">0</span> of 11 questions.</p> <p class="text-gray-700 mb-4"><span id="unattempted-count">0</span> questions are unattempted.</p> <div class="flex justify-end space-x-4"> <button class="bg-gray-300 text-gray-700 px-4 py-2 rounded-lg hover:bg-gray-400 transition" id="cancel-submit">Cancel</button> <button class="bg-green-500 text-white px-4 py-2 rounded-lg hover:bg-green-600 transition" id="confirm-submit">Submit Test</button> </div> </div> </div> <!-- Quiz Navigation Panel --> <div class="fixed inset-y-0 right-0 nav-panel bg-white shadow-lg p-4 hidden overflow-y-auto" id="nav-panel"> <h2 class="text-lg font-semibold mb-4">Questions Navigation</h2> <div class="mb-4"> <select class="w-full p-2 border rounded-lg text-gray-700" id="nav-filter"> <option value="all">All Questions</option> <option value="answered">Answered</option> <option value="unanswered">Unanswered</option> <option value="marked">Marked for Review</option> </select> </div> <div class="grid grid-cols-5 gap-2 md:gap-3" id="nav-grid"></div> <button class="mt-4 bg-gray-500 text-white px-4 py-2 rounded-lg hover:bg-gray-600 transition w-full" id="close-nav">Close</button> </div> <!-- Results Navigation Panel --> <div class="fixed inset-y-0 right-0 results-nav-panel bg-white shadow-lg p-4 hidden overflow-y-auto" id="results-nav-panel"> <h2 class="text-lg font-semibold mb-4">Results Navigation</h2> <div class="mb-4"> <select class="w-full p-2 border rounded-lg text-gray-700" id="results-nav-filter"> <option value="all">All Questions</option> <option value="answered">Answered</option> <option value="unanswered">Unanswered</option> <option value="marked">Marked for Review</option> </select> </div> <div class="grid grid-cols-5 gap-2 md:gap-3" id="results-nav-grid"></div> <button class="mt-4 bg-gray-500 text-white px-4 py-2 rounded-lg hover:bg-gray-600 transition w-full" id="close-results-nav">Close</button> </div> <!-- JavaScript Logic --> <script> // Enable debug mode for detailed logging const DEBUG_MODE = true; // Log debug messages function debugLog(message) { if (DEBUG_MODE) { console.log(`[DEBUG] ${message}`); } } // Initialize questions with error handling let questions = []; let currentResultQuestion = 0; // State for current question in results try { debugLog("Attempting to parse questions_json"); questions = [{"text": "In PCR cloning, the use of proofreading DNA polymerases is often preferred because:", "options": [{"label": "A", "text": "They amplify DNA at a much faster rate than regular Taq polymerase", "correct": false}, {"label": "B", "text": "They have a lower error rate during DNA synthesis", "correct": true}, {"label": "C", "text": "They can amplify longer DNA fragments more efficiently", "correct": false}, {"label": "D", "text": "They are more tolerant to variations in PCR cycling conditions", "correct": false}], "correct_answer": "B. They have a lower error rate during DNA synthesis", "question_images": [], "explanation_images": [], "explanation": "\n\n<p style='font-size: 10px; color: #808080; font-style: italic;'>@dams_new_robot</p>", "bot": "@dams_new_robot", "audio": "https://image.prepladder.com/content/JY4RKpmo9TbUfXiTOSnh1740147592.mp3", "video": ""}, {"text": "Which of the following steps is NOT part of the standard PCR cloning process?", "options": [{"label": "A", "text": "Denaturation", "correct": false}, {"label": "B", "text": "Annealing", "correct": false}, {"label": "C", "text": "Ligation", "correct": true}, {"label": "D", "text": "Elongation", "correct": false}], "correct_answer": "C. Ligation", "question_images": [], "explanation_images": ["https://image.prepladder.com/content/6ADZjEOUvwCdpRSWJBUL1735188246.png"], "explanation": "\n\n<p style='font-size: 10px; color: #808080; font-style: italic;'>@dams_new_robot</p>", "bot": "@dams_new_robot", "audio": "https://image.prepladder.com/content/pX4I6RCJLdmxknhUQ2p21740147654.mp3", "video": ""}, {"text": "Which of the following applications is a typical use of Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR)?", "options": [{"label": "A", "text": "Identifying specific genetic mutations", "correct": true}, {"label": "B", "text": "Determining protein structure", "correct": false}, {"label": "C", "text": "Measuring cell growth rates", "correct": false}, {"label": "D", "text": "Analyzing metabolite levels", "correct": false}], "correct_answer": "A. Identifying specific genetic mutations", "question_images": [], "explanation_images": [], "explanation": "\n\n<p style='font-size: 10px; color: #808080; font-style: italic;'>@dams_new_robot</p>", "bot": "@dams_new_robot", "audio": "https://image.prepladder.com/content/aU5pTYAvYgX9GOXv47mK1740147873.mp3", "video": ""}, {"text": "What is the primary purpose of Reverse Transcription Polymerase Chain Reaction (RT-PCR) in molecular biology?", "options": [{"label": "A", "text": "To amplify DNA sequences directly from the genome.", "correct": false}, {"label": "B", "text": "To convert RNA into complementary DNA (cDNA) and then amplify specific DNA sequences.", "correct": true}, {"label": "C", "text": "To sequence the entire genome of an organism.", "correct": false}, {"label": "D", "text": "To separate DNA fragments by size.", "correct": false}], "correct_answer": "B. To convert RNA into complementary DNA (cDNA) and then amplify specific DNA sequences.", "question_images": [], "explanation_images": ["https://image.prepladder.com/content/bOKwBfmjxkwXxjBfejZE1727491664.png"], "explanation": "\n\n\n<p style='font-size: 10px; color: #808080; font-style: italic;'>@dams_new_robot</p>", "bot": "@dams_new_robot", "audio": "https://image.prepladder.com/content/fpjjgZlBRW2uqadJsDwU1740147947.mp3", "video": ""}, {"text": "What is the primary advantage of using real-time PCR (qPCR) over traditional PCR techniques?", "options": [{"label": "A", "text": "It allows for the detection of multiple targets in a single reaction.", "correct": false}, {"label": "B", "text": "It enables the quantification of DNA as the amplification progresses.", "correct": true}, {"label": "C", "text": "It eliminates the need for a thermal cycler.", "correct": false}, {"label": "D", "text": "It provides a higher specificity in amplifying DNA.", "correct": false}], "correct_answer": "B. It enables the quantification of DNA as the amplification progresses.", "question_images": [], "explanation_images": [], "explanation": "\n\n\n<p style='font-size: 10px; color: #808080; font-style: italic;'>@dams_new_robot</p>", "bot": "@dams_new_robot", "audio": "https://image.prepladder.com/content/VFasJa1j91ygyFLnMVOE1740148041.mp3", "video": ""}, {"text": "Which of the following best describes the main principle behind Sanger sequencing?", "options": [{"label": "A", "text": "Amplification of DNA segments to facilitate sequencing.", "correct": false}, {"label": "B", "text": "Incorporation of dideoxynucleotides to terminate DNA synthesis at specific bases.", "correct": true}, {"label": "C", "text": "High-throughput sequencing of millions of DNA fragments simultaneously.", "correct": false}, {"label": "D", "text": "Insertion of a DNA fragment into a plasmid vector for replication and sequencing.", "correct": false}], "correct_answer": "B. Incorporation of dideoxynucleotides to terminate DNA synthesis at specific bases.", "question_images": [], "explanation_images": ["https://image.prepladder.com/content/q1aXXlMw9xQXfGqr0Fk51735188652.png"], "explanation": "\n\n<p style='font-size: 10px; color: #808080; font-style: italic;'>@dams_new_robot</p>", "bot": "@dams_new_robot", "audio": "https://image.prepladder.com/content/5OhFwgDcbmoce1a6vr0N1744162171.mp3", "video": ""}, {"text": "A 45-year-old patient diagnosed with COVID-19 has a real-time PCR test result showing a cycle threshold (Ct) value of 35. How should this Ct value be interpreted in the context of their infectivity and clinical management?", "options": [{"label": "A", "text": "The patient has a high viral load and is highly infectious.", "correct": false}, {"label": "B", "text": "The patient has a low viral load and is less likely to be infectious.", "correct": true}, {"label": "C", "text": "The patient’s Ct value indicates they should be immediately admitted to the ICU.", "correct": false}, {"label": "D", "text": "The Ct value alone is sufficient to determine the patient’s disease severity and infectivity.", "correct": false}], "correct_answer": "B. The patient has a low viral load and is less likely to be infectious.", "question_images": [], "explanation_images": [], "explanation": "<p><strong>References:</strong></p>\n<ul><li>↳ Cycle Threshold (Ct) Value</li><li>↳ Cycle Threshold (Ct) Value</li><li>↳ Cycle Threshold (Ct) Value</li><li>↳ Cycle Threshold (Ct) Value</li><li>↳ Definition The number of cycles required for the fluorescent signal to exceed a threshold, indicating detectable target nucleic acid (e.g., viral RNA).</li><li>↳ Definition</li><li>↳ Definition</li><li>↳ Definition</li><li>↳ The number of cycles required for the fluorescent signal to exceed a threshold, indicating detectable target nucleic acid (e.g., viral RNA).</li><li>↳ The number of cycles required for the fluorescent signal to exceed a threshold, indicating detectable target nucleic acid (e.g., viral RNA).</li><li>↳ Significance of Ct Values Viral Load Estimation Lower Ct values (≤30) indicate higher viral loads Higher Ct values (&gt;30) suggest lower viral loads (Option B,A) Helps infer potential transmission risk and infection stage. Infectivity Correlation Ct values &gt;24 are linked to reduced infectivity Ct values &gt;34 typically do not yield infectious virus. Clinical Management : Ct values aid in patient management decisions, such as isolation duration. Systematic reporting improves result interpretation and impacts treatment and quarantine measures.</li><li>↳ Significance of Ct Values</li><li>↳ Significance of Ct Values</li><li>↳ Significance of Ct Values</li><li>↳ Viral Load Estimation Lower Ct values (≤30) indicate higher viral loads Higher Ct values (&gt;30) suggest lower viral loads (Option B,A) Helps infer potential transmission risk and infection stage. Infectivity Correlation Ct values &gt;24 are linked to reduced infectivity Ct values &gt;34 typically do not yield infectious virus. Clinical Management : Ct values aid in patient management decisions, such as isolation duration. Systematic reporting improves result interpretation and impacts treatment and quarantine measures.</li><li>↳ Viral Load Estimation Lower Ct values (≤30) indicate higher viral loads Higher Ct values (&gt;30) suggest lower viral loads (Option B,A) Helps infer potential transmission risk and infection stage. Infectivity Correlation Ct values &gt;24 are linked to reduced infectivity Ct values &gt;34 typically do not yield infectious virus. Clinical Management : Ct values aid in patient management decisions, such as isolation duration. Systematic reporting improves result interpretation and impacts treatment and quarantine measures.</li><li>↳ Viral Load Estimation Lower Ct values (≤30) indicate higher viral loads Higher Ct values (&gt;30) suggest lower viral loads (Option B,A) Helps infer potential transmission risk and infection stage.</li><li>↳ Viral Load Estimation</li><li>↳ Lower Ct values (≤30) indicate higher viral loads Higher Ct values (&gt;30) suggest lower viral loads (Option B,A) Helps infer potential transmission risk and infection stage.</li><li>↳ Lower Ct values (≤30) indicate higher viral loads</li><li>↳ Higher Ct values (&gt;30) suggest lower viral loads (Option B,A)</li><li>↳ Helps infer potential transmission risk and infection stage.</li><li>↳ Infectivity Correlation Ct values &gt;24 are linked to reduced infectivity Ct values &gt;34 typically do not yield infectious virus.</li><li>↳ Infectivity Correlation</li><li>↳ Ct values &gt;24 are linked to reduced infectivity Ct values &gt;34 typically do not yield infectious virus.</li><li>↳ Ct values &gt;24 are linked to reduced infectivity</li><li>↳ Ct values &gt;34 typically do not yield infectious virus.</li><li>↳ Clinical Management : Ct values aid in patient management decisions, such as isolation duration. Systematic reporting improves result interpretation and impacts treatment and quarantine measures.</li><li>↳ Clinical Management</li><li>↳ Ct values aid in patient management decisions, such as isolation duration. Systematic reporting improves result interpretation and impacts treatment and quarantine measures.</li><li>↳ Ct values aid in patient management decisions, such as isolation duration.</li><li>↳ Systematic reporting improves result interpretation and impacts treatment and quarantine measures.</li><li>↳ Limitations and Considerations Variability Across Tests Different PCR platforms may produce varying Ct values due to differences in reagents, protocols, and target genes. Laboratories must establish their own reference ranges and interpretive criteria. Sample Quality Influence Factors like sample collection technique, timing, and storage conditions affect Ct values. Discrepancies can occur between different sample types (e.g., nasal vs. oropharyngeal). Interpretation Challenges (Option C,D) Ct values should not be used alone to determine infectivity or disease severity. Other clinical factors, such as symptoms and exposure context, must also be considered.</li><li>↳ Limitations and Considerations</li><li>↳ Limitations and Considerations</li><li>↳ Limitations and Considerations</li><li>↳ Variability Across Tests Different PCR platforms may produce varying Ct values due to differences in reagents, protocols, and target genes. Laboratories must establish their own reference ranges and interpretive criteria. Sample Quality Influence Factors like sample collection technique, timing, and storage conditions affect Ct values. Discrepancies can occur between different sample types (e.g., nasal vs. oropharyngeal). Interpretation Challenges (Option C,D) Ct values should not be used alone to determine infectivity or disease severity. Other clinical factors, such as symptoms and exposure context, must also be considered.</li><li>↳ Variability Across Tests Different PCR platforms may produce varying Ct values due to differences in reagents, protocols, and target genes. Laboratories must establish their own reference ranges and interpretive criteria. Sample Quality Influence Factors like sample collection technique, timing, and storage conditions affect Ct values. Discrepancies can occur between different sample types (e.g., nasal vs. oropharyngeal). Interpretation Challenges (Option C,D) Ct values should not be used alone to determine infectivity or disease severity. Other clinical factors, such as symptoms and exposure context, must also be considered.</li><li>↳ Variability Across Tests Different PCR platforms may produce varying Ct values due to differences in reagents, protocols, and target genes. Laboratories must establish their own reference ranges and interpretive criteria.</li><li>↳ Variability Across Tests</li><li>↳ Different PCR platforms may produce varying Ct values due to differences in reagents, protocols, and target genes. Laboratories must establish their own reference ranges and interpretive criteria.</li><li>↳ Different PCR platforms may produce varying Ct values due to differences in reagents, protocols, and target genes.</li><li>↳ Laboratories must establish their own reference ranges and interpretive criteria.</li><li>↳ Sample Quality Influence Factors like sample collection technique, timing, and storage conditions affect Ct values. Discrepancies can occur between different sample types (e.g., nasal vs. oropharyngeal).</li><li>↳ Sample Quality Influence</li><li>↳ Factors like sample collection technique, timing, and storage conditions affect Ct values. Discrepancies can occur between different sample types (e.g., nasal vs. oropharyngeal).</li><li>↳ Factors like sample collection technique, timing, and storage conditions affect Ct values.</li><li>↳ Discrepancies can occur between different sample types (e.g., nasal vs. oropharyngeal).</li><li>↳ Interpretation Challenges (Option C,D) Ct values should not be used alone to determine infectivity or disease severity. Other clinical factors, such as symptoms and exposure context, must also be considered.</li><li>↳ Interpretation Challenges</li><li>↳ Ct values should not be used alone to determine infectivity or disease severity. Other clinical factors, such as symptoms and exposure context, must also be considered.</li><li>↳ Ct values should not be used alone to determine infectivity or disease severity.</li><li>↳ Other clinical factors, such as symptoms and exposure context, must also be considered.</li><li>↳ Option A: Incorrect. A Ct value of 35 indicates a lower viral load, not a high one.</li><li>↳ Option A:</li><li>↳ Option C: Incorrect. A Ct value alone does not necessitate ICU admission without considering other clinical factors.</li><li>↳ Option C:</li><li>↳ Option D: Incorrect. Ct values should be interpreted alongside other clinical factors, not in isolation.</li><li>↳ Option D:</li></ul>\n<table cellspacing=\"0\" style=\"border-collapse:collapse; width:654px\">\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<td colspan=\"2\" style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><strong>Cycle Threshold (Ct) Value</strong></p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Definition</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>The number of cycles required for the <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"df068e6efc16927772029693b5023e\">fluorescent</span> signal to exceed a threshold, indicating detectable target <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"6483f3ef3116927771935d328a8ab2\">nucleic acid</span> (e.g., <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"5cc2d9fac616927772021889ee6d52\">viral</span> RNA).</p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td rowspan=\"3\" style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Significance of Ct Values</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td rowspan=\"3\" style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<ul>\n<li><strong>Viral Load Estimation</strong>\n<ul>\n<li>Lower Ct values (≤30) indicate higher <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"5cc2d9fac616927772021889ee6d52\">viral</span> loads</li>\n<li>Higher Ct values (&gt;30) suggest lower <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"5cc2d9fac616927772021889ee6d52\">viral</span> loads (Option B,A)</li>\n<li>Helps infer potential transmission risk and infection stage.</li>\n</ul>\n</li>\n<li><strong>Infectivity Correlation</strong>\n<ul>\n<li>Ct values &gt;24 are <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"8d0fca798b1692777191b6cd41880f\">linked</span> to <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"10c83adb331692777197f775bec1aa\">reduced</span> infectivity</li>\n<li>Ct values &gt;34 typically do not yield <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"aa279cf1f016927771903f195bb1b9\">infectious</span> virus.</li>\n</ul>\n</li>\n<li><strong>Clinical Management</strong>:\n\t\t\t\t<ul>\n<li>Ct values aid in patient management decisions, such as isolation duration.</li>\n<li>Systematic reporting improves result interpretation and impacts treatment and <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"9a7e65b3e2169277719642f011fb46\">quarantine</span> measures.</li>\n</ul>\n</li>\n</ul>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td rowspan=\"3\" style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Limitations and Considerations</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td rowspan=\"3\" style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<ul>\n<li><strong>Variability Across Tests</strong>\n<ul>\n<li>Different <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"fa67319b42169277719498abc93db6\">PCR</span> platforms may produce varying Ct values due to differences in reagents, protocols, and target genes.</li>\n<li>Laboratories must establish their own reference ranges and interpretive criteria.</li>\n</ul>\n</li>\n<li><strong>Sample Quality Influence</strong>\n<ul>\n<li>Factors like sample collection technique, timing, and storage conditions affect Ct values.</li>\n<li>Discrepancies can occur between different sample types (e.g., <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"31c5d0e75f16927771938d8e2daa4c\">nasal</span> vs. oropharyngeal).</li>\n</ul>\n</li>\n<li><strong>Interpretation Challenges</strong> (Option C,D)\n\t\t\t\t<ul>\n<li>Ct values should not be used alone to determine <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"4a221e3c0a1692777190dc3efa5207\">infectivity</span> or disease severity.</li>\n<li>Other clinical factors, such as symptoms and exposure context, must also be considered.</li>\n</ul>\n</li>\n</ul>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n</tr>\n</tbody>\n\n<p><strong>References:</strong></p>\n<ul><li>↳ Reference</li><li>↳ https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC8362640/</li><li>↳ https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/35576147/</li></u\n<p style='font-size: 10px; color: #808080; font-style: italic;'>@dams_new_robot</p>", "bot": "@dams_new_robot", "audio": "https://image.prepladder.com/content/vinNIRgcqiWXYkyVBXsE1741657397.mp3", "video": ""}, {"text": "A forensic scientist is analyzing a DNA sample from a crime scene. The DNA is digested with restriction enzymes, separated by gel electrophoresis, and transferred to a nitrocellulose membrane. Labeled DNA probes are then used to detect specific fragments. Which technique is the scientist most likely using?", "options": [{"label": "A", "text": "Restriction Fragment Length Polymorphism (RFLP)", "correct": true}, {"label": "B", "text": "Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR)", "correct": false}, {"label": "C", "text": "Single-Strand Conformation Polymorphism (SSCP)", "correct": false}, {"label": "D", "text": "DNA Sequencing", "correct": false}], "correct_answer": "A. Restriction Fragment Length Polymorphism (RFLP)", "question_images": [], "explanation_images": [], "explanation": "<table cellspacing=\"0\" style=\"border-collapse:collapse; width:612px\">\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<td colspan=\"2\" style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\"> </td>\n<td colspan=\"2\" style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top; width:143px\">\n<p><strong> Sequential Steps involved using <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"b64831e3461692777197f3ee8527cd\">RFLP</span> technique </strong></p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\"> </td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top; width:143px\">\n<p><strong>1. DNA Digestion</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top; width:469px\">\n<p>DNA is cut by<strong> restriction enzymes</strong> at specific sites.</p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\"> </td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top; width:143px\">\n<p><strong>2. Electrophoresis</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top; width:469px\">\n<p>DNA fragments are separated by size using <strong>gel electrophoresis.</strong></p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\"> </td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top; width:143px\">\n<p><strong>3. Denaturation</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top; width:469px\">\n<p>To enable <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"175eb86b5f16927771964d5ced6bf3\">probe</span> binding, the separated fragments are denatured</p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\"> </td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top; width:143px\">\n<p><strong>4. Southern Blotting</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top; width:469px\">\n<p>Fragments are transferred from the <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"b0bdc3a1d416927771884d50c944ec\">gel</span> to a<strong> <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"72d078e3e81692777193cb1d637d52\">nitrocellulose</span> membrane.</strong></p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\"> </td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top; width:143px\">\n<p><strong>5. Hybridization</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top; width:469px\">\n<p>DNA fragments hybridize with<strong> labeled DNA probes.</strong></p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\"> </td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top; width:143px\">\n<p><strong>6. Visualization</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top; width:469px\">\n<p>Hybridized fragments are visualized <strong>to reveal the presence or absence of restriction sites.</strong></p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n</tbody>\n\n\n<p style='font-size: 10px; color: #808080; font-style: italic;'>@dams_new_robot</p>", "bot": "@dams_new_robot", "audio": "https://image.prepladder.com/content/06gCBCLfQhRx4MQRtGft1741657691.mp3", "video": ""}, {"text": "Which of the following statements about Denaturing Gradient Gel Electrophoresis (DGGE) is false?", "options": [{"label": "A", "text": "DGGE can separate DNA fragments based on their melting characteristics.", "correct": false}, {"label": "B", "text": "DGGE is effective for analyzing DNA segments of 200-300 base pairs.", "correct": false}, {"label": "C", "text": "DGGE requires the use of a denaturant gradient within a polyacrylamide gel.", "correct": false}, {"label": "D", "text": "DGGE is commonly used for detecting translocations.", "correct": true}], "correct_answer": "D. DGGE is commonly used for detecting translocations.", "question_images": [], "explanation_images": [], "explanation": "<table cellspacing=\"0\" style=\"border-collapse:collapse; width:613px\">\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<td colspan=\"2\" style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p style=\"text-align:center\"><strong>Sequential Steps in Denaturing <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"04136f692516927771888cf07d46a4\">Gradient</span> <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"b0bdc3a1d416927771884d50c944ec\">Gel</span> <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"0284ae84d21692777187eb03c87a57\">Electrophoresis</span> (DGGE)</strong></p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>1. DNA Extraction</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Isolate DNA from the sample.</p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>2. <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"fa67319b42169277719498abc93db6\">PCR</span> Amplification</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Amplify the target DNA region with specific primers.</p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>3. <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"b0bdc3a1d416927771884d50c944ec\">Gel</span> Preparation</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Create a <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"b64568eb0e169277719670f0af9e20\">polyacrylamide</span> <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"b0bdc3a1d416927771884d50c944ec\">gel</span> with a <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"7a1a80c9fe1692777185c290da6a7b\">denaturant</span> gradient. (Option C)</p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>4. Electrophoresis</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Load DNA samples into the <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"b0bdc3a1d416927771884d50c944ec\">gel</span> and apply an <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"f96c96462b1692777187949d9ebca6\">electric field</span> for separation.</p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>5. Visualization</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Stain the <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"b0bdc3a1d416927771884d50c944ec\">gel</span> and <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"67407c787d1692777202245c791c31\">visualize</span> bands under UV light.</p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n</tbody>\n\n\n<p style='font-size: 10px; color: #808080; font-style: italic;'>@dams_new_robot</p>", "bot": "@dams_new_robot", "audio": "https://image.prepladder.com/content/RQ16Hhnrr8L5DeVZkGzh1741657964.mp3", "video": ""}, {"text": "Which of the following methods is specifically designed to detect differences in DNA sequences based on variations in the electrophoretic mobility of single-stranded DNA fragments?", "options": [{"label": "A", "text": "RFLP (Restriction Fragment Length Polymorphism)", "correct": false}, {"label": "B", "text": "SSCP (Single-Strand Conformational Polymorphism)", "correct": true}, {"label": "C", "text": "Sequencing", "correct": false}, {"label": "D", "text": "All of the above methods are equally effective for detecting DNA sequence variations.", "correct": false}], "correct_answer": "B. SSCP (Single-Strand Conformational Polymorphism)", "question_images": [], "explanation_images": [], "explanation": "\n\n<p style='font-size: 10px; color: #808080; font-style: italic;'>@dams_new_robot</p>", "bot": "@dams_new_robot", "audio": "https://image.prepladder.com/content/uzewL8B9gvoPgCIkWWVz1744162324.mp3", "video": ""}, {"text": "A researcher is experiencing issues with the accuracy and efficiency of DNA amplification during a PCR experiment. They suspect the problem might be related to magnesium ion concentration. What role does magnesium play in PCR, and how might its concentration affect the experiment?", "options": [{"label": "A", "text": "Magnesium ions serve only to stabilize the DNA template and do not affect enzyme activity.", "correct": false}, {"label": "B", "text": "Excessive magnesium concentration enhances DNA polymerase activity, reducing the likelihood of errors.", "correct": false}, {"label": "C", "text": "Insufficient magnesium concentration can lead to decreased enzyme activity and lower DNA amplification efficiency.", "correct": true}, {"label": "D", "text": "Magnesium ions are not essential for the nucleophilic attack of the primer's 3' hydroxyl group during DNA synthesis.", "correct": false}], "correct_answer": "C. Insufficient magnesium concentration can lead to decreased enzyme activity and lower DNA amplification efficiency.", "question_images": [], "explanation_images": [], "explanation": "<table cellspacing=\"0\" style=\"border-collapse:collapse; width:624px\">\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<td colspan=\"2\" style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><strong>Role of <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"4d7ed0baae169277719199f6e9ab7b\">Magnesium</span> in PCR</strong></p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>1. <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"11d4157da4169277718762144a4fe7\">Enzymatic</span> Function</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Cofactor for DNA Polymerases:</p>\n<ul>\n<li>Binding of Nucleotides: <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"4d7ed0baae169277719199f6e9ab7b\">Magnesium</span> ions facilitate the correct positioning of nucleotides and stabilize the negative charges that develop during the <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"1346ac97b61692777196b91eff8228\">polymerization</span> process.</li>\n<li>Stabilization of Charges: This <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"6694ddb1db1692777199c9a1e38bf0\">stabilization</span> is crucial for maintaining the proper geometry for the <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"cc356a3afe16927771932c4b636ae0\">nucleophilic</span> attack of the primer's 3' <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"71c394a39516927771899f0a1b8179\">hydroxyl</span> group on the <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"a9268f2e1d16927771814cfef69cf4\">alpha</span> <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"189b6fc834169277719580eb39bb4c\">phosphate</span> of the incoming nucleotide.</li>\n</ul>\n\t\t\t \n\n\t\t\t<p>Formation of <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"fd8ccc41d916927771839aa8da6767\">Catalytic</span> Complexes:</p>\n<ul>\n<li>Coordination of Substrates: Mg²⁺ ions are involved in the <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"3820ba101416927771858fe257e119\">coordination</span> of substrates within the <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"08c37b57da1692777180a39e8239fb\">active site</span> of the enzyme, essential for effective catalysis.</li>\n<li>Active Site Geometry: <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"4d7ed0baae169277719199f6e9ab7b\">Magnesium</span> maintains the correct geometry of the <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"59b270e4eb1692777186cf05589eda\">DNA polymerase</span> active site, positioning the 3' <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"71c394a39516927771899f0a1b8179\">hydroxyl</span> group for efficient catalysis.</li>\n<li>Stabilization of Transition State: <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"4d7ed0baae169277719199f6e9ab7b\">Magnesium</span> stabilizes the penta-coordinated transition state during the <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"08f93802a616927771934fe13d10a9\">nucleotidyl</span> transfer reaction, reducing errors during replication.</li>\n</ul>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>2. Stability and Fidelity:</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<ul>\n<li>DNA Structure Stability: <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"4d7ed0baae169277719199f6e9ab7b\">Magnesium</span> helps maintain the integrity of DNA strands during PCR.</li>\n<li>Error Minimization: Proper <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"4d7ed0baae169277719199f6e9ab7b\">magnesium</span> concentration minimizes errors in DNA replication.</li>\n<li>Optimization: Both insufficient and excessive <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"4d7ed0baae169277719199f6e9ab7b\">magnesium</span> can lead to decreased efficiency and accuracy in DNA amplification.</li>\n</ul>\n</td>\n</tr>\n</tbody>\n\n<p><strong>References:</strong></p>\n<ul><li>↳ Reference:</li><li>↳ Role of magnesium in genomic stability</li><li>↳ Magnesium Induced Assembly of a Complete DNA Polymerase Catalytic Complex - PMC</li></u\n<p style='font-size: 10px; color: #808080; font-style: italic;'>@dams_new_robot</p>", "bot": "@dams_new_robot", "audio": "https://image.prepladder.com/content/WEdMu8LCvDlTBQXcQzub1744163669.mp3", "video": ""}]; if (!Array.isArray(questions) || questions.length === 0) { throw new Error("Questions data is empty or invalid"); } debugLog(`Successfully parsed ${questions.length} questions`); } catch (e) { console.error("Failed to parse questions_json:", e); document.getElementById('error-message').innerHTML = "Error loading quiz data. Please check the console for details or contact support."; document.getElementById('error-message').classList.remove('hidden'); document.getElementById('start-test').disabled = true; // Fallback to sample questions for testing questions = [ { text: "What is 2 + 2?", options: [ { label: "A", text: "3", correct: false }, { label: "B", text: "4", correct: true }, { label: "C", text: "5", correct: false }, { label: "D", text: "6", correct: false } ], correct_answer: "B. 4", question_images: [], explanation_images: [], explanation: "<p>2 + 2 = 4</p><p>@dams_new_robot</p>", bot: "@dams_new_robot", audio: "", video: "" } ]; debugLog("Loaded fallback questions"); } // Quiz state let currentQuestion = 0; let answers = new Array(questions.length).fill(null); let markedForReview = new Array(questions.length).fill(false); let timeRemaining = 21 * 60; // Duration in seconds let timerInterval = null; const quizId = `{title.replace(/\s+/g, '_').toLowerCase()}`; // Unique ID for local storage // Load saved progress function loadProgress() { try { debugLog("Loading progress from localStorage"); const saved = localStorage.getItem(`quiz_${quizId}`); if (saved) { const { savedAnswers, savedMarked, savedTime } = JSON.parse(saved); answers = savedAnswers || answers; markedForReview = savedMarked || markedForReview; timeRemaining = savedTime !== undefined ? savedTime : timeRemaining; debugLog("Progress loaded successfully"); } else { debugLog("No saved progress found"); } } catch (e) { console.error("Error loading progress:", e); debugLog("Failed to load progress: " + e.message); } } // Save progress function saveProgress() { try { debugLog("Saving progress to localStorage"); localStorage.setItem(`quiz_${quizId}`, JSON.stringify({ savedAnswers: answers, savedMarked: markedForReview, savedTime: timeRemaining })); debugLog("Progress saved successfully"); } catch (e) { console.error("Error saving progress:", e); debugLog("Failed to save progress: " + e.message); } } // Initialize quiz function initQuiz() { try { debugLog("Initializing quiz"); loadProgress(); const startButton = document.getElementById('start-test'); if (!startButton) { throw new Error("Start test button not found"); } startButton.addEventListener('click', startQuiz); debugLog("Start test button listener attached"); document.getElementById('previous-btn').addEventListener('click', showPreviousQuestion); document.getElementById('next-btn').addEventListener('click', showNextQuestion); document.getElementById('mark-review').addEventListener('click', toggleMarkForReview); document.getElementById('nav-toggle').addEventListener('click', toggleNavPanel); document.getElementById('submit-test').addEventListener('click', showSubmitModal); document.getElementById('continue-test').addEventListener('click', closeExitModal); document.getElementById('exit-test').addEventListener('click', () => { debugLog("Exiting test"); localStorage.removeItem(`quiz_${quizId}`); window.location.reload(); }); document.getElementById('cancel-submit').addEventListener('click', closeSubmitModal); document.getElementById('confirm-submit').addEventListener('click', submitTest); document.getElementById('take-again').addEventListener('click', () => { debugLog("Restarting test"); localStorage.removeItem(`quiz_${quizId}`); window.location.reload(); }); document.getElementById('review-test').addEventListener('click', () => showResults(currentResultQuestion)); document.getElementById('close-nav').addEventListener('click', toggleNavPanel); document.getElementById('theme-toggle').addEventListener('click', toggleTheme); document.getElementById('nav-filter').addEventListener('change', updateNavPanel); document.getElementById('prev-result').addEventListener('click', showPreviousResult); document.getElementById('next-result').addEventListener('click', showNextResult); document.getElementById('results-nav-toggle').addEventListener('click', toggleResultsNavPanel); document.getElementById('close-results-nav').addEventListener('click', toggleResultsNavPanel); document.getElementById('results-nav-filter').addEventListener('change', updateResultsNavPanel); debugLog("Quiz initialized successfully"); } catch (e) { console.error("Failed to initialize quiz:", e); debugLog("Failed to initialize quiz: " + e.message); document.getElementById('error-message').innerHTML = "Error initializing quiz. Please check the console for details or contact support."; document.getElementById('error-message').classList.remove('hidden'); document.getElementById('start-test').disabled = true; } } // Start quiz function startQuiz() { try { debugLog("Starting quiz"); document.getElementById('instructions').classList.add('hidden'); document.getElementById('quiz').classList.remove('hidden'); showQuestion(currentQuestion); startTimer(); updateNavPanel(); debugLog("Quiz started successfully"); } catch (e) { console.error("Error starting quiz:", e); debugLog("Failed to start quiz: " + e.message); document.getElementById('error-message').innerHTML = "Error starting quiz. Please check the console for details or contact support."; document.getElementById('error-message').classList.remove('hidden'); document.getElementById('quiz').classList.add('hidden'); document.getElementById('instructions').classList.remove('hidden'); } } // Show question function showQuestion(index) { try { debugLog(`Showing question ${index + 1}`); currentQuestion = index; const q = questions[index]; if (!q) { throw new Error(`Question ${index} is undefined`); } document.getElementById('question-number').innerHTML = `Question <span>${index + 1}</span> of ${questions.length}`; document.getElementById('question-text').innerHTML = q.text || "No question text available"; const imagesDiv = document.getElementById('question-images'); imagesDiv.innerHTML = q.question_images && q.question_images.length > 0 ? q.question_images.map(url => `<img src="${url}" alt="Question Image" class="max-w-full h-auto rounded-lg">`).join('') : ''; const optionsDiv = document.getElementById('options'); optionsDiv.innerHTML = q.options && q.options.length > 0 ? q.options.map(opt => ` <button class="option-btn w-full text-left p-3 border rounded-lg ${answers[index] === opt.label ? 'selected' : ''}" onclick="selectOption(${index}, '${opt.label}')" aria-label="Option ${opt.label}: ${opt.text}"> ${opt.label}. ${opt.text} </button> `).join('') : '<p class="text-red-500">No options available</p>'; document.getElementById('previous-btn').disabled = index === 0; document.getElementById('next-btn').disabled = index === questions.length - 1; document.getElementById('mark-review').classList.toggle('marked', markedForReview[index]); updateProgressBar(); saveProgress(); window.scrollTo({ top: 0, behavior: 'smooth' }); debugLog(`Question ${index + 1} displayed successfully`); } catch (e) { console.error("Error displaying question:", e); debugLog("Failed to display question: " + e.message); } } // Select option function selectOption(index, label) { try { debugLog(`Selecting option ${label} for question ${index + 1}`); answers[index] = label; const optionsDiv = document.getElementById('options'); const optionButtons = optionsDiv.querySelectorAll('.option-btn'); optionButtons.forEach(btn => { const btnLabel = btn.textContent.trim().split('.')[0]; btn.classList.toggle('selected', btnLabel === label); }); updateNavPanel(); saveProgress(); debugLog(`Option ${label} selected for question ${index + 1}`); } catch (e) { console.error("Error selecting option:", e); debugLog("Failed to select option: " + e.message); } } // Toggle mark for review function toggleMarkForReview() { try { debugLog(`Toggling mark for review on question ${currentQuestion + 1}`); markedForReview[currentQuestion] = !markedForReview[currentQuestion]; document.getElementById('mark-review').classList.toggle('marked', markedForReview[currentQuestion]); updateNavPanel(); saveProgress(); debugLog(`Mark for review toggled for question ${currentQuestion + 1}`); } catch (e) { console.error("Error marking for review:", e); debugLog("Failed to mark for review: " + e.message); } } // Navigate to previous question function showPreviousQuestion() { try { debugLog(`Navigating to previous question from ${currentQuestion + 1}`); if (currentQuestion > 0) { currentQuestion--; showQuestion(currentQuestion); } } catch (e) { console.error("Error navigating to previous question:", e); debugLog("Failed to navigate to previous question: " + e.message); } } // Navigate to next question function showNextQuestion() { try { debugLog(`Navigating to next question from ${currentQuestion + 1}`); if (currentQuestion < questions.length - 1) { currentQuestion++; showQuestion(currentQuestion); } } catch (e) { console.error("Error navigating to next question:", e); debugLog("Failed to navigate to next question: " + e.message); } } // Handle question navigation click function handleQuestionNavClick(index) { try { debugLog(`Navigating to question ${index + 1} via nav panel`); showQuestion(index); toggleNavPanel(); } catch (e) { console.error("Error handling navigation click:", e); debugLog("Failed to navigate via nav panel: " + e.message); } } // Start timer function startTimer() { try { debugLog("Starting timer"); timerInterval = setInterval(() => { if (timeRemaining <= 0) { debugLog("Timer expired, submitting test"); clearInterval(timerInterval); submitTest(); } else { timeRemaining--; const minutes = Math.floor(timeRemaining / 60); const seconds = timeRemaining % 60; document.getElementById('timer').innerHTML = `Time Remaining: <span>${minutes.toString().padStart(2, '0')}:${seconds.toString().padStart(2, '0')}</span>`; saveProgress(); } }, 1000); debugLog("Timer started successfully"); } catch (e) { console.error("Error starting timer:", e); debugLog("Failed to start timer: " + e.message); } } // Update progress bar function updateProgressBar() { try { debugLog("Updating progress bar"); const progress = ((currentQuestion + 1) / questions.length) * 100; document.getElementById('progress-bar').style.width = `${progress}%`; debugLog("Progress bar updated"); } catch (e) { console.error("Error updating progress bar:", e); debugLog("Failed to update progress bar: " + e.message); } } // Update quiz navigation panel function updateNavPanel() { try { debugLog("Updating quiz navigation panel"); const filter = document.getElementById('nav-filter').value; const navGrid = document.getElementById('nav-grid'); navGrid.innerHTML = questions.map((_, i) => { if (filter === 'answered' && !answers[i]) return ''; if (filter === 'unanswered' && answers[i]) return ''; if (filter === 'marked' && !markedForReview[i]) return ''; return ` <button class="question-nav-btn ${answers[i] ? 'answered' : 'unanswered'} ${markedForReview[i] ? 'marked-nav' : ''}" onclick="handleQuestionNavClick(${i})" aria-label="Go to Question ${i + 1}"> ${i + 1} </button> `; }).join(''); debugLog("Quiz navigation panel updated"); } catch (e) { console.error("Error updating quiz navigation panel:", e); debugLog("Failed to update quiz navigation panel: " + e.message); } } // Update results navigation panel function updateResultsNavPanel() { try { debugLog("Updating results navigation panel"); const filter = document.getElementById('results-nav-filter').value; const navGrid = document.getElementById('results-nav-grid'); navGrid.innerHTML = questions.map((_, i) => { if (filter === 'answered' && !answers[i]) return ''; if (filter === 'unanswered' && answers[i]) return ''; if (filter === 'marked' && !markedForReview[i]) return ''; return ` <button class="result-nav-btn-grid ${answers[i] ? 'answered' : 'unanswered'} ${markedForReview[i] ? 'marked-nav' : ''}" onclick="handleResultNavClick(${i})" aria-label="Go to Result for Question ${i + 1}"> ${i + 1} </button> `; }).join(''); debugLog("Results navigation panel updated"); } catch (e) { console.error("Error updating results navigation panel:", e); debugLog("Failed to update results navigation panel: " + e.message); } } // Toggle quiz navigation panel function toggleNavPanel() { try { debugLog("Toggling quiz navigation panel"); const navPanel = document.getElementById('nav-panel'); navPanel.classList.toggle('hidden'); debugLog("Quiz navigation panel toggled"); } catch (e) { console.error("Error toggling quiz navigation panel:", e); debugLog("Failed to toggle quiz navigation panel: " + e.message); } } // Toggle results navigation panel function toggleResultsNavPanel() { try { debugLog("Toggling results navigation panel"); const resultsNavPanel = document.getElementById('results-nav-panel'); resultsNavPanel.classList.toggle('hidden'); if (!resultsNavPanel.classList.contains('hidden')) { updateResultsNavPanel(); } debugLog("Results navigation panel toggled"); } catch (e) { console.error("Error toggling results navigation panel:", e); debugLog("Failed to toggle results navigation panel: " + e.message); } } // Handle result navigation click function handleResultNavClick(index) { try { debugLog(`Navigating to result for question ${index + 1} via nav panel`); showResults(index); toggleResultsNavPanel(); } catch (e) { console.error("Error handling result navigation click:", e); debugLog("Failed to navigate to result: " + e.message); } } // Show submit modal function showSubmitModal() { try { debugLog("Showing submit modal"); const attempted = answers.filter(a => a !== null).length; document.getElementById('attempted-count').textContent = attempted; document.getElementById('unattempted-count').textContent = questions.length - attempted; document.getElementById('submit-modal').classList.remove('hidden'); debugLog("Submit modal displayed"); } catch (e) { console.error("Error showing submit modal:", e); debugLog("Failed to show submit modal: " + e.message); } } // Close submit modal function closeSubmitModal() { try { debugLog("Closing submit modal"); document.getElementById('submit-modal').classList.add('hidden'); debugLog("Submit modal closed"); } catch (e) { console.error("Error closing submit modal:", e); debugLog("Failed to close submit modal: " + e.message); } } // Close exit modal function closeExitModal() { try { debugLog("Closing exit modal"); document.getElementById('exit-modal').classList.add('hidden'); debugLog("Exit modal closed"); } catch (e) { console.error("Error closing exit modal:", e); debugLog("Failed to close exit modal: " + e.message); } } // Submit test function submitTest() { try { debugLog("Submitting test"); clearInterval(timerInterval); document.getElementById('quiz').classList.add('hidden'); document.getElementById('submit-modal').classList.add('hidden'); document.getElementById('results').classList.remove('hidden'); showResults(0); // Start with first question // Trigger confetti animation confetti({ particleCount: 100, spread: 70, origin: { y: 0.6 } }); localStorage.removeItem(`quiz_${quizId}`); debugLog("Test submitted successfully"); } catch (e) { console.error("Error submitting test:", e); debugLog("Failed to submit test: " + e.message); } } // Show result for a single question function showResults(index) { try { debugLog(`Showing result for question ${index + 1}`); currentResultQuestion = index; let correct = 0, wrong = 0, unanswered = 0, marked = 0; answers.forEach((answer, i) => { const isCorrect = answer && questions[i].options.find(opt => opt.label === answer)?.correct; if (answer === null) unanswered++; else if (isCorrect) correct++; else wrong++; if (markedForReview[i]) marked++; }); const q = questions[index]; if (!q) { throw new Error(`Question ${index} is undefined`); } const userAnswer = answers[index]; const isCorrect = userAnswer && q.options.find(opt => opt.label === userAnswer)?.correct; const resultsContent = document.getElementById('results-content'); resultsContent.innerHTML = ` <div class="border p-4 rounded-lg ${isCorrect ? 'bg-green-50' : userAnswer ? 'bg-red-50' : 'bg-gray-50'}"> <p class="font-semibold">Question ${index + 1}: ${q.text || 'No question text'}</p> ${q.question_images && q.question_images.length > 0 ? q.question_images.map(url => `<img src="${url}" alt="Question Image" class="max-w-full h-auto rounded-lg my-2">`).join('') : ''} <p><strong>Your Answer:</strong> ${userAnswer ? `${userAnswer}. ${q.options.find(opt => opt.label === userAnswer)?.text || 'Invalid option'}` : 'Unanswered'}</p> <p><strong>Correct Answer:</strong> ${q.correct_answer || 'Unknown'}</p> <div class="mt-2">${q.explanation || 'No explanation available'}</div> ${q.explanation_images && q.explanation_images.length > 0 ? q.explanation_images.map(url => `<img src="${url}" alt="Explanation Image" class="max-w-full h-auto rounded-lg my-2">`).join('') : ''} ${q.video ? ` <button class="play-video bg-blue-500 text-white px-4 py-2 rounded-lg mt-2" onclick="loadVideo(this, '${q.video}', 'video-${index}')" aria-label="Play explanation video for Question ${index + 1}"> Play Video Explanation </button> <div id="video-${index}" class="video-container mt-2"></div> ` : '<p class="text-gray-500 mt-2">No video available</p>'} ${q.audio ? ` <button class="play-audio bg-blue-500 text-white px-4 py-2 rounded-lg mt-2" onclick="loadAudio(this, '${q.audio}', 'audio-${index}')" aria-label="Play audio explanation for Question ${index + 1}"> Play Audio Explanation </button> <div id="audio-${index}" class="audio-container mt-2"></div> ` : ''} </div> `; document.getElementById('correct-count').textContent = correct; document.getElementById('wrong-count').textContent = wrong; document.getElementById('unanswered-count').textContent = unanswered; document.getElementById('marked-count').textContent = marked; document.getElementById('result-question-number').innerHTML = `Question <span>${index + 1}</span> of ${questions.length}`; document.getElementById('prev-result').disabled = index === 0; document.getElementById('next-result').disabled = index === questions.length - 1; updateResultsNavPanel(); window.scrollTo({ top: 0, behavior: 'smooth' }); debugLog(`Result for question ${index + 1} displayed successfully`); } catch (e) { console.error("Error displaying result:", e); debugLog("Failed to display result: " + e.message); } } // Navigate to previous result function showPreviousResult() { try { debugLog(`Navigating to previous result from question ${currentResultQuestion + 1}`); if (currentResultQuestion > 0) { showResults(currentResultQuestion - 1); } } catch (e) { console.error("Error navigating to previous result:", e); debugLog("Failed to navigate to previous result: " + e.message); } } // Navigate to next result function showNextResult() { try { debugLog(`Navigating to next result from question ${currentResultQuestion + 1}`); if (currentResultQuestion < questions.length - 1) { showResults(currentResultQuestion + 1); } } catch (e) { console.error("Error navigating to next result:", e); debugLog("Failed to navigate to next result: " + e.message); } } // Lazy-load video function loadVideo(button, videoUrl, containerId) { try { debugLog(`Loading video for ${containerId}: ${videoUrl}`); if (!videoUrl) { const container = document.getElementById(containerId); container.innerHTML = `<p class="text-gray-500">No video available</p>`; button.remove(); debugLog("No video URL provided"); return; } const container = document.getElementById(containerId); container.innerHTML = ` <div class="video-loading"></div> <video controls class="w-full max-w-[600px] rounded-lg" preload="metadata" aria-label="Video explanation"> <source src="${videoUrl}" type="${videoUrl.endsWith('.m3u8') ? 'application/x-mpegURL' : 'video/mp4'}"> Your browser does not support the video tag. </video> `; container.classList.add('active'); button.remove(); // Initialize HLS.js for .m3u8 videos const video = container.querySelector('video'); if (videoUrl.endsWith('.m3u8') && Hls.isSupported()) { const hls = new Hls(); hls.loadSource(videoUrl); hls.attachMedia(video); hls.on(Hls.Events.ERROR, (event, data) => { console.error("HLS.js error:", data); container.innerHTML = `<p class="text-red-500">Error loading video. <a href="${videoUrl}" target="_blank" aria-label="Open video in new tab">Open video</a></p>`; debugLog("HLS.js error: " + JSON.stringify(data)); }); } else if (videoUrl.endsWith('.m3u8') && video.canPlayType('application/vnd.apple.mpegurl')) { video.src = videoUrl; } // Handle video load errors video.onerror = () => { console.error("Video load error for URL:", videoUrl); container.innerHTML = `<p class="text-red-500">Error loading video. <a href="${videoUrl}" target="_blank" aria-label="Open video in new tab">Open video</a></p>`; debugLog("Video load error for URL: " + videoUrl); }; // Remove loading spinner when video is ready video.onloadedmetadata = () => { container.querySelector('.video-loading').remove(); debugLog("Video loaded successfully"); }; } catch (e) { console.error("Error loading video:", e); debugLog("Failed to load video: " + e.message); const container = document.getElementById(containerId); container.innerHTML = `<p class="text-red-500">Error loading video. <a href="${videoUrl}" target="_blank" aria-label="Open video in new tab">Open video</a></p>`; } } // Lazy-load audio function loadAudio(button, audioUrl, containerId) { try { debugLog(`Loading audio for ${containerId}: ${audioUrl}`); if (!audioUrl) { const container = document.getElementById(containerId); container.innerHTML = `<p class="text-gray-500">No audio available</p>`; button.remove(); debugLog("No audio URL provided"); return; } const container = document.getElementById(containerId); container.innerHTML = ` <audio controls class="w-full max-w-[600px]" preload="metadata" aria-label="Audio explanation"> <source src="${audioUrl}" type="audio/mpeg"> Your browser does not support the audio tag. </audio> `; container.classList.add('active'); button.remove(); // Handle audio load errors const audio = container.querySelector('audio'); audio.onerror = () => { console.error("Audio load error for URL:", audioUrl); container.innerHTML = `<p class="text-red-500">Error loading audio. <a href="${audioUrl}" target="_blank" aria-label="Open audio in new tab">Open audio</a></p>`; debugLog("Audio load error for URL: " + audioUrl); }; debugLog("Audio loaded successfully"); } catch (e) { console.error("Error loading audio:", e); debugLog("Failed to load audio: " + e.message); const container = document.getElementById(containerId); container.innerHTML = `<p class="text-red-500">Error loading audio. <a href="${audioUrl}" target="_blank" aria-label="Open audio in new tab">Open audio</a></p>`; } } // Toggle dark mode function toggleTheme() { try { debugLog("Toggling theme"); document.documentElement.classList.toggle('dark'); localStorage.setItem('theme', document.documentElement.classList.contains('dark') ? 'dark' : 'light'); debugLog("Theme toggled successfully"); } catch (e) { console.error("Error toggling theme:", e); debugLog("Failed to toggle theme: " + e.message); } } // Load theme preference function loadTheme() { try { debugLog("Loading theme preference"); const theme = localStorage.getItem('theme'); if (theme === 'dark') { document.documentElement.classList.add('dark'); } debugLog("Theme loaded successfully"); } catch (e) { console.error("Error loading theme:", e); debugLog("Failed to load theme: " + e.message); } } // Initialize on DOM content loaded window.addEventListener('DOMContentLoaded', () => { try { debugLog("DOM content loaded, initializing quiz"); loadTheme(); initQuiz(); } catch (e) { console.error("Error during DOMContentLoaded:", e); debugLog("Failed to initialize on DOMContentLoaded: " + e.message); document.getElementById('error-message').innerHTML = "Error initializing quiz. Please check the console for details or contact support."; document.getElementById('error-message').classList.remove('hidden'); } }); </script> </body> </html>" frameborder="0" width="100%" height="2000px">
<div class="bg-white rounded-lg shadow-md p-4 md:p-6"> <h2 class="text-xl font-semibold mb-4">Instructions</h2> <h4 class="text-gray-800 text-lg font-semibold mt-6 mb-4">Test Features:</h4> <ul class="space-y-3"> <li class="flex items-center gap-3"> <i class="fa-solid fa-circle-check text-green-500"></i> Multiple choice questions with single correct answers </li> <li class="flex items-center gap-3"> <i class="fa-solid fa-circle-check text-green-500"></i> Timer-based testing for realistic exam conditions </li> <li class="flex items-center gap-3"> <i class="fa-solid fa-circle-check text-green-500"></i> Mark questions for review functionality </li> <li class="flex items-center gap-3"> <i class="fa-solid fa-circle-check text-green-500"></i> Comprehensive results and performance analysis </li> <li class="flex items-center gap-3"> <i class="fa-solid fa-circle-check text-green-500"></i> Mobile-optimized interface for learning on-the-go </li> </ul> <div class="mt-6 flex space-x-4 button-group md:flex-row flex-col"> <button class="bg-[#2c5281] text-white px-6 py-2 rounded-lg hover:bg-[#2c5281] transition" id="start-test">Start Test</button> </div> <div class="error-message hidden" id="error-message"></div> </div> </section> <!-- Quiz Section --> <section class="container mx-auto px-4 md:px-6 pt-4 md:pt-6 pb-1 hidden section-transition" id="quiz"> <div class="bg-white rounded-lg shadow-md p-4 md:p-6"> <!-- Progress Bar --> <div class="w-full bg-gray-200 rounded-full h-3 mb-4"> <div class="progress-bar h-3 rounded-full" id="progress-bar" style="width: 0%"></div> </div> <!-- Question Header --> <div class="flex flex-col md:flex-row justify-between items-center mb-4"> <h2 class="text-lg font-semibold" id="question-number">Question <span>1</span> of 4</h2> <p class="text-lg font-semibold mt-2 md:mt-0" id="timer">Time Remaining: <span>00:00</span></p> </div> <!-- Question Content --> <div class="mb-6" id="question-content"> <p class="text-gray-800 mb-4" id="question-text"></p> <div class="flex flex-wrap gap-4 mb-4" id="question-images"></div> <div class="space-y-3" id="options"></div> </div> <!-- Navigation Buttons --> <div class="flex flex-col md:flex-row justify-between items-center gap-2 md:gap-4"> <div class="flex gap-2 w-full md:w-auto"> <button class="bg-[#2c5281] text-white px-4 py-3 w-full md:w-32 h-14 rounded-lg hover:bg-[#2c5281] transition" disabled="" id="previous-btn">Previous</button> <button class="bg-[#2c5281] text-white px-4 py-3 w-full md:w-32 h-14 rounded-lg hover:bg-[#2c5281] transition" id="next-btn">Next</button> </div> <div class="flex items-center gap-2"> <button class="bg-transparent text-gray-700 px-4 py-2 rounded-lg hover:bg-gray-100 transition flex items-center gap-1" id="mark-review"> Review <svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" class="h-5 w-5" viewBox="0 0 20 20" fill="currentColor"> <path d="M10 2a1 1 0 00-1 1v14l3.293-3.293a1 1 0 011.414 0L17 17V3a1 1 0 00-1-1H10z" /> </svg> </button> <button class="bg-transparent text-gray-700 px-4 py-2 rounded-lg hover:bg-gray-100 transition flex items-center gap-1" id="nav-toggle"> Question 🧭 </button> <button class="bg-green-500 text-white px-6 py-3 w-44 h-14 rounded-lg hover:bg-green-600 transition w-full md:w-auto" id="submit-test">Submit Test</button> </div> </div> </section> <!-- Results Section --> <section class="container mx-auto px-4 md:px-6 pt-4 md:pt-6 pb-1 hidden section-transition" id="results"> <div class="bg-white rounded-lg shadow-md p-4 md:p-6"> <h2 class="text-2xl font-semibold mb-4">Anaesthesia Machine - Results</h2> <div class="grid grid-cols-1 md:grid-cols-2 gap-4 mb-6"> <p><strong>Correct:</strong> <span id="correct-count" class="text-[#000000]">0</span></p> <p><strong>Wrong:</strong> <span id="wrong-count" class="text-[#000000]">0</span></p> <p><strong>Unanswered:</strong> <span id="unanswered-count" class="text-[#000000]-500">0</span></p> <p><strong>Marked for Review:</strong> <span id="marked-count" class="text-[#000000]">0</span></p> </div> <h3 class="text-lg font-semibold mb-4" id="result-question-number">Question <span>1</span> of 4</h3> <div class="space-y-6" id="results-content"></div> <div class="result-nav"> <button aria-label="Previous question result" class="result-nav-btn bg-[#2c5281] text-white px-6 py-2 rounded-lg hover:bg-[#2c5281] transition" disabled="" id="prev-result">Previous</button> <button aria-label="Toggle results navigation panel" class="result-nav-btn bg-[#2c5281] text-white px-6 py-2 rounded-lg hover:bg-[#2c5281] transition" id="results-nav-toggle">Result 🧭</button> <button aria-label="Next question result" class="result-nav-btn bg-[#2c5281] text-white px-6 py-2 rounded-lg hover:bg-[#2c5281] transition" id="next-result">Next</button> </div> <div class="mt-6 flex space-x-4 button-group md:flex-row flex-col"> <button class="bg-green-500 text-white px-6 py-2 rounded-lg hover:bg-green-600 transition" id="take-again">Take Again</button> </div> </div> </section> <!-- Exit Confirmation Modal --> <div class="fixed inset-0 bg-black bg-opacity-50 flex items-center justify-center hidden" id="exit-modal"> <div class="bg-white rounded-lg p-6 max-w-sm w-full"> <h2 class="text-xl font-semibold mb-4">Leave Test?</h2> <p class="text-gray-700 mb-4">Your progress will be lost if you leave this page. Are you sure you want to exit?</p> <div class="flex justify-end space-x-4"> <button class="bg-gray-300 text-gray-700 px-4 py-2 rounded-lg hover:bg-gray-400 transition" id="continue-test">No, Continue</button> <button class="bg-red-500 text-white px-4 py-2 rounded-lg hover:bg-red-600 transition" id="exit-test">Yes, Exit</button> </div> </div> </div> <!-- Submit Confirmation Modal --> <div class="fixed inset-0 bg-black bg-opacity-50 flex items-center justify-center hidden" id="submit-modal"> <div class="bg-white rounded-lg p-6 max-w-sm w-full"> <h2 class="text-xl font-semibold mb-4">Confirm Submission</h2> <p class="text-gray-700 mb-2">You have attempted <span id="attempted-count">0</span> of 44 questions.</p> <p class="text-gray-700 mb-4"><span id="unattempted-count">0</span> questions are unattempted.</p> <div class="flex justify-end space-x-4"> <button class="bg-gray-300 text-gray-700 px-4 py-2 rounded-lg hover:bg-gray-400 transition" id="cancel-submit">Cancel</button> <button class="bg-green-500 text-white px-4 py-2 rounded-lg hover:bg-green-600 transition" id="confirm-submit">Submit Test</button> </div> </div> </div> <!-- Quiz Navigation Panel --> <div class="fixed inset-y-0 right-0 nav-panel bg-white shadow-lg p-4 hidden overflow-y-auto" id="nav-panel"> <h2 class="text-lg font-semibold mb-4">Questions Navigation</h2> <div class="mb-4"> <select class="w-full p-2 border rounded-lg text-gray-700" id="nav-filter"> <option value="all">All Questions</option> <option value="answered">Answered</option> <option value="unanswered">Unanswered</option> <option value="marked">Marked for Review</option> </select> </div> <div class="grid grid-cols-5 gap-2 md:gap-3" id="nav-grid"></div> <button class="mt-4 bg-gray-500 text-white px-4 py-2 rounded-lg hover:bg-gray-600 transition w-full" id="close-nav">Close</button> </div> <!-- Results Navigation Panel --> <div class="fixed inset-y-0 right-0 results-nav-panel bg-white shadow-lg p-4 hidden overflow-y-auto" id="results-nav-panel"> <h2 class="text-lg font-semibold mb-4">Results Navigation</h2> <div class="mb-4"> <select class="w-full p-2 border rounded-lg text-gray-700" id="results-nav-filter"> <option value="all">All Questions</option> <option value="answered">Answered</option> <option value="unanswered">Unanswered</option> <option value="marked">Marked for Review</option> </select> </div> <div class="grid grid-cols-5 gap-2 md:gap-3" id="results-nav-grid"></div> <button class="mt-4 bg-gray-500 text-white px-4 py-2 rounded-lg hover:bg-gray-600 transition w-full" id="close-results-nav">Close</button> </div> <!-- JavaScript Logic --> <script> // Enable debug mode for detailed logging const DEBUG_MODE = true; // Log debug messages function debugLog(message) { if (DEBUG_MODE) { console.log(`[DEBUG] ${message}`); } } // Initialize questions with error handling let questions = []; let currentResultQuestion = 0; // State for current question in results try { debugLog("Attempting to parse questions_json"); questions = [{"text": "A karyotyping image is given below. What are the clinical features most likely to be expected in such patients?", "options": [{"label": "A", "text": "Gynecomastia and long limbs", "correct": true}, {"label": "B", "text": "Flat occiput", "correct": false}, {"label": "C", "text": "Webbing of neck and lymphedema", "correct": false}, {"label": "D", "text": "Cleft lip and polydactyly", "correct": false}], "correct_answer": "A. Gynecomastia and long limbs", "question_images": ["https://image.prepladder.com/content/Hg3mPHhDKO3B2pA68MxG1745576332.png"], "explanation_images": ["https://image.prepladder.com/content/IlZlBavuLfvO5Uhf3VcS1745576357.png"], "explanation": "\n\n<p style='font-size: 10px; color: #808080; font-style: italic;'>@dams_new_robot</p>", "bot": "@dams_new_robot", "audio": "", "video": ""}, {"text": "What is the interpretation of the given pedigree chart?", "options": [{"label": "A", "text": "Autosomal dominant", "correct": true}, {"label": "B", "text": "Autosomal recessive", "correct": false}, {"label": "C", "text": "X-linked recessive", "correct": false}, {"label": "D", "text": "X-linked dominant", "correct": false}], "correct_answer": "A. Autosomal dominant", "question_images": ["https://image.prepladder.com/notes/aOrYY3usL82CTWfobGGv1747378869.png"], "explanation_images": ["https://image.prepladder.com/content/s1wfDl3FLMTNHxECWfag1746426560.png", "https://image.prepladder.com/content/IZhuK6ihsTnDjEByX0Pq1746426571.png", "https://image.prepladder.com/content/Jpi9i8XZoCSMByBIU4n51746426585.png", "https://image.prepladder.com/content/BLSdyeUdodDwEwcBQ3zA1746426596.png"], "explanation": "\n\n<p style='font-size: 10px; color: #808080; font-style: italic;'>@dams_new_robot</p>", "bot": "@dams_new_robot", "audio": "", "video": ""}, {"text": "A 30-year-old pregnant woman who has the thalassemia trait visits the clinic for genetic counselling. Her husband is also confirmed to have the thalassemia trait. Considering their genetic background, what is the likelihood of their next offspring having thalassemia?", "options": [{"label": "A", "text": "100%", "correct": false}, {"label": "B", "text": "50%", "correct": false}, {"label": "C", "text": "75%", "correct": false}, {"label": "D", "text": "25%", "correct": true}], "correct_answer": "D. 25%", "question_images": [], "explanation_images": [], "explanation": "<table cellspacing=\"0\" style=\"border-collapse:collapse; width:NaN\">\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<td colspan=\"3\" style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><strong>Punnett Square Analysis</strong></p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-color:#000000; border-style:solid; border-width:1px; text-align:center; vertical-align:top\"> </td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><strong>β</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><strong>β⁰</strong></p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><strong>β</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\">β/β</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\">β/β⁰</p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><strong>β⁰</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\">β/β⁰</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\">β⁰/β⁰</p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n</tbody>\n\n\n<p style='font-size: 10px; color: #808080; font-style: italic;'>@dams_new_robot</p>", "bot": "@dams_new_robot", "audio": "", "video": ""}, {"text": "Which of the following correctly represents the effect of the mutation causing sickle cell anaemia?", "options": [{"label": "A", "text": "Glutamate by valine at the 6th position", "correct": true}, {"label": "B", "text": "Valine by glutamate at the 6th position", "correct": false}, {"label": "C", "text": "Glutamate by valine at the 5th position", "correct": false}, {"label": "D", "text": "Valine by glutamate at the 5th position", "correct": false}], "correct_answer": "A. Glutamate by valine at the 6th position", "question_images": [], "explanation_images": [], "explanation": "\n\n<p style='font-size: 10px; color: #808080; font-style: italic;'>@dams_new_robot</p>", "bot": "@dams_new_robot", "audio": "", "video": ""}, {"text": "Match the following with the appropriate disorder. A. Autosomal recessive Kennedy disease B. Mitochondrial 2. Duchenne’s muscular dystrophy C. X-linked recessive 3. Leber’s disease D. Trinucleotide repeats 4. Cystic fibrosis", "options": [{"label": "A", "text": "A-4, B-3, C-1, D-2", "correct": false}, {"label": "B", "text": "A-4, B-3, C-2, D-1", "correct": true}, {"label": "C", "text": "A-2, B-1, C-3, D-4", "correct": false}, {"label": "D", "text": "A-1, B-2, C-4, D-3", "correct": false}], "correct_answer": "B. A-4, B-3, C-2, D-1", "question_images": [], "explanation_images": [], "explanation": "<table cellspacing=\"0\" style=\"border-collapse:collapse; width:624px\">\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Autosomal <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"d54db2110416927771971e7c011a9f\">recessive</span> </strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Cystic fibrosis</p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Mitochondrial </strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Leber’s disease</p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>X-linked recessive</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Duchenne’s <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"9e2d8a3f5a16927771932c2348ec52\">muscular</span> dystrophy</p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Trinucleotide repeats</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Kennedy disease</p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n</tbody>\n</table>\n<table cellspacing=\"0\" style=\"border-collapse:collapse; width:NaN\">\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Autosomal <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"d54db2110416927771971e7c011a9f\">Recessive</span> Disorders</strong></p>\n<p>(Mnemonic: Pasta Fried Chawal/ Big Fax)</p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<ul>\n<li><strong>P</strong>- Phenylketonuria</li>\n<li><strong>A</strong>- Alkaptonuria</li>\n<li><strong>S</strong>- Sickle cell anaemia</li>\n<li><strong>Ta</strong>- Thalassemia</li>\n<li><strong>Fried</strong>- Friedreich's ataxia</li>\n<li><strong>C</strong>- <strong>Cystic Fibrosis</strong></li>\n<li><strong>H</strong>- <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"904d77ba8a16927771882396edef7c\">Hemophilia</span> C, Homocystinuria, Hemochromatosis</li>\n<li><strong>A</strong>- <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"a9268f2e1d16927771814cfef69cf4\">Alpha</span> 1 Antitrypsin Deficiency</li>\n<li><strong>W</strong>- Wilson Disease</li>\n<li><strong>A</strong>- Albinism, <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"488a4efe7d16927771840c9e29f164\">Congenital</span> <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"f955f012f716927771801d01e7d163\">Adrenal</span> Hyperplasia</li>\n<li><strong>L</strong>- Lysosomal Storage Disease, <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"2e2aa646ab1692777188e3eb8286d8\">Glycogen</span> Storage Disease</li>\n<li><strong>Big</strong>-Bloom syndrome</li>\n<li><strong>Fa</strong>- Fanconi anemia, <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"0842a8a59f1692777182f44d334dda\">Ataxia</span> telangiectasia</li>\n<li><strong>X</strong>- <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"9983ab5c3016927772021e399ed902\">Xeroderma</span> pigmentosum</li>\n</ul>\n</td>\n</tr>\n</tbody>\n</table>\n<table cellspacing=\"0\" style=\"border-collapse:collapse; width:NaN\">\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>X-linked Recessive</strong></p>\n<p>(Mnemonic: WISE ABCDEFGH)</p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<ul>\n<li><strong>Wise-</strong>Wiskott Aldrich Syndrome</li>\n<li><strong>AB- </strong>Hemophilia A, B</li>\n<li><strong>B- </strong>Bruton's Hypogammaglobulinemia<strong>.</strong></li>\n<li><strong>C- </strong>Chronic <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"9e1f97f6ad169277718805c2dd35c1\">Granulomatous</span> Disease, Red Green Color Blindness</li>\n<li><strong>D- </strong><strong>DMD (Duchenne’s <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"9e2d8a3f5a16927771932c2348ec52\">muscular</span> dystrophy)</strong>, BMD (Becker <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"9e2d8a3f5a16927771932c2348ec52\">Muscular</span> Dystrophy)</li>\n<li><strong>E- </strong>Lesch Nyhan Syndrome</li>\n<li><strong>F- </strong>Fabry Disease, Fragile X Syndrome</li>\n<li><strong>G- </strong>G6PD Deficiency</li>\n<li><strong>H- </strong>Hunter Disease</li>\n</ul>\n</td>\n</tr>\n</tbody>\n</table>\n<table cellspacing=\"0\" style=\"border-collapse:collapse; width:NaN\">\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Trinucleate-Repeat Disorders</strong></p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<ul>\n<li>Fragile X Syndrome</li>\n<li>Friedreich ataxia</li>\n<li>Myotonic dystrophy</li>\n<li><strong>Spinobulbar <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"9e2d8a3f5a16927771932c2348ec52\">muscular</span> <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"97ff5253fb169277718224c7b0faf8\">atrophy</span> (Kennedy disease) </strong></li>\n<li>Dentatorubral-pallidoluysian <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"97ff5253fb169277718224c7b0faf8\">atrophy</span> (Haw River syndrome)</li>\n<li>Spinocerebellar ataxia</li>\n<li>Huntington disease</li>\n</ul>\n</td>\n</tr>\n</tbody>\n\n\n<p style='font-size: 10px; color: #808080; font-style: italic;'>@dams_new_robot</p>", "bot": "@dams_new_robot", "audio": "", "video": ""}, {"text": "B cells express IgM and IgD antibodies at the same time. Which phenomenon is it due to?", "options": [{"label": "A", "text": "Somatic hypermutation", "correct": false}, {"label": "B", "text": "Alternative RNA splicing", "correct": true}, {"label": "C", "text": "Affinity maturation", "correct": false}, {"label": "D", "text": "Allelic exclusion", "correct": false}], "correct_answer": "B. Alternative RNA splicing", "question_images": [], "explanation_images": [], "explanation": "\n\n<p style='font-size: 10px; color: #808080; font-style: italic;'>@dams_new_robot</p>", "bot": "@dams_new_robot", "audio": "", "video": ""}, {"text": "Differential expression of a gene depending upon the parent of origin is a feature of:", "options": [{"label": "A", "text": "Gonadal mosaicism", "correct": false}, {"label": "B", "text": "Genomic imprinting", "correct": true}, {"label": "C", "text": "Anticipation", "correct": false}, {"label": "D", "text": "Incomplete penetrance", "correct": false}], "correct_answer": "B. Genomic imprinting", "question_images": [], "explanation_images": [], "explanation": "<table cellspacing=\"0\" style=\"border-collapse:collapse; width:659px\">\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Prader-Willi syndrome</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Chromosome 15q</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>SNORP gene</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<ul>\n<li>Paternal deletion</li>\n<li>Maternal imprinting</li>\n</ul>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Angelman syndrome</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Chromosome 15q</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>UBE3A gene</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<ul>\n<li>Maternal deletion</li>\n<li>Paternal imprinting</li>\n</ul>\n</td>\n</tr>\n</tbody>\n\n\n<p style='font-size: 10px; color: #808080; font-style: italic;'>@dams_new_robot</p>", "bot": "@dams_new_robot", "audio": "", "video": ""}, {"text": "Which of the following disorders is inherited in an X-linked dominant pattern?", "options": [{"label": "A", "text": "Rett syndrome", "correct": true}, {"label": "B", "text": "Duchenne muscular dystrophy", "correct": false}, {"label": "C", "text": "Huntington’s disease", "correct": false}, {"label": "D", "text": "Tuberous sclerosis", "correct": false}], "correct_answer": "A. Rett syndrome", "question_images": [], "explanation_images": ["https://image.prepladder.com/notes/oYsEE8la5T1Yv5ELu2yO1746691976.png"], "explanation": "<p><strong>Educational Objective:</strong></p>\n<ul><li>➤ Learning Objective:</li><li>➤ X-linked dominance is more common in females. Affected males transmit the disease only to their daughters. Affected females transmit the disease to both daughters and sons.</li><li>➤ X-linked dominance is more common in females.</li><li>➤ Affected males transmit the disease only to their daughters.</li><li>➤ Affected females transmit the disease to both daughters and sons.</li></u\n\n<p style='font-size: 10px; color: #808080; font-style: italic;'>@dams_new_robot</p>", "bot": "@dams_new_robot", "audio": "", "video": ""}, {"text": "In cystic fibrosis, which of the following structures is affected in the pancreas?", "options": [{"label": "A", "text": "A", "correct": false}, {"label": "B", "text": "B", "correct": true}, {"label": "C", "text": "C", "correct": false}, {"label": "D", "text": "D", "correct": false}], "correct_answer": "B. B", "question_images": ["https://image.prepladder.com/notes/PChpB28XGpQnj06vDDwP1747125390.jpg"], "explanation_images": [], "explanation": "<table>\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<td colspan=\"1\" rowspan=\"1\">\n<p>Respiratory system</p>\n</td>\n<td colspan=\"1\" rowspan=\"1\">\n<p>Gastrointestinal and hepatic</p>\n</td>\n<td colspan=\"1\" rowspan=\"1\">\n<p>Others</p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td colspan=\"1\" rowspan=\"1\">\n<ul>\n<li>Progressive <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"3b9dd3166f1692777180b697887ccb\">airway</span> obstruction</li>\n<li>Infective exacerbations of bronchiectasis</li>\n<li>Respiratory failure</li>\n<li>Spontaneous pneumothorax</li>\n<li>Haemoptysis</li>\n<li>Lobar collapse due to secretions</li>\n<li>Pulmonary hypertension</li>\n<li>Nasal polyps</li>\n</ul>\n</td>\n<td colspan=\"1\" rowspan=\"1\">\n<ul>\n<li>Malabsorption and steatorrhoea</li>\n<li>Distal <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"fb7b40ddbe1692777190ca311f4bd7\">intestinal obstruction</span> syndrome</li>\n<li>Biliary cirrhosis</li>\n<li>Portal hypertension, varices, and splenomegaly</li>\n<li>Gallstones</li>\n</ul>\n</td>\n<td colspan=\"1\" rowspan=\"1\">\n<ul>\n<li>Diabetes</li>\n<li>Delayed puberty,</li>\n<li>Male infertility</li>\n<li>Stress <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"76979fe6ab16927771902f20401597\">incontinence</span> due to repeated forced cough</li>\n<li>Psychosocial problems</li>\n<li>Osteoporosis</li>\n<li>Arthropathy</li>\n<li>Cutaneous vasculitis</li>\n</ul>\n</td>\n</tr>\n</tbody>\n\n\n<p style='font-size: 10px; color: #808080; font-style: italic;'>@dams_new_robot</p>", "bot": "@dams_new_robot", "audio": "", "video": ""}, {"text": "Identify the syndrome associated with the chromosomal pattern shown in the image below:", "options": [{"label": "A", "text": "Angelman syndrome", "correct": false}, {"label": "B", "text": "Prader-Willi syndrome", "correct": true}, {"label": "C", "text": "Rett syndrome", "correct": false}, {"label": "D", "text": "Cri-du-chat syndrome", "correct": false}], "correct_answer": "B. Prader-Willi syndrome", "question_images": ["https://image.prepladder.com/content/SlWxjZTCKKbiAxzoEY0K1724833325.png"], "explanation_images": [], "explanation": "\n\n<p style='font-size: 10px; color: #808080; font-style: italic;'>@dams_new_robot</p>", "bot": "@dams_new_robot", "audio": "https://image.prepladder.com/content/ETvv2IqxR5DPLSvY97gZ1748420571.mp3", "video": ""}, {"text": "A girl presents with short stature, a webbed neck, thick calves, a shield-shaped chest, swelling of the ankle, and an increased carrying angle. What is the likely diagnosis?", "options": [{"label": "A", "text": "Turner syndrome", "correct": true}, {"label": "B", "text": "Down syndrome", "correct": false}, {"label": "C", "text": "Patau syndrome", "correct": false}, {"label": "D", "text": "Edward syndrome", "correct": false}], "correct_answer": "A. Turner syndrome", "question_images": [], "explanation_images": ["https://image.prepladder.com/notes/C9PK4lWlUjKKATNe9w0E1746439751.png", "https://image.prepladder.com/notes/HeEIixaIiNQsqBhjBbdy1746439909.png"], "explanation": "\n\n<p style='font-size: 10px; color: #808080; font-style: italic;'>@dams_new_robot</p>", "bot": "@dams_new_robot", "audio": "", "video": ""}, {"text": "The family pedigree chart is given below. Identify the mode of inheritance of this condition.", "options": [{"label": "A", "text": "Autosomal dominant", "correct": true}, {"label": "B", "text": "Autosomal recessive", "correct": false}, {"label": "C", "text": "X-linked dominant", "correct": false}, {"label": "D", "text": "X-linked recessive", "correct": false}], "correct_answer": "A. Autosomal dominant", "question_images": ["https://image.prepladder.com/notes/udN9NhsB5vWegBkOg8xx1746441057.png"], "explanation_images": ["https://image.prepladder.com/notes/udN9NhsB5vWegBkOg8xx1746441057.png"], "explanation": "<table cellspacing=\"0\" style=\"border-collapse:collapse; width:608px\">\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid black; border-left:1px solid black; border-right:1px solid black; border-top:1px solid black; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Mnemonic</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid black; border-left:none; border-right:1px solid black; border-top:1px solid black; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Disease</strong></p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid black; border-left:1px solid black; border-right:1px solid black; border-top:none; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>He</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid black; border-left:none; border-right:1px solid black; border-top:none; vertical-align:top\">\n<ul>\n<li><strong>H</strong>ereditary spherocytosis</li>\n<li><strong>H</strong>ereditary hemorrhagic telangiectasia</li>\n<li><strong>H</strong>ereditary non-polyposis <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"f04bf2125316927771847bfe139191\">colorectal</span> cancer (HNPCC/Lynch syndrome)</li>\n</ul>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid black; border-left:1px solid black; border-right:1px solid black; border-top:none; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Has</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid black; border-left:none; border-right:1px solid black; border-top:none; vertical-align:top\">\n<ul>\n<li><strong>H</strong>untington’s disease</li>\n<li><strong>H</strong>ypertrophic cardiomyopathy</li>\n</ul>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid black; border-left:1px solid black; border-right:1px solid black; border-top:none; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>A </strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid black; border-left:none; border-right:1px solid black; border-top:none; vertical-align:top\">\n<ul>\n<li><strong>A</strong>utosomal dominant <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"ba336eb30516927771960f9d9bd85c\">polycystic</span> <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"4aa6035df41692777190b41d4a1583\">kidney</span> disease</li>\n</ul>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid black; border-left:1px solid black; border-right:1px solid black; border-top:none; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Very</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid black; border-left:none; border-right:1px solid black; border-top:none; vertical-align:top\">\n<ul>\n<li><strong>Von Willebrand disease</strong></li>\n<li><strong>V</strong>on Hippel Lindau syndrome</li>\n</ul>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid black; border-left:1px solid black; border-right:1px solid black; border-top:none; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Dominant</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid black; border-left:none; border-right:1px solid black; border-top:none; vertical-align:top\">\n<ul>\n<li><strong>D</strong>ystonia myotonica</li>\n<li><strong>O</strong>steogenesis imperfecta</li>\n<li><strong>M</strong>arfan’s syndrome</li>\n<li><strong>I</strong>ntermittent porphyria</li>\n<li><strong>N</strong>F-1 &amp; 2</li>\n<li><strong>A</strong>chondroplasia</li>\n<li><strong>N</strong>oonan syndrome</li>\n<li><strong>T</strong>uberous sclerosis</li>\n</ul>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid black; border-left:1px solid black; border-right:1px solid black; border-top:none; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Powerful</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid black; border-left:none; border-right:1px solid black; border-top:none; vertical-align:top\">\n<ul>\n<li><strong>P</strong>seudohypoparathyroidism</li>\n</ul>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid black; border-left:1px solid black; border-right:1px solid black; border-top:none; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Father</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid black; border-left:none; border-right:1px solid black; border-top:none; vertical-align:top\">\n<ul>\n<li><strong>F</strong>amilial <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"bf1f32fbd81692777180c0d2485ab2\">adenomatous</span> polyposis</li>\n<li>Li <strong>F</strong>raumeni syndrome</li>\n<li><strong>F</strong>amilial hypercholesterolemia</li>\n</ul>\n</td>\n</tr>\n</tbody>\n\n\n<p style='font-size: 10px; color: #808080; font-style: italic;'>@dams_new_robot</p>", "bot": "@dams_new_robot", "audio": "", "video": ""}, {"text": "Which of the following statements is correct about Huntington's chorea?", "options": [{"label": "A", "text": "It is a trinucleotide repeat disorder", "correct": true}, {"label": "B", "text": "There is a loss of function type of mutation", "correct": false}, {"label": "C", "text": "There are abnormal length repeats of CUG", "correct": false}, {"label": "D", "text": "Abnormality is seen due to a defect in chromosome 6", "correct": false}], "correct_answer": "A. It is a trinucleotide repeat disorder", "question_images": [], "explanation_images": [], "explanation": "\n<table cellspacing=\"0\" style=\"border-collapse:collapse; width:659px\">\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid black; border-left:1px solid black; border-right:1px solid black; border-top:1px solid black; vertical-align:bottom\">\n<p><strong>Disease</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid black; border-left:none; border-right:1px solid black; border-top:1px solid black; vertical-align:bottom\">\n<p><strong>Trinucleotide Repeat</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid black; border-left:none; border-right:1px solid black; border-top:1px solid black; vertical-align:bottom\">\n<p><strong>Gene</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid black; border-left:none; border-right:1px solid black; border-top:1px solid black; vertical-align:bottom\">\n<p><strong>Chromosome</strong></p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid black; border-left:1px solid black; border-right:1px solid black; border-top:none; vertical-align:bottom\">\n<p>Huntington's Disease</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid black; border-left:none; border-right:1px solid black; border-top:none; vertical-align:bottom\">\n<p>CAG</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid black; border-left:none; border-right:1px solid black; border-top:none; vertical-align:bottom\">\n<p>HTT (Huntingtin)</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid black; border-left:none; border-right:1px solid black; border-top:none; vertical-align:bottom\">\n<p>4p16.3</p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid black; border-left:1px solid black; border-right:1px solid black; border-top:none; vertical-align:bottom\">\n<p>Fragile X Syndrome</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid black; border-left:none; border-right:1px solid black; border-top:none; vertical-align:bottom\">\n<p>CGG</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid black; border-left:none; border-right:1px solid black; border-top:none; vertical-align:bottom\">\n<p>FMR1</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid black; border-left:none; border-right:1px solid black; border-top:none; vertical-align:bottom\">\n<p>Xq27.3</p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid black; border-left:1px solid black; border-right:1px solid black; border-top:none; vertical-align:bottom\">\n<p>Myotonic Dystrophy</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid black; border-left:none; border-right:1px solid black; border-top:none; vertical-align:bottom\">\n<p>CTG</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid black; border-left:none; border-right:1px solid black; border-top:none; vertical-align:bottom\">\n<p>DMPK</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid black; border-left:none; border-right:1px solid black; border-top:none; vertical-align:bottom\">\n<p>19q13.3</p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid black; border-left:1px solid black; border-right:1px solid black; border-top:none; vertical-align:bottom\">\n<p>Friedreich Ataxia</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid black; border-left:none; border-right:1px solid black; border-top:none; vertical-align:bottom\">\n<p>GAA</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid black; border-left:none; border-right:1px solid black; border-top:none; vertical-align:bottom\">\n<p>FXN</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid black; border-left:none; border-right:1px solid black; border-top:none; vertical-align:bottom\">\n<p>9q21.1</p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n</tbody>\n\n\n<p style='font-size: 10px; color: #808080; font-style: italic;'>@dams_new_robot</p>", "bot": "@dams_new_robot", "audio": "", "video": ""}, {"text": "Premature ageing in Werner syndrome is due to:", "options": [{"label": "A", "text": "Increased telomerase activity", "correct": false}, {"label": "B", "text": "Defects in DNA helicase", "correct": true}, {"label": "C", "text": "Increase in length of telomere due to decrease in telomerase activity", "correct": false}, {"label": "D", "text": "Decreased telomerase activity", "correct": false}], "correct_answer": "B. Defects in DNA helicase", "question_images": [], "explanation_images": [], "explanation": "\n\n<p style='font-size: 10px; color: #808080; font-style: italic;'>@dams_new_robot</p>", "bot": "@dams_new_robot", "audio": "", "video": ""}, {"text": "What is the mode of inheritance in a patient suffering from colour blindness?", "options": [{"label": "A", "text": "AD", "correct": false}, {"label": "B", "text": "AR", "correct": false}, {"label": "C", "text": "XLR", "correct": true}, {"label": "D", "text": "XLD", "correct": false}], "correct_answer": "C. XLR", "question_images": [], "explanation_images": [], "explanation": "<table cellspacing=\"0\" style=\"border-collapse:collapse; width:NaN\">\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><strong>X-linked Recessive</strong></p>\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><strong>(WISE ABCDEFGH)</strong></p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Wise-</strong>Wiskott Aldrich Syndrome</p>\n<p><strong>AB- </strong>Hemophilia A, B</p>\n<p><strong>B- </strong>Bruton's Hypogammaglobulinemia<strong>.</strong></p>\n<p><strong>C- </strong>Chronic Granulomatous Disease, Red Green Color Blindness</p>\n<p><strong>D- </strong>DMD, BMD</p>\n<p><strong>E- </strong>Lesch Nyhan Syndrome</p>\n<p><strong>F- </strong>Fabry Disease, Fragile X Syndrome</p>\n<p><strong>G- </strong>G6PD Deficiency</p>\n<p><strong>H- </strong>Hunter Disease</p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n</tbody>\n\n\n<p style='font-size: 10px; color: #808080; font-style: italic;'>@dams_new_robot</p>", "bot": "@dams_new_robot", "audio": "", "video": ""}, {"text": "What is the diagnosis of a 14-year-old child who has short stature, widely placed nipples, and primary amenorrhea?", "options": [{"label": "A", "text": "Turner syndrome", "correct": true}, {"label": "B", "text": "Down syndrome", "correct": false}, {"label": "C", "text": "Edward syndrome", "correct": false}, {"label": "D", "text": "Pattau syndrome", "correct": false}], "correct_answer": "A. Turner syndrome", "question_images": ["https://image.prepladder.com/content/MPPw962VFCk2Or3vcAUp1695215187.png"], "explanation_images": ["https://image.prepladder.com/content/yhOwFc7Z3I9a2fTRk2PJ1695215172.png"], "explanation": "\n\n<p style='font-size: 10px; color: #808080; font-style: italic;'>@dams_new_robot</p>", "bot": "@dams_new_robot", "audio": "", "video": ""}, {"text": "Which of the following is the mode of inheritance in a patient suffering from red-green colour blindness?", "options": [{"label": "A", "text": "Autosomal dominant", "correct": false}, {"label": "B", "text": "Autosomal recessive", "correct": false}, {"label": "C", "text": "X-linked dominant", "correct": false}, {"label": "D", "text": "X-linked recessive", "correct": true}], "correct_answer": "D. X-linked recessive", "question_images": [], "explanation_images": [], "explanation": "<p>Correct Option D - &lt;span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"dd35346fc716927772029e2f0bb10f\"&gt;X-linked&lt;/span&gt; recessiv\n\n<p style='font-size: 10px; color: #808080; font-style: italic;'>@dams_new_robot</p>", "bot": "@dams_new_robot", "audio": "https://image.prepladder.com/content/UpiPGXrG1aNH3DCLQRBJ1748419317.mp3", "video": ""}, {"text": "t(11,22) is best diagnosed by …………..", "options": [{"label": "A", "text": "Conventional karyotyping", "correct": false}, {"label": "B", "text": "FISH", "correct": true}, {"label": "C", "text": "Bone marrow aspiration", "correct": false}, {"label": "D", "text": "Next generation sequencing", "correct": false}], "correct_answer": "B. FISH", "question_images": [], "explanation_images": [], "explanation": "\n\n<p style='font-size: 10px; color: #808080; font-style: italic;'>@dams_new_robot</p>", "bot": "@dams_new_robot", "audio": "", "video": ""}, {"text": "Match the columns A. Autosomal dominant 1. Duchenne muscular dystrophy B. X-linked recessive 2. Leber hereditary optic neuropathy C. Autosomal recessive 3. Cystic fibrosis D. Mitochondrial 4. Myotonic dystrophy", "options": [{"label": "A", "text": "A-1, B-4, C-2, D-3", "correct": false}, {"label": "B", "text": "A-2, B-3, C-4, D-1", "correct": false}, {"label": "C", "text": "A-1, B-3, C-2, D-4", "correct": false}, {"label": "D", "text": "A-4, B-1, C-3, D-2", "correct": true}], "correct_answer": "D. A-4, B-1, C-3, D-2", "question_images": [], "explanation_images": ["https://image.prepladder.com/content/s1m04AN8S47hFMSyEdXj1745926244.png", "https://image.prepladder.com/content/zOeSK2BrQIJWQYiLbTk11745926254.png", "https://image.prepladder.com/content/spuaNuCgpaNaF9yGY1dV1745926265.png", "https://image.prepladder.com/content/Cc9HvJzPLBvFBqw70cOz1745926294.png", "https://image.prepladder.com/content/WKrxonlcPzjaA3nfPdIi1745926303.png"], "explanation": "<table cellspacing=\"0\" style=\"border-collapse:collapse; width:624px\">\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid black; border-left:1px solid black; border-right:1px solid black; border-top:1px solid black; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Autosomal dominant</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid black; border-left:none; border-right:1px solid black; border-top:1px solid black; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Myotonic dystrophy</p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid black; border-left:1px solid black; border-right:1px solid black; border-top:none; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>X-linked recessive</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid black; border-left:none; border-right:1px solid black; border-top:none; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Duchenne <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"9e2d8a3f5a16927771932c2348ec52\">muscular</span> dystrophy</p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid black; border-left:1px solid black; border-right:1px solid black; border-top:none; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Autosomal recessive</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid black; border-left:none; border-right:1px solid black; border-top:none; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Cystic fibrosis</p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid black; border-left:1px solid black; border-right:1px solid black; border-top:none; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Mitochondrial</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid black; border-left:none; border-right:1px solid black; border-top:none; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Leber <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"ee5175c06116927771880846d1cbe0\">hereditary</span> <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"1b9a354cdb1692777194802683234d\">optic</span> neuropathy</p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n</tbody>\n</table>\n<table cellspacing=\"0\" style=\"border-collapse:collapse; width:727px\">\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<td colspan=\"4\" style=\"border-bottom:1px solid black; border-left:1px solid black; border-right:1px solid black; border-top:1px solid black; vertical-align:top\">\n<p style=\"text-align:center\"><strong>Modes of inheritance</strong></p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid black; border-left:1px solid black; border-right:1px solid black; border-top:none; vertical-align:top\">\n<p style=\"text-align:center\"><strong>Mode of Inheritance</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid black; border-left:none; border-right:1px solid black; border-top:none; vertical-align:top\">\n<p style=\"text-align:center\"><strong>Pedigree</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid black; border-left:none; border-right:1px solid black; border-top:none; vertical-align:top\">\n<p style=\"text-align:center\"><strong>Explanation</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid black; border-left:none; border-right:1px solid black; border-top:none; vertical-align:top\">\n<p style=\"text-align:center\"><strong>Diseases</strong></p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid black; border-left:1px solid black; border-right:1px solid black; border-top:none; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Autosomal Dominant</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid black; border-left:none; border-right:1px solid black; border-top:none; vertical-align:top\">\n<p style=\"text-align:center\"><img alt=\"\" data-author=\"\" data-hash=\"\" data-license=\"\" data-source=\"\" data-tags=\"\" height=\"4167\" src=\"https://image.prepladder.com/content/s1m04AN8S47hFMSyEdXj1745926244.png\" width=\"4168\"/></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid black; border-left:none; border-right:1px solid black; border-top:none; vertical-align:top\">\n<ul>\n<li>Vertical transmission</li>\n<li>Affected individuals in every generation</li>\n<li>Male-to-male transmission</li>\n<li>Equal male: female ratio</li>\n</ul>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid black; border-left:none; border-right:1px solid black; border-top:none; vertical-align:top\">\n<ul>\n<li>Huntington's disease</li>\n<li>Marfan syndrome</li>\n<li>Neurofibromatosis type</li>\n<li>Myotonic dystrophy</li>\n</ul>\n<p> </p>\n<p> </p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid black; border-left:1px solid black; border-right:1px solid black; border-top:none; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Autosomal Recessive</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid black; border-left:none; border-right:1px solid black; border-top:none; vertical-align:top\">\n<p style=\"text-align:center\"><img alt=\"\" data-author=\"\" data-hash=\"\" data-license=\"\" data-source=\"\" data-tags=\"\" height=\"4167\" src=\"https://image.prepladder.com/content/zOeSK2BrQIJWQYiLbTk11745926254.png\" width=\"4167\"/></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid black; border-left:none; border-right:1px solid black; border-top:none; vertical-align:top\">\n<ul>\n<li>Horizontal transmission</li>\n<li>Skips generations</li>\n<li>Consanguinity often seen</li>\n<li>Equal male: female ratio</li>\n</ul>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid black; border-left:none; border-right:1px solid black; border-top:none; vertical-align:top\">\n<ul>\n<li>Cystic fibrosis</li>\n<li>Sickle cell anemia</li>\n<li>Beta-thalassemia</li>\n</ul>\n<p> </p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid black; border-left:1px solid black; border-right:1px solid black; border-top:none; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>X-Linked Dominant</strong></p>\n<p> </p>\n<p> </p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid black; border-left:none; border-right:1px solid black; border-top:none; vertical-align:top\">\n<p style=\"text-align:center\"><img alt=\"\" data-author=\"\" data-hash=\"\" data-license=\"\" data-source=\"\" data-tags=\"\" height=\"4167\" src=\"https://image.prepladder.com/content/spuaNuCgpaNaF9yGY1dV1745926265.png\" width=\"4168\"/></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid black; border-left:none; border-right:1px solid black; border-top:none; vertical-align:top\">\n<ul>\n<li>No male-to-male transmission</li>\n<li>Affected fathers pass the trait to all daughters</li>\n<li>More severely affected males.</li>\n</ul>\n<p> </p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid black; border-left:none; border-right:1px solid black; border-top:none; vertical-align:top\">\n<ul>\n<li>Orofaciodigital syndrome.</li>\n<li>Incontinentia Pigmenti</li>\n<li>Vitamin D-resistant rickets.</li>\n</ul>\n<p> </p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid black; border-left:1px solid black; border-right:1px solid black; border-top:none; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>X-Linked Recessive</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid black; border-left:none; border-right:1px solid black; border-top:none; vertical-align:top\">\n<p style=\"text-align:center\"><img alt=\"\" data-author=\"\" data-hash=\"\" data-license=\"\" data-source=\"\" data-tags=\"\" height=\"4167\" src=\"https://image.prepladder.com/content/Cc9HvJzPLBvFBqw70cOz1745926294.png\" width=\"4168\"/></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid black; border-left:none; border-right:1px solid black; border-top:none; vertical-align:top\">\n<ul>\n<li>Primarily affects males.</li>\n<li>No male-to-male transmission.</li>\n<li>Unaffected carrier females.</li>\n</ul>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid black; border-left:none; border-right:1px solid black; border-top:none; vertical-align:top\">\n<ul>\n<li>Hemophilia A.</li>\n<li>Duchenne <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"9e2d8a3f5a16927771932c2348ec52\">muscular</span> dystrophy.</li>\n<li>Hunter Syndrome.</li>\n</ul>\n<p> </p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid black; border-left:1px solid black; border-right:1px solid black; border-top:none; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Mitochondrial (Option D)</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid black; border-left:none; border-right:1px solid black; border-top:none; vertical-align:top\">\n<p style=\"text-align:center\"><img alt=\"\" data-author=\"\" data-hash=\"\" data-license=\"\" data-source=\"\" data-tags=\"\" height=\"4167\" src=\"https://image.prepladder.com/content/WKrxonlcPzjaA3nfPdIi1745926303.png\" width=\"4168\"/></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid black; border-left:none; border-right:1px solid black; border-top:none; vertical-align:top\">\n<ul>\n<li>Maternal transmission only.</li>\n<li>Both sexes can be affected.</li>\n<li>All offspring of the affected mother are affected.</li>\n</ul>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid black; border-left:none; border-right:1px solid black; border-top:none; vertical-align:top\">\n<ul>\n<li>Leigh Disease.</li>\n<li>MELAS syndrome.</li>\n<li>Leber <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"ee5175c06116927771880846d1cbe0\">hereditary</span> <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"1b9a354cdb1692777194802683234d\">optic</span> neuropathy.</li>\n</ul>\n<p> </p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n</tbody>\n\n\n<p style='font-size: 10px; color: #808080; font-style: italic;'>@dams_new_robot</p>", "bot": "@dams_new_robot", "audio": "", "video": ""}, {"text": "A 23-year-old female with a height of 4 feet has a karyotype, as shown in the image below. Which of the following conditions is the most likely etiology?", "options": [{"label": "A", "text": "Turner syndrome", "correct": true}, {"label": "B", "text": "Klinefelter syndrome", "correct": false}, {"label": "C", "text": "Mayer-Rokitansky-Küster-Hauser syndrome (MRKHS)", "correct": false}, {"label": "D", "text": "Edwards syndrome", "correct": false}], "correct_answer": "A. Turner syndrome", "question_images": ["https://image.prepladder.com/content/VTnBQJ9cT9tgHcDyRA2e1724915032.png"], "explanation_images": ["https://image.prepladder.com/content/8K5A7u6typtOZl8D3Bk51724850005.png"], "explanation": "\n\n<p style='font-size: 10px; color: #808080; font-style: italic;'>@dams_new_robot</p>", "bot": "@dams_new_robot", "audio": "https://image.prepladder.com/content/ZzdlKdS5T6BFwBoW91GS1748420694.mp3", "video": ""}, {"text": "Identify the disease associated with the image provided:", "options": [{"label": "A", "text": "Gaucher's disease", "correct": true}, {"label": "B", "text": "Tay-Sachs disease", "correct": false}, {"label": "C", "text": "Sandhoff's disease", "correct": false}, {"label": "D", "text": "Fabry's disease", "correct": false}], "correct_answer": "A. Gaucher's disease", "question_images": ["https://image.prepladder.com/content/bnbIvBMJDIKeXIGAFuoV1724850756.png"], "explanation_images": ["https://image.prepladder.com/content/MmnKBsTrBbsYsyzoXWtl1724850796.png"], "explanation": "<p>Correct Option A - Gauch\n\n\n<p style='font-size: 10px; color: #808080; font-style: italic;'>@dams_new_robot</p>", "bot": "@dams_new_robot", "audio": "https://image.prepladder.com/content/66whpmbiqd7FamFZ23LY1748420797.mp3", "video": ""}, {"text": "Which of the following diseases follows the mode of inheritance shown in the image provided?", "options": [{"label": "A", "text": "Wiskott-Aldrich syndrome", "correct": true}, {"label": "B", "text": "Wilson's disease", "correct": false}, {"label": "C", "text": "Prader-Willi syndrome", "correct": false}, {"label": "D", "text": "Achondroplasia", "correct": false}], "correct_answer": "A. Wiskott-Aldrich syndrome", "question_images": ["https://image.prepladder.com/content/yHbSs9UZqPVeUCg6cxpV1724850901.png"], "explanation_images": [], "explanation": "\n\n\n<p style='font-size: 10px; color: #808080; font-style: italic;'>@dams_new_robot</p>", "bot": "@dams_new_robot", "audio": "https://image.prepladder.com/content/dmqAQJMoF8TC33GkHsy61748420906.mp3", "video": ""}, {"text": "An adult tall male presents with subluxation of the lens, long arm span, pectus excavatum, and cardiac abnormalities. What is the most likely protein found to be defective?", "options": [{"label": "A", "text": "Elastin", "correct": false}, {"label": "B", "text": "Collagen", "correct": false}, {"label": "C", "text": "Fibrillin", "correct": true}, {"label": "D", "text": "Laminin", "correct": false}], "correct_answer": "C. Fibrillin", "question_images": [], "explanation_images": [], "explanation": "<p>Correct Option C – F\n\n<p style='font-size: 10px; color: #808080; font-style: italic;'>@dams_new_robot</p>", "bot": "@dams_new_robot", "audio": "https://image.prepladder.com/content/anPiVDuQ1YS41askCVHj1748421024.mp3", "video": ""}, {"text": "Which mutation is linked to the Philadelphia chromosome?", "options": [{"label": "A", "text": "Inversion", "correct": false}, {"label": "B", "text": "Deletion", "correct": false}, {"label": "C", "text": "Reciprocal translocation", "correct": true}, {"label": "D", "text": "Insertion", "correct": false}], "correct_answer": "C. Reciprocal translocation", "question_images": [], "explanation_images": [], "explanation": "\n\n<p style='font-size: 10px; color: #808080; font-style: italic;'>@dams_new_robot</p>", "bot": "@dams_new_robot", "audio": "", "video": ""}, {"text": "A teenager was brought to the OPD with complaints of delayed fertility and primary amenorrhea. Physical examination reveals a webbed neck and widely spaced nipples. Which karyotype is associated with a given condition?", "options": [{"label": "A", "text": "45, X", "correct": true}, {"label": "B", "text": "47, XXY", "correct": false}, {"label": "C", "text": "47, XXX", "correct": false}, {"label": "D", "text": "47, XYY", "correct": false}], "correct_answer": "A. 45, X", "question_images": [], "explanation_images": ["https://image.prepladder.com/content/R8z6abI0gDLSvEd6LVUU1747309815.png", "https://image.prepladder.com/content/IAfb4hPJkDEaOBZa08eU1747309815.png"], "explanation": "\n\n<p style='font-size: 10px; color: #808080; font-style: italic;'>@dams_new_robot</p>", "bot": "@dams_new_robot", "audio": "", "video": ""}, {"text": "Which of the following is not a feature of G6PD deficiency?", "options": [{"label": "A", "text": "Males and females are equally affected", "correct": true}, {"label": "B", "text": "Oxidative stress", "correct": false}, {"label": "C", "text": "Absence of NADPH", "correct": false}, {"label": "D", "text": "Presence of Heinz's bodies", "correct": false}], "correct_answer": "A. Males and females are equally affected", "question_images": [], "explanation_images": ["https://image.prepladder.com/content/X9opwWrMBga22Zrby7N71718319357.png"], "explanation": "<p>Correct Option A - Males and females are equ\n\n\n<p style='font-size: 10px; color: #808080; font-style: italic;'>@dams_new_robot</p>", "bot": "@dams_new_robot", "audio": "https://image.prepladder.com/content/p0j0IBEzil7blBe4uLzs1748419836.mp3", "video": ""}, {"text": "What does the given pedigree chart indicate?", "options": [{"label": "A", "text": "Autosomal Dominant (AD)", "correct": false}, {"label": "B", "text": "Autosomal Recessive (AR)", "correct": false}, {"label": "C", "text": "Mitochondrial Disorder", "correct": true}, {"label": "D", "text": "X-linked Recessive (XLR)", "correct": false}], "correct_answer": "C. Mitochondrial Disorder", "question_images": ["https://image.prepladder.com/content/0CXQ1bvy8VuVEyZkg8nt1747218542.png"], "explanation_images": ["https://image.prepladder.com/content/5skDdAfDuGiJO0p3NtP31747218814.png", "https://image.prepladder.com/content/FXra7bgMPskDCfNl5v6D1747218814.png", "https://image.prepladder.com/content/JA3BK0fWs5QsKTXhVqLG1747218814.png"], "explanation": "\n\n<p style='font-size: 10px; color: #808080; font-style: italic;'>@dams_new_robot</p>", "bot": "@dams_new_robot", "audio": "", "video": ""}, {"text": "A child with a strawberry skull, mental retardation, and the given karyotype suggests which diagnosis?", "options": [{"label": "A", "text": "Patau syndrome", "correct": false}, {"label": "B", "text": "Edward syndrome", "correct": true}, {"label": "C", "text": "Prader-Willi syndrome", "correct": false}, {"label": "D", "text": "Angelman syndrome", "correct": false}], "correct_answer": "B. Edward syndrome", "question_images": ["https://image.prepladder.com/content/weDu53gtkjQl94AqarMr1747219850.png"], "explanation_images": ["https://image.prepladder.com/content/lqfwMa7fqB9BAqDUKeug1747219893.png"], "explanation": "\n\n<p style='font-size: 10px; color: #808080; font-style: italic;'>@dams_new_robot</p>", "bot": "@dams_new_robot", "audio": "", "video": ""}, {"text": "All of the following are used to detect abnormal gene sequences, except?", "options": [{"label": "A", "text": "FISH", "correct": false}, {"label": "B", "text": "RFLP analysis", "correct": false}, {"label": "C", "text": "Pyrosequencing", "correct": false}, {"label": "D", "text": "Flow cytometry", "correct": true}], "correct_answer": "D. Flow cytometry", "question_images": [], "explanation_images": [], "explanation": "\n\n<p style='font-size: 10px; color: #808080; font-style: italic;'>@dams_new_robot</p>", "bot": "@dams_new_robot", "audio": "", "video": ""}, {"text": "What is the interpretation of the given pedigree chart?", "options": [{"label": "A", "text": "Incomplete penetrance", "correct": false}, {"label": "B", "text": "Autosomal dominant", "correct": true}, {"label": "C", "text": "Autosomal recessive", "correct": false}, {"label": "D", "text": "Pseudo-dominance", "correct": false}], "correct_answer": "B. Autosomal dominant", "question_images": ["https://image.prepladder.com/notes/0Q4HirYHWIXMB6GZuD8v1746180703.png"], "explanation_images": ["https://image.prepladder.com/content/XQhszERJI5xqU8L0BT5u1746007195.png", "https://image.prepladder.com/content/iUmWzcSWlWIRh7KrccvU1746007195.png"], "explanation": "\n\n<p style='font-size: 10px; color: #808080; font-style: italic;'>@dams_new_robot</p>", "bot": "@dams_new_robot", "audio": "", "video": ""}, {"text": "Match the following genetic abnormalities with their disorders. A. Trinucleotide repeat Patau syndrome B. Trisomy 18 2. Huntington C. Trisomy 13 3. Sickle cell anemia D. Hb beta chain Glu 4. Edward syndrome", "options": [{"label": "A", "text": "A-1, B-3, D-4, D-2", "correct": false}, {"label": "B", "text": "A-1, B-2, C-3, D-4", "correct": false}, {"label": "C", "text": "A-2, B-4, C-1, D-3", "correct": true}, {"label": "D", "text": "A-2, B-1, C-4, D-3", "correct": false}], "correct_answer": "C. A-2, B-4, C-1, D-3", "question_images": [], "explanation_images": [], "explanation": "<table cellspacing=\"0\" style=\"border-collapse:collapse\">\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Trinucleotide repeat</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Huntington</p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Trisomy 18</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Edward syndrome</p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Trisomy 13</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Patau syndrome</p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Hb <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"806eb8418c16927771822855b56695\">beta</span> chain Glu</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Sickle cell anemia</p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n</tbody>\n\n\n<p style='font-size: 10px; color: #808080; font-style: italic;'>@dams_new_robot</p>", "bot": "@dams_new_robot", "audio": "", "video": ""}, {"text": "The SRY gene is present on:", "options": [{"label": "A", "text": "Y-chromosome short arm", "correct": true}, {"label": "B", "text": "Y-chromosome long arm", "correct": false}, {"label": "C", "text": "X-chromosome short arm", "correct": false}, {"label": "D", "text": "X-chromosome long arm", "correct": false}], "correct_answer": "A. Y-chromosome short arm", "question_images": [], "explanation_images": [], "explanation": "\n\n<p style='font-size: 10px; color: #808080; font-style: italic;'>@dams_new_robot</p>", "bot": "@dams_new_robot", "audio": "", "video": ""}, {"text": "Identify the type of inheritance?", "options": [{"label": "A", "text": "Autosomal Dominant", "correct": true}, {"label": "B", "text": "Autosomal Recessive", "correct": false}, {"label": "C", "text": "X-linked dominant", "correct": false}, {"label": "D", "text": "X-linked recessive", "correct": false}], "correct_answer": "A. Autosomal Dominant", "question_images": ["https://image.prepladder.com/content/Ogrj79EVG6dyACKyDgcA1692767080.png"], "explanation_images": ["https://image.prepladder.com/content/LvR2VwfshHJqQUHzjU2w1712123892.png"], "explanation": "<p>Correct Option A - Autosomal Dominant Inh\n\n<p style='font-size: 10px; color: #808080; font-style: italic;'>@dams_new_robot</p>", "bot": "@dams_new_robot", "audio": "https://image.prepladder.com/content/qgLHVT7ieMfxEUmylquU1748416143.mp3", "video": ""}, {"text": "A 30-year-old pregnant woman who has the thalassemia trait visits the clinic for genetic counseling. Her husband is also confirmed to have the thalassemia trait. Considering their genetic background, what is the likelihood of their next offspring having thalassemia?", "options": [{"label": "A", "text": "100%", "correct": false}, {"label": "B", "text": "50%", "correct": false}, {"label": "C", "text": "75%", "correct": false}, {"label": "D", "text": "25%", "correct": true}], "correct_answer": "D. 25%", "question_images": [], "explanation_images": [], "explanation": "<p>Correct Option D - \n\n<p style='font-size: 10px; color: #808080; font-style: italic;'>@dams_new_robot</p>", "bot": "@dams_new_robot", "audio": "https://image.prepladder.com/content/fY65XLDLuSmjk3jxX7iN1748416313.mp3", "video": ""}, {"text": "Which of the following is true regarding the Mendelian mode of inheritance?", "options": [{"label": "A", "text": "2/3 rd of Mendelian disorders are autosomal dominant", "correct": true}, {"label": "B", "text": "1/3rd of Mendelian disorders are autosomal recessive", "correct": false}, {"label": "C", "text": "Every 5 th patient has an X-linked recessive disorder", "correct": false}, {"label": "D", "text": "Every 10 th patient has a Y-linked disorder", "correct": false}], "correct_answer": "A. 2/3 rd of Mendelian disorders are autosomal dominant", "question_images": [], "explanation_images": [], "explanation": "<table cellspacing=\"0\" style=\"border-collapse:collapse; width:480px\">\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<ul>\n<li><strong>65% of <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"534a300a2c169277719290ac7aa1bf\">mendelian</span> disorders are autosomal dominant</strong></li>\n<li>25% are autosomal <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"d54db2110416927771971e7c011a9f\">recessive</span> <strong>(Option B)</strong></li>\n<li>5% are <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"dd35346fc716927772029e2f0bb10f\">X-linked</span> <strong>(Option C)</strong></li>\n</ul>\n</td>\n</tr>\n</tbody>\n\n\n<p style='font-size: 10px; color: #808080; font-style: italic;'>@dams_new_robot</p>", "bot": "@dams_new_robot", "audio": "", "video": ""}, {"text": "Which of the following is true about Turner syndrome ?", "options": [{"label": "A", "text": "Webbing of hands and toes are associated with risk of visceral anomalies", "correct": false}, {"label": "B", "text": "Noonan syndrome is more associated with cardiac defects", "correct": false}, {"label": "C", "text": "Absence of neck webbing is associated with higher risk of co-arctation of aorta", "correct": false}, {"label": "D", "text": "Webbing of neck is associated with higher risk of cardiac anomalies", "correct": true}], "correct_answer": "D. Webbing of neck is associated with higher risk of cardiac anomalies", "question_images": [], "explanation_images": ["https://image.prepladder.com/content/jOlndzw3t1axqHJZy7Je1715929905.png", "https://image.prepladder.com/content/jOlndzw3t1axqHJZy7Je1715929905.png"], "explanation": "<p>Correct Option D - Webbing of neck is associated with higher risk of &lt;span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"e1fb96fd2416927771830dfed40e14\"&gt;cardiac&lt;/span&g\n\n\n<p style='font-size: 10px; color: #808080; font-style: italic;'>@dams_new_robot</p>", "bot": "@dams_new_robot", "audio": "https://image.prepladder.com/content/ABSssLA3TknRQmQadvLT1748415976.mp3", "video": ""}, {"text": "An affected male does not have affected children, but an affected female always has affected children. What is the type of inheritance?", "options": [{"label": "A", "text": "X-linked recessive", "correct": false}, {"label": "B", "text": "Autosomal recessive", "correct": false}, {"label": "C", "text": "X-linked dominant", "correct": false}, {"label": "D", "text": "Mitochondrial", "correct": true}], "correct_answer": "D. Mitochondrial", "question_images": [], "explanation_images": ["https://image.prepladder.com/content/2YL23hEF5BHgJVQy8H2f1713266814.png"], "explanation": "<p>Correct Option D - Mitoch\n\n\n<p style='font-size: 10px; color: #808080; font-style: italic;'>@dams_new_robot</p>", "bot": "@dams_new_robot", "audio": "https://image.prepladder.com/content/4oHFwMJ9QeuxwducCQkI1748415849.mp3", "video": ""}, {"text": "With which pattern of disease inheritance is consanguinity associated?", "options": [{"label": "A", "text": "Autosomal recessive", "correct": true}, {"label": "B", "text": "Autosomal dominant", "correct": false}, {"label": "C", "text": "X-linked recessive", "correct": false}, {"label": "D", "text": "X-linked dominant", "correct": false}], "correct_answer": "A. Autosomal recessive", "question_images": [], "explanation_images": ["https://image.prepladder.com/content/yoiQXPA0H4T86YudPiP31713266416.png"], "explanation": "<p>Correct Option A - Autosomal Recessiv\n\n\n<p style='font-size: 10px; color: #808080; font-style: italic;'>@dams_new_robot</p>", "bot": "@dams_new_robot", "audio": "https://image.prepladder.com/content/1mhiPqE16epkTizOyzFj1748415732.mp3", "video": ""}, {"text": "Which of the following diseases has an X-linked recessive pattern of inheritance?", "options": [{"label": "A", "text": "Hurler syndrome", "correct": false}, {"label": "B", "text": "Thalassemia", "correct": false}, {"label": "C", "text": "Hereditary spherocytosis", "correct": false}, {"label": "D", "text": "G6PD deficiency", "correct": true}], "correct_answer": "D. G6PD deficiency", "question_images": [], "explanation_images": [], "explanation": "<p>Correct Option D - &lt;span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"96985248371692777188cfb38ca861\"&gt;G6PD&lt;/span&gt; D\n\n\n<p style='font-size: 10px; color: #808080; font-style: italic;'>@dams_new_robot</p>", "bot": "@dams_new_robot", "audio": "https://image.prepladder.com/content/3L9kOuLRWfnKtYqy1dY51748415368.mp3", "video": ""}, {"text": "Which chromosome is involved in myotonic dystrophy?", "options": [{"label": "A", "text": "Chromosome 19", "correct": true}, {"label": "B", "text": "Chromosome 20", "correct": false}, {"label": "C", "text": "Chromosome 21", "correct": false}, {"label": "D", "text": "Chromosome 22", "correct": false}], "correct_answer": "A. Chromosome 19", "question_images": [], "explanation_images": [], "explanation": "<p>Correct Option A - &lt;span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"7157c1f59916927771846116d74646\"&gt;Chromosome&lt;/span&gt; 19\n\n\n<p style='font-size: 10px; color: #808080; font-style: italic;'>@dams_new_robot</p>", "bot": "@dams_new_robot", "audio": "https://image.prepladder.com/content/wLSJEQOCLWIBiMpXdWlB1748415126.mp3", "video": ""}, {"text": "Which of the following diseases is most commonly associated with Down syndrome?", "options": [{"label": "A", "text": "Parkinson Disease", "correct": false}, {"label": "B", "text": "Alzheimer disease", "correct": true}, {"label": "C", "text": "Schizophrenia", "correct": false}, {"label": "D", "text": "Huntington disease", "correct": false}], "correct_answer": "B. Alzheimer disease", "question_images": [], "explanation_images": [], "explanation": "<p>Correct Option B - Alzh\n\n\n<p style='font-size: 10px; color: #808080; font-style: italic;'>@dams_new_robot</p>", "bot": "@dams_new_robot", "audio": "https://image.prepladder.com/content/ctybOYTxZ0967JzAoUVL1748414652.mp3", "video": ""}, {"text": "Alpha-1 antitrypsin is the major inhibitor of which enzyme ?", "options": [{"label": "A", "text": "Catalase", "correct": false}, {"label": "B", "text": "Collagenase", "correct": false}, {"label": "C", "text": "Elastase", "correct": true}, {"label": "D", "text": "Phospholipase", "correct": false}], "correct_answer": "C. Elastase", "question_images": [], "explanation_images": [], "explanation": "<p>Correct Option C - E\n\n\n<p style='font-size: 10px; color: #808080; font-style: italic;'>@dams_new_robot</p>", "bot": "@dams_new_robot", "audio": "https://image.prepladder.com/content/5abR3SgzS27LQPe78wCJ1748373088.mp3", "video": ""}, {"text": "All of the following are features of fragile X syndrome, except :", "options": [{"label": "A", "text": "Trinucleotide mutation in FMR-1 gene", "correct": false}, {"label": "B", "text": "Mental retardation", "correct": false}, {"label": "C", "text": "Microorchidism", "correct": true}, {"label": "D", "text": "Large everted ears", "correct": false}], "correct_answer": "C. Microorchidism", "question_images": [], "explanation_images": [], "explanation": "<p>Correct Option C - Microorch\n\n\n<p style='font-size: 10px; color: #808080; font-style: italic;'>@dams_new_robot</p>", "bot": "@dams_new_robot", "audio": "https://image.prepladder.com/content/uCPWpgc2YWxSTIPzfwNf1748372942.mp3", "video": ""}, {"text": "A boy was diagnosed with a medical condition that is believed to have been passed down from his grandmother to his father, and now to him. What is the pattern of inheritance in this case ?", "options": [{"label": "A", "text": "X-linked dominant", "correct": false}, {"label": "B", "text": "X-linked recessive", "correct": false}, {"label": "C", "text": "Autosomal dominant", "correct": true}, {"label": "D", "text": "Autosomal recessive", "correct": false}], "correct_answer": "C. Autosomal dominant", "question_images": [], "explanation_images": ["https://image.prepladder.com/content/LvR2VwfshHJqQUHzjU2w1712123892.png"], "explanation": "<p>Correct Option C - Autosomal D\n\n\n<p style='font-size: 10px; color: #808080; font-style: italic;'>@dams_new_robot</p>", "bot": "@dams_new_robot", "audio": "https://image.prepladder.com/content/AYvVsfB0XOo5s7HVUXBv1748370303.mp3", "video": ""}]; if (!Array.isArray(questions) || questions.length === 0) { throw new Error("Questions data is empty or invalid"); } debugLog(`Successfully parsed ${questions.length} questions`); } catch (e) { console.error("Failed to parse questions_json:", e); document.getElementById('error-message').innerHTML = "Error loading quiz data. Please check the console for details or contact support."; document.getElementById('error-message').classList.remove('hidden'); document.getElementById('start-test').disabled = true; // Fallback to sample questions for testing questions = [ { text: "What is 2 + 2?", options: [ { label: "A", text: "3", correct: false }, { label: "B", text: "4", correct: true }, { label: "C", text: "5", correct: false }, { label: "D", text: "6", correct: false } ], correct_answer: "B. 4", question_images: [], explanation_images: [], explanation: "<p>2 + 2 = 4</p><p>@dams_new_robot</p>", bot: "@dams_new_robot", audio: "", video: "" } ]; debugLog("Loaded fallback questions"); } // Quiz state let currentQuestion = 0; let answers = new Array(questions.length).fill(null); let markedForReview = new Array(questions.length).fill(false); let timeRemaining = 54 * 60; // Duration in seconds let timerInterval = null; const quizId = `{title.replace(/\s+/g, '_').toLowerCase()}`; // Unique ID for local storage // Load saved progress function loadProgress() { try { debugLog("Loading progress from localStorage"); const saved = localStorage.getItem(`quiz_${quizId}`); if (saved) { const { savedAnswers, savedMarked, savedTime } = JSON.parse(saved); answers = savedAnswers || answers; markedForReview = savedMarked || markedForReview; timeRemaining = savedTime !== undefined ? savedTime : timeRemaining; debugLog("Progress loaded successfully"); } else { debugLog("No saved progress found"); } } catch (e) { console.error("Error loading progress:", e); debugLog("Failed to load progress: " + e.message); } } // Save progress function saveProgress() { try { debugLog("Saving progress to localStorage"); localStorage.setItem(`quiz_${quizId}`, JSON.stringify({ savedAnswers: answers, savedMarked: markedForReview, savedTime: timeRemaining })); debugLog("Progress saved successfully"); } catch (e) { console.error("Error saving progress:", e); debugLog("Failed to save progress: " + e.message); } } // Initialize quiz function initQuiz() { try { debugLog("Initializing quiz"); loadProgress(); const startButton = document.getElementById('start-test'); if (!startButton) { throw new Error("Start test button not found"); } startButton.addEventListener('click', startQuiz); debugLog("Start test button listener attached"); document.getElementById('previous-btn').addEventListener('click', showPreviousQuestion); document.getElementById('next-btn').addEventListener('click', showNextQuestion); document.getElementById('mark-review').addEventListener('click', toggleMarkForReview); document.getElementById('nav-toggle').addEventListener('click', toggleNavPanel); document.getElementById('submit-test').addEventListener('click', showSubmitModal); document.getElementById('continue-test').addEventListener('click', closeExitModal); document.getElementById('exit-test').addEventListener('click', () => { debugLog("Exiting test"); localStorage.removeItem(`quiz_${quizId}`); window.location.reload(); }); document.getElementById('cancel-submit').addEventListener('click', closeSubmitModal); document.getElementById('confirm-submit').addEventListener('click', submitTest); document.getElementById('take-again').addEventListener('click', () => { debugLog("Restarting test"); localStorage.removeItem(`quiz_${quizId}`); window.location.reload(); }); document.getElementById('review-test').addEventListener('click', () => showResults(currentResultQuestion)); document.getElementById('close-nav').addEventListener('click', toggleNavPanel); document.getElementById('theme-toggle').addEventListener('click', toggleTheme); document.getElementById('nav-filter').addEventListener('change', updateNavPanel); document.getElementById('prev-result').addEventListener('click', showPreviousResult); document.getElementById('next-result').addEventListener('click', showNextResult); document.getElementById('results-nav-toggle').addEventListener('click', toggleResultsNavPanel); document.getElementById('close-results-nav').addEventListener('click', toggleResultsNavPanel); document.getElementById('results-nav-filter').addEventListener('change', updateResultsNavPanel); debugLog("Quiz initialized successfully"); } catch (e) { console.error("Failed to initialize quiz:", e); debugLog("Failed to initialize quiz: " + e.message); document.getElementById('error-message').innerHTML = "Error initializing quiz. Please check the console for details or contact support."; document.getElementById('error-message').classList.remove('hidden'); document.getElementById('start-test').disabled = true; } } // Start quiz function startQuiz() { try { debugLog("Starting quiz"); document.getElementById('instructions').classList.add('hidden'); document.getElementById('quiz').classList.remove('hidden'); showQuestion(currentQuestion); startTimer(); updateNavPanel(); debugLog("Quiz started successfully"); } catch (e) { console.error("Error starting quiz:", e); debugLog("Failed to start quiz: " + e.message); document.getElementById('error-message').innerHTML = "Error starting quiz. Please check the console for details or contact support."; document.getElementById('error-message').classList.remove('hidden'); document.getElementById('quiz').classList.add('hidden'); document.getElementById('instructions').classList.remove('hidden'); } } // Show question function showQuestion(index) { try { debugLog(`Showing question ${index + 1}`); currentQuestion = index; const q = questions[index]; if (!q) { throw new Error(`Question ${index} is undefined`); } document.getElementById('question-number').innerHTML = `Question <span>${index + 1}</span> of ${questions.length}`; document.getElementById('question-text').innerHTML = q.text || "No question text available"; const imagesDiv = document.getElementById('question-images'); imagesDiv.innerHTML = q.question_images && q.question_images.length > 0 ? q.question_images.map(url => `<img src="${url}" alt="Question Image" class="max-w-full h-auto rounded-lg">`).join('') : ''; const optionsDiv = document.getElementById('options'); optionsDiv.innerHTML = q.options && q.options.length > 0 ? q.options.map(opt => ` <button class="option-btn w-full text-left p-3 border rounded-lg ${answers[index] === opt.label ? 'selected' : ''}" onclick="selectOption(${index}, '${opt.label}')" aria-label="Option ${opt.label}: ${opt.text}"> ${opt.label}. ${opt.text} </button> `).join('') : '<p class="text-red-500">No options available</p>'; document.getElementById('previous-btn').disabled = index === 0; document.getElementById('next-btn').disabled = index === questions.length - 1; document.getElementById('mark-review').classList.toggle('marked', markedForReview[index]); updateProgressBar(); saveProgress(); window.scrollTo({ top: 0, behavior: 'smooth' }); debugLog(`Question ${index + 1} displayed successfully`); } catch (e) { console.error("Error displaying question:", e); debugLog("Failed to display question: " + e.message); } } // Select option function selectOption(index, label) { try { debugLog(`Selecting option ${label} for question ${index + 1}`); answers[index] = label; const optionsDiv = document.getElementById('options'); const optionButtons = optionsDiv.querySelectorAll('.option-btn'); optionButtons.forEach(btn => { const btnLabel = btn.textContent.trim().split('.')[0]; btn.classList.toggle('selected', btnLabel === label); }); updateNavPanel(); saveProgress(); debugLog(`Option ${label} selected for question ${index + 1}`); } catch (e) { console.error("Error selecting option:", e); debugLog("Failed to select option: " + e.message); } } // Toggle mark for review function toggleMarkForReview() { try { debugLog(`Toggling mark for review on question ${currentQuestion + 1}`); markedForReview[currentQuestion] = !markedForReview[currentQuestion]; document.getElementById('mark-review').classList.toggle('marked', markedForReview[currentQuestion]); updateNavPanel(); saveProgress(); debugLog(`Mark for review toggled for question ${currentQuestion + 1}`); } catch (e) { console.error("Error marking for review:", e); debugLog("Failed to mark for review: " + e.message); } } // Navigate to previous question function showPreviousQuestion() { try { debugLog(`Navigating to previous question from ${currentQuestion + 1}`); if (currentQuestion > 0) { currentQuestion--; showQuestion(currentQuestion); } } catch (e) { console.error("Error navigating to previous question:", e); debugLog("Failed to navigate to previous question: " + e.message); } } // Navigate to next question function showNextQuestion() { try { debugLog(`Navigating to next question from ${currentQuestion + 1}`); if (currentQuestion < questions.length - 1) { currentQuestion++; showQuestion(currentQuestion); } } catch (e) { console.error("Error navigating to next question:", e); debugLog("Failed to navigate to next question: " + e.message); } } // Handle question navigation click function handleQuestionNavClick(index) { try { debugLog(`Navigating to question ${index + 1} via nav panel`); showQuestion(index); toggleNavPanel(); } catch (e) { console.error("Error handling navigation click:", e); debugLog("Failed to navigate via nav panel: " + e.message); } } // Start timer function startTimer() { try { debugLog("Starting timer"); timerInterval = setInterval(() => { if (timeRemaining <= 0) { debugLog("Timer expired, submitting test"); clearInterval(timerInterval); submitTest(); } else { timeRemaining--; const minutes = Math.floor(timeRemaining / 60); const seconds = timeRemaining % 60; document.getElementById('timer').innerHTML = `Time Remaining: <span>${minutes.toString().padStart(2, '0')}:${seconds.toString().padStart(2, '0')}</span>`; saveProgress(); } }, 1000); debugLog("Timer started successfully"); } catch (e) { console.error("Error starting timer:", e); debugLog("Failed to start timer: " + e.message); } } // Update progress bar function updateProgressBar() { try { debugLog("Updating progress bar"); const progress = ((currentQuestion + 1) / questions.length) * 100; document.getElementById('progress-bar').style.width = `${progress}%`; debugLog("Progress bar updated"); } catch (e) { console.error("Error updating progress bar:", e); debugLog("Failed to update progress bar: " + e.message); } } // Update quiz navigation panel function updateNavPanel() { try { debugLog("Updating quiz navigation panel"); const filter = document.getElementById('nav-filter').value; const navGrid = document.getElementById('nav-grid'); navGrid.innerHTML = questions.map((_, i) => { if (filter === 'answered' && !answers[i]) return ''; if (filter === 'unanswered' && answers[i]) return ''; if (filter === 'marked' && !markedForReview[i]) return ''; return ` <button class="question-nav-btn ${answers[i] ? 'answered' : 'unanswered'} ${markedForReview[i] ? 'marked-nav' : ''}" onclick="handleQuestionNavClick(${i})" aria-label="Go to Question ${i + 1}"> ${i + 1} </button> `; }).join(''); debugLog("Quiz navigation panel updated"); } catch (e) { console.error("Error updating quiz navigation panel:", e); debugLog("Failed to update quiz navigation panel: " + e.message); } } // Update results navigation panel function updateResultsNavPanel() { try { debugLog("Updating results navigation panel"); const filter = document.getElementById('results-nav-filter').value; const navGrid = document.getElementById('results-nav-grid'); navGrid.innerHTML = questions.map((_, i) => { if (filter === 'answered' && !answers[i]) return ''; if (filter === 'unanswered' && answers[i]) return ''; if (filter === 'marked' && !markedForReview[i]) return ''; return ` <button class="result-nav-btn-grid ${answers[i] ? 'answered' : 'unanswered'} ${markedForReview[i] ? 'marked-nav' : ''}" onclick="handleResultNavClick(${i})" aria-label="Go to Result for Question ${i + 1}"> ${i + 1} </button> `; }).join(''); debugLog("Results navigation panel updated"); } catch (e) { console.error("Error updating results navigation panel:", e); debugLog("Failed to update results navigation panel: " + e.message); } } // Toggle quiz navigation panel function toggleNavPanel() { try { debugLog("Toggling quiz navigation panel"); const navPanel = document.getElementById('nav-panel'); navPanel.classList.toggle('hidden'); debugLog("Quiz navigation panel toggled"); } catch (e) { console.error("Error toggling quiz navigation panel:", e); debugLog("Failed to toggle quiz navigation panel: " + e.message); } } // Toggle results navigation panel function toggleResultsNavPanel() { try { debugLog("Toggling results navigation panel"); const resultsNavPanel = document.getElementById('results-nav-panel'); resultsNavPanel.classList.toggle('hidden'); if (!resultsNavPanel.classList.contains('hidden')) { updateResultsNavPanel(); } debugLog("Results navigation panel toggled"); } catch (e) { console.error("Error toggling results navigation panel:", e); debugLog("Failed to toggle results navigation panel: " + e.message); } } // Handle result navigation click function handleResultNavClick(index) { try { debugLog(`Navigating to result for question ${index + 1} via nav panel`); showResults(index); toggleResultsNavPanel(); } catch (e) { console.error("Error handling result navigation click:", e); debugLog("Failed to navigate to result: " + e.message); } } // Show submit modal function showSubmitModal() { try { debugLog("Showing submit modal"); const attempted = answers.filter(a => a !== null).length; document.getElementById('attempted-count').textContent = attempted; document.getElementById('unattempted-count').textContent = questions.length - attempted; document.getElementById('submit-modal').classList.remove('hidden'); debugLog("Submit modal displayed"); } catch (e) { console.error("Error showing submit modal:", e); debugLog("Failed to show submit modal: " + e.message); } } // Close submit modal function closeSubmitModal() { try { debugLog("Closing submit modal"); document.getElementById('submit-modal').classList.add('hidden'); debugLog("Submit modal closed"); } catch (e) { console.error("Error closing submit modal:", e); debugLog("Failed to close submit modal: " + e.message); } } // Close exit modal function closeExitModal() { try { debugLog("Closing exit modal"); document.getElementById('exit-modal').classList.add('hidden'); debugLog("Exit modal closed"); } catch (e) { console.error("Error closing exit modal:", e); debugLog("Failed to close exit modal: " + e.message); } } // Submit test function submitTest() { try { debugLog("Submitting test"); clearInterval(timerInterval); document.getElementById('quiz').classList.add('hidden'); document.getElementById('submit-modal').classList.add('hidden'); document.getElementById('results').classList.remove('hidden'); showResults(0); // Start with first question // Trigger confetti animation confetti({ particleCount: 100, spread: 70, origin: { y: 0.6 } }); localStorage.removeItem(`quiz_${quizId}`); debugLog("Test submitted successfully"); } catch (e) { console.error("Error submitting test:", e); debugLog("Failed to submit test: " + e.message); } } // Show result for a single question function showResults(index) { try { debugLog(`Showing result for question ${index + 1}`); currentResultQuestion = index; let correct = 0, wrong = 0, unanswered = 0, marked = 0; answers.forEach((answer, i) => { const isCorrect = answer && questions[i].options.find(opt => opt.label === answer)?.correct; if (answer === null) unanswered++; else if (isCorrect) correct++; else wrong++; if (markedForReview[i]) marked++; }); const q = questions[index]; if (!q) { throw new Error(`Question ${index} is undefined`); } const userAnswer = answers[index]; const isCorrect = userAnswer && q.options.find(opt => opt.label === userAnswer)?.correct; const resultsContent = document.getElementById('results-content'); resultsContent.innerHTML = ` <div class="border p-4 rounded-lg ${isCorrect ? 'bg-green-50' : userAnswer ? 'bg-red-50' : 'bg-gray-50'}"> <p class="font-semibold">Question ${index + 1}: ${q.text || 'No question text'}</p> ${q.question_images && q.question_images.length > 0 ? q.question_images.map(url => `<img src="${url}" alt="Question Image" class="max-w-full h-auto rounded-lg my-2">`).join('') : ''} <p><strong>Your Answer:</strong> ${userAnswer ? `${userAnswer}. ${q.options.find(opt => opt.label === userAnswer)?.text || 'Invalid option'}` : 'Unanswered'}</p> <p><strong>Correct Answer:</strong> ${q.correct_answer || 'Unknown'}</p> <div class="mt-2">${q.explanation || 'No explanation available'}</div> ${q.explanation_images && q.explanation_images.length > 0 ? q.explanation_images.map(url => `<img src="${url}" alt="Explanation Image" class="max-w-full h-auto rounded-lg my-2">`).join('') : ''} ${q.video ? ` <button class="play-video bg-blue-500 text-white px-4 py-2 rounded-lg mt-2" onclick="loadVideo(this, '${q.video}', 'video-${index}')" aria-label="Play explanation video for Question ${index + 1}"> Play Video Explanation </button> <div id="video-${index}" class="video-container mt-2"></div> ` : '<p class="text-gray-500 mt-2">No video available</p>'} ${q.audio ? ` <button class="play-audio bg-blue-500 text-white px-4 py-2 rounded-lg mt-2" onclick="loadAudio(this, '${q.audio}', 'audio-${index}')" aria-label="Play audio explanation for Question ${index + 1}"> Play Audio Explanation </button> <div id="audio-${index}" class="audio-container mt-2"></div> ` : ''} </div> `; document.getElementById('correct-count').textContent = correct; document.getElementById('wrong-count').textContent = wrong; document.getElementById('unanswered-count').textContent = unanswered; document.getElementById('marked-count').textContent = marked; document.getElementById('result-question-number').innerHTML = `Question <span>${index + 1}</span> of ${questions.length}`; document.getElementById('prev-result').disabled = index === 0; document.getElementById('next-result').disabled = index === questions.length - 1; updateResultsNavPanel(); window.scrollTo({ top: 0, behavior: 'smooth' }); debugLog(`Result for question ${index + 1} displayed successfully`); } catch (e) { console.error("Error displaying result:", e); debugLog("Failed to display result: " + e.message); } } // Navigate to previous result function showPreviousResult() { try { debugLog(`Navigating to previous result from question ${currentResultQuestion + 1}`); if (currentResultQuestion > 0) { showResults(currentResultQuestion - 1); } } catch (e) { console.error("Error navigating to previous result:", e); debugLog("Failed to navigate to previous result: " + e.message); } } // Navigate to next result function showNextResult() { try { debugLog(`Navigating to next result from question ${currentResultQuestion + 1}`); if (currentResultQuestion < questions.length - 1) { showResults(currentResultQuestion + 1); } } catch (e) { console.error("Error navigating to next result:", e); debugLog("Failed to navigate to next result: " + e.message); } } // Lazy-load video function loadVideo(button, videoUrl, containerId) { try { debugLog(`Loading video for ${containerId}: ${videoUrl}`); if (!videoUrl) { const container = document.getElementById(containerId); container.innerHTML = `<p class="text-gray-500">No video available</p>`; button.remove(); debugLog("No video URL provided"); return; } const container = document.getElementById(containerId); container.innerHTML = ` <div class="video-loading"></div> <video controls class="w-full max-w-[600px] rounded-lg" preload="metadata" aria-label="Video explanation"> <source src="${videoUrl}" type="${videoUrl.endsWith('.m3u8') ? 'application/x-mpegURL' : 'video/mp4'}"> Your browser does not support the video tag. </video> `; container.classList.add('active'); button.remove(); // Initialize HLS.js for .m3u8 videos const video = container.querySelector('video'); if (videoUrl.endsWith('.m3u8') && Hls.isSupported()) { const hls = new Hls(); hls.loadSource(videoUrl); hls.attachMedia(video); hls.on(Hls.Events.ERROR, (event, data) => { console.error("HLS.js error:", data); container.innerHTML = `<p class="text-red-500">Error loading video. <a href="${videoUrl}" target="_blank" aria-label="Open video in new tab">Open video</a></p>`; debugLog("HLS.js error: " + JSON.stringify(data)); }); } else if (videoUrl.endsWith('.m3u8') && video.canPlayType('application/vnd.apple.mpegurl')) { video.src = videoUrl; } // Handle video load errors video.onerror = () => { console.error("Video load error for URL:", videoUrl); container.innerHTML = `<p class="text-red-500">Error loading video. <a href="${videoUrl}" target="_blank" aria-label="Open video in new tab">Open video</a></p>`; debugLog("Video load error for URL: " + videoUrl); }; // Remove loading spinner when video is ready video.onloadedmetadata = () => { container.querySelector('.video-loading').remove(); debugLog("Video loaded successfully"); }; } catch (e) { console.error("Error loading video:", e); debugLog("Failed to load video: " + e.message); const container = document.getElementById(containerId); container.innerHTML = `<p class="text-red-500">Error loading video. <a href="${videoUrl}" target="_blank" aria-label="Open video in new tab">Open video</a></p>`; } } // Lazy-load audio function loadAudio(button, audioUrl, containerId) { try { debugLog(`Loading audio for ${containerId}: ${audioUrl}`); if (!audioUrl) { const container = document.getElementById(containerId); container.innerHTML = `<p class="text-gray-500">No audio available</p>`; button.remove(); debugLog("No audio URL provided"); return; } const container = document.getElementById(containerId); container.innerHTML = ` <audio controls class="w-full max-w-[600px]" preload="metadata" aria-label="Audio explanation"> <source src="${audioUrl}" type="audio/mpeg"> Your browser does not support the audio tag. </audio> `; container.classList.add('active'); button.remove(); // Handle audio load errors const audio = container.querySelector('audio'); audio.onerror = () => { console.error("Audio load error for URL:", audioUrl); container.innerHTML = `<p class="text-red-500">Error loading audio. <a href="${audioUrl}" target="_blank" aria-label="Open audio in new tab">Open audio</a></p>`; debugLog("Audio load error for URL: " + audioUrl); }; debugLog("Audio loaded successfully"); } catch (e) { console.error("Error loading audio:", e); debugLog("Failed to load audio: " + e.message); const container = document.getElementById(containerId); container.innerHTML = `<p class="text-red-500">Error loading audio. <a href="${audioUrl}" target="_blank" aria-label="Open audio in new tab">Open audio</a></p>`; } } // Toggle dark mode function toggleTheme() { try { debugLog("Toggling theme"); document.documentElement.classList.toggle('dark'); localStorage.setItem('theme', document.documentElement.classList.contains('dark') ? 'dark' : 'light'); debugLog("Theme toggled successfully"); } catch (e) { console.error("Error toggling theme:", e); debugLog("Failed to toggle theme: " + e.message); } } // Load theme preference function loadTheme() { try { debugLog("Loading theme preference"); const theme = localStorage.getItem('theme'); if (theme === 'dark') { document.documentElement.classList.add('dark'); } debugLog("Theme loaded successfully"); } catch (e) { console.error("Error loading theme:", e); debugLog("Failed to load theme: " + e.message); } } // Initialize on DOM content loaded window.addEventListener('DOMContentLoaded', () => { try { debugLog("DOM content loaded, initializing quiz"); loadTheme(); initQuiz(); } catch (e) { console.error("Error during DOMContentLoaded:", e); debugLog("Failed to initialize on DOMContentLoaded: " + e.message); document.getElementById('error-message').innerHTML = "Error initializing quiz. Please check the console for details or contact support."; document.getElementById('error-message').classList.remove('hidden'); } }); </script> </body> </html>" frameborder="0" width="100%" height="2000px">
<div class="bg-white rounded-lg shadow-md p-4 md:p-6"> <h2 class="text-xl font-semibold mb-4">Instructions</h2> <h4 class="text-gray-800 text-lg font-semibold mt-6 mb-4">Test Features:</h4> <ul class="space-y-3"> <li class="flex items-center gap-3"> <i class="fa-solid fa-circle-check text-green-500"></i> Multiple choice questions with single correct answers </li> <li class="flex items-center gap-3"> <i class="fa-solid fa-circle-check text-green-500"></i> Timer-based testing for realistic exam conditions </li> <li class="flex items-center gap-3"> <i class="fa-solid fa-circle-check text-green-500"></i> Mark questions for review functionality </li> <li class="flex items-center gap-3"> <i class="fa-solid fa-circle-check text-green-500"></i> Comprehensive results and performance analysis </li> <li class="flex items-center gap-3"> <i class="fa-solid fa-circle-check text-green-500"></i> Mobile-optimized interface for learning on-the-go </li> </ul> <div class="mt-6 flex space-x-4 button-group md:flex-row flex-col"> <button class="bg-[#2c5281] text-white px-6 py-2 rounded-lg hover:bg-[#2c5281] transition" id="start-test">Start Test</button> </div> <div class="error-message hidden" id="error-message"></div> </div> </section> <!-- Quiz Section --> <section class="container mx-auto px-4 md:px-6 pt-4 md:pt-6 pb-1 hidden section-transition" id="quiz"> <div class="bg-white rounded-lg shadow-md p-4 md:p-6"> <!-- Progress Bar --> <div class="w-full bg-gray-200 rounded-full h-3 mb-4"> <div class="progress-bar h-3 rounded-full" id="progress-bar" style="width: 0%"></div> </div> <!-- Question Header --> <div class="flex flex-col md:flex-row justify-between items-center mb-4"> <h2 class="text-lg font-semibold" id="question-number">Question <span>1</span> of 4</h2> <p class="text-lg font-semibold mt-2 md:mt-0" id="timer">Time Remaining: <span>00:00</span></p> </div> <!-- Question Content --> <div class="mb-6" id="question-content"> <p class="text-gray-800 mb-4" id="question-text"></p> <div class="flex flex-wrap gap-4 mb-4" id="question-images"></div> <div class="space-y-3" id="options"></div> </div> <!-- Navigation Buttons --> <div class="flex flex-col md:flex-row justify-between items-center gap-2 md:gap-4"> <div class="flex gap-2 w-full md:w-auto"> <button class="bg-[#2c5281] text-white px-4 py-3 w-full md:w-32 h-14 rounded-lg hover:bg-[#2c5281] transition" disabled="" id="previous-btn">Previous</button> <button class="bg-[#2c5281] text-white px-4 py-3 w-full md:w-32 h-14 rounded-lg hover:bg-[#2c5281] transition" id="next-btn">Next</button> </div> <div class="flex items-center gap-2"> <button class="bg-transparent text-gray-700 px-4 py-2 rounded-lg hover:bg-gray-100 transition flex items-center gap-1" id="mark-review"> Review <svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" class="h-5 w-5" viewBox="0 0 20 20" fill="currentColor"> <path d="M10 2a1 1 0 00-1 1v14l3.293-3.293a1 1 0 011.414 0L17 17V3a1 1 0 00-1-1H10z" /> </svg> </button> <button class="bg-transparent text-gray-700 px-4 py-2 rounded-lg hover:bg-gray-100 transition flex items-center gap-1" id="nav-toggle"> Question 🧭 </button> <button class="bg-green-500 text-white px-6 py-3 w-44 h-14 rounded-lg hover:bg-green-600 transition w-full md:w-auto" id="submit-test">Submit Test</button> </div> </div> </section> <!-- Results Section --> <section class="container mx-auto px-4 md:px-6 pt-4 md:pt-6 pb-1 hidden section-transition" id="results"> <div class="bg-white rounded-lg shadow-md p-4 md:p-6"> <h2 class="text-2xl font-semibold mb-4">Anaesthesia Machine - Results</h2> <div class="grid grid-cols-1 md:grid-cols-2 gap-4 mb-6"> <p><strong>Correct:</strong> <span id="correct-count" class="text-[#000000]">0</span></p> <p><strong>Wrong:</strong> <span id="wrong-count" class="text-[#000000]">0</span></p> <p><strong>Unanswered:</strong> <span id="unanswered-count" class="text-[#000000]-500">0</span></p> <p><strong>Marked for Review:</strong> <span id="marked-count" class="text-[#000000]">0</span></p> </div> <h3 class="text-lg font-semibold mb-4" id="result-question-number">Question <span>1</span> of 4</h3> <div class="space-y-6" id="results-content"></div> <div class="result-nav"> <button aria-label="Previous question result" class="result-nav-btn bg-[#2c5281] text-white px-6 py-2 rounded-lg hover:bg-[#2c5281] transition" disabled="" id="prev-result">Previous</button> <button aria-label="Toggle results navigation panel" class="result-nav-btn bg-[#2c5281] text-white px-6 py-2 rounded-lg hover:bg-[#2c5281] transition" id="results-nav-toggle">Result 🧭</button> <button aria-label="Next question result" class="result-nav-btn bg-[#2c5281] text-white px-6 py-2 rounded-lg hover:bg-[#2c5281] transition" id="next-result">Next</button> </div> <div class="mt-6 flex space-x-4 button-group md:flex-row flex-col"> <button class="bg-green-500 text-white px-6 py-2 rounded-lg hover:bg-green-600 transition" id="take-again">Take Again</button> </div> </div> </section> <!-- Exit Confirmation Modal --> <div class="fixed inset-0 bg-black bg-opacity-50 flex items-center justify-center hidden" id="exit-modal"> <div class="bg-white rounded-lg p-6 max-w-sm w-full"> <h2 class="text-xl font-semibold mb-4">Leave Test?</h2> <p class="text-gray-700 mb-4">Your progress will be lost if you leave this page. Are you sure you want to exit?</p> <div class="flex justify-end space-x-4"> <button class="bg-gray-300 text-gray-700 px-4 py-2 rounded-lg hover:bg-gray-400 transition" id="continue-test">No, Continue</button> <button class="bg-red-500 text-white px-4 py-2 rounded-lg hover:bg-red-600 transition" id="exit-test">Yes, Exit</button> </div> </div> </div> <!-- Submit Confirmation Modal --> <div class="fixed inset-0 bg-black bg-opacity-50 flex items-center justify-center hidden" id="submit-modal"> <div class="bg-white rounded-lg p-6 max-w-sm w-full"> <h2 class="text-xl font-semibold mb-4">Confirm Submission</h2> <p class="text-gray-700 mb-2">You have attempted <span id="attempted-count">0</span> of 20 questions.</p> <p class="text-gray-700 mb-4"><span id="unattempted-count">0</span> questions are unattempted.</p> <div class="flex justify-end space-x-4"> <button class="bg-gray-300 text-gray-700 px-4 py-2 rounded-lg hover:bg-gray-400 transition" id="cancel-submit">Cancel</button> <button class="bg-green-500 text-white px-4 py-2 rounded-lg hover:bg-green-600 transition" id="confirm-submit">Submit Test</button> </div> </div> </div> <!-- Quiz Navigation Panel --> <div class="fixed inset-y-0 right-0 nav-panel bg-white shadow-lg p-4 hidden overflow-y-auto" id="nav-panel"> <h2 class="text-lg font-semibold mb-4">Questions Navigation</h2> <div class="mb-4"> <select class="w-full p-2 border rounded-lg text-gray-700" id="nav-filter"> <option value="all">All Questions</option> <option value="answered">Answered</option> <option value="unanswered">Unanswered</option> <option value="marked">Marked for Review</option> </select> </div> <div class="grid grid-cols-5 gap-2 md:gap-3" id="nav-grid"></div> <button class="mt-4 bg-gray-500 text-white px-4 py-2 rounded-lg hover:bg-gray-600 transition w-full" id="close-nav">Close</button> </div> <!-- Results Navigation Panel --> <div class="fixed inset-y-0 right-0 results-nav-panel bg-white shadow-lg p-4 hidden overflow-y-auto" id="results-nav-panel"> <h2 class="text-lg font-semibold mb-4">Results Navigation</h2> <div class="mb-4"> <select class="w-full p-2 border rounded-lg text-gray-700" id="results-nav-filter"> <option value="all">All Questions</option> <option value="answered">Answered</option> <option value="unanswered">Unanswered</option> <option value="marked">Marked for Review</option> </select> </div> <div class="grid grid-cols-5 gap-2 md:gap-3" id="results-nav-grid"></div> <button class="mt-4 bg-gray-500 text-white px-4 py-2 rounded-lg hover:bg-gray-600 transition w-full" id="close-results-nav">Close</button> </div> <!-- JavaScript Logic --> <script> // Enable debug mode for detailed logging const DEBUG_MODE = true; // Log debug messages function debugLog(message) { if (DEBUG_MODE) { console.log(`[DEBUG] ${message}`); } } // Initialize questions with error handling let questions = []; let currentResultQuestion = 0; // State for current question in results try { debugLog("Attempting to parse questions_json"); questions = [{"text": "Original DNA sequence: 5'-ATG GCA TCG GAA UAC-3'. Mutated sequence: 5'-ATG GCA TCG GAA UAA-3'. Identify the mutation.", "options": [{"label": "A", "text": "Frameshift mutation", "correct": false}, {"label": "B", "text": "Nonsense mutation", "correct": true}, {"label": "C", "text": "Silent mutation", "correct": false}, {"label": "D", "text": "Missense mutation", "correct": false}], "correct_answer": "B. Nonsense mutation", "question_images": [], "explanation_images": ["https://image.prepladder.com/content/3BPxv3HU4P5X8ewoqjPI1736318723.png"], "explanation": "<table cellspacing=\"0\" style=\"border-collapse:collapse; width:680px\">\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<td colspan=\"3\" style=\"border-color:#000000; border-style:solid; border-width:1px; text-align:center; vertical-align:top\"><strong>Based on the Effects on <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"543f207eb51692777181723491a358\">Amino</span> acid sequence</strong></td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><strong>Silent Mutation<br/>\n\t\t\t(Option C ruled out)</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><strong>Missense Mutation<br/>\n\t\t\t(Option D ruled out)</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><strong>Nonsense Mutation<br/>\n\t\t\t(Option B)</strong></p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<ul>\n<li>Mutation may change the <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"3faf36c69716927771840561232eaa\">codon</span> for one <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"543f207eb51692777181723491a358\">amino</span> acid to a synonym for the same <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"543f207eb51692777181723491a358\">amino</span> acid.</li>\n<li>It has no effect on the phenotype.</li>\n<li>Degeneracy of the code.</li>\n</ul>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<ul>\n<li>Different <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"543f207eb51692777181723491a358\">amino</span> acid is incorporated due to change in the <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"94a2f0970016927771932885a3d362\">nucleotide</span> sequence.</li>\n<li>It can be acceptable, partially acceptable, and unacceptable .</li>\n</ul>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<ul>\n<li>Codon for an <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"543f207eb51692777181723491a358\">amino</span> acid is mutated to a <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"a35c217ec416927772009a7f3b20f4\">termination</span> <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"3faf36c69716927771840561232eaa\">codon</span> (UAA or UAG) causing <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"84f13673191692777196762b18e036\">premature</span> <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"a35c217ec416927772009a7f3b20f4\">termination</span> of translation.</li>\n</ul>\n</td>\n</tr>\n</tbody>\n\n\n<p style='font-size: 10px; color: #808080; font-style: italic;'>@dams_new_robot</p>", "bot": "@dams_new_robot", "audio": "https://image.prepladder.com/content/TDne2PCtM7psLTT5CyKx1740146361.mp3", "video": ""}, {"text": "Identify the type of mutation illustrated in the following DNA sequences? Starting sequence: Mutated sequence:", "options": [{"label": "A", "text": "Point mutation", "correct": true}, {"label": "B", "text": "Frameshift mutation", "correct": false}, {"label": "C", "text": "Deletion mutation", "correct": false}, {"label": "D", "text": "Insertion mutation", "correct": false}], "correct_answer": "A. Point mutation", "question_images": ["https://image.prepladder.com/content/YQKRZO6vdLiXu1qYHqHI1722452695.png", "https://image.prepladder.com/content/hH8o3fXgU85SiVnXVm1t1722452772.png"], "explanation_images": ["https://image.prepladder.com/content/t0Z2vQrKP6ZEeTdTgsW01736318858.png", "https://image.prepladder.com/content/N4i5rMprEvOOUePqnFLS1736319988.png"], "explanation": "<table cellspacing=\"0\" style=\"border-collapse:collapse; width:591px\">\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<td colspan=\"2\" style=\"border-color:#000000; border-style:solid; border-width:1px; text-align:center; vertical-align:top\"><strong>Based on the Effects on <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"94a2f0970016927771932885a3d362\">Nucleotide</span> sequence</strong></td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Point <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"7a67bdf6f81692777193cfd480f228\">mutation</span> </strong><strong>(Option A)</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Frameshift <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"7a67bdf6f81692777193cfd480f228\">mutation</span> (Option B ruled out)</strong></p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Substitution of one <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"94a2f0970016927771932885a3d362\">nucleotide</span> by another.</p>\n<ul>\n<li><strong>Transition</strong>: <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"c03d9c910716927771961a9a2609b5\">Purine</span> is replaced by a <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"c03d9c910716927771961a9a2609b5\">purine</span> and a <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"cb474d9869169277719611d301e616\">pyrimidine</span> is replaced by a pyrimidine.</li>\n<li><strong>Transversion</strong>: <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"c03d9c910716927771961a9a2609b5\">Purine</span> is replaced by a <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"cb474d9869169277719611d301e616\">pyrimidine</span> and vice versa.</li>\n</ul>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Deletion <strong>(Option C ruled out)</strong> or <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"c88a7c1a0116927771909b2463968d\">insertion</span> <strong>(Option D ruled out) </strong>of nucleotides leading to altered <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"314dc79bd31692777197e2922c693b\">reading frame</span> in the mRNA.</p>\n<p> </p>\n<p> </p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n</tbody>\n\n\n<p style='font-size: 10px; color: #808080; font-style: italic;'>@dams_new_robot</p>", "bot": "@dams_new_robot", "audio": "https://image.prepladder.com/content/THhrgwmzt7xZkrV8WK1g1740146182.mp3", "video": ""}, {"text": "Which technique is commonly used for DNA sequencing to identify mutations by determining the precise order of nucleotides in a DNA sample?", "options": [{"label": "A", "text": "Fluorescence in situ hybridization (FISH)", "correct": false}, {"label": "B", "text": "Multiplex ligation-dependent probe amplification (MLPA)", "correct": false}, {"label": "C", "text": "Sanger technique", "correct": true}, {"label": "D", "text": "Single Strand Conformational Polymorphism (SSCP)", "correct": false}], "correct_answer": "C. Sanger technique", "question_images": [], "explanation_images": [], "explanation": "<table cellspacing=\"0\" style=\"border-collapse:collapse; width:606px\">\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Methods</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Uses</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Advantages/ disadvantages</strong></p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td colspan=\"3\" style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Cytogenetics</strong></p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\"><br/>\n\t\t\tKaryotype</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Detecting numerical and gross structural aberrations</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<ul>\n<li>Low-resolution</li>\n<li>Time consuming</li>\n</ul>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>FISH (Fluorescence <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"96aaaa68ce1692777190096abe3c8a\">in situ</span> hybridization) <strong>(Option A ruled out)</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">Detects <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"061348eada16927771853267503805\">copy number</span> variations, structural alterations like translocations and microdeletion</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">Detects Limitation: Can be used only for known defects</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>CGH (Comparative genomic hybridization)</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Detects <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"061348eada16927771853267503805\">copy number</span> variations of genetic material</p>\n<p>Can be used to detect unknown chromosomal aberrations</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Used only for losses and gains</p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td colspan=\"3\" style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Molecular</strong></p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>RFLP (Restriction fragment length polymorphism)</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Restriction fragments are separated by electrophoresis</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Requires availability of <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"0f160e4e42169277718771b715516a\">enzyme</span> with <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"e2ff76a0e71692777197d1d8844a2e\">restriction site</span> at the <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"7a67bdf6f81692777193cfd480f228\">mutation</span> site</p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>DNA Sequencing</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Sanger technique<strong> (Option C)</strong> is the most widely used.</p>\n<p>Directly determines the <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"94a2f0970016927771932885a3d362\">nucleotide</span> sequence of a DNA fragment.</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Detects point mutations, small deletions and insertions.</p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>DNA microarray</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Microscopic DNA spots attached to a solid surface</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Multiple mutations can be detected.</p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>ARMS <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"fa67319b42169277719498abc93db6\">PCR</span> ( <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"13e14b31b21692777181520d7c651c\">Amplification</span> <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"3790c638ab16927771970a0a41d3ab\">refractory</span> <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"7a67bdf6f81692777193cfd480f228\">mutation</span> system)</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Allele-specific <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"13e14b31b21692777181520d7c651c\">amplification</span> of <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"5663b887111692777193059c055492\">mutant</span> and normal allele, determination of the <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"80d671c5e416927771885aa2ad297e\">genotype</span> of an individual</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<ul>\n<li>Highly sensitive</li>\n<li>May increase time and costs</li>\n</ul>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Multiplex <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"fa67319b42169277719498abc93db6\">PCR</span> (Polymerase chain reaction)</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Amplification of more than one target simultaneously</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<ul>\n<li>Reduces time and labour requirements</li>\n<li>Lower sensitivity and specificity</li>\n</ul>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Real-time PCR</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Amplification, detection, and quantification of target</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<ul>\n<li>Increased specificity</li>\n<li>Eliminates post-amplification analyses</li>\n<li>More expensive</li>\n</ul>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>MLPA (Multiplex ligation-dependent <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"175eb86b5f16927771964d5ced6bf3\">probe</span> amplification) <strong>(Option B ruled out)</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Deletions and duplications</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<ul>\n<li>Identifies very small single gene aberrations (50-70 nt)</li>\n</ul>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>DGGE (Denaturing <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"04136f692516927771888cf07d46a4\">Gradient</span> <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"b0bdc3a1d416927771884d50c944ec\">Gel</span> Electrophoresis)</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Based on migration within <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"04136f692516927771888cf07d46a4\">gradient</span> <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"b0bdc3a1d416927771884d50c944ec\">gel</span> electrophoresis</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Detects close to 100% of point mutations</p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>SSCP (Single <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"cf25c7ba04169277719946f465928b\">Strand</span> Conformational Polymorphism)<strong> </strong><strong>(Option D ruled out)</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Based on migration of single-stranded conformation on <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"b0bdc3a1d416927771884d50c944ec\">gel</span> electrophoresis</p>\n<p> </p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Detects about 80–90% of point mutations</p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Hetero-duplex analysis</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Based on homoduplices and heteroduplices motilities in <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"b0bdc3a1d416927771884d50c944ec\">gel</span> electrophoresis</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Detects nearly 80% of mutations</p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>OLA (Oligonucleotide <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"dcfb6667ee1692777191f00c3df2df\">ligation</span> assay)</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>It is based on the <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"dcfb6667ee1692777191f00c3df2df\">ligation</span> of two flanked primers annealed with target sequences</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Detects all base exchanges</p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>PTT (Protein truncation test)</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>It is based on a combination of PCR, transcription, and translation</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<ul>\n<li>Detects translation-terminating mutations.</li>\n<li>Missense mutations are not detected.</li>\n</ul>\n</td>\n</tr>\n</tbody>\n\n\n<p style='font-size: 10px; color: #808080; font-style: italic;'>@dams_new_robot</p>", "bot": "@dams_new_robot", "audio": "https://image.prepladder.com/content/EPfQKmrz7MZK5jdbfyuC1740147423.mp3", "video": ""}, {"text": "Which class of antibiotics inhibits bacterial protein synthesis by blocking the attachment of aminoacyl-tRNA to the ribosomal A site?", "options": [{"label": "A", "text": "Tetracyclines", "correct": true}, {"label": "B", "text": "Chloramphenicol", "correct": false}, {"label": "C", "text": "Macrolides", "correct": false}, {"label": "D", "text": "Puromycin", "correct": false}], "correct_answer": "A. Tetracyclines", "question_images": [], "explanation_images": ["https://image.prepladder.com/content/uPGa7G9DKJhjAbSMFDjs1736407556.jpg"], "explanation": "<table cellspacing=\"0\" style=\"border-collapse:collapse; width:613px\">\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Inhibitors of Protein Synthesis</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Mechanism of action</strong></p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td colspan=\"2\" style=\"border-color:#000000; border-style:solid; border-width:1px; text-align:center; vertical-align:top\"><strong>Reversible Inhibitors in Bacteria (bacteriostatic)</strong></td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Tetracyclines (Option A)</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<ul>\n<li>Binds to the 30S <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"3230bf6e7816927771973439687f01\">ribosome</span> of bacteria and <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"6b3de87b7c16927771901326efbcd2\">inhibit</span> <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"ccd357daaf16927771825777ea6a0d\">attachment</span> of <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"a7e293615316927771813618e25670\">aminoacyl</span> <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"7d67967edd1692777200906dde9e61\">tRNA</span> to the A site.</li>\n</ul>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Chloramphenicol </strong><strong>(Option B ruled out)</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<ul>\n<li>Inhibits the peptidyl <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"2288cbf3741692777200318d2f5b39\">transferase</span> activity of bacterial ribosomes</li>\n</ul>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\"><strong>Erythromycin (macrolides) </strong><strong>(Option C ruled out)</strong><strong> and <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"1d8d8a391016927771843f2f1c40b9\">clindamycin</span> </strong></td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<ul>\n<li>Inhibits the <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"8ba7332e86169277720060bd4507c8\">translocation</span> process.</li>\n</ul>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td colspan=\"2\" style=\"border-color:#000000; border-style:solid; border-width:1px; text-align:center; vertical-align:top\"><strong>Irreversible Inhibitors in Bacteria (bactericidal)</strong></td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Aminoglycoside</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<ul>\n<li>Bind to 30S subunit of bacterial ribosomes. Misreading of mRNA.</li>\n<li>Inhibit the <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"a4f93a26c11692777190f1659fa7c9\">initiation</span> complex formation and totally <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"6b3de87b7c16927771901326efbcd2\">inhibit</span> protein synthesis.</li>\n</ul>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td colspan=\"2\" style=\"border-color:#000000; border-style:solid; border-width:1px; text-align:center; vertical-align:top\"><strong>Inhibitors of Protein <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"3fda45538a1692777199ec2a5478a5\">Synthesis</span> in Mammals</strong></td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Puromycin (Option D ruled out)</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<ul>\n<li>Analogue of tyrosine <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"7d67967edd1692777200906dde9e61\">tRNA</span> and attaches to the “A” site of the <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"3230bf6e7816927771973439687f01\">ribosome</span> causing <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"84f13673191692777196762b18e036\">premature</span> termination.</li>\n</ul>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Cycloheximide</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<ul>\n<li>Inhibits peptidyl <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"2288cbf3741692777200318d2f5b39\">transferase</span> in 60S subunit</li>\n</ul>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Diphtheria toxin</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<ul>\n<li>Inactivation of EF-2 by <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"ccd357daaf16927771825777ea6a0d\">attachment</span> of <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"923249383b169277718076e76192c8\">ADP</span> to EF-2</li>\n</ul>\n</td>\n</tr>\n</tbody>\n\n\n<p style='font-size: 10px; color: #808080; font-style: italic;'>@dams_new_robot</p>", "bot": "@dams_new_robot", "audio": "https://image.prepladder.com/content/0jn1W3Ao4idjeSnxPDSm1744041952.mp3", "video": ""}, {"text": "What is the total number of ATPs required for activating amino acids by aminoacyl tRNA synthetase?", "options": [{"label": "A", "text": "3", "correct": false}, {"label": "B", "text": "2", "correct": true}, {"label": "C", "text": "4", "correct": false}, {"label": "D", "text": "1", "correct": false}], "correct_answer": "B. 2", "question_images": [], "explanation_images": [], "explanation": "<table cellspacing=\"0\" style=\"border-collapse:collapse; width:524px\">\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Steps</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Number of ATPs needed</strong></p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Activating <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"543f207eb51692777181723491a358\">amino</span> acids by <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"a7e293615316927771813618e25670\">aminoacyl</span> <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"7d67967edd1692777200906dde9e61\">tRNA</span> synthetase<strong> (Option B)</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>2</p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Activating of eEF1 (A attaches <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"543f207eb51692777181723491a358\">amino</span> <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"3b8aef18d61692777180ef1b21619a\">acyl</span> <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"7d67967edd1692777200906dde9e61\">tRNA</span> to A site)</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>1</p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Activating eEF2 (helps in <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"8ba7332e86169277720060bd4507c8\">translocation</span> of ribosomes)</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>1</p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Total</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>4</p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n</tbody>\n\n\n<p style='font-size: 10px; color: #808080; font-style: italic;'>@dams_new_robot</p>", "bot": "@dams_new_robot", "audio": "https://image.prepladder.com/content/4DmiKotXbD3HDf2mK1ll1740146936.mp3", "video": ""}, {"text": "Which of the following statements is true about aminoacyl tRNA?", "options": [{"label": "A", "text": "Attaches to the A site of 60s ribosomes", "correct": true}, {"label": "B", "text": "Needs 3 high-energy phosphates for attachment", "correct": false}, {"label": "C", "text": "It is guided by eIF2C", "correct": false}, {"label": "D", "text": "None of the above", "correct": false}], "correct_answer": "A. Attaches to the A site of 60s ribosomes", "question_images": [], "explanation_images": [], "explanation": "<table cellspacing=\"0\" style=\"border-collapse:collapse; width:590px\">\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Initiation <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"373f4a37af16927771920ee58f2edf\">methionine</span> <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"7d67967edd1692777200906dde9e61\">tRNA</span> (imet-tRNA)</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Aminoacyl <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"7d67967edd1692777200906dde9e61\">tRNA</span> (aa-tRNA)</strong></p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Involved in the <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"a4f93a26c11692777190f1659fa7c9\">initiation</span> of translation.</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Involved in the <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"3e53f6980f1692777187044dd3f9e7\">elongation</span> step of translation.</p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Guided by <strong>eIF2C (Option C ruled out)</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Guided by <strong>eEF1A</strong></p>\n<p> </p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Attaches to the <strong>P site</strong> of 60s ribosome</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Attaches to the <strong>A site</strong> of 60s <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"3230bf6e7816927771973439687f01\">ribosome</span> <strong>(Option A)</strong></p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Utilises <strong>3 high energy phosphates</strong> for each <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"53172b32401692777195efbbb6b2e8\">peptide</span> bond formation <strong>(Option B ruled out)</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Utilises <strong>4 high energy phosphates</strong> for each <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"53172b32401692777195efbbb6b2e8\">peptide</span> bond formation</p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n</tbody>\n\n\n<p style='font-size: 10px; color: #808080; font-style: italic;'>@dams_new_robot</p>", "bot": "@dams_new_robot", "audio": "https://image.prepladder.com/content/TYvmJiRo1PToA1CwV5k51740146874.mp3", "video": ""}, {"text": "Which of the following is NOT TRUE regarding the initiation of translation?", "options": [{"label": "A", "text": "eIF3 and 1A stabilize 60s ribosomal subunit to prevent reassociation with 40s.", "correct": true}, {"label": "B", "text": "Methionine tRNA scans mRNA to identify the initiation AUG codon", "correct": false}, {"label": "C", "text": "ATP dependent helicase eIF4A/4B breaks hydrogen bonds to remove the hairpin loops", "correct": false}, {"label": "D", "text": "Association of mRNA with the 43S preinitiation complex forms the 48S initiation complex", "correct": false}], "correct_answer": "A. eIF3 and 1A stabilize 60s ribosomal subunit to prevent reassociation with 40s.", "question_images": [], "explanation_images": ["https://image.prepladder.com/content/P1Viqr9rxibM43A6qAlt1736318373.jpg", "https://image.prepladder.com/content/InIqEGdBuBVL8vKW4x1b1736318418.png"], "explanation": "\n\n<p style='font-size: 10px; color: #808080; font-style: italic;'>@dams_new_robot</p>", "bot": "@dams_new_robot", "audio": "https://image.prepladder.com/content/pBeOScAQ1VMXAzSk3eSv1744041839.mp3", "video": ""}, {"text": "Match the following phases of translation (Column A) with the events involved (Column B). Column A Column B 1. Elongation a. RF1 binds with RF3 and GTP 2. Initiation b. Binding of aminoacyl-tRNA to the ribosome's A site 3. Termination c. Methionine tRNA scans mRNA for AUG codon", "options": [{"label": "A", "text": "1-b, 2-c, 3-a", "correct": true}, {"label": "B", "text": "1-c, 2-a, 3-b", "correct": false}, {"label": "C", "text": "1-b, 2-a, 3-c", "correct": false}, {"label": "D", "text": "1-a, 2-c, 3-b", "correct": false}], "correct_answer": "A. 1-b, 2-c, 3-a", "question_images": [], "explanation_images": ["https://image.prepladder.com/content/ENcBk60vsA1l3qUWEDT01736318529.png"], "explanation": "<table cellspacing=\"0\" style=\"border-collapse:collapse; width:663px\">\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Phases of translation</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Key events</strong></p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Initiation</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<ul>\n<li><strong>Dissociation of 80s ribosome</strong> into 60s and 40s, and stabilized by various <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"a4f93a26c11692777190f1659fa7c9\">initiation</span> factors.</li>\n<li><strong>Formation of the 43S Preinitiation Complex:</strong> The 40S ribosomal subunit, in association with <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"a4f93a26c11692777190f1659fa7c9\">initiation</span> factors, binds to the <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"e5a17b669a1692777190c7b161458a\">initiator</span> <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"7d67967edd1692777200906dde9e61\">tRNA</span> (carrying <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"373f4a37af16927771920ee58f2edf\">methionine</span> in eukaryotes or formyl-methionine in prokaryotes)forming the 43S preinitiation complex.</li>\n<li><strong>Formation of 48S <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"a4f93a26c11692777190f1659fa7c9\">initiation</span> complex:</strong> The 43S complex binds to the 5' end of the mRNA, and scans for start <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"3faf36c69716927771840561232eaa\">codon</span> which upon recognition, the 48S <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"a4f93a26c11692777190f1659fa7c9\">initiation</span> complex is formed.</li>\n<li><strong>Formation of the 80S <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"a4f93a26c11692777190f1659fa7c9\">Initiation</span> Complex:</strong> Binding of the 60S ribosomal subunit to the 48S initiation. The met-tRNA on the P site of the <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"3230bf6e7816927771973439687f01\">ribosome</span> is ready for the <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"3e53f6980f1692777187044dd3f9e7\">elongation</span> cycle.</li>\n</ul>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Elongation</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<ul>\n<li>Binding of <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"2d100404321692777181e783b852c6\">Aminoacyl-tRNA</span> to the A Site</li>\n<li><strong>Peptide Bond Formation</strong></li>\n<li>Elongation factor 2 (EF2) binds to and displaces the peptidyl <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"7d67967edd1692777200906dde9e61\">tRNA</span> from the A site to the P site</li>\n</ul>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Termination</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<ul>\n<li>Ribosome reaches the terminator <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"3faf36c69716927771840561232eaa\">codon</span> sequence (UAA, UAG or UGA)</li>\n<li>Releasing factor(RF1), (RF3) and <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"74ea5b4482169277718880d098514c\">GTP</span> complex promotes <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"41255286461692777189199a8b2dc7\">hydrolysis</span> releasing the protein and the <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"7d67967edd1692777200906dde9e61\">tRNA</span> from the P site.</li>\n</ul>\n</td>\n</tr>\n</tbody>\n\n\n<p style='font-size: 10px; color: #808080; font-style: italic;'>@dams_new_robot</p>", "bot": "@dams_new_robot", "audio": "https://image.prepladder.com/content/q5nIQZHyBpmqhh2IJETy1740146643.mp3", "video": ""}, {"text": "Sickle cell anaemia is suspected in a 25-year-old patient who presents with episodes of abdominal pain and fatigue. Genetic analysis reveals GAG in the 6th position is replaced with GTG. Which type of mutation here results in haemoglobin that is still functional but altered?", "options": [{"label": "A", "text": "Unacceptable mutation", "correct": false}, {"label": "B", "text": "Partially acceptable mutation", "correct": true}, {"label": "C", "text": "Acceptable mutation", "correct": false}, {"label": "D", "text": "Nonsense mutation", "correct": false}], "correct_answer": "B. Partially acceptable mutation", "question_images": [], "explanation_images": ["https://image.prepladder.com/content/IiguPKGJDYnUaOpTyshP1736318619.png"], "explanation": "<table cellspacing=\"0\" style=\"border-collapse:collapse; width:NaN\">\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<td colspan=\"3\" style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><strong>Based on the Effects on the function of protein</strong></p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Acceptable mutation: </strong><strong>(Option C ruled out)</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Partially acceptable mutation:</strong><strong> (Option B)</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Unacceptable mutation: </strong><strong>(Option A ruled out)</strong></p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Change in the <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"94a2f0970016927771932885a3d362\">nucleotide</span> sequence causes alteration in the <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"543f207eb51692777181723491a358\">amino</span> sequence that <strong>does not affect the functioning</strong> of the protein.</p>\n<p>Example: Hb Sydney</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Change in the <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"94a2f0970016927771932885a3d362\">nucleotide</span> sequence causing alteration in the <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"543f207eb51692777181723491a358\">amino</span> sequence that <strong>affects the <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"bf1b7e7049169277720354c306d716\">functioning</span> of the protein but it is not immediately life-threatening.</strong></p>\n<p>Example: <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"81bb02697216927771887f2fffc386\">HbS</span> - <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"9859613acd1692777187a2aaacae71\">GAG</span> is replaced by GTG which replaces the <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"acfb68e3341692777188dea4dcdb1b\">glutamic acid</span> to valine.</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Change in the <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"94a2f0970016927771932885a3d362\">nucleotide</span> sequence causes alteration in the <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"543f207eb51692777181723491a358\">amino</span> sequence that <strong>affects the <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"bf1b7e7049169277720354c306d716\">functioning</span> of the protein so extensively that it is immediately life-threatening.</strong></p>\n<p>Example: <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"488a4efe7d16927771840c9e29f164\">Congenital</span> <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"035a5980db1692777192c171e8a38a\">methemoglobinemia</span> (HbM) - Histidine (CAU) is replaced with tyrosine (UAU) in alpha-chain.</p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n</tbody>\n\n\n<p style='font-size: 10px; color: #808080; font-style: italic;'>@dams_new_robot</p>", "bot": "@dams_new_robot", "audio": "https://image.prepladder.com/content/Y3Y0TXqUwB1bd6VLS3yp1744041555.mp3", "video": ""}, {"text": "A DNA sequence originally reads 5'-ATG GCA TCG TAC-3'. After a mutation, it reads 5'-ATG GCT CGT AC-3'. Identify the mutation that has occured?", "options": [{"label": "A", "text": "Frameshift mutation", "correct": true}, {"label": "B", "text": "Point mutation", "correct": false}, {"label": "C", "text": "Transition mutation", "correct": false}, {"label": "D", "text": "Insertion mutation", "correct": false}], "correct_answer": "A. Frameshift mutation", "question_images": [], "explanation_images": ["https://image.prepladder.com/content/wQFaiddQRib46MAP08cV1736318779.png"], "explanation": "<table cellspacing=\"0\" style=\"border-collapse:collapse; width:591px\">\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<td colspan=\"2\" style=\"border-color:#000000; border-style:solid; border-width:1px; text-align:center; vertical-align:top\"><strong>Based on the Effects on <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"94a2f0970016927771932885a3d362\">Nucleotide</span> sequence</strong></td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Point <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"7a67bdf6f81692777193cfd480f228\">mutation</span> (Option B ruled out)</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Frameshift <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"7a67bdf6f81692777193cfd480f228\">mutation</span> </strong><strong>(Option A) </strong></p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Substitution of one <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"94a2f0970016927771932885a3d362\">nucleotide</span> by another.</p>\n<ul>\n<li><strong>Transition (Option C ruled out)</strong>: A <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"c03d9c910716927771961a9a2609b5\">purine</span> is replaced by a purine, and a <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"cb474d9869169277719611d301e616\">pyrimidine</span> is replaced by a pyrimidine.</li>\n<li><strong>Transversion</strong>: <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"c03d9c910716927771961a9a2609b5\">Purine</span> is replaced by a <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"cb474d9869169277719611d301e616\">pyrimidine</span> and vice versa.</li>\n</ul>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Deletion (Option A ruled out)</strong> or <strong>insertion (Option D ruled out)</strong> of nucleotides leads to an altered <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"314dc79bd31692777197e2922c693b\">reading frame</span> in the mRNA.</p>\n<p> </p>\n<p> </p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n</tbody>\n\n\n<p style='font-size: 10px; color: #808080; font-style: italic;'>@dams_new_robot</p>", "bot": "@dams_new_robot", "audio": "https://image.prepladder.com/content/jFQfHjx73tGQ1C4ikYgy1740146254.mp3", "video": ""}, {"text": "Which of the following statements accurately reflects a difference between DNA and RNA, considering their roles in genetic information processing and stability?", "options": [{"label": "A", "text": "RNA's 2'-hydroxyl group enhances its stability compared to DNA.", "correct": false}, {"label": "B", "text": "RNA polymerases need a primer; DNA polymerases do not.", "correct": false}, {"label": "C", "text": "RNA forms complex structures; DNA remains a double helix", "correct": true}, {"label": "D", "text": "DNA degrades more rapidly than RNA due to the presence of a 2'-hydroxyl group.", "correct": false}], "correct_answer": "C. RNA forms complex structures; DNA remains a double helix", "question_images": [], "explanation_images": [], "explanation": "<table cellspacing=\"0\" style=\"border-collapse:collapse; width:624px\">\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:middle\">\n<p><strong>Aspect</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:middle\">\n<p><strong>DNA</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:middle\">\n<p><strong>RNA</strong></p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:middle\">\n<p><strong>Sugar</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:middle\">\n<p>Deoxyribose (lacks 2' <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"71c394a39516927771899f0a1b8179\">hydroxyl</span> group) <strong>(Option D ruled out)</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:middle\">\n<p>Ribose (has 2' <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"71c394a39516927771899f0a1b8179\">hydroxyl</span> group)</p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:middle\">\n<p><strong>Bases</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:middle\">\n<p>Adenine (A), <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"7efb00343416927771883f12a710bc\">Guanine</span> (G), <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"6d6d5980961692777185515f54983b\">Cytosine</span> (C), <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"1946ad8139169277720097cac9e8f5\">Thymine</span> (T)</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:middle\">\n<p>Adenine (A), <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"7efb00343416927771883f12a710bc\">Guanine</span> (G), <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"6d6d5980961692777185515f54983b\">Cytosine</span> (C), <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"8432fa69e2169277720189b48cbc82\">Uracil</span> (U)</p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:middle\">\n<p><strong>Structure</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:middle\">\n<p>Double-stranded helix, <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"18ee26e04f169277718163ce592dc9\">antiparallel</span> strands, <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"60d189ec981692777184053168bba4\">complementary</span> <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"cb9b47b2241692777182336f8b2e9e\">base pairing</span> (A-T, G-C)</p>\n<p>DNA follows both Chargaff rule of <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"cb9b47b2241692777182336f8b2e9e\">base pairing</span> and Watson and Crick <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"cb9b47b2241692777182336f8b2e9e\">base pairing</span> rule.</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:middle\">\n<p>Single-stranded, can fold into complex structures with intrachain <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"cb9b47b2241692777182336f8b2e9e\">base pairing</span> (A-U, G-C) <strong>(Option C)</strong><br/>\n\t\t\tDo not follow Chargaff's Rule of Base Pairing.</p>\n<p>Watson and Crick <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"cb9b47b2241692777182336f8b2e9e\">Base pairing</span> rule is followed here.</p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td rowspan=\"4\" style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:middle\">\n<p><strong>Function</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td rowspan=\"4\" style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:middle\">\n<p>Stores genetic information</p>\n</td>\n<td rowspan=\"4\" style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:middle\">\n<p>Various roles in gene expression:</p>\n<p><strong>Messenger <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"cc65bdc03f169277719726a675e8a7\">RNA</span> (mRNA) -</strong></p>\n<p>Carries genetic information from DNA to ribosomes for protein synthesis</p>\n<p><strong>Ribosomal <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"cc65bdc03f169277719726a675e8a7\">RNA</span> (rRNA) -</strong></p>\n<p>Major component of ribosomes, involved in protein synthesis</p>\n<p><strong>Transfer <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"cc65bdc03f169277719726a675e8a7\">RNA</span> (tRNA) -</strong></p>\n<p>Transports <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"543f207eb51692777181723491a358\">amino</span> acids to ribosomes during protein synthesis</p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:middle\">\n<p><strong>Stability</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:middle\">\n<p>More stable due to lack of 2'-hydroxyl group B <strong>(Option A ruled out)</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:middle\">\n<p>Less stable, more <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"55691242bb1692777199360f64cb67\">susceptible</span> to hydrolysis</p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:middle\">\n<p><strong>Degradation Susceptibility</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:middle\">\n<p>Less <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"607476ab371692777196d0cb2f13bc\">prone</span> to degradation, stable over generations</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:middle\">\n<p>More <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"607476ab371692777196d0cb2f13bc\">prone</span> to degradation, shorter lifespan, important for regulating gene expression</p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:middle\">\n<p><strong>Synthesis <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"930dac4e5e169277719605287af20d\">Primer</span> Requirement</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:middle\">\n<p>Requires <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"cc65bdc03f169277719726a675e8a7\">RNA</span> <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"930dac4e5e169277719605287af20d\">primer</span> for initiation<br/>\n<strong>(Option B ruled out)</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:middle\">\n<p>Can initiate <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"3fda45538a1692777199ec2a5478a5\">synthesis</span> <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"233d458dd316927771854358419c86\">de</span> novo, no <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"930dac4e5e169277719605287af20d\">primer</span> needed</p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:middle\">\n<p><strong>Proofreading and Fidelity</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:middle\">\n<p>High fidelity with 3' to 5' <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"263bc855f5169277718792b77f88ff\">exonuclease</span> activity for proofreading</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:middle\">\n<p>Higher error rate but can backtrack and cleave incorrect nucleotides.</p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n</tbody>\n\n\n<p style='font-size: 10px; color: #808080; font-style: italic;'>@dams_new_robot</p>", "bot": "@dams_new_robot", "audio": "https://image.prepladder.com/content/6gbfF6pdMADt54gddy9i1739981870.mp3", "video": ""}, {"text": "Which of the following statements are true regarding codons? A, G, T, C are RNA nucleotides A, G, T, C are DNA nucleotides A, G, U, C are RNA nucleotides A, G, U, C are DNA nucleotides", "options": [{"label": "A", "text": "1 and 3 are correct", "correct": false}, {"label": "B", "text": "2 and 3 are correct", "correct": true}, {"label": "C", "text": "1 and 4 are correct", "correct": false}, {"label": "D", "text": "2 and 4 are correct", "correct": false}], "correct_answer": "B. 2 and 3 are correct", "question_images": [], "explanation_images": [], "explanation": "<table cellspacing=\"0\" style=\"border-collapse:collapse; width:614px\">\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top; width:147px\">\n<p style=\"text-align:center\"><strong>Aspect</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top; width:467px\">\n<p style=\"text-align:center\"><strong>Details</strong></p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top; width:147px\">\n<p><strong>Codon</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top; width:467px\">\n<p>Three-nucleotide sequence in mRNA</p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top; width:147px\">\n<p><strong>Codon Functions</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top; width:467px\">\n<p>Specifies an <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"543f207eb51692777181723491a358\">amino</span> acid sequence in proteins.</p>\n<p><strong>Start <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"3faf36c69716927771840561232eaa\">codon</span> (AUG):</strong> Signals the <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"a4f93a26c11692777190f1659fa7c9\">initiation</span> of protein synthesis.</p>\n<p><strong>Stop codons(UAA, UAG, and UGA)</strong>: Signals <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"a35c217ec416927772009a7f3b20f4\">termination</span> of protein synthesis</p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top; width:147px\">\n<p><strong>Total Codons</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top; width:467px\">\n<p>64 (4 nucleotides, each position can be A, U, G, or C)</p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top; width:147px\">\n<p><strong>DNA Nucleotides</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top; width:467px\">\n<p>A, G, T, C <strong>(Options A, C, D ruled out)</strong></p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top; width:147px\">\n<p><strong>RNA Nucleotides</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top; width:467px\">\n<p>A, G, U (replaces T), C <strong>(Options A, C, D ruled out)</strong></p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top; width:147px\">\n<p><strong>Amino Acid Codons</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top; width:467px\">\n<p>61 codons encode 20 <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"543f207eb51692777181723491a358\">amino</span> acids</p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top; width:147px\">\n<p><strong>Reading Frame</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top; width:467px\">\n<p>mRNA sequence read from start <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"3faf36c69716927771840561232eaa\">codon</span> to stop <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"3faf36c69716927771840561232eaa\">codon</span> (Open Reading Frame)</p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n</tbody>\n\n\n\n<p style='font-size: 10px; color: #808080; font-style: italic;'>@dams_new_robot</p>", "bot": "@dams_new_robot", "audio": "https://image.prepladder.com/content/qrWnQiMD7xRahXvotqgp1744041114.mp3", "video": ""}, {"text": "The wobble phenomenon in tRNA decoding is primarily due to:", "options": [{"label": "A", "text": "Inosine forming non-standard base pairs at the third codon position.", "correct": true}, {"label": "B", "text": "The exact matching of all three nucleotides between codon and anticodon.", "correct": false}, {"label": "C", "text": "Single tRNA binds only to one specific codon.", "correct": false}, {"label": "D", "text": "The rigid Watson-Crick base pairing at the third position of the codon.", "correct": false}], "correct_answer": "A. Inosine forming non-standard base pairs at the third codon position.", "question_images": [], "explanation_images": [], "explanation": "<table cellspacing=\"0\" style=\"border-collapse:collapse; width:623px\">\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Codon Position</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Standard Base Pairing</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Wobble Pairing</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Example</strong></p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>1st and 2nd</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Watson-Crick rules</p>\n<p><strong>(Option D ruled out)</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Strict</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>AG</strong>A and <strong>AG</strong>G code for Arginine.</p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>3rd</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Non-standard pairing</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Flexible</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>AGA/AGG with UCU, GGU/GGC/GGA with CCI</p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n</tbody>\n\n\n<p style='font-size: 10px; color: #808080; font-style: italic;'>@dams_new_robot</p>", "bot": "@dams_new_robot", "audio": "https://image.prepladder.com/content/3cnUFHMG68CCN8UAmcX71740145968.mp3", "video": ""}, {"text": "In the context of genetic code degeneracy, which of the following accurately describes its impact on protein synthesis?", "options": [{"label": "A", "text": "Single codon specifies one amino acid.", "correct": false}, {"label": "B", "text": "Multiple codons can code for the same amino acid.", "correct": true}, {"label": "C", "text": "Flexibility occurs at the 2nd codon position.", "correct": false}, {"label": "D", "text": "Inosine in mRNA contributes to the flexibility in pairing.", "correct": false}], "correct_answer": "B. Multiple codons can code for the same amino acid.", "question_images": [], "explanation_images": [], "explanation": "\n\n<p style='font-size: 10px; color: #808080; font-style: italic;'>@dams_new_robot</p>", "bot": "@dams_new_robot", "audio": "https://image.prepladder.com/content/MUXVbRXr8Ftzy3BPcHlW1744041294.mp3", "video": ""}, {"text": "Which of the following best describes the primary mechanisms and applications of RNA interference (RNAi)?", "options": [{"label": "A", "text": "Degradation of mRNA; used for gene manipulation and therapy.", "correct": true}, {"label": "B", "text": "Enhancement of mRNA synthesis; used for genetic modifications.", "correct": false}, {"label": "C", "text": "Conversion of mRNA to DNA; used for protein structure studies.", "correct": false}, {"label": "D", "text": "Stabilisation of mRNA; used for treating infections.", "correct": false}], "correct_answer": "A. Degradation of mRNA; used for gene manipulation and therapy.", "question_images": [], "explanation_images": [], "explanation": "\n\n<p style='font-size: 10px; color: #808080; font-style: italic;'>@dams_new_robot</p>", "bot": "@dams_new_robot", "audio": "https://image.prepladder.com/content/qJbpubrYr1vXw46sagMY1740145725.mp3", "video": ""}, {"text": "A 25-year-old student is reviewing the roles of small RNAs in cellular processes. She learns about small nuclear RNAs (snRNAs) and small interfering RNAs (siRNAs). Which of the following statements about snRNAs and/or siRNAs is true?", "options": [{"label": "A", "text": "Both snRNAs and siRNAs are involved in the degradation of mRNA.", "correct": false}, {"label": "B", "text": "snRNAs form complexes with the RNA-induced silencing complex (RISC).", "correct": false}, {"label": "C", "text": "snRNAs are primarily involved in mRNA splicing and are located in the nucleus.", "correct": true}, {"label": "D", "text": "snRNAs are typically found in the cytoplasm, while siRNAs are found in the nucleus.", "correct": false}], "correct_answer": "C. snRNAs are primarily involved in mRNA splicing and are located in the nucleus.", "question_images": [], "explanation_images": [], "explanation": "<table cellspacing=\"0\" style=\"border-collapse:collapse; width:625px\">\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Feature</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>snRNAs</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>siRNAs</strong></p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Main Function</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>RNA processing</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Gene regulation</p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Location</p>\n<p>(Option C)</p>\n<p><strong>(Option D ruled out)</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Nucleus</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Cytoplasm</p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Involvement</p>\n<p><strong>(Option A ruled out)</strong></p>\n<p> </p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>mRNA splicing, <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"739aa4b5ea1692777200a636ee075f\">transcription</span> elongation</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>mRNA degradation</p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Specific Types</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>U1, U2, U4, U5, U6 (splicing); U7 (histone mRNAs); 7SK (transcription)</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Typically 21-25 nucleotides long</p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Role in mRNA</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Removes introns, generates correct 3' ends of <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"2f9fcbc0831692777189f689777d4f\">histone</span> mRNAs</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Silences gene expression</p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Source</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Endogenous snRNAs</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Endogenous/exogenous dsRNAs processed into siRNAs</p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Processing Mechanism</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Forms complexes with proteins (snRNPs) for splicing</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Processed by Dicer <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"0f160e4e42169277718771b715516a\">enzyme</span> into <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"2ed1f9c135169277719860d8afe82d\">siRNA</span> duplexes</p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Associated Complex</p>\n<p><strong>(Option B ruled out)</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Small nuclear ribonucleoproteins (snRNPs)</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>RNA-induced <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"c83e76c8511692777198089a720108\">silencing</span> complex (RISC)</p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Length</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Varies; generally 100-300 nucleotides</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>21-25 nucleotides</p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Stability</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Generally stable, involved in essential <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"cc65bdc03f169277719726a675e8a7\">RNA</span> processes</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Short-lived, rapidly degrades target mRNA</p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Biogenesis</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Transcribed by <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"cc65bdc03f169277719726a675e8a7\">RNA</span> <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"d419920a6616927771969805c3d65d\">polymerase</span> II or III</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Derived from longer <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"7459ad09471692777186f9fc499f72\">dsRNA</span> precursors</p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Function in Disease</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Defects can lead to <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"5948ed9b541692777199d94749e06a\">splicing</span> disorders (e.g., <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"d816ba952f1692777199fc69bd7c56\">spinal</span> <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"9e2d8a3f5a16927771932c2348ec52\">muscular</span> atrophy)</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Utilized in <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"32c139b5f7169277719768f2b2348a\">RNAi</span> therapies for <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"66751c05711692777188189681c598\">gene silencing</span> (e.g., in cancer)</p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Example Applications</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Studying <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"5948ed9b541692777199d94749e06a\">splicing</span> mechanisms, understanding <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"739aa4b5ea1692777200a636ee075f\">transcription</span> regulation</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Therapeutic gene silencing, <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"b7784a23be1692777203dc62b8c73f\">functional genomics</span> studies</p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n</tbody>\n\n\n<p style='font-size: 10px; color: #808080; font-style: italic;'>@dams_new_robot</p>", "bot": "@dams_new_robot", "audio": "https://image.prepladder.com/content/X6pE3urrhm8BlKaMhOIA1740145604.mp3", "video": ""}, {"text": "Which of the following statements is true regarding the synthesis of mRNA?", "options": [{"label": "A", "text": "Introns are the coding sequence in a mRNA", "correct": false}, {"label": "B", "text": "7-methyl guanosine gets added to the 3’ end of mRNA", "correct": false}, {"label": "C", "text": "Process of splicing occurs in the cytoplasm", "correct": false}, {"label": "D", "text": "Heteronuclear RNA is not a functional mRNA", "correct": true}], "correct_answer": "D. Heteronuclear RNA is not a functional mRNA", "question_images": [], "explanation_images": ["https://image.prepladder.com/content/MmY1ZUedUaHCtTPSTRYX1736317945.png", "https://image.prepladder.com/content/HAmjY5280JKSk8ZOBrVJ1736318007.png"], "explanation": "\n\n<p style='font-size: 10px; color: #808080; font-style: italic;'>@dams_new_robot</p>", "bot": "@dams_new_robot", "audio": "https://image.prepladder.com/content/YlkPxITuZcMbvbzF18A11740145308.mp3", "video": ""}, {"text": "Which of the following steps in the process of tRNA synthesis occurs in the cytoplasm?", "options": [{"label": "A", "text": "Rearrangement of glycosidic linkages giving rise to pseudouridine", "correct": false}, {"label": "B", "text": "Deamination creating inosine", "correct": false}, {"label": "C", "text": "Fourth post-transcriptional modification of random methylation", "correct": false}, {"label": "D", "text": "Aminoacyl-tRNA synthetases attach the amino acid", "correct": true}], "correct_answer": "D. Aminoacyl-tRNA synthetases attach the amino acid", "question_images": [], "explanation_images": ["https://image.prepladder.com/content/sY23vSB68UjJwgj7nDzW1736317743.png", "https://image.prepladder.com/content/jF70RRt5aPBud7zQBWYo1736317802.png"], "explanation": "\n\n<p style='font-size: 10px; color: #808080; font-style: italic;'>@dams_new_robot</p>", "bot": "@dams_new_robot", "audio": "https://image.prepladder.com/content/v63bXHBTfUo0zyg48KFU1740145214.mp3", "video": ""}, {"text": "Which statement best describes the wobble hypothesis in relation to tRNA's function?", "options": [{"label": "A", "text": "Allows multiple tRNAs to bind to a single codon.", "correct": false}, {"label": "B", "text": "Explains tRNA's ability to bind to any codon with perfect complementarity.", "correct": false}, {"label": "C", "text": "Single tRNA recognizes multiple codons due to flexible base pairing.", "correct": true}, {"label": "D", "text": "Accounts for varying tRNA lengths matching different mRNA sequences.", "correct": false}], "correct_answer": "C. Single tRNA recognizes multiple codons due to flexible base pairing.", "question_images": [], "explanation_images": ["https://image.prepladder.com/content/nEUTgmWgEmfVQSEeHTsn1736319657.png"], "explanation": "<table cellspacing=\"0\" style=\"border-collapse:collapse; width:624px\">\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:middle\">\n<p><strong>Component</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:middle\">\n<p><strong>Description</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:middle\">\n<p><strong>Function</strong></p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:middle\">\n<p><strong>Amino Acid <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"138fddb804169277718051e3eab3a4\">Acceptor</span> Arm</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:middle\">\n<p>Located at the 3' end, <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"7ae760ae1b169277718794068316b8\">ending</span> in CCA, which is added post-transcriptionally. The <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"543f207eb51692777181723491a358\">amino</span> acid is attached to the 3′-OH group of the A moiety.</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:middle\">\n<p><strong>Charging</strong>: <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"543f207eb51692777181723491a358\">Amino</span> acids are attached to the <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"7d67967edd1692777200906dde9e61\">tRNA</span> by <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"2d100404321692777181e783b852c6\">aminoacyl-tRNA</span> synthetases for protein synthesis.</p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:middle\">\n<p><strong>D Arm</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:middle\">\n<p>Contains dihydrouridine, a modified base. Contributes to the overall structure and recognition of <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"7d67967edd1692777200906dde9e61\">tRNA</span> by its corresponding <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"2d100404321692777181e783b852c6\">aminoacyl-tRNA</span> synthetase.</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:middle\">\n<p><strong>Recognition</strong>: Ensures correct aminoacylation by interacting with <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"2d100404321692777181e783b852c6\">aminoacyl-tRNA</span> synthetase.</p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:middle\">\n<p><strong>TψC Arm</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:middle\">\n<p>Named for its <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"e65744b5551692777197c8f48ae4ca\">ribothymidine</span> (T), <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"d7d078a48c1692777196f1f7fd300d\">pseudouridine</span> (ψ), and <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"fc0363efea1692777185f0f7125c37\">cytidine</span> (C) content. Involved in binding <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"7d67967edd1692777200906dde9e61\">tRNA</span> to the ribosome.</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:middle\">\n<p><strong>Binding</strong>: Positions <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"7d67967edd1692777200906dde9e61\">tRNA</span> correctly at the <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"3230bf6e7816927771973439687f01\">ribosome</span> for protein synthesis.</p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:middle\">\n<p><strong>Anticodon Loop</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:middle\">\n<p>Opposite the <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"543f207eb51692777181723491a358\">amino</span> acid <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"138fddb804169277718051e3eab3a4\">acceptor</span> arm, contains a sequence of three nucleotides (anticodon) <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"60d189ec981692777184053168bba4\">complementary</span> to the <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"3faf36c69716927771840561232eaa\">codon</span> on mRNA.<br/>\n\t\t\t </p>\n<p><strong>Wobble phenomenon</strong></p>\n<ul>\n<li>Third <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"94a2f0970016927771932885a3d362\">nucleotide</span> pair formation is non-specific (more than one <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"3faf36c69716927771840561232eaa\">codon</span> coding for a single <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"543f207eb51692777181723491a358\">amino</span> acid)</li>\n</ul>\n<p>(Or)</p>\n<ul>\n<li>Reduced stringency when the third <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"94a2f0970016927771932885a3d362\">nucleotide</span> pair is formed between <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"3faf36c69716927771840561232eaa\">codon</span> and anti-codon.</li>\n</ul>\n<p>(Or)</p>\n<ul>\n<li>When <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"7d67967edd1692777200906dde9e61\">tRNA</span> is written in 5’, 3’ direction, the first <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"94a2f0970016927771932885a3d362\">nucleotide</span> of the <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"8c6868d8e61692777181a62962858e\">anticodon</span> of <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"7d67967edd1692777200906dde9e61\">tRNA</span> is not specific</li>\n</ul>\n<p><strong>Degeneracy</strong></p>\n<p>More than one <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"3faf36c69716927771840561232eaa\">codon</span> coding for a single <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"543f207eb51692777181723491a358\">amino</span> acid because of the <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"56c14fcf2b169277720220dfca1592\">wobble</span> phenomenon.</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:middle\">\n<p><strong>Codon Recognition</strong>: Ensures the correct <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"543f207eb51692777181723491a358\">amino</span> acid is added to the <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"287fd897ad1692777196f583338128\">polypeptide</span> chain during translation.</p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:middle\">\n<p><strong>Variable Arm</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:middle\">\n<p>Located between the TψC arm and the <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"8c6868d8e61692777181a62962858e\">anticodon</span> loop. Its length varies among different <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"7d67967edd1692777200906dde9e61\">tRNA</span> species and contributes to the <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"22e8a6f65016927772003e97740ab2\">tertiary</span> structure of tRNA.</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:middle\">\n<p><strong>Structural Flexibility</strong>: Aids in interactions with the <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"3230bf6e7816927771973439687f01\">ribosome</span> and other translation factors.</p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n</tbody>\n\n\n<p style='font-size: 10px; color: #808080; font-style: italic;'>@dams_new_robot</p>", "bot": "@dams_new_robot", "audio": "https://image.prepladder.com/content/7uZ5jsW5B2V2gE9IdMLb1740144933.mp3", "video": ""}, {"text": "Which of the following types of rRNA is associated with the 40S ribosomal subunit in eukaryotic cells?", "options": [{"label": "A", "text": "5S rRNA", "correct": false}, {"label": "B", "text": "18S rRNA", "correct": true}, {"label": "C", "text": "28S rRNA", "correct": false}, {"label": "D", "text": "16S rRNA", "correct": false}], "correct_answer": "B. 18S rRNA", "question_images": [], "explanation_images": ["https://image.prepladder.com/content/xLLZ5vSXiNmYQz6wA1Tj1736319431.png"], "explanation": "<table cellspacing=\"0\" style=\"border-collapse:collapse; width:721px\">\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top; width:109px\">\n<p><strong>Type of RNA</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top; width:235px\">\n<p><strong>Characteristics</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top; width:280px\">\n<p><strong>Function</strong></p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top; width:109px\">\n<p>mRNA (messenger RNA)</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top; width:235px\">\n<ul>\n<li>Single-stranded</li>\n<li>Varies in length depending on the encoded protein</li>\n<li>Contains exons and introns (in eukaryotes)</li>\n</ul>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top; width:280px\">\n<ul>\n<li>Carries genetic information from DNA to the ribosome</li>\n<li>Encodes the <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"543f207eb51692777181723491a358\">amino</span> acid sequence of proteins</li>\n<li>Undergoes processing such as capping, polyadenylation, and <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"5948ed9b541692777199d94749e06a\">splicing</span> in eukaryotes</li>\n</ul>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top; width:109px\">\n<p>tRNA (transfer RNA)</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top; width:235px\">\n<ul>\n<li>Small, typically 73-93 nucleotides</li>\n<li>Cloverleaf structure</li>\n<li>Contains an <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"8c6868d8e61692777181a62962858e\">anticodon</span> and an <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"543f207eb51692777181723491a358\">amino</span> acid <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"ccd357daaf16927771825777ea6a0d\">attachment</span> site</li>\n</ul>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top; width:280px\">\n<ul>\n<li>Transfers specific <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"543f207eb51692777181723491a358\">amino</span> acids to the <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"3230bf6e7816927771973439687f01\">ribosome</span> during protein synthesis</li>\n<li>Recognizes codons on <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"d6f42e0fac169277719339c004a084\">mRNA</span> through its <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"8c6868d8e61692777181a62962858e\">anticodon</span> region</li>\n<li>Plays a critical role in translating the <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"0ceffbe03f169277718876410dc23a\">genetic code</span> into protein</li>\n</ul>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top; width:109px\">\n<p>rRNA (ribosomal RNA)</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top; width:235px\">\n<ul>\n<li>Forms the core of ribosome's structure</li>\n<li>Eukaryotic ribosomes: 18S (40S subunit), 5.8S, 28S, 5S (components of the 60S subunit)</li>\n<li>Prokaryotic ribosomes: 16S, 23S, 5S</li>\n</ul>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top; width:280px\">\n<ul>\n<li>Major structural and functional components of ribosomes</li>\n<li>Catalyzes <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"53172b32401692777195efbbb6b2e8\">peptide</span> bond formation during protein synthesis</li>\n</ul>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top; width:109px\">\n<p>snRNA (small nuclear RNA)</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top; width:235px\">\n<ul>\n<li>Small, usually less than 200 nucleotides</li>\n<li>Found in the nucleus</li>\n<li>Component of the spliceosome</li>\n</ul>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top; width:280px\">\n<ul>\n<li>Involved in the processing of <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"a4cdf973d116927771961213e54254\">pre-mRNA</span> in eukaryotes</li>\n<li>Essential for <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"5948ed9b541692777199d94749e06a\">splicing</span> introns from pre-mRNA</li>\n</ul>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top; width:109px\">\n<p>miRNA (microRNA)</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top; width:235px\">\n<ul>\n<li>Small, approximately 22 nucleotides</li>\n<li>Single-stranded</li>\n<li>Forms hairpin structures</li>\n</ul>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top; width:280px\">\n<ul>\n<li>Regulates <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"e90d7fdd7316927771880df273d8ef\">gene expression</span> post-transcriptionally</li>\n<li>Binds to <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"60d189ec981692777184053168bba4\">complementary</span> sequences on target mRNAs, resulting in translational <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"2c4392491a169277719764b937f110\">repression</span> or <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"d6f42e0fac169277719339c004a084\">mRNA</span> degradation</li>\n<li>Plays a role in various biological processes including development, differentiation, and apoptosis</li>\n</ul>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top; width:109px\">\n<p>siRNA (small <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"653140d1dc16927771903445309f4e\">interfering</span> RNA)</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top; width:235px\">\n<ul>\n<li>Short, double-stranded RNA, about 20-25 nucleotides</li>\n<li>Originates from longer double-stranded RNA</li>\n</ul>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top; width:280px\">\n<ul>\n<li>Involved in the <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"cc65bdc03f169277719726a675e8a7\">RNA</span> <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"f087a3103216927771903f59008962\">interference</span> (RNAi) pathway</li>\n<li>Mediates the <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"d395f610461692777185cbe8b8806d\">degradation</span> of specific mRNAs</li>\n<li>Used experimentally to silence gene expression</li>\n</ul>\n</td>\n</tr>\n</tbody>\n\n\n<p style='font-size: 10px; color: #808080; font-style: italic;'>@dams_new_robot</p>", "bot": "@dams_new_robot", "audio": "https://image.prepladder.com/content/jAtlLFZfY6tanDXfXC6y1739981942.mp3", "video": ""}]; if (!Array.isArray(questions) || questions.length === 0) { throw new Error("Questions data is empty or invalid"); } debugLog(`Successfully parsed ${questions.length} questions`); } catch (e) { console.error("Failed to parse questions_json:", e); document.getElementById('error-message').innerHTML = "Error loading quiz data. Please check the console for details or contact support."; document.getElementById('error-message').classList.remove('hidden'); document.getElementById('start-test').disabled = true; // Fallback to sample questions for testing questions = [ { text: "What is 2 + 2?", options: [ { label: "A", text: "3", correct: false }, { label: "B", text: "4", correct: true }, { label: "C", text: "5", correct: false }, { label: "D", text: "6", correct: false } ], correct_answer: "B. 4", question_images: [], explanation_images: [], explanation: "<p>2 + 2 = 4</p><p>@dams_new_robot</p>", bot: "@dams_new_robot", audio: "", video: "" } ]; debugLog("Loaded fallback questions"); } // Quiz state let currentQuestion = 0; let answers = new Array(questions.length).fill(null); let markedForReview = new Array(questions.length).fill(false); let timeRemaining = 30 * 60; // Duration in seconds let timerInterval = null; const quizId = `{title.replace(/\s+/g, '_').toLowerCase()}`; // Unique ID for local storage // Load saved progress function loadProgress() { try { debugLog("Loading progress from localStorage"); const saved = localStorage.getItem(`quiz_${quizId}`); if (saved) { const { savedAnswers, savedMarked, savedTime } = JSON.parse(saved); answers = savedAnswers || answers; markedForReview = savedMarked || markedForReview; timeRemaining = savedTime !== undefined ? savedTime : timeRemaining; debugLog("Progress loaded successfully"); } else { debugLog("No saved progress found"); } } catch (e) { console.error("Error loading progress:", e); debugLog("Failed to load progress: " + e.message); } } // Save progress function saveProgress() { try { debugLog("Saving progress to localStorage"); localStorage.setItem(`quiz_${quizId}`, JSON.stringify({ savedAnswers: answers, savedMarked: markedForReview, savedTime: timeRemaining })); debugLog("Progress saved successfully"); } catch (e) { console.error("Error saving progress:", e); debugLog("Failed to save progress: " + e.message); } } // Initialize quiz function initQuiz() { try { debugLog("Initializing quiz"); loadProgress(); const startButton = document.getElementById('start-test'); if (!startButton) { throw new Error("Start test button not found"); } startButton.addEventListener('click', startQuiz); debugLog("Start test button listener attached"); document.getElementById('previous-btn').addEventListener('click', showPreviousQuestion); document.getElementById('next-btn').addEventListener('click', showNextQuestion); document.getElementById('mark-review').addEventListener('click', toggleMarkForReview); document.getElementById('nav-toggle').addEventListener('click', toggleNavPanel); document.getElementById('submit-test').addEventListener('click', showSubmitModal); document.getElementById('continue-test').addEventListener('click', closeExitModal); document.getElementById('exit-test').addEventListener('click', () => { debugLog("Exiting test"); localStorage.removeItem(`quiz_${quizId}`); window.location.reload(); }); document.getElementById('cancel-submit').addEventListener('click', closeSubmitModal); document.getElementById('confirm-submit').addEventListener('click', submitTest); document.getElementById('take-again').addEventListener('click', () => { debugLog("Restarting test"); localStorage.removeItem(`quiz_${quizId}`); window.location.reload(); }); document.getElementById('review-test').addEventListener('click', () => showResults(currentResultQuestion)); document.getElementById('close-nav').addEventListener('click', toggleNavPanel); document.getElementById('theme-toggle').addEventListener('click', toggleTheme); document.getElementById('nav-filter').addEventListener('change', updateNavPanel); document.getElementById('prev-result').addEventListener('click', showPreviousResult); document.getElementById('next-result').addEventListener('click', showNextResult); document.getElementById('results-nav-toggle').addEventListener('click', toggleResultsNavPanel); document.getElementById('close-results-nav').addEventListener('click', toggleResultsNavPanel); document.getElementById('results-nav-filter').addEventListener('change', updateResultsNavPanel); debugLog("Quiz initialized successfully"); } catch (e) { console.error("Failed to initialize quiz:", e); debugLog("Failed to initialize quiz: " + e.message); document.getElementById('error-message').innerHTML = "Error initializing quiz. Please check the console for details or contact support."; document.getElementById('error-message').classList.remove('hidden'); document.getElementById('start-test').disabled = true; } } // Start quiz function startQuiz() { try { debugLog("Starting quiz"); document.getElementById('instructions').classList.add('hidden'); document.getElementById('quiz').classList.remove('hidden'); showQuestion(currentQuestion); startTimer(); updateNavPanel(); debugLog("Quiz started successfully"); } catch (e) { console.error("Error starting quiz:", e); debugLog("Failed to start quiz: " + e.message); document.getElementById('error-message').innerHTML = "Error starting quiz. Please check the console for details or contact support."; document.getElementById('error-message').classList.remove('hidden'); document.getElementById('quiz').classList.add('hidden'); document.getElementById('instructions').classList.remove('hidden'); } } // Show question function showQuestion(index) { try { debugLog(`Showing question ${index + 1}`); currentQuestion = index; const q = questions[index]; if (!q) { throw new Error(`Question ${index} is undefined`); } document.getElementById('question-number').innerHTML = `Question <span>${index + 1}</span> of ${questions.length}`; document.getElementById('question-text').innerHTML = q.text || "No question text available"; const imagesDiv = document.getElementById('question-images'); imagesDiv.innerHTML = q.question_images && q.question_images.length > 0 ? q.question_images.map(url => `<img src="${url}" alt="Question Image" class="max-w-full h-auto rounded-lg">`).join('') : ''; const optionsDiv = document.getElementById('options'); optionsDiv.innerHTML = q.options && q.options.length > 0 ? q.options.map(opt => ` <button class="option-btn w-full text-left p-3 border rounded-lg ${answers[index] === opt.label ? 'selected' : ''}" onclick="selectOption(${index}, '${opt.label}')" aria-label="Option ${opt.label}: ${opt.text}"> ${opt.label}. ${opt.text} </button> `).join('') : '<p class="text-red-500">No options available</p>'; document.getElementById('previous-btn').disabled = index === 0; document.getElementById('next-btn').disabled = index === questions.length - 1; document.getElementById('mark-review').classList.toggle('marked', markedForReview[index]); updateProgressBar(); saveProgress(); window.scrollTo({ top: 0, behavior: 'smooth' }); debugLog(`Question ${index + 1} displayed successfully`); } catch (e) { console.error("Error displaying question:", e); debugLog("Failed to display question: " + e.message); } } // Select option function selectOption(index, label) { try { debugLog(`Selecting option ${label} for question ${index + 1}`); answers[index] = label; const optionsDiv = document.getElementById('options'); const optionButtons = optionsDiv.querySelectorAll('.option-btn'); optionButtons.forEach(btn => { const btnLabel = btn.textContent.trim().split('.')[0]; btn.classList.toggle('selected', btnLabel === label); }); updateNavPanel(); saveProgress(); debugLog(`Option ${label} selected for question ${index + 1}`); } catch (e) { console.error("Error selecting option:", e); debugLog("Failed to select option: " + e.message); } } // Toggle mark for review function toggleMarkForReview() { try { debugLog(`Toggling mark for review on question ${currentQuestion + 1}`); markedForReview[currentQuestion] = !markedForReview[currentQuestion]; document.getElementById('mark-review').classList.toggle('marked', markedForReview[currentQuestion]); updateNavPanel(); saveProgress(); debugLog(`Mark for review toggled for question ${currentQuestion + 1}`); } catch (e) { console.error("Error marking for review:", e); debugLog("Failed to mark for review: " + e.message); } } // Navigate to previous question function showPreviousQuestion() { try { debugLog(`Navigating to previous question from ${currentQuestion + 1}`); if (currentQuestion > 0) { currentQuestion--; showQuestion(currentQuestion); } } catch (e) { console.error("Error navigating to previous question:", e); debugLog("Failed to navigate to previous question: " + e.message); } } // Navigate to next question function showNextQuestion() { try { debugLog(`Navigating to next question from ${currentQuestion + 1}`); if (currentQuestion < questions.length - 1) { currentQuestion++; showQuestion(currentQuestion); } } catch (e) { console.error("Error navigating to next question:", e); debugLog("Failed to navigate to next question: " + e.message); } } // Handle question navigation click function handleQuestionNavClick(index) { try { debugLog(`Navigating to question ${index + 1} via nav panel`); showQuestion(index); toggleNavPanel(); } catch (e) { console.error("Error handling navigation click:", e); debugLog("Failed to navigate via nav panel: " + e.message); } } // Start timer function startTimer() { try { debugLog("Starting timer"); timerInterval = setInterval(() => { if (timeRemaining <= 0) { debugLog("Timer expired, submitting test"); clearInterval(timerInterval); submitTest(); } else { timeRemaining--; const minutes = Math.floor(timeRemaining / 60); const seconds = timeRemaining % 60; document.getElementById('timer').innerHTML = `Time Remaining: <span>${minutes.toString().padStart(2, '0')}:${seconds.toString().padStart(2, '0')}</span>`; saveProgress(); } }, 1000); debugLog("Timer started successfully"); } catch (e) { console.error("Error starting timer:", e); debugLog("Failed to start timer: " + e.message); } } // Update progress bar function updateProgressBar() { try { debugLog("Updating progress bar"); const progress = ((currentQuestion + 1) / questions.length) * 100; document.getElementById('progress-bar').style.width = `${progress}%`; debugLog("Progress bar updated"); } catch (e) { console.error("Error updating progress bar:", e); debugLog("Failed to update progress bar: " + e.message); } } // Update quiz navigation panel function updateNavPanel() { try { debugLog("Updating quiz navigation panel"); const filter = document.getElementById('nav-filter').value; const navGrid = document.getElementById('nav-grid'); navGrid.innerHTML = questions.map((_, i) => { if (filter === 'answered' && !answers[i]) return ''; if (filter === 'unanswered' && answers[i]) return ''; if (filter === 'marked' && !markedForReview[i]) return ''; return ` <button class="question-nav-btn ${answers[i] ? 'answered' : 'unanswered'} ${markedForReview[i] ? 'marked-nav' : ''}" onclick="handleQuestionNavClick(${i})" aria-label="Go to Question ${i + 1}"> ${i + 1} </button> `; }).join(''); debugLog("Quiz navigation panel updated"); } catch (e) { console.error("Error updating quiz navigation panel:", e); debugLog("Failed to update quiz navigation panel: " + e.message); } } // Update results navigation panel function updateResultsNavPanel() { try { debugLog("Updating results navigation panel"); const filter = document.getElementById('results-nav-filter').value; const navGrid = document.getElementById('results-nav-grid'); navGrid.innerHTML = questions.map((_, i) => { if (filter === 'answered' && !answers[i]) return ''; if (filter === 'unanswered' && answers[i]) return ''; if (filter === 'marked' && !markedForReview[i]) return ''; return ` <button class="result-nav-btn-grid ${answers[i] ? 'answered' : 'unanswered'} ${markedForReview[i] ? 'marked-nav' : ''}" onclick="handleResultNavClick(${i})" aria-label="Go to Result for Question ${i + 1}"> ${i + 1} </button> `; }).join(''); debugLog("Results navigation panel updated"); } catch (e) { console.error("Error updating results navigation panel:", e); debugLog("Failed to update results navigation panel: " + e.message); } } // Toggle quiz navigation panel function toggleNavPanel() { try { debugLog("Toggling quiz navigation panel"); const navPanel = document.getElementById('nav-panel'); navPanel.classList.toggle('hidden'); debugLog("Quiz navigation panel toggled"); } catch (e) { console.error("Error toggling quiz navigation panel:", e); debugLog("Failed to toggle quiz navigation panel: " + e.message); } } // Toggle results navigation panel function toggleResultsNavPanel() { try { debugLog("Toggling results navigation panel"); const resultsNavPanel = document.getElementById('results-nav-panel'); resultsNavPanel.classList.toggle('hidden'); if (!resultsNavPanel.classList.contains('hidden')) { updateResultsNavPanel(); } debugLog("Results navigation panel toggled"); } catch (e) { console.error("Error toggling results navigation panel:", e); debugLog("Failed to toggle results navigation panel: " + e.message); } } // Handle result navigation click function handleResultNavClick(index) { try { debugLog(`Navigating to result for question ${index + 1} via nav panel`); showResults(index); toggleResultsNavPanel(); } catch (e) { console.error("Error handling result navigation click:", e); debugLog("Failed to navigate to result: " + e.message); } } // Show submit modal function showSubmitModal() { try { debugLog("Showing submit modal"); const attempted = answers.filter(a => a !== null).length; document.getElementById('attempted-count').textContent = attempted; document.getElementById('unattempted-count').textContent = questions.length - attempted; document.getElementById('submit-modal').classList.remove('hidden'); debugLog("Submit modal displayed"); } catch (e) { console.error("Error showing submit modal:", e); debugLog("Failed to show submit modal: " + e.message); } } // Close submit modal function closeSubmitModal() { try { debugLog("Closing submit modal"); document.getElementById('submit-modal').classList.add('hidden'); debugLog("Submit modal closed"); } catch (e) { console.error("Error closing submit modal:", e); debugLog("Failed to close submit modal: " + e.message); } } // Close exit modal function closeExitModal() { try { debugLog("Closing exit modal"); document.getElementById('exit-modal').classList.add('hidden'); debugLog("Exit modal closed"); } catch (e) { console.error("Error closing exit modal:", e); debugLog("Failed to close exit modal: " + e.message); } } // Submit test function submitTest() { try { debugLog("Submitting test"); clearInterval(timerInterval); document.getElementById('quiz').classList.add('hidden'); document.getElementById('submit-modal').classList.add('hidden'); document.getElementById('results').classList.remove('hidden'); showResults(0); // Start with first question // Trigger confetti animation confetti({ particleCount: 100, spread: 70, origin: { y: 0.6 } }); localStorage.removeItem(`quiz_${quizId}`); debugLog("Test submitted successfully"); } catch (e) { console.error("Error submitting test:", e); debugLog("Failed to submit test: " + e.message); } } // Show result for a single question function showResults(index) { try { debugLog(`Showing result for question ${index + 1}`); currentResultQuestion = index; let correct = 0, wrong = 0, unanswered = 0, marked = 0; answers.forEach((answer, i) => { const isCorrect = answer && questions[i].options.find(opt => opt.label === answer)?.correct; if (answer === null) unanswered++; else if (isCorrect) correct++; else wrong++; if (markedForReview[i]) marked++; }); const q = questions[index]; if (!q) { throw new Error(`Question ${index} is undefined`); } const userAnswer = answers[index]; const isCorrect = userAnswer && q.options.find(opt => opt.label === userAnswer)?.correct; const resultsContent = document.getElementById('results-content'); resultsContent.innerHTML = ` <div class="border p-4 rounded-lg ${isCorrect ? 'bg-green-50' : userAnswer ? 'bg-red-50' : 'bg-gray-50'}"> <p class="font-semibold">Question ${index + 1}: ${q.text || 'No question text'}</p> ${q.question_images && q.question_images.length > 0 ? q.question_images.map(url => `<img src="${url}" alt="Question Image" class="max-w-full h-auto rounded-lg my-2">`).join('') : ''} <p><strong>Your Answer:</strong> ${userAnswer ? `${userAnswer}. ${q.options.find(opt => opt.label === userAnswer)?.text || 'Invalid option'}` : 'Unanswered'}</p> <p><strong>Correct Answer:</strong> ${q.correct_answer || 'Unknown'}</p> <div class="mt-2">${q.explanation || 'No explanation available'}</div> ${q.explanation_images && q.explanation_images.length > 0 ? q.explanation_images.map(url => `<img src="${url}" alt="Explanation Image" class="max-w-full h-auto rounded-lg my-2">`).join('') : ''} ${q.video ? ` <button class="play-video bg-blue-500 text-white px-4 py-2 rounded-lg mt-2" onclick="loadVideo(this, '${q.video}', 'video-${index}')" aria-label="Play explanation video for Question ${index + 1}"> Play Video Explanation </button> <div id="video-${index}" class="video-container mt-2"></div> ` : '<p class="text-gray-500 mt-2">No video available</p>'} ${q.audio ? ` <button class="play-audio bg-blue-500 text-white px-4 py-2 rounded-lg mt-2" onclick="loadAudio(this, '${q.audio}', 'audio-${index}')" aria-label="Play audio explanation for Question ${index + 1}"> Play Audio Explanation </button> <div id="audio-${index}" class="audio-container mt-2"></div> ` : ''} </div> `; document.getElementById('correct-count').textContent = correct; document.getElementById('wrong-count').textContent = wrong; document.getElementById('unanswered-count').textContent = unanswered; document.getElementById('marked-count').textContent = marked; document.getElementById('result-question-number').innerHTML = `Question <span>${index + 1}</span> of ${questions.length}`; document.getElementById('prev-result').disabled = index === 0; document.getElementById('next-result').disabled = index === questions.length - 1; updateResultsNavPanel(); window.scrollTo({ top: 0, behavior: 'smooth' }); debugLog(`Result for question ${index + 1} displayed successfully`); } catch (e) { console.error("Error displaying result:", e); debugLog("Failed to display result: " + e.message); } } // Navigate to previous result function showPreviousResult() { try { debugLog(`Navigating to previous result from question ${currentResultQuestion + 1}`); if (currentResultQuestion > 0) { showResults(currentResultQuestion - 1); } } catch (e) { console.error("Error navigating to previous result:", e); debugLog("Failed to navigate to previous result: " + e.message); } } // Navigate to next result function showNextResult() { try { debugLog(`Navigating to next result from question ${currentResultQuestion + 1}`); if (currentResultQuestion < questions.length - 1) { showResults(currentResultQuestion + 1); } } catch (e) { console.error("Error navigating to next result:", e); debugLog("Failed to navigate to next result: " + e.message); } } // Lazy-load video function loadVideo(button, videoUrl, containerId) { try { debugLog(`Loading video for ${containerId}: ${videoUrl}`); if (!videoUrl) { const container = document.getElementById(containerId); container.innerHTML = `<p class="text-gray-500">No video available</p>`; button.remove(); debugLog("No video URL provided"); return; } const container = document.getElementById(containerId); container.innerHTML = ` <div class="video-loading"></div> <video controls class="w-full max-w-[600px] rounded-lg" preload="metadata" aria-label="Video explanation"> <source src="${videoUrl}" type="${videoUrl.endsWith('.m3u8') ? 'application/x-mpegURL' : 'video/mp4'}"> Your browser does not support the video tag. </video> `; container.classList.add('active'); button.remove(); // Initialize HLS.js for .m3u8 videos const video = container.querySelector('video'); if (videoUrl.endsWith('.m3u8') && Hls.isSupported()) { const hls = new Hls(); hls.loadSource(videoUrl); hls.attachMedia(video); hls.on(Hls.Events.ERROR, (event, data) => { console.error("HLS.js error:", data); container.innerHTML = `<p class="text-red-500">Error loading video. <a href="${videoUrl}" target="_blank" aria-label="Open video in new tab">Open video</a></p>`; debugLog("HLS.js error: " + JSON.stringify(data)); }); } else if (videoUrl.endsWith('.m3u8') && video.canPlayType('application/vnd.apple.mpegurl')) { video.src = videoUrl; } // Handle video load errors video.onerror = () => { console.error("Video load error for URL:", videoUrl); container.innerHTML = `<p class="text-red-500">Error loading video. <a href="${videoUrl}" target="_blank" aria-label="Open video in new tab">Open video</a></p>`; debugLog("Video load error for URL: " + videoUrl); }; // Remove loading spinner when video is ready video.onloadedmetadata = () => { container.querySelector('.video-loading').remove(); debugLog("Video loaded successfully"); }; } catch (e) { console.error("Error loading video:", e); debugLog("Failed to load video: " + e.message); const container = document.getElementById(containerId); container.innerHTML = `<p class="text-red-500">Error loading video. <a href="${videoUrl}" target="_blank" aria-label="Open video in new tab">Open video</a></p>`; } } // Lazy-load audio function loadAudio(button, audioUrl, containerId) { try { debugLog(`Loading audio for ${containerId}: ${audioUrl}`); if (!audioUrl) { const container = document.getElementById(containerId); container.innerHTML = `<p class="text-gray-500">No audio available</p>`; button.remove(); debugLog("No audio URL provided"); return; } const container = document.getElementById(containerId); container.innerHTML = ` <audio controls class="w-full max-w-[600px]" preload="metadata" aria-label="Audio explanation"> <source src="${audioUrl}" type="audio/mpeg"> Your browser does not support the audio tag. </audio> `; container.classList.add('active'); button.remove(); // Handle audio load errors const audio = container.querySelector('audio'); audio.onerror = () => { console.error("Audio load error for URL:", audioUrl); container.innerHTML = `<p class="text-red-500">Error loading audio. <a href="${audioUrl}" target="_blank" aria-label="Open audio in new tab">Open audio</a></p>`; debugLog("Audio load error for URL: " + audioUrl); }; debugLog("Audio loaded successfully"); } catch (e) { console.error("Error loading audio:", e); debugLog("Failed to load audio: " + e.message); const container = document.getElementById(containerId); container.innerHTML = `<p class="text-red-500">Error loading audio. <a href="${audioUrl}" target="_blank" aria-label="Open audio in new tab">Open audio</a></p>`; } } // Toggle dark mode function toggleTheme() { try { debugLog("Toggling theme"); document.documentElement.classList.toggle('dark'); localStorage.setItem('theme', document.documentElement.classList.contains('dark') ? 'dark' : 'light'); debugLog("Theme toggled successfully"); } catch (e) { console.error("Error toggling theme:", e); debugLog("Failed to toggle theme: " + e.message); } } // Load theme preference function loadTheme() { try { debugLog("Loading theme preference"); const theme = localStorage.getItem('theme'); if (theme === 'dark') { document.documentElement.classList.add('dark'); } debugLog("Theme loaded successfully"); } catch (e) { console.error("Error loading theme:", e); debugLog("Failed to load theme: " + e.message); } } // Initialize on DOM content loaded window.addEventListener('DOMContentLoaded', () => { try { debugLog("DOM content loaded, initializing quiz"); loadTheme(); initQuiz(); } catch (e) { console.error("Error during DOMContentLoaded:", e); debugLog("Failed to initialize on DOMContentLoaded: " + e.message); document.getElementById('error-message').innerHTML = "Error initializing quiz. Please check the console for details or contact support."; document.getElementById('error-message').classList.remove('hidden'); } }); </script> </body> </html>" frameborder="0" width="100%" height="2000px">
<div class="bg-white rounded-lg shadow-md p-4 md:p-6"> <h2 class="text-xl font-semibold mb-4">Instructions</h2> <h4 class="text-gray-800 text-lg font-semibold mt-6 mb-4">Test Features:</h4> <ul class="space-y-3"> <li class="flex items-center gap-3"> <i class="fa-solid fa-circle-check text-green-500"></i> Multiple choice questions with single correct answers </li> <li class="flex items-center gap-3"> <i class="fa-solid fa-circle-check text-green-500"></i> Timer-based testing for realistic exam conditions </li> <li class="flex items-center gap-3"> <i class="fa-solid fa-circle-check text-green-500"></i> Mark questions for review functionality </li> <li class="flex items-center gap-3"> <i class="fa-solid fa-circle-check text-green-500"></i> Comprehensive results and performance analysis </li> <li class="flex items-center gap-3"> <i class="fa-solid fa-circle-check text-green-500"></i> Mobile-optimized interface for learning on-the-go </li> </ul> <div class="mt-6 flex space-x-4 button-group md:flex-row flex-col"> <button class="bg-[#2c5281] text-white px-6 py-2 rounded-lg hover:bg-[#2c5281] transition" id="start-test">Start Test</button> </div> <div class="error-message hidden" id="error-message"></div> </div> </section> <!-- Quiz Section --> <section class="container mx-auto px-4 md:px-6 pt-4 md:pt-6 pb-1 hidden section-transition" id="quiz"> <div class="bg-white rounded-lg shadow-md p-4 md:p-6"> <!-- Progress Bar --> <div class="w-full bg-gray-200 rounded-full h-3 mb-4"> <div class="progress-bar h-3 rounded-full" id="progress-bar" style="width: 0%"></div> </div> <!-- Question Header --> <div class="flex flex-col md:flex-row justify-between items-center mb-4"> <h2 class="text-lg font-semibold" id="question-number">Question <span>1</span> of 4</h2> <p class="text-lg font-semibold mt-2 md:mt-0" id="timer">Time Remaining: <span>00:00</span></p> </div> <!-- Question Content --> <div class="mb-6" id="question-content"> <p class="text-gray-800 mb-4" id="question-text"></p> <div class="flex flex-wrap gap-4 mb-4" id="question-images"></div> <div class="space-y-3" id="options"></div> </div> <!-- Navigation Buttons --> <div class="flex flex-col md:flex-row justify-between items-center gap-2 md:gap-4"> <div class="flex gap-2 w-full md:w-auto"> <button class="bg-[#2c5281] text-white px-4 py-3 w-full md:w-32 h-14 rounded-lg hover:bg-[#2c5281] transition" disabled="" id="previous-btn">Previous</button> <button class="bg-[#2c5281] text-white px-4 py-3 w-full md:w-32 h-14 rounded-lg hover:bg-[#2c5281] transition" id="next-btn">Next</button> </div> <div class="flex items-center gap-2"> <button class="bg-transparent text-gray-700 px-4 py-2 rounded-lg hover:bg-gray-100 transition flex items-center gap-1" id="mark-review"> Review <svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" class="h-5 w-5" viewBox="0 0 20 20" fill="currentColor"> <path d="M10 2a1 1 0 00-1 1v14l3.293-3.293a1 1 0 011.414 0L17 17V3a1 1 0 00-1-1H10z" /> </svg> </button> <button class="bg-transparent text-gray-700 px-4 py-2 rounded-lg hover:bg-gray-100 transition flex items-center gap-1" id="nav-toggle"> Question 🧭 </button> <button class="bg-green-500 text-white px-6 py-3 w-44 h-14 rounded-lg hover:bg-green-600 transition w-full md:w-auto" id="submit-test">Submit Test</button> </div> </div> </section> <!-- Results Section --> <section class="container mx-auto px-4 md:px-6 pt-4 md:pt-6 pb-1 hidden section-transition" id="results"> <div class="bg-white rounded-lg shadow-md p-4 md:p-6"> <h2 class="text-2xl font-semibold mb-4">Anaesthesia Machine - Results</h2> <div class="grid grid-cols-1 md:grid-cols-2 gap-4 mb-6"> <p><strong>Correct:</strong> <span id="correct-count" class="text-[#000000]">0</span></p> <p><strong>Wrong:</strong> <span id="wrong-count" class="text-[#000000]">0</span></p> <p><strong>Unanswered:</strong> <span id="unanswered-count" class="text-[#000000]-500">0</span></p> <p><strong>Marked for Review:</strong> <span id="marked-count" class="text-[#000000]">0</span></p> </div> <h3 class="text-lg font-semibold mb-4" id="result-question-number">Question <span>1</span> of 4</h3> <div class="space-y-6" id="results-content"></div> <div class="result-nav"> <button aria-label="Previous question result" class="result-nav-btn bg-[#2c5281] text-white px-6 py-2 rounded-lg hover:bg-[#2c5281] transition" disabled="" id="prev-result">Previous</button> <button aria-label="Toggle results navigation panel" class="result-nav-btn bg-[#2c5281] text-white px-6 py-2 rounded-lg hover:bg-[#2c5281] transition" id="results-nav-toggle">Result 🧭</button> <button aria-label="Next question result" class="result-nav-btn bg-[#2c5281] text-white px-6 py-2 rounded-lg hover:bg-[#2c5281] transition" id="next-result">Next</button> </div> <div class="mt-6 flex space-x-4 button-group md:flex-row flex-col"> <button class="bg-green-500 text-white px-6 py-2 rounded-lg hover:bg-green-600 transition" id="take-again">Take Again</button> </div> </div> </section> <!-- Exit Confirmation Modal --> <div class="fixed inset-0 bg-black bg-opacity-50 flex items-center justify-center hidden" id="exit-modal"> <div class="bg-white rounded-lg p-6 max-w-sm w-full"> <h2 class="text-xl font-semibold mb-4">Leave Test?</h2> <p class="text-gray-700 mb-4">Your progress will be lost if you leave this page. Are you sure you want to exit?</p> <div class="flex justify-end space-x-4"> <button class="bg-gray-300 text-gray-700 px-4 py-2 rounded-lg hover:bg-gray-400 transition" id="continue-test">No, Continue</button> <button class="bg-red-500 text-white px-4 py-2 rounded-lg hover:bg-red-600 transition" id="exit-test">Yes, Exit</button> </div> </div> </div> <!-- Submit Confirmation Modal --> <div class="fixed inset-0 bg-black bg-opacity-50 flex items-center justify-center hidden" id="submit-modal"> <div class="bg-white rounded-lg p-6 max-w-sm w-full"> <h2 class="text-xl font-semibold mb-4">Confirm Submission</h2> <p class="text-gray-700 mb-2">You have attempted <span id="attempted-count">0</span> of 7 questions.</p> <p class="text-gray-700 mb-4"><span id="unattempted-count">0</span> questions are unattempted.</p> <div class="flex justify-end space-x-4"> <button class="bg-gray-300 text-gray-700 px-4 py-2 rounded-lg hover:bg-gray-400 transition" id="cancel-submit">Cancel</button> <button class="bg-green-500 text-white px-4 py-2 rounded-lg hover:bg-green-600 transition" id="confirm-submit">Submit Test</button> </div> </div> </div> <!-- Quiz Navigation Panel --> <div class="fixed inset-y-0 right-0 nav-panel bg-white shadow-lg p-4 hidden overflow-y-auto" id="nav-panel"> <h2 class="text-lg font-semibold mb-4">Questions Navigation</h2> <div class="mb-4"> <select class="w-full p-2 border rounded-lg text-gray-700" id="nav-filter"> <option value="all">All Questions</option> <option value="answered">Answered</option> <option value="unanswered">Unanswered</option> <option value="marked">Marked for Review</option> </select> </div> <div class="grid grid-cols-5 gap-2 md:gap-3" id="nav-grid"></div> <button class="mt-4 bg-gray-500 text-white px-4 py-2 rounded-lg hover:bg-gray-600 transition w-full" id="close-nav">Close</button> </div> <!-- Results Navigation Panel --> <div class="fixed inset-y-0 right-0 results-nav-panel bg-white shadow-lg p-4 hidden overflow-y-auto" id="results-nav-panel"> <h2 class="text-lg font-semibold mb-4">Results Navigation</h2> <div class="mb-4"> <select class="w-full p-2 border rounded-lg text-gray-700" id="results-nav-filter"> <option value="all">All Questions</option> <option value="answered">Answered</option> <option value="unanswered">Unanswered</option> <option value="marked">Marked for Review</option> </select> </div> <div class="grid grid-cols-5 gap-2 md:gap-3" id="results-nav-grid"></div> <button class="mt-4 bg-gray-500 text-white px-4 py-2 rounded-lg hover:bg-gray-600 transition w-full" id="close-results-nav">Close</button> </div> <!-- JavaScript Logic --> <script> // Enable debug mode for detailed logging const DEBUG_MODE = true; // Log debug messages function debugLog(message) { if (DEBUG_MODE) { console.log(`[DEBUG] ${message}`); } } // Initialize questions with error handling let questions = []; let currentResultQuestion = 0; // State for current question in results try { debugLog("Attempting to parse questions_json"); questions = [{"text": "Heme is derived from which of the following amino acids?", "options": [{"label": "A", "text": "Glutamine", "correct": false}, {"label": "B", "text": "Glycine", "correct": true}, {"label": "C", "text": "Glutamate", "correct": false}, {"label": "D", "text": "Valine", "correct": false}], "correct_answer": "B. Glycine", "question_images": [], "explanation_images": ["https://image.prepladder.com/notes/TN3Z9QukZMNWW3Au5HYU1747661758.png"], "explanation": "\n<table cellspacing=\"0\" style=\"border-collapse:collapse\">\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Step</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Reaction</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Enzyme</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Location</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Key Points</strong></p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>1</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Succinyl CoA + Glycine → Delta-aminolevulinic acid (ALA)</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>ALA Synthase</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Mitochondria</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Rate-limiting step</strong>; requires <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"ad5806d5ad1692777196f1158adc4e\">pyridoxal</span> <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"189b6fc834169277719580eb39bb4c\">phosphate</span> as a cofactor</p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>2</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>2 ALA → Porphobilinogen (PBG)</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>ALA Dehydratase</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Cytoplasm</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>It involves removal of 2 molecules of water; the <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"0f160e4e42169277718771b715516a\">enzyme</span> contains <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"39ecb6e07416927772029550b7e74a\">zinc</span> and is inhibited by lead</p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>3</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>4 PBG → Hydroxymethylbilane (HMB)</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Uroporphyrinogen I Synthase</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Cytoplasm</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>-</p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>4a</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>HMB → Uroporphyrinogen I</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Spontaneous cyclization</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Cytoplasm</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>-</p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>4b</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>HMB → Uroporphyrinogen III</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Uroporphyrinogen III Synthase</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Cytoplasm</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>-</p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>5</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Uroporphyrinogen III → Coproporphyrinogen III</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Uroporphyrinogen Decarboxylase</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Cytoplasm</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Decarboxylation, removal of 4 molecules of CO2</p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>6</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Coproporphyrinogen III → Protoporphyrinogen III</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Coproporphyrinogen Oxidase</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Mitochondria</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\"> </td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>7</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Protoporphyrinogen III → Protoporphyrin III</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Protoporphyrinogen Oxidase</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Mitochondria</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\"> </td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>8</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Protoporphyrin III → Heme</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Ferrochelatase</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Mitochondria</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Insertion of Fe2+</p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n</tbody>\n\n\n<p style='font-size: 10px; color: #808080; font-style: italic;'>@dams_new_robot</p>", "bot": "@dams_new_robot", "audio": "", "video": ""}, {"text": "Which of the following amino acids are necessary for purine ring formation?", "options": [{"label": "A", "text": "Glycine, aspartate, valine", "correct": false}, {"label": "B", "text": "Glycine, Aspartate, Glutamine", "correct": true}, {"label": "C", "text": "Glycine, Aspartate, Glutamate", "correct": false}, {"label": "D", "text": "Glycine, Asparagine, Glutamine", "correct": false}], "correct_answer": "B. Glycine, Aspartate, Glutamine", "question_images": [], "explanation_images": ["https://image.prepladder.com/notes/dIImrgM3v2OFGYSVkNtG1747825471.png"], "explanation": "\n\n<p style='font-size: 10px; color: #808080; font-style: italic;'>@dams_new_robot</p>", "bot": "@dams_new_robot", "audio": "", "video": ""}, {"text": "Decreased % transferrin saturation is seen in?", "options": [{"label": "A", "text": "Hemochromatosis", "correct": false}, {"label": "B", "text": "Iron deficiency anemia", "correct": true}, {"label": "C", "text": "Megaloblastic anemia", "correct": false}, {"label": "D", "text": "Hemosiderosis", "correct": false}], "correct_answer": "B. Iron deficiency anemia", "question_images": [], "explanation_images": [], "explanation": "<table cellspacing=\"0\" style=\"border-collapse:collapse; width:512px\">\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Hemoglobin Indices</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Low Mean Corpuscular <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"ad2073fe6716927771885f3c1ec652\">Hemoglobin</span> (MCH), Low <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"26a767cc56169277719293a7e14090\">Mean Corpuscular Volume</span> (MCV)</p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Peripheral Blood Smear</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Microcytosis, Hypochromia, Anisocytosis</p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Serum Ferritin</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Decreased</p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Serum Iron</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Decreased</p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Transferrin Saturation</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Decreased</strong></p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Total Iron-Binding Capacity</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Increased</p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Stool for <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"c8d9b6cbbb1692777194c4bc31f01f\">Occult</span> Blood</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>May be positive</p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Mentzer Index</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>&gt;15</p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Hemoglobin Electrophoresis</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Normal</p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Bone <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"c8a8c935a41692777191610f6aacb4\">Marrow</span> Aspiration/Biopsy</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Iron stores absent on staining</p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n</tbody>\n\n\n<p style='font-size: 10px; color: #808080; font-style: italic;'>@dams_new_robot</p>", "bot": "@dams_new_robot", "audio": "", "video": ""}, {"text": "Which part of the haemoglobin molecule does 2,3-Bisphosphoglycerate (2,3-BPG) bind to in order to regulate oxygen release?", "options": [{"label": "A", "text": "Alpha chains of haemoglobin", "correct": false}, {"label": "B", "text": "Heme iron centre", "correct": false}, {"label": "C", "text": "Beta chains of haemoglobin", "correct": true}, {"label": "D", "text": "Globin-heme interface", "correct": false}], "correct_answer": "C. Beta chains of haemoglobin", "question_images": [], "explanation_images": ["https://image.prepladder.com/content/fobVklyDZtBiy7iwo3N01744954514.png"], "explanation": "\n\n<p style='font-size: 10px; color: #808080; font-style: italic;'>@dams_new_robot</p>", "bot": "@dams_new_robot", "audio": "", "video": ""}, {"text": "What does iron deficiency anemia (IDA) stand for?", "options": [{"label": "A", "text": "Low serum ferritin", "correct": false}, {"label": "B", "text": "Low transferrin saturation", "correct": false}, {"label": "C", "text": "Increased TIBC", "correct": false}, {"label": "D", "text": "All of the above", "correct": true}], "correct_answer": "D. All of the above", "question_images": [], "explanation_images": [], "explanation": "<table cellspacing=\"0\" style=\"border-collapse:collapse; width:512px\">\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Hemoglobin Indices</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Low Mean Corpuscular <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"ad2073fe6716927771885f3c1ec652\">Hemoglobin</span> (MCH), Low <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"26a767cc56169277719293a7e14090\">Mean Corpuscular Volume</span> (MCV)</p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Peripheral Blood Smear</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Microcytosis, Hypochromia, Anisocytosis</p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Serum Ferritin</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Decreased</strong></p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Serum Iron</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Decreased</p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Transferrin Saturation</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Decreased</strong></p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Total Iron-Binding Capacity</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Increased</strong></p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Stool for <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"c8d9b6cbbb1692777194c4bc31f01f\">Occult</span> Blood</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>May be positive</p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Mentzer Index</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>&gt;15</p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Hemoglobin Electrophoresis</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Normal</p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Bone <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"c8a8c935a41692777191610f6aacb4\">Marrow</span> Aspiration/Biopsy</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Iron stores absent on staining</p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n</tbody>\n\n\n<p style='font-size: 10px; color: #808080; font-style: italic;'>@dams_new_robot</p>", "bot": "@dams_new_robot", "audio": "", "video": ""}, {"text": "Which of the following is the rate-limiting enzyme of heme synthesis pathway?", "options": [{"label": "A", "text": "HMB synthase", "correct": false}, {"label": "B", "text": "δ Amino-Levulinic Acid dehydratase", "correct": false}, {"label": "C", "text": "δ Amino-Levulinic Acid synthase", "correct": true}, {"label": "D", "text": "Ferrochelatase", "correct": false}], "correct_answer": "C. δ Amino-Levulinic Acid synthase", "question_images": [], "explanation_images": ["https://image.prepladder.com/notes/A1MYkjlg699xd7DHx7a51747389565.png"], "explanation": "<table cellspacing=\"0\" style=\"border-collapse:collapse; width:612px\">\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid black; border-left:1px solid black; border-right:1px solid black; border-top:1px solid black; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Step</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid black; border-left:none; border-right:1px solid black; border-top:1px solid black; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Reaction</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid black; border-left:none; border-right:1px solid black; border-top:1px solid black; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Enzyme</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid black; border-left:none; border-right:1px solid black; border-top:1px solid black; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Location</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid black; border-left:none; border-right:1px solid black; border-top:1px solid black; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Key Points</strong></p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid black; border-left:1px solid black; border-right:1px solid black; border-top:none; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>1</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid black; border-left:none; border-right:1px solid black; border-top:none; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Succinyl CoA + <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"6df8c5de5016927771881dc6865f2e\">Glycine</span> → Delta-aminolevulinic acid (ALA)</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid black; border-left:none; border-right:1px solid black; border-top:none; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>ALA <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"d2bd91ccac169277719941254e1795\">Synthase</span> <strong>(Option C)</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid black; border-left:none; border-right:1px solid black; border-top:none; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Mitochondria</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid black; border-left:none; border-right:1px solid black; border-top:none; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Rate-limiting step</strong>; requires <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"ad5806d5ad1692777196f1158adc4e\">pyridoxal</span> <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"189b6fc834169277719580eb39bb4c\">phosphate</span> as a cofactor</p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid black; border-left:1px solid black; border-right:1px solid black; border-top:none; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>2</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid black; border-left:none; border-right:1px solid black; border-top:none; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>2 ALA → Porphobilinogen (PBG)</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid black; border-left:none; border-right:1px solid black; border-top:none; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>ALA Dehydratase <strong>(Option B)</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid black; border-left:none; border-right:1px solid black; border-top:none; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Cytoplasm</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid black; border-left:none; border-right:1px solid black; border-top:none; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>It involves removal of 2 molecules of water; the <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"0f160e4e42169277718771b715516a\">enzyme</span> contains <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"39ecb6e07416927772029550b7e74a\">zinc</span> and is inhibited by lead</p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid black; border-left:1px solid black; border-right:1px solid black; border-top:none; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>3</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid black; border-left:none; border-right:1px solid black; border-top:none; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>4 PBG → Hydroxymethylbilane (HMB)</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid black; border-left:none; border-right:1px solid black; border-top:none; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Uroporphyrinogen I Synthase/ HMB <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"d2bd91ccac169277719941254e1795\">synthase</span> <strong>(Option A)</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid black; border-left:none; border-right:1px solid black; border-top:none; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Cytoplasm</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid black; border-left:none; border-right:1px solid black; border-top:none; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>-</p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid black; border-left:1px solid black; border-right:1px solid black; border-top:none; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>4a</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid black; border-left:none; border-right:1px solid black; border-top:none; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>HMB → Uroporphyrinogen I</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid black; border-left:none; border-right:1px solid black; border-top:none; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Spontaneous cyclization</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid black; border-left:none; border-right:1px solid black; border-top:none; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Cytoplasm</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid black; border-left:none; border-right:1px solid black; border-top:none; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>-</p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid black; border-left:1px solid black; border-right:1px solid black; border-top:none; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>4b</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid black; border-left:none; border-right:1px solid black; border-top:none; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>HMB → Uroporphyrinogen III</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid black; border-left:none; border-right:1px solid black; border-top:none; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Uroporphyrinogen III Synthase</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid black; border-left:none; border-right:1px solid black; border-top:none; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Cytoplasm</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid black; border-left:none; border-right:1px solid black; border-top:none; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>-</p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid black; border-left:1px solid black; border-right:1px solid black; border-top:none; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>5</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid black; border-left:none; border-right:1px solid black; border-top:none; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Uroporphyrinogen III → Coproporphyrinogen III</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid black; border-left:none; border-right:1px solid black; border-top:none; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Uroporphyrinogen Decarboxylase</p>\n<p> </p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid black; border-left:none; border-right:1px solid black; border-top:none; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Cytoplasm</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid black; border-left:none; border-right:1px solid black; border-top:none; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Decarboxylation, removal of 4 molecules of CO2</p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid black; border-left:1px solid black; border-right:1px solid black; border-top:none; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>6</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid black; border-left:none; border-right:1px solid black; border-top:none; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Coproporphyrinogen III → Protoporphyrinogen III</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid black; border-left:none; border-right:1px solid black; border-top:none; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Coproporphyrinogen Oxidase</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid black; border-left:none; border-right:1px solid black; border-top:none; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Mitochondria</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid black; border-left:none; border-right:1px solid black; border-top:none; vertical-align:top\">\n<p> </p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid black; border-left:1px solid black; border-right:1px solid black; border-top:none; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>7</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid black; border-left:none; border-right:1px solid black; border-top:none; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Protoporphyrinogen III → Protoporphyrin III</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid black; border-left:none; border-right:1px solid black; border-top:none; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Protoporphyrinogen Oxidase</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid black; border-left:none; border-right:1px solid black; border-top:none; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Mitochondria</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid black; border-left:none; border-right:1px solid black; border-top:none; vertical-align:top\">\n<p> </p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid black; border-left:1px solid black; border-right:1px solid black; border-top:none; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>8</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid black; border-left:none; border-right:1px solid black; border-top:none; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Protoporphyrin III → Heme</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid black; border-left:none; border-right:1px solid black; border-top:none; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Ferrochelatase</p>\n<p><strong>(Option D)</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid black; border-left:none; border-right:1px solid black; border-top:none; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Mitochondria</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid black; border-left:none; border-right:1px solid black; border-top:none; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Insertion of Fe2+</p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n</tbody>\n\n\n<p style='font-size: 10px; color: #808080; font-style: italic;'>@dams_new_robot</p>", "bot": "@dams_new_robot", "audio": "", "video": ""}, {"text": "A female was diagnosed with lead poisoning. What is the probable enzyme defect responsible for her condition?", "options": [{"label": "A", "text": "ALA synthase", "correct": false}, {"label": "B", "text": "ALA dehydratase", "correct": true}, {"label": "C", "text": "Heme synthase", "correct": false}, {"label": "D", "text": "Coproporphyrinogen oxidase", "correct": false}], "correct_answer": "B. ALA dehydratase", "question_images": [], "explanation_images": [], "explanation": "<table cellspacing=\"0\" style=\"border-collapse:collapse; width:624px\">\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid black; border-left:1px solid black; border-right:1px solid black; border-top:1px solid black; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Enzyme inhibited</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid black; border-left:none; border-right:1px solid black; border-top:1px solid black; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Features</strong></p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid black; border-left:1px solid black; border-right:1px solid black; border-top:none; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>ALA dehydratase<strong> (Primarily inhibited)</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid black; border-left:none; border-right:1px solid black; border-top:none; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>ALA elevation</p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid black; border-left:1px solid black; border-right:1px solid black; border-top:none; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Coproporphyrinogen oxidase</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid black; border-left:none; border-right:1px solid black; border-top:none; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Coproporphyrin elevation</p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid black; border-left:1px solid black; border-right:1px solid black; border-top:none; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Ferrochelatase</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid black; border-left:none; border-right:1px solid black; border-top:none; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Elevated <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"39ecb6e07416927772029550b7e74a\">Zinc</span> <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"510ec2d8ea1692777196c492eae686\">protoporphyrin</span> levels<strong> (Most sensitive marker)</strong></p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n</tbody>\n\n\n<p style='font-size: 10px; color: #808080; font-style: italic;'>@dams_new_robot</p>", "bot": "@dams_new_robot", "audio": "", "video": ""}]; if (!Array.isArray(questions) || questions.length === 0) { throw new Error("Questions data is empty or invalid"); } debugLog(`Successfully parsed ${questions.length} questions`); } catch (e) { console.error("Failed to parse questions_json:", e); document.getElementById('error-message').innerHTML = "Error loading quiz data. Please check the console for details or contact support."; document.getElementById('error-message').classList.remove('hidden'); document.getElementById('start-test').disabled = true; // Fallback to sample questions for testing questions = [ { text: "What is 2 + 2?", options: [ { label: "A", text: "3", correct: false }, { label: "B", text: "4", correct: true }, { label: "C", text: "5", correct: false }, { label: "D", text: "6", correct: false } ], correct_answer: "B. 4", question_images: [], explanation_images: [], explanation: "<p>2 + 2 = 4</p><p>@dams_new_robot</p>", bot: "@dams_new_robot", audio: "", video: "" } ]; debugLog("Loaded fallback questions"); } // Quiz state let currentQuestion = 0; let answers = new Array(questions.length).fill(null); let markedForReview = new Array(questions.length).fill(false); let timeRemaining = 17 * 60; // Duration in seconds let timerInterval = null; const quizId = `{title.replace(/\s+/g, '_').toLowerCase()}`; // Unique ID for local storage // Load saved progress function loadProgress() { try { debugLog("Loading progress from localStorage"); const saved = localStorage.getItem(`quiz_${quizId}`); if (saved) { const { savedAnswers, savedMarked, savedTime } = JSON.parse(saved); answers = savedAnswers || answers; markedForReview = savedMarked || markedForReview; timeRemaining = savedTime !== undefined ? savedTime : timeRemaining; debugLog("Progress loaded successfully"); } else { debugLog("No saved progress found"); } } catch (e) { console.error("Error loading progress:", e); debugLog("Failed to load progress: " + e.message); } } // Save progress function saveProgress() { try { debugLog("Saving progress to localStorage"); localStorage.setItem(`quiz_${quizId}`, JSON.stringify({ savedAnswers: answers, savedMarked: markedForReview, savedTime: timeRemaining })); debugLog("Progress saved successfully"); } catch (e) { console.error("Error saving progress:", e); debugLog("Failed to save progress: " + e.message); } } // Initialize quiz function initQuiz() { try { debugLog("Initializing quiz"); loadProgress(); const startButton = document.getElementById('start-test'); if (!startButton) { throw new Error("Start test button not found"); } startButton.addEventListener('click', startQuiz); debugLog("Start test button listener attached"); document.getElementById('previous-btn').addEventListener('click', showPreviousQuestion); document.getElementById('next-btn').addEventListener('click', showNextQuestion); document.getElementById('mark-review').addEventListener('click', toggleMarkForReview); document.getElementById('nav-toggle').addEventListener('click', toggleNavPanel); document.getElementById('submit-test').addEventListener('click', showSubmitModal); document.getElementById('continue-test').addEventListener('click', closeExitModal); document.getElementById('exit-test').addEventListener('click', () => { debugLog("Exiting test"); localStorage.removeItem(`quiz_${quizId}`); window.location.reload(); }); document.getElementById('cancel-submit').addEventListener('click', closeSubmitModal); document.getElementById('confirm-submit').addEventListener('click', submitTest); document.getElementById('take-again').addEventListener('click', () => { debugLog("Restarting test"); localStorage.removeItem(`quiz_${quizId}`); window.location.reload(); }); document.getElementById('review-test').addEventListener('click', () => showResults(currentResultQuestion)); document.getElementById('close-nav').addEventListener('click', toggleNavPanel); document.getElementById('theme-toggle').addEventListener('click', toggleTheme); document.getElementById('nav-filter').addEventListener('change', updateNavPanel); document.getElementById('prev-result').addEventListener('click', showPreviousResult); document.getElementById('next-result').addEventListener('click', showNextResult); document.getElementById('results-nav-toggle').addEventListener('click', toggleResultsNavPanel); document.getElementById('close-results-nav').addEventListener('click', toggleResultsNavPanel); document.getElementById('results-nav-filter').addEventListener('change', updateResultsNavPanel); debugLog("Quiz initialized successfully"); } catch (e) { console.error("Failed to initialize quiz:", e); debugLog("Failed to initialize quiz: " + e.message); document.getElementById('error-message').innerHTML = "Error initializing quiz. Please check the console for details or contact support."; document.getElementById('error-message').classList.remove('hidden'); document.getElementById('start-test').disabled = true; } } // Start quiz function startQuiz() { try { debugLog("Starting quiz"); document.getElementById('instructions').classList.add('hidden'); document.getElementById('quiz').classList.remove('hidden'); showQuestion(currentQuestion); startTimer(); updateNavPanel(); debugLog("Quiz started successfully"); } catch (e) { console.error("Error starting quiz:", e); debugLog("Failed to start quiz: " + e.message); document.getElementById('error-message').innerHTML = "Error starting quiz. Please check the console for details or contact support."; document.getElementById('error-message').classList.remove('hidden'); document.getElementById('quiz').classList.add('hidden'); document.getElementById('instructions').classList.remove('hidden'); } } // Show question function showQuestion(index) { try { debugLog(`Showing question ${index + 1}`); currentQuestion = index; const q = questions[index]; if (!q) { throw new Error(`Question ${index} is undefined`); } document.getElementById('question-number').innerHTML = `Question <span>${index + 1}</span> of ${questions.length}`; document.getElementById('question-text').innerHTML = q.text || "No question text available"; const imagesDiv = document.getElementById('question-images'); imagesDiv.innerHTML = q.question_images && q.question_images.length > 0 ? q.question_images.map(url => `<img src="${url}" alt="Question Image" class="max-w-full h-auto rounded-lg">`).join('') : ''; const optionsDiv = document.getElementById('options'); optionsDiv.innerHTML = q.options && q.options.length > 0 ? q.options.map(opt => ` <button class="option-btn w-full text-left p-3 border rounded-lg ${answers[index] === opt.label ? 'selected' : ''}" onclick="selectOption(${index}, '${opt.label}')" aria-label="Option ${opt.label}: ${opt.text}"> ${opt.label}. ${opt.text} </button> `).join('') : '<p class="text-red-500">No options available</p>'; document.getElementById('previous-btn').disabled = index === 0; document.getElementById('next-btn').disabled = index === questions.length - 1; document.getElementById('mark-review').classList.toggle('marked', markedForReview[index]); updateProgressBar(); saveProgress(); window.scrollTo({ top: 0, behavior: 'smooth' }); debugLog(`Question ${index + 1} displayed successfully`); } catch (e) { console.error("Error displaying question:", e); debugLog("Failed to display question: " + e.message); } } // Select option function selectOption(index, label) { try { debugLog(`Selecting option ${label} for question ${index + 1}`); answers[index] = label; const optionsDiv = document.getElementById('options'); const optionButtons = optionsDiv.querySelectorAll('.option-btn'); optionButtons.forEach(btn => { const btnLabel = btn.textContent.trim().split('.')[0]; btn.classList.toggle('selected', btnLabel === label); }); updateNavPanel(); saveProgress(); debugLog(`Option ${label} selected for question ${index + 1}`); } catch (e) { console.error("Error selecting option:", e); debugLog("Failed to select option: " + e.message); } } // Toggle mark for review function toggleMarkForReview() { try { debugLog(`Toggling mark for review on question ${currentQuestion + 1}`); markedForReview[currentQuestion] = !markedForReview[currentQuestion]; document.getElementById('mark-review').classList.toggle('marked', markedForReview[currentQuestion]); updateNavPanel(); saveProgress(); debugLog(`Mark for review toggled for question ${currentQuestion + 1}`); } catch (e) { console.error("Error marking for review:", e); debugLog("Failed to mark for review: " + e.message); } } // Navigate to previous question function showPreviousQuestion() { try { debugLog(`Navigating to previous question from ${currentQuestion + 1}`); if (currentQuestion > 0) { currentQuestion--; showQuestion(currentQuestion); } } catch (e) { console.error("Error navigating to previous question:", e); debugLog("Failed to navigate to previous question: " + e.message); } } // Navigate to next question function showNextQuestion() { try { debugLog(`Navigating to next question from ${currentQuestion + 1}`); if (currentQuestion < questions.length - 1) { currentQuestion++; showQuestion(currentQuestion); } } catch (e) { console.error("Error navigating to next question:", e); debugLog("Failed to navigate to next question: " + e.message); } } // Handle question navigation click function handleQuestionNavClick(index) { try { debugLog(`Navigating to question ${index + 1} via nav panel`); showQuestion(index); toggleNavPanel(); } catch (e) { console.error("Error handling navigation click:", e); debugLog("Failed to navigate via nav panel: " + e.message); } } // Start timer function startTimer() { try { debugLog("Starting timer"); timerInterval = setInterval(() => { if (timeRemaining <= 0) { debugLog("Timer expired, submitting test"); clearInterval(timerInterval); submitTest(); } else { timeRemaining--; const minutes = Math.floor(timeRemaining / 60); const seconds = timeRemaining % 60; document.getElementById('timer').innerHTML = `Time Remaining: <span>${minutes.toString().padStart(2, '0')}:${seconds.toString().padStart(2, '0')}</span>`; saveProgress(); } }, 1000); debugLog("Timer started successfully"); } catch (e) { console.error("Error starting timer:", e); debugLog("Failed to start timer: " + e.message); } } // Update progress bar function updateProgressBar() { try { debugLog("Updating progress bar"); const progress = ((currentQuestion + 1) / questions.length) * 100; document.getElementById('progress-bar').style.width = `${progress}%`; debugLog("Progress bar updated"); } catch (e) { console.error("Error updating progress bar:", e); debugLog("Failed to update progress bar: " + e.message); } } // Update quiz navigation panel function updateNavPanel() { try { debugLog("Updating quiz navigation panel"); const filter = document.getElementById('nav-filter').value; const navGrid = document.getElementById('nav-grid'); navGrid.innerHTML = questions.map((_, i) => { if (filter === 'answered' && !answers[i]) return ''; if (filter === 'unanswered' && answers[i]) return ''; if (filter === 'marked' && !markedForReview[i]) return ''; return ` <button class="question-nav-btn ${answers[i] ? 'answered' : 'unanswered'} ${markedForReview[i] ? 'marked-nav' : ''}" onclick="handleQuestionNavClick(${i})" aria-label="Go to Question ${i + 1}"> ${i + 1} </button> `; }).join(''); debugLog("Quiz navigation panel updated"); } catch (e) { console.error("Error updating quiz navigation panel:", e); debugLog("Failed to update quiz navigation panel: " + e.message); } } // Update results navigation panel function updateResultsNavPanel() { try { debugLog("Updating results navigation panel"); const filter = document.getElementById('results-nav-filter').value; const navGrid = document.getElementById('results-nav-grid'); navGrid.innerHTML = questions.map((_, i) => { if (filter === 'answered' && !answers[i]) return ''; if (filter === 'unanswered' && answers[i]) return ''; if (filter === 'marked' && !markedForReview[i]) return ''; return ` <button class="result-nav-btn-grid ${answers[i] ? 'answered' : 'unanswered'} ${markedForReview[i] ? 'marked-nav' : ''}" onclick="handleResultNavClick(${i})" aria-label="Go to Result for Question ${i + 1}"> ${i + 1} </button> `; }).join(''); debugLog("Results navigation panel updated"); } catch (e) { console.error("Error updating results navigation panel:", e); debugLog("Failed to update results navigation panel: " + e.message); } } // Toggle quiz navigation panel function toggleNavPanel() { try { debugLog("Toggling quiz navigation panel"); const navPanel = document.getElementById('nav-panel'); navPanel.classList.toggle('hidden'); debugLog("Quiz navigation panel toggled"); } catch (e) { console.error("Error toggling quiz navigation panel:", e); debugLog("Failed to toggle quiz navigation panel: " + e.message); } } // Toggle results navigation panel function toggleResultsNavPanel() { try { debugLog("Toggling results navigation panel"); const resultsNavPanel = document.getElementById('results-nav-panel'); resultsNavPanel.classList.toggle('hidden'); if (!resultsNavPanel.classList.contains('hidden')) { updateResultsNavPanel(); } debugLog("Results navigation panel toggled"); } catch (e) { console.error("Error toggling results navigation panel:", e); debugLog("Failed to toggle results navigation panel: " + e.message); } } // Handle result navigation click function handleResultNavClick(index) { try { debugLog(`Navigating to result for question ${index + 1} via nav panel`); showResults(index); toggleResultsNavPanel(); } catch (e) { console.error("Error handling result navigation click:", e); debugLog("Failed to navigate to result: " + e.message); } } // Show submit modal function showSubmitModal() { try { debugLog("Showing submit modal"); const attempted = answers.filter(a => a !== null).length; document.getElementById('attempted-count').textContent = attempted; document.getElementById('unattempted-count').textContent = questions.length - attempted; document.getElementById('submit-modal').classList.remove('hidden'); debugLog("Submit modal displayed"); } catch (e) { console.error("Error showing submit modal:", e); debugLog("Failed to show submit modal: " + e.message); } } // Close submit modal function closeSubmitModal() { try { debugLog("Closing submit modal"); document.getElementById('submit-modal').classList.add('hidden'); debugLog("Submit modal closed"); } catch (e) { console.error("Error closing submit modal:", e); debugLog("Failed to close submit modal: " + e.message); } } // Close exit modal function closeExitModal() { try { debugLog("Closing exit modal"); document.getElementById('exit-modal').classList.add('hidden'); debugLog("Exit modal closed"); } catch (e) { console.error("Error closing exit modal:", e); debugLog("Failed to close exit modal: " + e.message); } } // Submit test function submitTest() { try { debugLog("Submitting test"); clearInterval(timerInterval); document.getElementById('quiz').classList.add('hidden'); document.getElementById('submit-modal').classList.add('hidden'); document.getElementById('results').classList.remove('hidden'); showResults(0); // Start with first question // Trigger confetti animation confetti({ particleCount: 100, spread: 70, origin: { y: 0.6 } }); localStorage.removeItem(`quiz_${quizId}`); debugLog("Test submitted successfully"); } catch (e) { console.error("Error submitting test:", e); debugLog("Failed to submit test: " + e.message); } } // Show result for a single question function showResults(index) { try { debugLog(`Showing result for question ${index + 1}`); currentResultQuestion = index; let correct = 0, wrong = 0, unanswered = 0, marked = 0; answers.forEach((answer, i) => { const isCorrect = answer && questions[i].options.find(opt => opt.label === answer)?.correct; if (answer === null) unanswered++; else if (isCorrect) correct++; else wrong++; if (markedForReview[i]) marked++; }); const q = questions[index]; if (!q) { throw new Error(`Question ${index} is undefined`); } const userAnswer = answers[index]; const isCorrect = userAnswer && q.options.find(opt => opt.label === userAnswer)?.correct; const resultsContent = document.getElementById('results-content'); resultsContent.innerHTML = ` <div class="border p-4 rounded-lg ${isCorrect ? 'bg-green-50' : userAnswer ? 'bg-red-50' : 'bg-gray-50'}"> <p class="font-semibold">Question ${index + 1}: ${q.text || 'No question text'}</p> ${q.question_images && q.question_images.length > 0 ? q.question_images.map(url => `<img src="${url}" alt="Question Image" class="max-w-full h-auto rounded-lg my-2">`).join('') : ''} <p><strong>Your Answer:</strong> ${userAnswer ? `${userAnswer}. ${q.options.find(opt => opt.label === userAnswer)?.text || 'Invalid option'}` : 'Unanswered'}</p> <p><strong>Correct Answer:</strong> ${q.correct_answer || 'Unknown'}</p> <div class="mt-2">${q.explanation || 'No explanation available'}</div> ${q.explanation_images && q.explanation_images.length > 0 ? q.explanation_images.map(url => `<img src="${url}" alt="Explanation Image" class="max-w-full h-auto rounded-lg my-2">`).join('') : ''} ${q.video ? ` <button class="play-video bg-blue-500 text-white px-4 py-2 rounded-lg mt-2" onclick="loadVideo(this, '${q.video}', 'video-${index}')" aria-label="Play explanation video for Question ${index + 1}"> Play Video Explanation </button> <div id="video-${index}" class="video-container mt-2"></div> ` : '<p class="text-gray-500 mt-2">No video available</p>'} ${q.audio ? ` <button class="play-audio bg-blue-500 text-white px-4 py-2 rounded-lg mt-2" onclick="loadAudio(this, '${q.audio}', 'audio-${index}')" aria-label="Play audio explanation for Question ${index + 1}"> Play Audio Explanation </button> <div id="audio-${index}" class="audio-container mt-2"></div> ` : ''} </div> `; document.getElementById('correct-count').textContent = correct; document.getElementById('wrong-count').textContent = wrong; document.getElementById('unanswered-count').textContent = unanswered; document.getElementById('marked-count').textContent = marked; document.getElementById('result-question-number').innerHTML = `Question <span>${index + 1}</span> of ${questions.length}`; document.getElementById('prev-result').disabled = index === 0; document.getElementById('next-result').disabled = index === questions.length - 1; updateResultsNavPanel(); window.scrollTo({ top: 0, behavior: 'smooth' }); debugLog(`Result for question ${index + 1} displayed successfully`); } catch (e) { console.error("Error displaying result:", e); debugLog("Failed to display result: " + e.message); } } // Navigate to previous result function showPreviousResult() { try { debugLog(`Navigating to previous result from question ${currentResultQuestion + 1}`); if (currentResultQuestion > 0) { showResults(currentResultQuestion - 1); } } catch (e) { console.error("Error navigating to previous result:", e); debugLog("Failed to navigate to previous result: " + e.message); } } // Navigate to next result function showNextResult() { try { debugLog(`Navigating to next result from question ${currentResultQuestion + 1}`); if (currentResultQuestion < questions.length - 1) { showResults(currentResultQuestion + 1); } } catch (e) { console.error("Error navigating to next result:", e); debugLog("Failed to navigate to next result: " + e.message); } } // Lazy-load video function loadVideo(button, videoUrl, containerId) { try { debugLog(`Loading video for ${containerId}: ${videoUrl}`); if (!videoUrl) { const container = document.getElementById(containerId); container.innerHTML = `<p class="text-gray-500">No video available</p>`; button.remove(); debugLog("No video URL provided"); return; } const container = document.getElementById(containerId); container.innerHTML = ` <div class="video-loading"></div> <video controls class="w-full max-w-[600px] rounded-lg" preload="metadata" aria-label="Video explanation"> <source src="${videoUrl}" type="${videoUrl.endsWith('.m3u8') ? 'application/x-mpegURL' : 'video/mp4'}"> Your browser does not support the video tag. </video> `; container.classList.add('active'); button.remove(); // Initialize HLS.js for .m3u8 videos const video = container.querySelector('video'); if (videoUrl.endsWith('.m3u8') && Hls.isSupported()) { const hls = new Hls(); hls.loadSource(videoUrl); hls.attachMedia(video); hls.on(Hls.Events.ERROR, (event, data) => { console.error("HLS.js error:", data); container.innerHTML = `<p class="text-red-500">Error loading video. <a href="${videoUrl}" target="_blank" aria-label="Open video in new tab">Open video</a></p>`; debugLog("HLS.js error: " + JSON.stringify(data)); }); } else if (videoUrl.endsWith('.m3u8') && video.canPlayType('application/vnd.apple.mpegurl')) { video.src = videoUrl; } // Handle video load errors video.onerror = () => { console.error("Video load error for URL:", videoUrl); container.innerHTML = `<p class="text-red-500">Error loading video. <a href="${videoUrl}" target="_blank" aria-label="Open video in new tab">Open video</a></p>`; debugLog("Video load error for URL: " + videoUrl); }; // Remove loading spinner when video is ready video.onloadedmetadata = () => { container.querySelector('.video-loading').remove(); debugLog("Video loaded successfully"); }; } catch (e) { console.error("Error loading video:", e); debugLog("Failed to load video: " + e.message); const container = document.getElementById(containerId); container.innerHTML = `<p class="text-red-500">Error loading video. <a href="${videoUrl}" target="_blank" aria-label="Open video in new tab">Open video</a></p>`; } } // Lazy-load audio function loadAudio(button, audioUrl, containerId) { try { debugLog(`Loading audio for ${containerId}: ${audioUrl}`); if (!audioUrl) { const container = document.getElementById(containerId); container.innerHTML = `<p class="text-gray-500">No audio available</p>`; button.remove(); debugLog("No audio URL provided"); return; } const container = document.getElementById(containerId); container.innerHTML = ` <audio controls class="w-full max-w-[600px]" preload="metadata" aria-label="Audio explanation"> <source src="${audioUrl}" type="audio/mpeg"> Your browser does not support the audio tag. </audio> `; container.classList.add('active'); button.remove(); // Handle audio load errors const audio = container.querySelector('audio'); audio.onerror = () => { console.error("Audio load error for URL:", audioUrl); container.innerHTML = `<p class="text-red-500">Error loading audio. <a href="${audioUrl}" target="_blank" aria-label="Open audio in new tab">Open audio</a></p>`; debugLog("Audio load error for URL: " + audioUrl); }; debugLog("Audio loaded successfully"); } catch (e) { console.error("Error loading audio:", e); debugLog("Failed to load audio: " + e.message); const container = document.getElementById(containerId); container.innerHTML = `<p class="text-red-500">Error loading audio. <a href="${audioUrl}" target="_blank" aria-label="Open audio in new tab">Open audio</a></p>`; } } // Toggle dark mode function toggleTheme() { try { debugLog("Toggling theme"); document.documentElement.classList.toggle('dark'); localStorage.setItem('theme', document.documentElement.classList.contains('dark') ? 'dark' : 'light'); debugLog("Theme toggled successfully"); } catch (e) { console.error("Error toggling theme:", e); debugLog("Failed to toggle theme: " + e.message); } } // Load theme preference function loadTheme() { try { debugLog("Loading theme preference"); const theme = localStorage.getItem('theme'); if (theme === 'dark') { document.documentElement.classList.add('dark'); } debugLog("Theme loaded successfully"); } catch (e) { console.error("Error loading theme:", e); debugLog("Failed to load theme: " + e.message); } } // Initialize on DOM content loaded window.addEventListener('DOMContentLoaded', () => { try { debugLog("DOM content loaded, initializing quiz"); loadTheme(); initQuiz(); } catch (e) { console.error("Error during DOMContentLoaded:", e); debugLog("Failed to initialize on DOMContentLoaded: " + e.message); document.getElementById('error-message').innerHTML = "Error initializing quiz. Please check the console for details or contact support."; document.getElementById('error-message').classList.remove('hidden'); } }); </script> </body> </html>" frameborder="0" width="100%" height="2000px">
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Results</h2> <div class="grid grid-cols-1 md:grid-cols-2 gap-4 mb-6"> <p><strong>Correct:</strong> <span id="correct-count" class="text-[#000000]">0</span></p> <p><strong>Wrong:</strong> <span id="wrong-count" class="text-[#000000]">0</span></p> <p><strong>Unanswered:</strong> <span id="unanswered-count" class="text-[#000000]-500">0</span></p> <p><strong>Marked for Review:</strong> <span id="marked-count" class="text-[#000000]">0</span></p> </div> <h3 class="text-lg font-semibold mb-4" id="result-question-number">Question <span>1</span> of 4</h3> <div class="space-y-6" id="results-content"></div> <div class="result-nav"> <button aria-label="Previous question result" class="result-nav-btn bg-[#2c5281] text-white px-6 py-2 rounded-lg hover:bg-[#2c5281] transition" disabled="" id="prev-result">Previous</button> <button aria-label="Toggle results navigation panel" class="result-nav-btn bg-[#2c5281] text-white px-6 py-2 rounded-lg hover:bg-[#2c5281] transition" id="results-nav-toggle">Result 🧭</button> <button aria-label="Next question result" class="result-nav-btn bg-[#2c5281] text-white px-6 py-2 rounded-lg hover:bg-[#2c5281] transition" id="next-result">Next</button> </div> <div class="mt-6 flex space-x-4 button-group md:flex-row flex-col"> <button class="bg-green-500 text-white px-6 py-2 rounded-lg hover:bg-green-600 transition" id="take-again">Take Again</button> </div> </div> </section> <!-- Exit Confirmation Modal --> <div class="fixed inset-0 bg-black bg-opacity-50 flex items-center justify-center hidden" id="exit-modal"> <div class="bg-white rounded-lg p-6 max-w-sm w-full"> <h2 class="text-xl font-semibold mb-4">Leave Test?</h2> <p class="text-gray-700 mb-4">Your progress will be lost if you leave this page. Are you sure you want to exit?</p> <div class="flex justify-end space-x-4"> <button class="bg-gray-300 text-gray-700 px-4 py-2 rounded-lg hover:bg-gray-400 transition" id="continue-test">No, Continue</button> <button class="bg-red-500 text-white px-4 py-2 rounded-lg hover:bg-red-600 transition" id="exit-test">Yes, Exit</button> </div> </div> </div> <!-- Submit Confirmation Modal --> <div class="fixed inset-0 bg-black bg-opacity-50 flex items-center justify-center hidden" id="submit-modal"> <div class="bg-white rounded-lg p-6 max-w-sm w-full"> <h2 class="text-xl font-semibold mb-4">Confirm Submission</h2> <p class="text-gray-700 mb-2">You have attempted <span id="attempted-count">0</span> of 10 questions.</p> <p class="text-gray-700 mb-4"><span id="unattempted-count">0</span> questions are unattempted.</p> <div class="flex justify-end space-x-4"> <button class="bg-gray-300 text-gray-700 px-4 py-2 rounded-lg hover:bg-gray-400 transition" id="cancel-submit">Cancel</button> <button class="bg-green-500 text-white px-4 py-2 rounded-lg hover:bg-green-600 transition" id="confirm-submit">Submit Test</button> </div> </div> </div> <!-- Quiz Navigation Panel --> <div class="fixed inset-y-0 right-0 nav-panel bg-white shadow-lg p-4 hidden overflow-y-auto" id="nav-panel"> <h2 class="text-lg font-semibold mb-4">Questions Navigation</h2> <div class="mb-4"> <select class="w-full p-2 border rounded-lg text-gray-700" id="nav-filter"> <option value="all">All Questions</option> <option value="answered">Answered</option> <option value="unanswered">Unanswered</option> <option value="marked">Marked for Review</option> </select> </div> <div class="grid grid-cols-5 gap-2 md:gap-3" id="nav-grid"></div> <button class="mt-4 bg-gray-500 text-white px-4 py-2 rounded-lg hover:bg-gray-600 transition w-full" id="close-nav">Close</button> </div> <!-- Results Navigation Panel --> <div class="fixed inset-y-0 right-0 results-nav-panel bg-white shadow-lg p-4 hidden overflow-y-auto" id="results-nav-panel"> <h2 class="text-lg font-semibold mb-4">Results Navigation</h2> <div class="mb-4"> <select class="w-full p-2 border rounded-lg text-gray-700" id="results-nav-filter"> <option value="all">All Questions</option> <option value="answered">Answered</option> <option value="unanswered">Unanswered</option> <option value="marked">Marked for Review</option> </select> </div> <div class="grid grid-cols-5 gap-2 md:gap-3" id="results-nav-grid"></div> <button class="mt-4 bg-gray-500 text-white px-4 py-2 rounded-lg hover:bg-gray-600 transition w-full" id="close-results-nav">Close</button> </div> <!-- JavaScript Logic --> <script> // Enable debug mode for detailed logging const DEBUG_MODE = true; // Log debug messages function debugLog(message) { if (DEBUG_MODE) { console.log(`[DEBUG] ${message}`); } } // Initialize questions with error handling let questions = []; let currentResultQuestion = 0; // State for current question in results try { debugLog("Attempting to parse questions_json"); questions = [{"text": "Which of the following statements about the protoporphyrin ring and its associated metals is incorrect?", "options": [{"label": "A", "text": "Heme is a derivative of porphyrin, a cyclic compound formed by the fusion of 4 pyrrole rings with a metallic group in the center", "correct": false}, {"label": "B", "text": "Heme-containing proteins such as myoglobin have Fe3+ as the metallic group.", "correct": true}, {"label": "C", "text": "Heme-containing enzymes are catalase, peroxidase, and nitric oxide synthase.", "correct": false}, {"label": "D", "text": "The metallic group in Chlorophyll is magnesium, while in cytochrome a/a3 is copper.", "correct": false}], "correct_answer": "B. Heme-containing proteins such as myoglobin have Fe3+ as the metallic group.", "question_images": [], "explanation_images": [], "explanation": "<table cellspacing=\"0\" style=\"border-collapse:collapse; width:624px\">\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Porphyrin derived proteins</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Metallic group in the center</strong></p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Heme</strong></p>\n<ul>\n<li><strong>Heme-containing proteins - </strong>Hemoglobin, Myoglobin, some cytochromes</li>\n</ul>\n<ul>\n<li><strong>Heme-containing enzymes-</strong> catalase, peroxidase, <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"5536b77611169277719356d32e638a\">nitric</span> <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"e08c004e8f1692777194c9d37e17ad\">oxide</span> <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"d2bd91ccac169277719941254e1795\">synthase</span> <strong>(Option C)</strong></li>\n</ul>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Iron (Fe2+)</p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Hematin (Oxidized <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"a1b06f401f1692777203a53393ba98\">form</span> of Heme)</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Iron (Fe3+)</p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Cytochrome a/a3 <strong>(Option D)</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Copper</p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Chlorophyll</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Magnesium</p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n</tbody>\n\n\n<p style='font-size: 10px; color: #808080; font-style: italic;'>@dams_new_robot</p>", "bot": "@dams_new_robot", "audio": "https://image.prepladder.com/content/HcMLSlib3cHypzABiSjK1744078948.mp3", "video": ""}, {"text": "A 7-year-old boy is brought to the clinic by his parents due to severe photosensitivity and recurrent skin lesions that worsen upon sun exposure. The parents are paint factory workers living in an industrial complex. The child’s urine is noted to be dark red in color. Laboratory tests confirm elevated levels of porphyrins in the blood. Which of the following statements about the diagnosis is incorrect?", "options": [{"label": "A", "text": "The condition can occur due to exposure to lead, leading to decreased activity of ALA synthase.", "correct": true}, {"label": "B", "text": "The red fluorescence of the teeth under UV light is referred to as erythrodontia, due to emission of 600 nm wavelength by porphyrin.", "correct": false}, {"label": "C", "text": "Porphyrin has a specific absorption band called Soret band corresponding to 400 nm.", "correct": false}, {"label": "D", "text": "Photosensitivity due to the accumulation of porphyrins in the skin which release superoxide radicals causing photooxidative damage.", "correct": false}], "correct_answer": "A. The condition can occur due to exposure to lead, leading to decreased activity of ALA synthase.", "question_images": [], "explanation_images": ["https://image.prepladder.com/content/WIDc2ZPmIShVgvMoCatD1736327227.png"], "explanation": "\n\n<p style='font-size: 10px; color: #808080; font-style: italic;'>@dams_new_robot</p>", "bot": "@dams_new_robot", "audio": "https://image.prepladder.com/content/PRIyb3OtUgB7PDGprC6U1744079926.mp3", "video": ""}, {"text": "Which of the following structures correctly represents the type of porphyrin? A= acetyl, P=propionyl, M=methyl, V=vinyl", "options": [{"label": "A", "text": "A- Uroporphyrinogen I, B- Uroporphyrinogen III, E- Protoporphyrinogen I", "correct": false}, {"label": "B", "text": "D- Coproporphyrinogen III, C- Coproporphyrinogen I, E- Protoporphyrinogen I", "correct": false}, {"label": "C", "text": "A- Uroporphyrinogen III, B- Uroporphyrinogen I, E- Protoporphyrinogen III", "correct": false}, {"label": "D", "text": "D- Coproporphyrinogen I, C- Coproporphyrinogen III, E- Protoporphyrinogen III", "correct": true}], "correct_answer": "D. D- Coproporphyrinogen I, C- Coproporphyrinogen III, E- Protoporphyrinogen III", "question_images": ["https://image.prepladder.com/content/Gidx9lk049SmMkw4ip1A1736320788.png"], "explanation_images": ["https://image.prepladder.com/content/gBujmBizrfyohAwQpmSF1736320947.png", "https://image.prepladder.com/content/mH5z45VYShpapKbS5yau1736320997.png", "https://image.prepladder.com/content/IqSN8qaggoGzpawn6QXj1736321045.png"], "explanation": "<table cellspacing=\"0\" style=\"border-collapse:collapse; width:592px\">\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Uroporphyrinogen</strong></p>\n<p><img alt=\"\" data-author=\"NA\" data-hash=\"\" data-license=\"NA\" data-source=\"NA\" data-tags=\"\" height=\"2225\" src=\"https://image.prepladder.com/content/gBujmBizrfyohAwQpmSF1736320947.png\" width=\"4085\"/></p>\n<p> </p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<ul>\n<li>Alternating <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"6ade0969281692777180216b0c3d76\">acetyl</span> (A) and <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"74ec0594e016927771963c29e1acf4\">propionyl</span> (P) groups at all 8 positions.</li>\n<li>Uroporphyrinogen I is when there is <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"73e8d27894169277719960f922b4b5\">symmetry</span> in all the rings.</li>\n<li>Uroporphyrinogen III is when there is an <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"0bead1317716927771827dc3e80706\">asymmetry</span> in the last ring.</li>\n</ul>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Coproporphyrinogen</strong></p>\n<p><img alt=\"\" data-author=\"NA\" data-hash=\"\" data-license=\"NA\" data-source=\"NA\" data-tags=\"\" height=\"2389\" src=\"https://image.prepladder.com/content/mH5z45VYShpapKbS5yau1736320997.png\" width=\"4029\"/></p>\n<p> </p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<ul>\n<li>Instead of acetyl, <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"bc09155adc169277719248f9543785\">methyl</span> (M) groups are present.</li>\n<li>The conversion from the <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"6ade0969281692777180216b0c3d76\">acetyl</span> to the <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"bc09155adc169277719248f9543785\">methyl</span> group is done by decarboxylation.</li>\n<li><strong>Uroporphyrinogen decarboxylase</strong> converts <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"12cecf9216169277720190cc4f6e97\">uroporphyrinogen</span> to coproporphyrinogen.</li>\n</ul>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Protoporphyrinogen</strong></p>\n<p><img alt=\"\" data-author=\"NA\" data-hash=\"\" data-license=\"NA\" data-source=\"NA\" data-tags=\"\" height=\"4053\" src=\"https://image.prepladder.com/content/IqSN8qaggoGzpawn6QXj1736321045.png\" width=\"3179\"/></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<ul>\n<li>In this case, a <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"bc09155adc169277719248f9543785\">methyl</span> (M)-vinyl (V) group is present only in rings 1 and 2.</li>\n<li><strong>Coproporphyrinogen oxidase</strong> converts <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"11b250c1ba169277718522e7cde9a8\">coproporphyrinogen</span> to protoporphyrinogen.</li>\n<li>Protoporphyrinogen can be converted into <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"510ec2d8ea1692777196c492eae686\">protoporphyrin</span> by <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"224ea8a9e41692777194e81be113d8\">oxidation</span> (removal of hydrogen) by <strong>protoporphyrinogen oxidase.</strong></li>\n</ul>\n</td>\n</tr>\n</tbody>\n\n\n<p style='font-size: 10px; color: #808080; font-style: italic;'>@dams_new_robot</p>", "bot": "@dams_new_robot", "audio": "https://image.prepladder.com/content/6UcZi1D79gdB4xktWcUs1744160613.mp3", "video": ""}, {"text": "According to the given image of heme synthesis, which of the following statements is incorrect?", "options": [{"label": "A", "text": "Steps c and d occur in Mitochondria, while steps a and b occur in the cytosol.", "correct": true}, {"label": "B", "text": "The enzyme involved in step a) is Uroporphyrinogen decarboxylase", "correct": false}, {"label": "C", "text": "4 molecules of CO2 are liberated at step a)", "correct": false}, {"label": "D", "text": "Ferrochelatase is the enzyme involved in step d)", "correct": false}], "correct_answer": "A. Steps c and d occur in Mitochondria, while steps a and b occur in the cytosol.", "question_images": ["https://image.prepladder.com/content/yLCobCpvOao5xe90v6591736321415.png"], "explanation_images": ["https://image.prepladder.com/content/sqAY7dv1bfFq8MRXAMRL1736321471.png"], "explanation": "<table cellspacing=\"0\" style=\"border-collapse:collapse; width:612px\">\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Step</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Reaction</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Enzyme</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Location</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Key Points</strong></p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>1</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Succinyl <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"fdf03479ad16927771847526907130\">CoA</span> + <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"6df8c5de5016927771881dc6865f2e\">Glycine</span> → Delta-aminolevulinic acid (ALA)</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>ALA Synthase</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Mitochondria</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Rate-limiting step</strong>; requires <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"ad5806d5ad1692777196f1158adc4e\">pyridoxal</span> <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"189b6fc834169277719580eb39bb4c\">phosphate</span> as a cofactor</p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>2</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>2 <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"eaa99cd1ab16927771803509d276b7\">ALA</span> → <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"5ef55dd557169277719658d60a1191\">Porphobilinogen</span> (PBG)</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>ALA Dehydratase</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Cytoplasm</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>It involves removal of 2 molecules of water; the <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"0f160e4e42169277718771b715516a\">enzyme</span> contains <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"39ecb6e07416927772029550b7e74a\">zinc</span> and is inhibited by lead</p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>3</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>4 <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"0ee52642941692777194e4ed0b7255\">PBG</span> → Hydroxymethylbilane (HMB)</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Uroporphyrinogen I Synthase</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Cytoplasm</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>-</p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>4a</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>HMB → <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"12cecf9216169277720190cc4f6e97\">Uroporphyrinogen</span> I</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Spontaneous cyclization</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Cytoplasm</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>-</p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>4b</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>HMB → <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"12cecf9216169277720190cc4f6e97\">Uroporphyrinogen</span> III</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Uroporphyrinogen III Synthase</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Cytoplasm</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>-</p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>5</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Uroporphyrinogen III → <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"11b250c1ba169277718522e7cde9a8\">Coproporphyrinogen</span> III</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Uroporphyrinogen Decarboxylase</p>\n<p><strong>(Option B)</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Cytoplasm</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Decarboxylation, removal of 4 molecules of CO2 <strong>(Option C)</strong></p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>6</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Coproporphyrinogen III → <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"b6cbe38b7316927771961c7c1f5a00\">Protoporphyrinogen</span> III</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Coproporphyrinogen Oxidase</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Mitochondria</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\"> </td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>7</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Protoporphyrinogen III → <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"510ec2d8ea1692777196c492eae686\">Protoporphyrin</span> III</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Protoporphyrinogen Oxidase</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Mitochondria</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\"> </td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>8</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Protoporphyrin III → Heme</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Ferrochelatase</p>\n<p><strong>(Option D)</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Mitochondria</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Insertion of Fe2+</p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n</tbody>\n\n\n<p style='font-size: 10px; color: #808080; font-style: italic;'>@dams_new_robot</p>", "bot": "@dams_new_robot", "audio": "https://image.prepladder.com/content/p05PcgbHSFketY83JqDJ1744161320.mp3", "video": ""}, {"text": "Which of the following statements about heme synthesis is incorrect?", "options": [{"label": "A", "text": "ALA synthase requires pyridoxal phosphate as a cofactor.", "correct": false}, {"label": "B", "text": "ALA dehydratase contains zinc as a cofactor and is inhibited by lead.", "correct": false}, {"label": "C", "text": "Pyridoxal phosphate deficiency can lead to anemia due to impaired ALA synthase activity.", "correct": false}, {"label": "D", "text": "ALA dehydratase is the rate-limiting step of the heme synthesis pathway.", "correct": true}], "correct_answer": "D. ALA dehydratase is the rate-limiting step of the heme synthesis pathway.", "question_images": [], "explanation_images": ["https://image.prepladder.com/content/5bqoIjJCfmG2AkPdEQSE1736321557.png"], "explanation": "\n\n\n<p style='font-size: 10px; color: #808080; font-style: italic;'>@dams_new_robot</p>", "bot": "@dams_new_robot", "audio": "https://image.prepladder.com/content/34ca6OgZkFoocPuMhLCi1744161434.mp3", "video": ""}, {"text": "A 35-year-old male presents with microcytic anemia and elevated delta-aminolevulinic acid (ALA). Which statement correctly describes the regulation of ALA synthase I (ALAS I) and ALA synthase II (ALAS II)?", "options": [{"label": "A", "text": "ALAS I is primarily expressed in erythroid tissues and regulated by iron.", "correct": false}, {"label": "B", "text": "ALAS II is ubiquitously expressed and inhibited by heme.", "correct": false}, {"label": "C", "text": "ALAS I is inhibited by heme and primarily expressed in the liver.", "correct": true}, {"label": "D", "text": "ALAS II is regulated by heme and is key in hepatic heme synthesis.", "correct": false}], "correct_answer": "C. ALAS I is inhibited by heme and primarily expressed in the liver.", "question_images": [], "explanation_images": [], "explanation": "<table cellspacing=\"0\" style=\"border-collapse:collapse; width:625px\">\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Feature</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>ALAS I (Non-Erythroid)</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>ALAS II (Erythroid)</strong></p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Expression Location</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Primarily in the liver</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Erythroid tissues</p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Regulation by Heme</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Inhibited by heme</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Not regulated by heme</p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Regulation by Iron</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Not regulated by iron</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Regulated by iron availability</p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Role in <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"d4fff554a316927771885dc8700abe\">Heme</span> Synthesis</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>The rate-limiting <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"0f160e4e42169277718771b715516a\">enzyme</span> in <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"3268e86ce01692777188f249c64d6e\">hepatic</span> <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"d4fff554a316927771885dc8700abe\">heme</span> synthesis</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Key <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"0f160e4e42169277718771b715516a\">enzyme</span> in <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"892718f3e916927771871389d2e1a3\">erythroid</span> <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"d4fff554a316927771885dc8700abe\">heme</span> synthesis</p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n</tbody>\n\n\n<p style='font-size: 10px; color: #808080; font-style: italic;'>@dams_new_robot</p>", "bot": "@dams_new_robot", "audio": "https://image.prepladder.com/content/BWTiLx2OFSEevvMSkmbH1744161612.mp3", "video": ""}, {"text": "A 25-year-old male presents with fatigue, weakness, and pallor. Blood tests reveal microcytic anemia with elevated serum iron and ferritin levels. Bone marrow biopsy shows ringed sideroblasts. Genetic testing confirms a mutation in the ALAS2 gene. What is the most likely diagnosis?", "options": [{"label": "A", "text": "Iron deficiency anemia", "correct": false}, {"label": "B", "text": "Thalassemia", "correct": false}, {"label": "C", "text": "X-linked sideroblastic anemia", "correct": true}, {"label": "D", "text": "Autosomal recessive sideroblastic anemia", "correct": false}], "correct_answer": "C. X-linked sideroblastic anemia", "question_images": [], "explanation_images": ["https://image.prepladder.com/content/rfQ04iNT0thwGgOZEvmr1736327405.png"], "explanation": "<table cellspacing=\"0\" style=\"border-collapse:collapse; width:624px\">\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Characteristic</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>X-Linked Sideroblastic <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"53bee2a41216927771814d7ec3a67f\">Anemia</span> (XLSA)</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Autosomal Recessive Sideroblastic <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"53bee2a41216927771814d7ec3a67f\">Anemia</span> (ARSA)</strong></p>\n<p><strong>(Option D)</strong></p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Genetic Cause</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Mutation in the <strong>ALAS2</strong> gene</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Mutations in various genes involved in <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"6df8c5de5016927771881dc6865f2e\">glycine</span> transport into mitochondria, including <strong>SLC25A38 </strong>and <strong>GLRX5</strong></p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Gender Predominance</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Primarily affects males</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>It affects both males and females equally</p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Clinical Presentation</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Microcytic, <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"07ccd8f461169277718970a6f1a131\">hypochromic</span> anemia; ringed sideroblasts; increased <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"1ffaec13de169277719828374cfda0\">serum</span> iron and ferritin</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Microcytic anemia; ringed sideroblasts; variable symptoms</p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Pathway Affected</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Heme <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"3fda45538a1692777199ec2a5478a5\">synthesis</span> (5-aminolevulinate <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"d2bd91ccac169277719941254e1795\">synthase</span> 2)</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Mitochondrial function, iron-sulfur cluster biogenesis</p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Common Symptoms</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Fatigue, pallor, weakness</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Fatigue, pallor, weakness; potential <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"8f2e7fd96116927771995b451b5c90\">systemic</span> symptoms</p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Diagnosis</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Genetic testing for ALAS2 mutations</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Genetic testing for specific gene mutations</p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Management Options</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Pyridoxine, iron chelation, blood transfusions</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Iron chelation, blood transfusions, supportive therapies</p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n</tbody>\n\n\n<p style='font-size: 10px; color: #808080; font-style: italic;'>@dams_new_robot</p>", "bot": "@dams_new_robot", "audio": "https://image.prepladder.com/content/phKHSbAW55MntAFqo5EB1744161760.mp3", "video": ""}, {"text": "Match the following disorders with the enzyme defects in context to relation synthesis. Enzyme defect Disorder A. Uroporphyrinogen III synthase i) Porphyria cutanea tarda B. Uroporphyrinogen decarboxylase defect ii) Congenital erythropoietic porphyria C. ALA synthase II iii) Acute intermittent porphyria D. Porphobilinogen deaminase iv) X-linked sideroblastic anemia", "options": [{"label": "A", "text": "A-ii, B-i, C-iv, D-iii", "correct": true}, {"label": "B", "text": "A-iii, B-iv, C-ii, D-i", "correct": false}, {"label": "C", "text": "A-iv, B-iii, C-i, D-ii", "correct": false}, {"label": "D", "text": "A-i, B-ii, C-iv, D-iii", "correct": false}], "correct_answer": "A. A-ii, B-i, C-iv, D-iii", "question_images": [], "explanation_images": [], "explanation": "<table cellspacing=\"0\" style=\"border-collapse:collapse; width:NaN\">\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Enzyme defect</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Disorder</strong></p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>ALA <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"d2bd91ccac169277719941254e1795\">synthase</span> II</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>X-linked sideroblastic anemia</p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>ALA dehydratase</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>ALA <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"cc1abbeef21692777185f6007f9979\">dehydratase</span> deficienct porphyria</p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Porphobilinogen <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"8da63c3e5316927771852b78bac0ba\">deaminase</span> (Hydroxymethylbilane synthase)</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Acute <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"8502a8f15e16927771909160b28bf2\">intermittent</span> porphyria</p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Uroporphyrinogen III synthase</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Congenital <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"a00c2339b31692777187f5dbbcdaf3\">erythropoietic</span> porphyria</p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Uroporphyrinogen decarboxylase</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Porphyria cutanea tarda</p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Coproporphyrinogen oxidase</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Hereditary coproporphyria</p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Protoporphyrinogen oxidase</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Porphyria variegata</p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Ferro chelatase</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Erythropoietic protoporphyria</p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n</tbody>\n\n\n<p style='font-size: 10px; color: #808080; font-style: italic;'>@dams_new_robot</p>", "bot": "@dams_new_robot", "audio": "https://image.prepladder.com/content/qHJNOriJzh7DPnv4hTnK1744079641.mp3", "video": ""}, {"text": "Match the following disorder with its clinical classification: Disorder Clinical Manifestations A.Acute intermittent porphyria i) Neuropsychiatric manifestations B.Porphyria Cutanea Tarda ii) Photosensitivity C.Hereditary coproporphyria iii) Both Neuropsychiatric manifestation and photosensitivity D.Congenital erythropoietic porphyria", "options": [{"label": "A", "text": "A-i, B-ii, C-iii, D-ii", "correct": true}, {"label": "B", "text": "A-i, B-ii, C-ii, D-iii", "correct": false}, {"label": "C", "text": "A-ii, B-i, C-iii, D-iii", "correct": false}, {"label": "D", "text": "A-ii, B-i, C-ii, D-iii", "correct": false}], "correct_answer": "A. A-i, B-ii, C-iii, D-ii", "question_images": [], "explanation_images": ["https://image.prepladder.com/content/DJoHwvxNxqFhV9tlg91X1736321982.png", "https://image.prepladder.com/content/tnruK7OQKErgwSlBzQmv1736327582.png"], "explanation": "\n\n<p style='font-size: 10px; color: #808080; font-style: italic;'>@dams_new_robot</p>", "bot": "@dams_new_robot", "audio": "https://image.prepladder.com/content/X522b5KReFzzp5VTaSs11744079485.mp3", "video": ""}, {"text": "Lead poisoning can cause acquired porphyria by inhibiting several enzymes in the heme synthesis pathway. Which of the following enzymes is not affected by lead poisoning?", "options": [{"label": "A", "text": "ALA dehydratase", "correct": false}, {"label": "B", "text": "Coproporphyrinogen oxidase", "correct": false}, {"label": "C", "text": "Ferrochelatase", "correct": false}, {"label": "D", "text": "ALA synthase", "correct": true}], "correct_answer": "D. ALA synthase", "question_images": [], "explanation_images": [], "explanation": "<table cellspacing=\"0\" style=\"border-collapse:collapse; width:624px\">\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Enzyme inhibited</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Features</strong></p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>ALA <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"cc1abbeef21692777185f6007f9979\">dehydratase</span> <strong>(Option A)</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>ALA elevation</p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Coproporphyrinogen <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"4a14dfa14e1692777194882f818d87\">oxidase</span> <strong>(Option B)</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Coproporphyrin elevation</p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Ferrochelatase <strong>(Option C)</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Elevated <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"39ecb6e07416927772029550b7e74a\">Zinc</span> <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"510ec2d8ea1692777196c492eae686\">protoporphyrin</span> levels<strong> (Most sensitive marker)</strong></p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n</tbody>\n\n\n<p style='font-size: 10px; color: #808080; font-style: italic;'>@dams_new_robot</p>", "bot": "@dams_new_robot", "audio": "https://image.prepladder.com/content/aoE2b4L2lXM6R4zpksq41744079068.mp3", "video": ""}]; if (!Array.isArray(questions) || questions.length === 0) { throw new Error("Questions data is empty or invalid"); } debugLog(`Successfully parsed ${questions.length} questions`); } catch (e) { console.error("Failed to parse questions_json:", e); document.getElementById('error-message').innerHTML = "Error loading quiz data. Please check the console for details or contact support."; document.getElementById('error-message').classList.remove('hidden'); document.getElementById('start-test').disabled = true; // Fallback to sample questions for testing questions = [ { text: "What is 2 + 2?", options: [ { label: "A", text: "3", correct: false }, { label: "B", text: "4", correct: true }, { label: "C", text: "5", correct: false }, { label: "D", text: "6", correct: false } ], correct_answer: "B. 4", question_images: [], explanation_images: [], explanation: "<p>2 + 2 = 4</p><p>@dams_new_robot</p>", bot: "@dams_new_robot", audio: "", video: "" } ]; debugLog("Loaded fallback questions"); } // Quiz state let currentQuestion = 0; let answers = new Array(questions.length).fill(null); let markedForReview = new Array(questions.length).fill(false); let timeRemaining = 20 * 60; // Duration in seconds let timerInterval = null; const quizId = `{title.replace(/\s+/g, '_').toLowerCase()}`; // Unique ID for local storage // Load saved progress function loadProgress() { try { debugLog("Loading progress from localStorage"); const saved = localStorage.getItem(`quiz_${quizId}`); if (saved) { const { savedAnswers, savedMarked, savedTime } = JSON.parse(saved); answers = savedAnswers || answers; markedForReview = savedMarked || markedForReview; timeRemaining = savedTime !== undefined ? savedTime : timeRemaining; debugLog("Progress loaded successfully"); } else { debugLog("No saved progress found"); } } catch (e) { console.error("Error loading progress:", e); debugLog("Failed to load progress: " + e.message); } } // Save progress function saveProgress() { try { debugLog("Saving progress to localStorage"); localStorage.setItem(`quiz_${quizId}`, JSON.stringify({ savedAnswers: answers, savedMarked: markedForReview, savedTime: timeRemaining })); debugLog("Progress saved successfully"); } catch (e) { console.error("Error saving progress:", e); debugLog("Failed to save progress: " + e.message); } } // Initialize quiz function initQuiz() { try { debugLog("Initializing quiz"); loadProgress(); const startButton = document.getElementById('start-test'); if (!startButton) { throw new Error("Start test button not found"); } startButton.addEventListener('click', startQuiz); debugLog("Start test button listener attached"); document.getElementById('previous-btn').addEventListener('click', showPreviousQuestion); document.getElementById('next-btn').addEventListener('click', showNextQuestion); document.getElementById('mark-review').addEventListener('click', toggleMarkForReview); document.getElementById('nav-toggle').addEventListener('click', toggleNavPanel); document.getElementById('submit-test').addEventListener('click', showSubmitModal); document.getElementById('continue-test').addEventListener('click', closeExitModal); document.getElementById('exit-test').addEventListener('click', () => { debugLog("Exiting test"); localStorage.removeItem(`quiz_${quizId}`); window.location.reload(); }); document.getElementById('cancel-submit').addEventListener('click', closeSubmitModal); document.getElementById('confirm-submit').addEventListener('click', submitTest); document.getElementById('take-again').addEventListener('click', () => { debugLog("Restarting test"); localStorage.removeItem(`quiz_${quizId}`); window.location.reload(); }); document.getElementById('review-test').addEventListener('click', () => showResults(currentResultQuestion)); document.getElementById('close-nav').addEventListener('click', toggleNavPanel); document.getElementById('theme-toggle').addEventListener('click', toggleTheme); document.getElementById('nav-filter').addEventListener('change', updateNavPanel); document.getElementById('prev-result').addEventListener('click', showPreviousResult); document.getElementById('next-result').addEventListener('click', showNextResult); document.getElementById('results-nav-toggle').addEventListener('click', toggleResultsNavPanel); document.getElementById('close-results-nav').addEventListener('click', toggleResultsNavPanel); document.getElementById('results-nav-filter').addEventListener('change', updateResultsNavPanel); debugLog("Quiz initialized successfully"); } catch (e) { console.error("Failed to initialize quiz:", e); debugLog("Failed to initialize quiz: " + e.message); document.getElementById('error-message').innerHTML = "Error initializing quiz. Please check the console for details or contact support."; document.getElementById('error-message').classList.remove('hidden'); document.getElementById('start-test').disabled = true; } } // Start quiz function startQuiz() { try { debugLog("Starting quiz"); document.getElementById('instructions').classList.add('hidden'); document.getElementById('quiz').classList.remove('hidden'); showQuestion(currentQuestion); startTimer(); updateNavPanel(); debugLog("Quiz started successfully"); } catch (e) { console.error("Error starting quiz:", e); debugLog("Failed to start quiz: " + e.message); document.getElementById('error-message').innerHTML = "Error starting quiz. Please check the console for details or contact support."; document.getElementById('error-message').classList.remove('hidden'); document.getElementById('quiz').classList.add('hidden'); document.getElementById('instructions').classList.remove('hidden'); } } // Show question function showQuestion(index) { try { debugLog(`Showing question ${index + 1}`); currentQuestion = index; const q = questions[index]; if (!q) { throw new Error(`Question ${index} is undefined`); } document.getElementById('question-number').innerHTML = `Question <span>${index + 1}</span> of ${questions.length}`; document.getElementById('question-text').innerHTML = q.text || "No question text available"; const imagesDiv = document.getElementById('question-images'); imagesDiv.innerHTML = q.question_images && q.question_images.length > 0 ? q.question_images.map(url => `<img src="${url}" alt="Question Image" class="max-w-full h-auto rounded-lg">`).join('') : ''; const optionsDiv = document.getElementById('options'); optionsDiv.innerHTML = q.options && q.options.length > 0 ? q.options.map(opt => ` <button class="option-btn w-full text-left p-3 border rounded-lg ${answers[index] === opt.label ? 'selected' : ''}" onclick="selectOption(${index}, '${opt.label}')" aria-label="Option ${opt.label}: ${opt.text}"> ${opt.label}. ${opt.text} </button> `).join('') : '<p class="text-red-500">No options available</p>'; document.getElementById('previous-btn').disabled = index === 0; document.getElementById('next-btn').disabled = index === questions.length - 1; document.getElementById('mark-review').classList.toggle('marked', markedForReview[index]); updateProgressBar(); saveProgress(); window.scrollTo({ top: 0, behavior: 'smooth' }); debugLog(`Question ${index + 1} displayed successfully`); } catch (e) { console.error("Error displaying question:", e); debugLog("Failed to display question: " + e.message); } } // Select option function selectOption(index, label) { try { debugLog(`Selecting option ${label} for question ${index + 1}`); answers[index] = label; const optionsDiv = document.getElementById('options'); const optionButtons = optionsDiv.querySelectorAll('.option-btn'); optionButtons.forEach(btn => { const btnLabel = btn.textContent.trim().split('.')[0]; btn.classList.toggle('selected', btnLabel === label); }); updateNavPanel(); saveProgress(); debugLog(`Option ${label} selected for question ${index + 1}`); } catch (e) { console.error("Error selecting option:", e); debugLog("Failed to select option: " + e.message); } } // Toggle mark for review function toggleMarkForReview() { try { debugLog(`Toggling mark for review on question ${currentQuestion + 1}`); markedForReview[currentQuestion] = !markedForReview[currentQuestion]; document.getElementById('mark-review').classList.toggle('marked', markedForReview[currentQuestion]); updateNavPanel(); saveProgress(); debugLog(`Mark for review toggled for question ${currentQuestion + 1}`); } catch (e) { console.error("Error marking for review:", e); debugLog("Failed to mark for review: " + e.message); } } // Navigate to previous question function showPreviousQuestion() { try { debugLog(`Navigating to previous question from ${currentQuestion + 1}`); if (currentQuestion > 0) { currentQuestion--; showQuestion(currentQuestion); } } catch (e) { console.error("Error navigating to previous question:", e); debugLog("Failed to navigate to previous question: " + e.message); } } // Navigate to next question function showNextQuestion() { try { debugLog(`Navigating to next question from ${currentQuestion + 1}`); if (currentQuestion < questions.length - 1) { currentQuestion++; showQuestion(currentQuestion); } } catch (e) { console.error("Error navigating to next question:", e); debugLog("Failed to navigate to next question: " + e.message); } } // Handle question navigation click function handleQuestionNavClick(index) { try { debugLog(`Navigating to question ${index + 1} via nav panel`); showQuestion(index); toggleNavPanel(); } catch (e) { console.error("Error handling navigation click:", e); debugLog("Failed to navigate via nav panel: " + e.message); } } // Start timer function startTimer() { try { debugLog("Starting timer"); timerInterval = setInterval(() => { if (timeRemaining <= 0) { debugLog("Timer expired, submitting test"); clearInterval(timerInterval); submitTest(); } else { timeRemaining--; const minutes = Math.floor(timeRemaining / 60); const seconds = timeRemaining % 60; document.getElementById('timer').innerHTML = `Time Remaining: <span>${minutes.toString().padStart(2, '0')}:${seconds.toString().padStart(2, '0')}</span>`; saveProgress(); } }, 1000); debugLog("Timer started successfully"); } catch (e) { console.error("Error starting timer:", e); debugLog("Failed to start timer: " + e.message); } } // Update progress bar function updateProgressBar() { try { debugLog("Updating progress bar"); const progress = ((currentQuestion + 1) / questions.length) * 100; document.getElementById('progress-bar').style.width = `${progress}%`; debugLog("Progress bar updated"); } catch (e) { console.error("Error updating progress bar:", e); debugLog("Failed to update progress bar: " + e.message); } } // Update quiz navigation panel function updateNavPanel() { try { debugLog("Updating quiz navigation panel"); const filter = document.getElementById('nav-filter').value; const navGrid = document.getElementById('nav-grid'); navGrid.innerHTML = questions.map((_, i) => { if (filter === 'answered' && !answers[i]) return ''; if (filter === 'unanswered' && answers[i]) return ''; if (filter === 'marked' && !markedForReview[i]) return ''; return ` <button class="question-nav-btn ${answers[i] ? 'answered' : 'unanswered'} ${markedForReview[i] ? 'marked-nav' : ''}" onclick="handleQuestionNavClick(${i})" aria-label="Go to Question ${i + 1}"> ${i + 1} </button> `; }).join(''); debugLog("Quiz navigation panel updated"); } catch (e) { console.error("Error updating quiz navigation panel:", e); debugLog("Failed to update quiz navigation panel: " + e.message); } } // Update results navigation panel function updateResultsNavPanel() { try { debugLog("Updating results navigation panel"); const filter = document.getElementById('results-nav-filter').value; const navGrid = document.getElementById('results-nav-grid'); navGrid.innerHTML = questions.map((_, i) => { if (filter === 'answered' && !answers[i]) return ''; if (filter === 'unanswered' && answers[i]) return ''; if (filter === 'marked' && !markedForReview[i]) return ''; return ` <button class="result-nav-btn-grid ${answers[i] ? 'answered' : 'unanswered'} ${markedForReview[i] ? 'marked-nav' : ''}" onclick="handleResultNavClick(${i})" aria-label="Go to Result for Question ${i + 1}"> ${i + 1} </button> `; }).join(''); debugLog("Results navigation panel updated"); } catch (e) { console.error("Error updating results navigation panel:", e); debugLog("Failed to update results navigation panel: " + e.message); } } // Toggle quiz navigation panel function toggleNavPanel() { try { debugLog("Toggling quiz navigation panel"); const navPanel = document.getElementById('nav-panel'); navPanel.classList.toggle('hidden'); debugLog("Quiz navigation panel toggled"); } catch (e) { console.error("Error toggling quiz navigation panel:", e); debugLog("Failed to toggle quiz navigation panel: " + e.message); } } // Toggle results navigation panel function toggleResultsNavPanel() { try { debugLog("Toggling results navigation panel"); const resultsNavPanel = document.getElementById('results-nav-panel'); resultsNavPanel.classList.toggle('hidden'); if (!resultsNavPanel.classList.contains('hidden')) { updateResultsNavPanel(); } debugLog("Results navigation panel toggled"); } catch (e) { console.error("Error toggling results navigation panel:", e); debugLog("Failed to toggle results navigation panel: " + e.message); } } // Handle result navigation click function handleResultNavClick(index) { try { debugLog(`Navigating to result for question ${index + 1} via nav panel`); showResults(index); toggleResultsNavPanel(); } catch (e) { console.error("Error handling result navigation click:", e); debugLog("Failed to navigate to result: " + e.message); } } // Show submit modal function showSubmitModal() { try { debugLog("Showing submit modal"); const attempted = answers.filter(a => a !== null).length; document.getElementById('attempted-count').textContent = attempted; document.getElementById('unattempted-count').textContent = questions.length - attempted; document.getElementById('submit-modal').classList.remove('hidden'); debugLog("Submit modal displayed"); } catch (e) { console.error("Error showing submit modal:", e); debugLog("Failed to show submit modal: " + e.message); } } // Close submit modal function closeSubmitModal() { try { debugLog("Closing submit modal"); document.getElementById('submit-modal').classList.add('hidden'); debugLog("Submit modal closed"); } catch (e) { console.error("Error closing submit modal:", e); debugLog("Failed to close submit modal: " + e.message); } } // Close exit modal function closeExitModal() { try { debugLog("Closing exit modal"); document.getElementById('exit-modal').classList.add('hidden'); debugLog("Exit modal closed"); } catch (e) { console.error("Error closing exit modal:", e); debugLog("Failed to close exit modal: " + e.message); } } // Submit test function submitTest() { try { debugLog("Submitting test"); clearInterval(timerInterval); document.getElementById('quiz').classList.add('hidden'); document.getElementById('submit-modal').classList.add('hidden'); document.getElementById('results').classList.remove('hidden'); showResults(0); // Start with first question // Trigger confetti animation confetti({ particleCount: 100, spread: 70, origin: { y: 0.6 } }); localStorage.removeItem(`quiz_${quizId}`); debugLog("Test submitted successfully"); } catch (e) { console.error("Error submitting test:", e); debugLog("Failed to submit test: " + e.message); } } // Show result for a single question function showResults(index) { try { debugLog(`Showing result for question ${index + 1}`); currentResultQuestion = index; let correct = 0, wrong = 0, unanswered = 0, marked = 0; answers.forEach((answer, i) => { const isCorrect = answer && questions[i].options.find(opt => opt.label === answer)?.correct; if (answer === null) unanswered++; else if (isCorrect) correct++; else wrong++; if (markedForReview[i]) marked++; }); const q = questions[index]; if (!q) { throw new Error(`Question ${index} is undefined`); } const userAnswer = answers[index]; const isCorrect = userAnswer && q.options.find(opt => opt.label === userAnswer)?.correct; const resultsContent = document.getElementById('results-content'); resultsContent.innerHTML = ` <div class="border p-4 rounded-lg ${isCorrect ? 'bg-green-50' : userAnswer ? 'bg-red-50' : 'bg-gray-50'}"> <p class="font-semibold">Question ${index + 1}: ${q.text || 'No question text'}</p> ${q.question_images && q.question_images.length > 0 ? q.question_images.map(url => `<img src="${url}" alt="Question Image" class="max-w-full h-auto rounded-lg my-2">`).join('') : ''} <p><strong>Your Answer:</strong> ${userAnswer ? `${userAnswer}. ${q.options.find(opt => opt.label === userAnswer)?.text || 'Invalid option'}` : 'Unanswered'}</p> <p><strong>Correct Answer:</strong> ${q.correct_answer || 'Unknown'}</p> <div class="mt-2">${q.explanation || 'No explanation available'}</div> ${q.explanation_images && q.explanation_images.length > 0 ? q.explanation_images.map(url => `<img src="${url}" alt="Explanation Image" class="max-w-full h-auto rounded-lg my-2">`).join('') : ''} ${q.video ? ` <button class="play-video bg-blue-500 text-white px-4 py-2 rounded-lg mt-2" onclick="loadVideo(this, '${q.video}', 'video-${index}')" aria-label="Play explanation video for Question ${index + 1}"> Play Video Explanation </button> <div id="video-${index}" class="video-container mt-2"></div> ` : '<p class="text-gray-500 mt-2">No video available</p>'} ${q.audio ? ` <button class="play-audio bg-blue-500 text-white px-4 py-2 rounded-lg mt-2" onclick="loadAudio(this, '${q.audio}', 'audio-${index}')" aria-label="Play audio explanation for Question ${index + 1}"> Play Audio Explanation </button> <div id="audio-${index}" class="audio-container mt-2"></div> ` : ''} </div> `; document.getElementById('correct-count').textContent = correct; document.getElementById('wrong-count').textContent = wrong; document.getElementById('unanswered-count').textContent = unanswered; document.getElementById('marked-count').textContent = marked; document.getElementById('result-question-number').innerHTML = `Question <span>${index + 1}</span> of ${questions.length}`; document.getElementById('prev-result').disabled = index === 0; document.getElementById('next-result').disabled = index === questions.length - 1; updateResultsNavPanel(); window.scrollTo({ top: 0, behavior: 'smooth' }); debugLog(`Result for question ${index + 1} displayed successfully`); } catch (e) { console.error("Error displaying result:", e); debugLog("Failed to display result: " + e.message); } } // Navigate to previous result function showPreviousResult() { try { debugLog(`Navigating to previous result from question ${currentResultQuestion + 1}`); if (currentResultQuestion > 0) { showResults(currentResultQuestion - 1); } } catch (e) { console.error("Error navigating to previous result:", e); debugLog("Failed to navigate to previous result: " + e.message); } } // Navigate to next result function showNextResult() { try { debugLog(`Navigating to next result from question ${currentResultQuestion + 1}`); if (currentResultQuestion < questions.length - 1) { showResults(currentResultQuestion + 1); } } catch (e) { console.error("Error navigating to next result:", e); debugLog("Failed to navigate to next result: " + e.message); } } // Lazy-load video function loadVideo(button, videoUrl, containerId) { try { debugLog(`Loading video for ${containerId}: ${videoUrl}`); if (!videoUrl) { const container = document.getElementById(containerId); container.innerHTML = `<p class="text-gray-500">No video available</p>`; button.remove(); debugLog("No video URL provided"); return; } const container = document.getElementById(containerId); container.innerHTML = ` <div class="video-loading"></div> <video controls class="w-full max-w-[600px] rounded-lg" preload="metadata" aria-label="Video explanation"> <source src="${videoUrl}" type="${videoUrl.endsWith('.m3u8') ? 'application/x-mpegURL' : 'video/mp4'}"> Your browser does not support the video tag. </video> `; container.classList.add('active'); button.remove(); // Initialize HLS.js for .m3u8 videos const video = container.querySelector('video'); if (videoUrl.endsWith('.m3u8') && Hls.isSupported()) { const hls = new Hls(); hls.loadSource(videoUrl); hls.attachMedia(video); hls.on(Hls.Events.ERROR, (event, data) => { console.error("HLS.js error:", data); container.innerHTML = `<p class="text-red-500">Error loading video. <a href="${videoUrl}" target="_blank" aria-label="Open video in new tab">Open video</a></p>`; debugLog("HLS.js error: " + JSON.stringify(data)); }); } else if (videoUrl.endsWith('.m3u8') && video.canPlayType('application/vnd.apple.mpegurl')) { video.src = videoUrl; } // Handle video load errors video.onerror = () => { console.error("Video load error for URL:", videoUrl); container.innerHTML = `<p class="text-red-500">Error loading video. <a href="${videoUrl}" target="_blank" aria-label="Open video in new tab">Open video</a></p>`; debugLog("Video load error for URL: " + videoUrl); }; // Remove loading spinner when video is ready video.onloadedmetadata = () => { container.querySelector('.video-loading').remove(); debugLog("Video loaded successfully"); }; } catch (e) { console.error("Error loading video:", e); debugLog("Failed to load video: " + e.message); const container = document.getElementById(containerId); container.innerHTML = `<p class="text-red-500">Error loading video. <a href="${videoUrl}" target="_blank" aria-label="Open video in new tab">Open video</a></p>`; } } // Lazy-load audio function loadAudio(button, audioUrl, containerId) { try { debugLog(`Loading audio for ${containerId}: ${audioUrl}`); if (!audioUrl) { const container = document.getElementById(containerId); container.innerHTML = `<p class="text-gray-500">No audio available</p>`; button.remove(); debugLog("No audio URL provided"); return; } const container = document.getElementById(containerId); container.innerHTML = ` <audio controls class="w-full max-w-[600px]" preload="metadata" aria-label="Audio explanation"> <source src="${audioUrl}" type="audio/mpeg"> Your browser does not support the audio tag. </audio> `; container.classList.add('active'); button.remove(); // Handle audio load errors const audio = container.querySelector('audio'); audio.onerror = () => { console.error("Audio load error for URL:", audioUrl); container.innerHTML = `<p class="text-red-500">Error loading audio. <a href="${audioUrl}" target="_blank" aria-label="Open audio in new tab">Open audio</a></p>`; debugLog("Audio load error for URL: " + audioUrl); }; debugLog("Audio loaded successfully"); } catch (e) { console.error("Error loading audio:", e); debugLog("Failed to load audio: " + e.message); const container = document.getElementById(containerId); container.innerHTML = `<p class="text-red-500">Error loading audio. <a href="${audioUrl}" target="_blank" aria-label="Open audio in new tab">Open audio</a></p>`; } } // Toggle dark mode function toggleTheme() { try { debugLog("Toggling theme"); document.documentElement.classList.toggle('dark'); localStorage.setItem('theme', document.documentElement.classList.contains('dark') ? 'dark' : 'light'); debugLog("Theme toggled successfully"); } catch (e) { console.error("Error toggling theme:", e); debugLog("Failed to toggle theme: " + e.message); } } // Load theme preference function loadTheme() { try { debugLog("Loading theme preference"); const theme = localStorage.getItem('theme'); if (theme === 'dark') { document.documentElement.classList.add('dark'); } debugLog("Theme loaded successfully"); } catch (e) { console.error("Error loading theme:", e); debugLog("Failed to load theme: " + e.message); } } // Initialize on DOM content loaded window.addEventListener('DOMContentLoaded', () => { try { debugLog("DOM content loaded, initializing quiz"); loadTheme(); initQuiz(); } catch (e) { console.error("Error during DOMContentLoaded:", e); debugLog("Failed to initialize on DOMContentLoaded: " + e.message); document.getElementById('error-message').innerHTML = "Error initializing quiz. Please check the console for details or contact support."; document.getElementById('error-message').classList.remove('hidden'); } }); </script> </body> </html>" frameborder="0" width="100%" height="2000px">
<div class="bg-white rounded-lg shadow-md p-4 md:p-6"> <h2 class="text-xl font-semibold mb-4">Instructions</h2> <h4 class="text-gray-800 text-lg font-semibold mt-6 mb-4">Test Features:</h4> <ul class="space-y-3"> <li class="flex items-center gap-3"> <i class="fa-solid fa-circle-check text-green-500"></i> Multiple choice questions with single correct answers </li> <li class="flex items-center gap-3"> <i class="fa-solid fa-circle-check text-green-500"></i> Timer-based testing for realistic exam conditions </li> <li class="flex items-center gap-3"> <i class="fa-solid fa-circle-check text-green-500"></i> Mark questions for review functionality </li> <li class="flex items-center gap-3"> <i class="fa-solid fa-circle-check text-green-500"></i> Comprehensive results and performance analysis </li> <li class="flex items-center gap-3"> <i class="fa-solid fa-circle-check text-green-500"></i> Mobile-optimized interface for learning on-the-go </li> </ul> <div class="mt-6 flex space-x-4 button-group md:flex-row flex-col"> <button class="bg-[#2c5281] text-white px-6 py-2 rounded-lg hover:bg-[#2c5281] transition" id="start-test">Start Test</button> </div> <div class="error-message hidden" id="error-message"></div> </div> </section> <!-- Quiz Section --> <section class="container mx-auto px-4 md:px-6 pt-4 md:pt-6 pb-1 hidden section-transition" id="quiz"> <div class="bg-white rounded-lg shadow-md p-4 md:p-6"> <!-- Progress Bar --> <div class="w-full bg-gray-200 rounded-full h-3 mb-4"> <div class="progress-bar h-3 rounded-full" id="progress-bar" style="width: 0%"></div> </div> <!-- Question Header --> <div class="flex flex-col md:flex-row justify-between items-center mb-4"> <h2 class="text-lg font-semibold" id="question-number">Question <span>1</span> of 4</h2> <p class="text-lg font-semibold mt-2 md:mt-0" id="timer">Time Remaining: <span>00:00</span></p> </div> <!-- Question Content --> <div class="mb-6" id="question-content"> <p class="text-gray-800 mb-4" id="question-text"></p> <div class="flex flex-wrap gap-4 mb-4" id="question-images"></div> <div class="space-y-3" id="options"></div> </div> <!-- Navigation Buttons --> <div class="flex flex-col md:flex-row justify-between items-center gap-2 md:gap-4"> <div class="flex gap-2 w-full md:w-auto"> <button class="bg-[#2c5281] text-white px-4 py-3 w-full md:w-32 h-14 rounded-lg hover:bg-[#2c5281] transition" disabled="" id="previous-btn">Previous</button> <button class="bg-[#2c5281] text-white px-4 py-3 w-full md:w-32 h-14 rounded-lg hover:bg-[#2c5281] transition" id="next-btn">Next</button> </div> <div class="flex items-center gap-2"> <button class="bg-transparent text-gray-700 px-4 py-2 rounded-lg hover:bg-gray-100 transition flex items-center gap-1" id="mark-review"> Review <svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" class="h-5 w-5" viewBox="0 0 20 20" fill="currentColor"> <path d="M10 2a1 1 0 00-1 1v14l3.293-3.293a1 1 0 011.414 0L17 17V3a1 1 0 00-1-1H10z" /> </svg> </button> <button class="bg-transparent text-gray-700 px-4 py-2 rounded-lg hover:bg-gray-100 transition flex items-center gap-1" id="nav-toggle"> Question 🧭 </button> <button class="bg-green-500 text-white px-6 py-3 w-44 h-14 rounded-lg hover:bg-green-600 transition w-full md:w-auto" id="submit-test">Submit Test</button> </div> </div> </section> <!-- Results Section --> <section class="container mx-auto px-4 md:px-6 pt-4 md:pt-6 pb-1 hidden section-transition" id="results"> <div class="bg-white rounded-lg shadow-md p-4 md:p-6"> <h2 class="text-2xl font-semibold mb-4">Anaesthesia Machine - Results</h2> <div class="grid grid-cols-1 md:grid-cols-2 gap-4 mb-6"> <p><strong>Correct:</strong> <span id="correct-count" class="text-[#000000]">0</span></p> <p><strong>Wrong:</strong> <span id="wrong-count" class="text-[#000000]">0</span></p> <p><strong>Unanswered:</strong> <span id="unanswered-count" class="text-[#000000]-500">0</span></p> <p><strong>Marked for Review:</strong> <span id="marked-count" class="text-[#000000]">0</span></p> </div> <h3 class="text-lg font-semibold mb-4" id="result-question-number">Question <span>1</span> of 4</h3> <div class="space-y-6" id="results-content"></div> <div class="result-nav"> <button aria-label="Previous question result" class="result-nav-btn bg-[#2c5281] text-white px-6 py-2 rounded-lg hover:bg-[#2c5281] transition" disabled="" id="prev-result">Previous</button> <button aria-label="Toggle results navigation panel" class="result-nav-btn bg-[#2c5281] text-white px-6 py-2 rounded-lg hover:bg-[#2c5281] transition" id="results-nav-toggle">Result 🧭</button> <button aria-label="Next question result" class="result-nav-btn bg-[#2c5281] text-white px-6 py-2 rounded-lg hover:bg-[#2c5281] transition" id="next-result">Next</button> </div> <div class="mt-6 flex space-x-4 button-group md:flex-row flex-col"> <button class="bg-green-500 text-white px-6 py-2 rounded-lg hover:bg-green-600 transition" id="take-again">Take Again</button> </div> </div> </section> <!-- Exit Confirmation Modal --> <div class="fixed inset-0 bg-black bg-opacity-50 flex items-center justify-center hidden" id="exit-modal"> <div class="bg-white rounded-lg p-6 max-w-sm w-full"> <h2 class="text-xl font-semibold mb-4">Leave Test?</h2> <p class="text-gray-700 mb-4">Your progress will be lost if you leave this page. Are you sure you want to exit?</p> <div class="flex justify-end space-x-4"> <button class="bg-gray-300 text-gray-700 px-4 py-2 rounded-lg hover:bg-gray-400 transition" id="continue-test">No, Continue</button> <button class="bg-red-500 text-white px-4 py-2 rounded-lg hover:bg-red-600 transition" id="exit-test">Yes, Exit</button> </div> </div> </div> <!-- Submit Confirmation Modal --> <div class="fixed inset-0 bg-black bg-opacity-50 flex items-center justify-center hidden" id="submit-modal"> <div class="bg-white rounded-lg p-6 max-w-sm w-full"> <h2 class="text-xl font-semibold mb-4">Confirm Submission</h2> <p class="text-gray-700 mb-2">You have attempted <span id="attempted-count">0</span> of 6 questions.</p> <p class="text-gray-700 mb-4"><span id="unattempted-count">0</span> questions are unattempted.</p> <div class="flex justify-end space-x-4"> <button class="bg-gray-300 text-gray-700 px-4 py-2 rounded-lg hover:bg-gray-400 transition" id="cancel-submit">Cancel</button> <button class="bg-green-500 text-white px-4 py-2 rounded-lg hover:bg-green-600 transition" id="confirm-submit">Submit Test</button> </div> </div> </div> <!-- Quiz Navigation Panel --> <div class="fixed inset-y-0 right-0 nav-panel bg-white shadow-lg p-4 hidden overflow-y-auto" id="nav-panel"> <h2 class="text-lg font-semibold mb-4">Questions Navigation</h2> <div class="mb-4"> <select class="w-full p-2 border rounded-lg text-gray-700" id="nav-filter"> <option value="all">All Questions</option> <option value="answered">Answered</option> <option value="unanswered">Unanswered</option> <option value="marked">Marked for Review</option> </select> </div> <div class="grid grid-cols-5 gap-2 md:gap-3" id="nav-grid"></div> <button class="mt-4 bg-gray-500 text-white px-4 py-2 rounded-lg hover:bg-gray-600 transition w-full" id="close-nav">Close</button> </div> <!-- Results Navigation Panel --> <div class="fixed inset-y-0 right-0 results-nav-panel bg-white shadow-lg p-4 hidden overflow-y-auto" id="results-nav-panel"> <h2 class="text-lg font-semibold mb-4">Results Navigation</h2> <div class="mb-4"> <select class="w-full p-2 border rounded-lg text-gray-700" id="results-nav-filter"> <option value="all">All Questions</option> <option value="answered">Answered</option> <option value="unanswered">Unanswered</option> <option value="marked">Marked for Review</option> </select> </div> <div class="grid grid-cols-5 gap-2 md:gap-3" id="results-nav-grid"></div> <button class="mt-4 bg-gray-500 text-white px-4 py-2 rounded-lg hover:bg-gray-600 transition w-full" id="close-results-nav">Close</button> </div> <!-- JavaScript Logic --> <script> // Enable debug mode for detailed logging const DEBUG_MODE = true; // Log debug messages function debugLog(message) { if (DEBUG_MODE) { console.log(`[DEBUG] ${message}`); } } // Initialize questions with error handling let questions = []; let currentResultQuestion = 0; // State for current question in results try { debugLog("Attempting to parse questions_json"); questions = [{"text": "A patient's relatives sent a message on social media to the consulting doctor. He is unaware of the other investigations. However, he mentioned that urinary Coproporphyrin is positive. What is the probable cause?", "options": [{"label": "A", "text": "Lead poisoning", "correct": true}, {"label": "B", "text": "Asbestosis", "correct": false}, {"label": "C", "text": "Silicosis", "correct": false}, {"label": "D", "text": "Mercury poisoning", "correct": false}], "correct_answer": "A. Lead poisoning", "question_images": [], "explanation_images": ["https://image.prepladder.com/content/HAaX5tCwgFATHaOXnoZT1724848825.png", "https://image.prepladder.com/content/FscqnbSTC3ySjwKT1ZlX1724848836.png"], "explanation": "<p>Correct Option A - Lead poisoning\n\n\n<p style='font-size: 10px; color: #808080; font-style: italic;'>@dams_new_robot</p>", "bot": "@dams_new_robot", "audio": "", "video": ""}, {"text": "Which of the following is not a product of heme breakdown?", "options": [{"label": "A", "text": "Biliverdin", "correct": false}, {"label": "B", "text": "Carbon monoxide", "correct": false}, {"label": "C", "text": "Ferric Ion", "correct": false}, {"label": "D", "text": "Aminolevulinic acid", "correct": true}], "correct_answer": "D. Aminolevulinic acid", "question_images": [], "explanation_images": [], "explanation": "<p>Correct Option D - Aminolevu\n\n\n<p style='font-size: 10px; color: #808080; font-style: italic;'>@dams_new_robot</p>", "bot": "@dams_new_robot", "audio": "", "video": ""}, {"text": "Which of the following is the rate-limiting enzyme of heme synthesis pathway?", "options": [{"label": "A", "text": "HMB synthase", "correct": false}, {"label": "B", "text": "δ Amino-Levulinic Acid dehydratase", "correct": false}, {"label": "C", "text": "δ Amino-Levulinic Acid synthase", "correct": true}, {"label": "D", "text": "Ferrochelatase", "correct": false}], "correct_answer": "C. δ Amino-Levulinic Acid synthase", "question_images": [], "explanation_images": [], "explanation": "<p>Correct Option C - δ Amino-Levulinic Acid &lt;span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"d2bd91ccac169277719941254e1795\"&gt;synthase&lt;/span&gt; (ALA Synthase)\n\n\n<p style='font-size: 10px; color: #808080; font-style: italic;'>@dams_new_robot</p>", "bot": "@dams_new_robot", "audio": "", "video": ""}, {"text": "What plasma protein is found in the highest concentration?", "options": [{"label": "A", "text": "Bence jones protein", "correct": false}, {"label": "B", "text": "Globulin", "correct": false}, {"label": "C", "text": "Fibrinogen", "correct": false}, {"label": "D", "text": "Albumin", "correct": true}], "correct_answer": "D. Albumin", "question_images": [], "explanation_images": [], "explanation": "\n<table style=\"width:100%\">\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<td>\n<p style=\"text-align:center\"><span><span><span><strong><span><span><span>Plasma Protein</span></span></span></strong></span></span></span></p>\n</td>\n<td>\n<p style=\"text-align:center\"><span><span><span><strong><span><span><span>Function</span></span></span></strong></span></span></span></p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td>\n<p><span><span><span><span><span><span>Albumin</span></span></span></span></span></span></p>\n</td>\n<td>\n<p><span><span><span><span><span><span>Maintains <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"5d369be246169277719451754ab37a\">oncotic</span> pressure, transports hormones and <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"bc6cd9a9f9169277720261812ea113\">fatty</span> acids</span></span></span></span></span></span></p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td>\n<p><span><span><span><span><span><span>Globulins</span></span></span></span></span></span></p>\n</td>\n<td>\n<p><span><span><span><span><span><span>Transport lipids and metal ions, act as antibodies</span></span></span></span></span></span></p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td>\n<p><span><span><span><span><span><span>Fibrinogen</span></span></span></span></span></span></p>\n</td>\n<td>\n<p><span><span><span><span><span><span>Essential for blood clotting</span></span></span></span></span></span></p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td>\n<p><span><span><span><span><span><span>Prothrombin</span></span></span></span></span></span></p>\n</td>\n<td>\n<p><span><span><span><span><span><span>Precursor to thrombin, which is necessary for blood clotting</span></span></span></span></span></span></p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td>\n<p><span><span><span><span><span><span>Complement proteins</span></span></span></span></span></span></p>\n</td>\n<td>\n<p><span><span><span><span><span><span>Part of the immune system, help destroy pathogens</span></span></span></span></span></span></p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td>\n<p><span><span><span><span><span><span>Immunoglobulins</span></span></span></span></span></span></p>\n</td>\n<td>\n<p><span><span><span><span><span><span>Antibodies produced by <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"a0e40688fa169277719572bdb48c92\">plasma</span> cells, bind to antigens</span></span></span></span></span></span></p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td>\n<p><span><span><span><span><span><span>Transferrin</span></span></span></span></span></span></p>\n</td>\n<td>\n<p><span><span><span><span><span><span>Binds to and transports iron</span></span></span></span></span></span></p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td>\n<p><span><span><span><span><span><span>Ceruloplasmin</span></span></span></span></span></span></p>\n</td>\n<td>\n<p><span><span><span><span><span><span>Binds to and transports copper</span></span></span></span></span></span></p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td>\n<p><span><span><span><span><span><span>Haptoglobin</span></span></span></span></span></span></p>\n</td>\n<td>\n<p><span><span><span><span><span><span>Binds to free hemoglobin, prevents its breakdown</span></span></span></span></span></span></p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td>\n<p><span><span><span><span><span><span>Alpha-1-antitrypsin</span></span></span></span></span></span></p>\n</td>\n<td>\n<p><span><span><span><span><span><span>Inhibits enzymes that break down <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"67e237a57c16927771859803f93ab3\">connective</span> tissue</span></span></span></span></span></span></p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td>\n<p><span><span><span><span><span><span>Alpha-fetoprotein</span></span></span></span></span></span></p>\n</td>\n<td>\n<p><span><span><span><span><span><span>Produced during <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"f375a3584316927772020efa386e3e\">fetal</span> development, used as a marker for certain cancers</span></span></span></span></span></span></p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n</tbody>\n\n\n<p style='font-size: 10px; color: #808080; font-style: italic;'>@dams_new_robot</p>", "bot": "@dams_new_robot", "audio": "", "video": ""}, {"text": "What is the most appropriate dietary recommendation for a middle-aged man diagnosed with a rare variant of pyruvate dehydrogenase deficiency, resulting in high anion gap metabolic acidosis?", "options": [{"label": "A", "text": "High protein and low carbohydrate intake", "correct": false}, {"label": "B", "text": "High carbohydrate and low fat intake", "correct": false}, {"label": "C", "text": "High fat and low carbohydrate intake", "correct": true}, {"label": "D", "text": "Only carbohydrate intake henceforth", "correct": false}], "correct_answer": "C. High fat and low carbohydrate intake", "question_images": [], "explanation_images": [], "explanation": "\n<table style=\"width:100%\">\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<td>\n<p style=\"text-align:center\"><span><span><span><strong><span><span><span>Feature</span></span></span></strong></span></span></span></p>\n</td>\n<td>\n<p style=\"text-align:center\"><span><span><span><strong><span><span><span>Description</span></span></span></strong></span></span></span></p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td>\n<p><span><span><span><span><span><span>Inheritance</span></span></span></span></span></span></p>\n</td>\n<td>\n<p><span><span><span><span><span><span>X-linked recessive</span></span></span></span></span></span></p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td>\n<p><span><span><span><span><span><span>Incidence</span></span></span></span></span></span></p>\n</td>\n<td>\n<p><span><span><span><span><span><span>Estimated to be 1 in 100,000 to 300,000 live births</span></span></span></span></span></span></p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td>\n<p><span><span><span><span><span><span>Symptoms</span></span></span></span></span></span></p>\n</td>\n<td>\n<p><span><span><span><span><span><span>Neurological symptoms such as developmental delay, intellectual disability, seizures, and ataxia; muscle weakness; <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"b82539c9ae1692777191a3f7ddd7bb\">lactic</span> acidosis; poor feeding; and failure to thrive</span></span></span></span></span></span></p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td>\n<p><span><span><span><span><span><span>Diagnosis</span></span></span></span></span></span></p>\n</td>\n<td>\n<p><span><span><span><span><span><span>Blood and <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"0096f2a7631692777201eb9f21d5a7\">urine</span> tests, genetic testing</span></span></span></span></span></span></p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td>\n<p><span><span><span><span><span><span>Treatment</span></span></span></span></span></span></p>\n</td>\n<td>\n<p><span><span><span><span><span><span>Supportive care, including a high-fat, low-carbohydrate diet; <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"b70d1dbde516927772000d7774d2a5\">thiamine</span> supplementation; and medications to control seizures and other symptoms</span></span></span></span></span></span></p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td>\n<p><span><span><span><span><span><span>Prognosis</span></span></span></span></span></span></p>\n</td>\n<td>\n<p><span><span><span><span><span><span>The severity of symptoms varies widely, and the <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"e580b4033e169277719609af594c16\">prognosis</span> depends on the specific <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"7a67bdf6f81692777193cfd480f228\">mutation</span> and the age of onset. Some patients have a milder <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"a1b06f401f1692777203a53393ba98\">form</span> of the disease and can live relatively normal lives with appropriate treatment, while others have severe <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"6b9286cde51692777190fded98b3e5\">intellectual disability</span> and may have a <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"10c83adb331692777197f775bec1aa\">reduced</span> lifespan.</span></span></span></span></span></span></p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n</tbody>\n\n<p style='font-size: 10px; color: #808080; font-style: italic;'>@dams_new_robot</p>", "bot": "@dams_new_robot", "audio": "", "video": ""}, {"text": "Which TCA cycle intermediate is involved in the metabolism of heme?", "options": [{"label": "A", "text": "Alpha ketoglutarate", "correct": false}, {"label": "B", "text": "Fumarate", "correct": false}, {"label": "C", "text": "Succinyl CoA", "correct": true}, {"label": "D", "text": "Malate", "correct": false}], "correct_answer": "C. Succinyl CoA", "question_images": [], "explanation_images": [], "explanation": "\n<table>\n<thead>\n<tr>\n<td>\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><strong>Intermediate</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td>\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><strong>Description</strong></p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n</thead>\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<td>\n<p>Glycine</p>\n</td>\n<td>\n<p>It is the initial building block for <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"d4fff554a316927771885dc8700abe\">heme</span> <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"3fda45538a1692777199ec2a5478a5\">synthesis</span> and is derived from the <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"543f207eb51692777181723491a358\">amino</span> acid glycine.</p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td>\n<p>Succinyl CoA</p>\n</td>\n<td>\n<p>It is a key <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"cf8f491dba169277719075ce2b5594\">intermediate</span> in the <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"d4fff554a316927771885dc8700abe\">heme</span> <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"89267059dc16927771832c72739ba6\">biosynthetic pathway</span> and is formed from the <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"a0c0c687e11692777200047d93f43e\">TCA</span> cycle intermediate, succinate.</p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td>\n<p>Aminolevulinic acid (ALA)</p>\n</td>\n<td>\n<p>It is formed by the <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"a6bf9ae43716927771846b12080dc0\">condensation</span> of <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"6df8c5de5016927771881dc6865f2e\">glycine</span> and <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"a54975e83816927771990d6f4a486b\">succinyl</span> CoA. <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"eaa99cd1ab16927771803509d276b7\">ALA</span> is the first committed <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"ae13cdc5c3169277719683e9f6bda5\">precursor</span> in <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"d4fff554a316927771885dc8700abe\">heme</span> biosynthesis.</p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td>\n<p>Porphobilinogen (PBG)</p>\n</td>\n<td>\n<p>It is synthesized from the <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"a6bf9ae43716927771846b12080dc0\">condensation</span> of two molecules of ALA. <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"0ee52642941692777194e4ed0b7255\">PBG</span> is an important <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"cf8f491dba169277719075ce2b5594\">intermediate</span> in the pathway.</p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td>\n<p>Hydroxymethylbilane (HMB)</p>\n</td>\n<td>\n<p>It is formed by the sequential addition of four molecules of PBG. HMB is a key <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"cf8f491dba169277719075ce2b5594\">intermediate</span> in the <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"d4fff554a316927771885dc8700abe\">heme</span> <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"859a34e1061692777183872a5e4441\">biosynthesis</span> pathway.</p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td>\n<p>Uroporphyrinogen III</p>\n</td>\n<td>\n<p>It is formed from the <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"52adc3ebf01692777185395a8b1e8c\">decarboxylation</span> of HMB. <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"12cecf9216169277720190cc4f6e97\">Uroporphyrinogen</span> III is an important <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"cf8f491dba169277719075ce2b5594\">intermediate</span> in the pathway.</p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td>\n<p>Coproporphyrinogen III</p>\n</td>\n<td>\n<p>It is formed from the <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"52adc3ebf01692777185395a8b1e8c\">decarboxylation</span> of <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"12cecf9216169277720190cc4f6e97\">uroporphyrinogen</span> III. <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"11b250c1ba169277718522e7cde9a8\">Coproporphyrinogen</span> III is a critical <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"cf8f491dba169277719075ce2b5594\">intermediate</span> in <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"d4fff554a316927771885dc8700abe\">heme</span> biosynthesis.</p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td>\n<p>Protoporphyrinogen IX</p>\n</td>\n<td>\n<p>It is synthesized by the addition of iron to <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"11b250c1ba169277718522e7cde9a8\">coproporphyrinogen</span> III. <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"b6cbe38b7316927771961c7c1f5a00\">Protoporphyrinogen</span> IX is the last <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"cf8f491dba169277719075ce2b5594\">intermediate</span> before the formation of heme.</p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td>\n<p>Heme</p>\n</td>\n<td>\n<p>It is the final product of the <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"d4fff554a316927771885dc8700abe\">heme</span> biosynthetic pathway. <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"d4fff554a316927771885dc8700abe\">Heme</span> serves as a vital component of <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"ad2073fe6716927771885f3c1ec652\">hemoglobin</span> and other heme-containing proteins.</p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n</tbody>\n\n<p style='font-size: 10px; color: #808080; font-style: italic;'>@dams_new_robot</p>", "bot": "@dams_new_robot", "audio": "", "video": ""}]; if (!Array.isArray(questions) || questions.length === 0) { throw new Error("Questions data is empty or invalid"); } debugLog(`Successfully parsed ${questions.length} questions`); } catch (e) { console.error("Failed to parse questions_json:", e); document.getElementById('error-message').innerHTML = "Error loading quiz data. Please check the console for details or contact support."; document.getElementById('error-message').classList.remove('hidden'); document.getElementById('start-test').disabled = true; // Fallback to sample questions for testing questions = [ { text: "What is 2 + 2?", options: [ { label: "A", text: "3", correct: false }, { label: "B", text: "4", correct: true }, { label: "C", text: "5", correct: false }, { label: "D", text: "6", correct: false } ], correct_answer: "B. 4", question_images: [], explanation_images: [], explanation: "<p>2 + 2 = 4</p><p>@dams_new_robot</p>", bot: "@dams_new_robot", audio: "", video: "" } ]; debugLog("Loaded fallback questions"); } // Quiz state let currentQuestion = 0; let answers = new Array(questions.length).fill(null); let markedForReview = new Array(questions.length).fill(false); let timeRemaining = 16 * 60; // Duration in seconds let timerInterval = null; const quizId = `{title.replace(/\s+/g, '_').toLowerCase()}`; // Unique ID for local storage // Load saved progress function loadProgress() { try { debugLog("Loading progress from localStorage"); const saved = localStorage.getItem(`quiz_${quizId}`); if (saved) { const { savedAnswers, savedMarked, savedTime } = JSON.parse(saved); answers = savedAnswers || answers; markedForReview = savedMarked || markedForReview; timeRemaining = savedTime !== undefined ? savedTime : timeRemaining; debugLog("Progress loaded successfully"); } else { debugLog("No saved progress found"); } } catch (e) { console.error("Error loading progress:", e); debugLog("Failed to load progress: " + e.message); } } // Save progress function saveProgress() { try { debugLog("Saving progress to localStorage"); localStorage.setItem(`quiz_${quizId}`, JSON.stringify({ savedAnswers: answers, savedMarked: markedForReview, savedTime: timeRemaining })); debugLog("Progress saved successfully"); } catch (e) { console.error("Error saving progress:", e); debugLog("Failed to save progress: " + e.message); } } // Initialize quiz function initQuiz() { try { debugLog("Initializing quiz"); loadProgress(); const startButton = document.getElementById('start-test'); if (!startButton) { throw new Error("Start test button not found"); } startButton.addEventListener('click', startQuiz); debugLog("Start test button listener attached"); document.getElementById('previous-btn').addEventListener('click', showPreviousQuestion); document.getElementById('next-btn').addEventListener('click', showNextQuestion); document.getElementById('mark-review').addEventListener('click', toggleMarkForReview); document.getElementById('nav-toggle').addEventListener('click', toggleNavPanel); document.getElementById('submit-test').addEventListener('click', showSubmitModal); document.getElementById('continue-test').addEventListener('click', closeExitModal); document.getElementById('exit-test').addEventListener('click', () => { debugLog("Exiting test"); localStorage.removeItem(`quiz_${quizId}`); window.location.reload(); }); document.getElementById('cancel-submit').addEventListener('click', closeSubmitModal); document.getElementById('confirm-submit').addEventListener('click', submitTest); document.getElementById('take-again').addEventListener('click', () => { debugLog("Restarting test"); localStorage.removeItem(`quiz_${quizId}`); window.location.reload(); }); document.getElementById('review-test').addEventListener('click', () => showResults(currentResultQuestion)); document.getElementById('close-nav').addEventListener('click', toggleNavPanel); document.getElementById('theme-toggle').addEventListener('click', toggleTheme); document.getElementById('nav-filter').addEventListener('change', updateNavPanel); document.getElementById('prev-result').addEventListener('click', showPreviousResult); document.getElementById('next-result').addEventListener('click', showNextResult); document.getElementById('results-nav-toggle').addEventListener('click', toggleResultsNavPanel); document.getElementById('close-results-nav').addEventListener('click', toggleResultsNavPanel); document.getElementById('results-nav-filter').addEventListener('change', updateResultsNavPanel); debugLog("Quiz initialized successfully"); } catch (e) { console.error("Failed to initialize quiz:", e); debugLog("Failed to initialize quiz: " + e.message); document.getElementById('error-message').innerHTML = "Error initializing quiz. Please check the console for details or contact support."; document.getElementById('error-message').classList.remove('hidden'); document.getElementById('start-test').disabled = true; } } // Start quiz function startQuiz() { try { debugLog("Starting quiz"); document.getElementById('instructions').classList.add('hidden'); document.getElementById('quiz').classList.remove('hidden'); showQuestion(currentQuestion); startTimer(); updateNavPanel(); debugLog("Quiz started successfully"); } catch (e) { console.error("Error starting quiz:", e); debugLog("Failed to start quiz: " + e.message); document.getElementById('error-message').innerHTML = "Error starting quiz. Please check the console for details or contact support."; document.getElementById('error-message').classList.remove('hidden'); document.getElementById('quiz').classList.add('hidden'); document.getElementById('instructions').classList.remove('hidden'); } } // Show question function showQuestion(index) { try { debugLog(`Showing question ${index + 1}`); currentQuestion = index; const q = questions[index]; if (!q) { throw new Error(`Question ${index} is undefined`); } document.getElementById('question-number').innerHTML = `Question <span>${index + 1}</span> of ${questions.length}`; document.getElementById('question-text').innerHTML = q.text || "No question text available"; const imagesDiv = document.getElementById('question-images'); imagesDiv.innerHTML = q.question_images && q.question_images.length > 0 ? q.question_images.map(url => `<img src="${url}" alt="Question Image" class="max-w-full h-auto rounded-lg">`).join('') : ''; const optionsDiv = document.getElementById('options'); optionsDiv.innerHTML = q.options && q.options.length > 0 ? q.options.map(opt => ` <button class="option-btn w-full text-left p-3 border rounded-lg ${answers[index] === opt.label ? 'selected' : ''}" onclick="selectOption(${index}, '${opt.label}')" aria-label="Option ${opt.label}: ${opt.text}"> ${opt.label}. ${opt.text} </button> `).join('') : '<p class="text-red-500">No options available</p>'; document.getElementById('previous-btn').disabled = index === 0; document.getElementById('next-btn').disabled = index === questions.length - 1; document.getElementById('mark-review').classList.toggle('marked', markedForReview[index]); updateProgressBar(); saveProgress(); window.scrollTo({ top: 0, behavior: 'smooth' }); debugLog(`Question ${index + 1} displayed successfully`); } catch (e) { console.error("Error displaying question:", e); debugLog("Failed to display question: " + e.message); } } // Select option function selectOption(index, label) { try { debugLog(`Selecting option ${label} for question ${index + 1}`); answers[index] = label; const optionsDiv = document.getElementById('options'); const optionButtons = optionsDiv.querySelectorAll('.option-btn'); optionButtons.forEach(btn => { const btnLabel = btn.textContent.trim().split('.')[0]; btn.classList.toggle('selected', btnLabel === label); }); updateNavPanel(); saveProgress(); debugLog(`Option ${label} selected for question ${index + 1}`); } catch (e) { console.error("Error selecting option:", e); debugLog("Failed to select option: " + e.message); } } // Toggle mark for review function toggleMarkForReview() { try { debugLog(`Toggling mark for review on question ${currentQuestion + 1}`); markedForReview[currentQuestion] = !markedForReview[currentQuestion]; document.getElementById('mark-review').classList.toggle('marked', markedForReview[currentQuestion]); updateNavPanel(); saveProgress(); debugLog(`Mark for review toggled for question ${currentQuestion + 1}`); } catch (e) { console.error("Error marking for review:", e); debugLog("Failed to mark for review: " + e.message); } } // Navigate to previous question function showPreviousQuestion() { try { debugLog(`Navigating to previous question from ${currentQuestion + 1}`); if (currentQuestion > 0) { currentQuestion--; showQuestion(currentQuestion); } } catch (e) { console.error("Error navigating to previous question:", e); debugLog("Failed to navigate to previous question: " + e.message); } } // Navigate to next question function showNextQuestion() { try { debugLog(`Navigating to next question from ${currentQuestion + 1}`); if (currentQuestion < questions.length - 1) { currentQuestion++; showQuestion(currentQuestion); } } catch (e) { console.error("Error navigating to next question:", e); debugLog("Failed to navigate to next question: " + e.message); } } // Handle question navigation click function handleQuestionNavClick(index) { try { debugLog(`Navigating to question ${index + 1} via nav panel`); showQuestion(index); toggleNavPanel(); } catch (e) { console.error("Error handling navigation click:", e); debugLog("Failed to navigate via nav panel: " + e.message); } } // Start timer function startTimer() { try { debugLog("Starting timer"); timerInterval = setInterval(() => { if (timeRemaining <= 0) { debugLog("Timer expired, submitting test"); clearInterval(timerInterval); submitTest(); } else { timeRemaining--; const minutes = Math.floor(timeRemaining / 60); const seconds = timeRemaining % 60; document.getElementById('timer').innerHTML = `Time Remaining: <span>${minutes.toString().padStart(2, '0')}:${seconds.toString().padStart(2, '0')}</span>`; saveProgress(); } }, 1000); debugLog("Timer started successfully"); } catch (e) { console.error("Error starting timer:", e); debugLog("Failed to start timer: " + e.message); } } // Update progress bar function updateProgressBar() { try { debugLog("Updating progress bar"); const progress = ((currentQuestion + 1) / questions.length) * 100; document.getElementById('progress-bar').style.width = `${progress}%`; debugLog("Progress bar updated"); } catch (e) { console.error("Error updating progress bar:", e); debugLog("Failed to update progress bar: " + e.message); } } // Update quiz navigation panel function updateNavPanel() { try { debugLog("Updating quiz navigation panel"); const filter = document.getElementById('nav-filter').value; const navGrid = document.getElementById('nav-grid'); navGrid.innerHTML = questions.map((_, i) => { if (filter === 'answered' && !answers[i]) return ''; if (filter === 'unanswered' && answers[i]) return ''; if (filter === 'marked' && !markedForReview[i]) return ''; return ` <button class="question-nav-btn ${answers[i] ? 'answered' : 'unanswered'} ${markedForReview[i] ? 'marked-nav' : ''}" onclick="handleQuestionNavClick(${i})" aria-label="Go to Question ${i + 1}"> ${i + 1} </button> `; }).join(''); debugLog("Quiz navigation panel updated"); } catch (e) { console.error("Error updating quiz navigation panel:", e); debugLog("Failed to update quiz navigation panel: " + e.message); } } // Update results navigation panel function updateResultsNavPanel() { try { debugLog("Updating results navigation panel"); const filter = document.getElementById('results-nav-filter').value; const navGrid = document.getElementById('results-nav-grid'); navGrid.innerHTML = questions.map((_, i) => { if (filter === 'answered' && !answers[i]) return ''; if (filter === 'unanswered' && answers[i]) return ''; if (filter === 'marked' && !markedForReview[i]) return ''; return ` <button class="result-nav-btn-grid ${answers[i] ? 'answered' : 'unanswered'} ${markedForReview[i] ? 'marked-nav' : ''}" onclick="handleResultNavClick(${i})" aria-label="Go to Result for Question ${i + 1}"> ${i + 1} </button> `; }).join(''); debugLog("Results navigation panel updated"); } catch (e) { console.error("Error updating results navigation panel:", e); debugLog("Failed to update results navigation panel: " + e.message); } } // Toggle quiz navigation panel function toggleNavPanel() { try { debugLog("Toggling quiz navigation panel"); const navPanel = document.getElementById('nav-panel'); navPanel.classList.toggle('hidden'); debugLog("Quiz navigation panel toggled"); } catch (e) { console.error("Error toggling quiz navigation panel:", e); debugLog("Failed to toggle quiz navigation panel: " + e.message); } } // Toggle results navigation panel function toggleResultsNavPanel() { try { debugLog("Toggling results navigation panel"); const resultsNavPanel = document.getElementById('results-nav-panel'); resultsNavPanel.classList.toggle('hidden'); if (!resultsNavPanel.classList.contains('hidden')) { updateResultsNavPanel(); } debugLog("Results navigation panel toggled"); } catch (e) { console.error("Error toggling results navigation panel:", e); debugLog("Failed to toggle results navigation panel: " + e.message); } } // Handle result navigation click function handleResultNavClick(index) { try { debugLog(`Navigating to result for question ${index + 1} via nav panel`); showResults(index); toggleResultsNavPanel(); } catch (e) { console.error("Error handling result navigation click:", e); debugLog("Failed to navigate to result: " + e.message); } } // Show submit modal function showSubmitModal() { try { debugLog("Showing submit modal"); const attempted = answers.filter(a => a !== null).length; document.getElementById('attempted-count').textContent = attempted; document.getElementById('unattempted-count').textContent = questions.length - attempted; document.getElementById('submit-modal').classList.remove('hidden'); debugLog("Submit modal displayed"); } catch (e) { console.error("Error showing submit modal:", e); debugLog("Failed to show submit modal: " + e.message); } } // Close submit modal function closeSubmitModal() { try { debugLog("Closing submit modal"); document.getElementById('submit-modal').classList.add('hidden'); debugLog("Submit modal closed"); } catch (e) { console.error("Error closing submit modal:", e); debugLog("Failed to close submit modal: " + e.message); } } // Close exit modal function closeExitModal() { try { debugLog("Closing exit modal"); document.getElementById('exit-modal').classList.add('hidden'); debugLog("Exit modal closed"); } catch (e) { console.error("Error closing exit modal:", e); debugLog("Failed to close exit modal: " + e.message); } } // Submit test function submitTest() { try { debugLog("Submitting test"); clearInterval(timerInterval); document.getElementById('quiz').classList.add('hidden'); document.getElementById('submit-modal').classList.add('hidden'); document.getElementById('results').classList.remove('hidden'); showResults(0); // Start with first question // Trigger confetti animation confetti({ particleCount: 100, spread: 70, origin: { y: 0.6 } }); localStorage.removeItem(`quiz_${quizId}`); debugLog("Test submitted successfully"); } catch (e) { console.error("Error submitting test:", e); debugLog("Failed to submit test: " + e.message); } } // Show result for a single question function showResults(index) { try { debugLog(`Showing result for question ${index + 1}`); currentResultQuestion = index; let correct = 0, wrong = 0, unanswered = 0, marked = 0; answers.forEach((answer, i) => { const isCorrect = answer && questions[i].options.find(opt => opt.label === answer)?.correct; if (answer === null) unanswered++; else if (isCorrect) correct++; else wrong++; if (markedForReview[i]) marked++; }); const q = questions[index]; if (!q) { throw new Error(`Question ${index} is undefined`); } const userAnswer = answers[index]; const isCorrect = userAnswer && q.options.find(opt => opt.label === userAnswer)?.correct; const resultsContent = document.getElementById('results-content'); resultsContent.innerHTML = ` <div class="border p-4 rounded-lg ${isCorrect ? 'bg-green-50' : userAnswer ? 'bg-red-50' : 'bg-gray-50'}"> <p class="font-semibold">Question ${index + 1}: ${q.text || 'No question text'}</p> ${q.question_images && q.question_images.length > 0 ? q.question_images.map(url => `<img src="${url}" alt="Question Image" class="max-w-full h-auto rounded-lg my-2">`).join('') : ''} <p><strong>Your Answer:</strong> ${userAnswer ? `${userAnswer}. ${q.options.find(opt => opt.label === userAnswer)?.text || 'Invalid option'}` : 'Unanswered'}</p> <p><strong>Correct Answer:</strong> ${q.correct_answer || 'Unknown'}</p> <div class="mt-2">${q.explanation || 'No explanation available'}</div> ${q.explanation_images && q.explanation_images.length > 0 ? q.explanation_images.map(url => `<img src="${url}" alt="Explanation Image" class="max-w-full h-auto rounded-lg my-2">`).join('') : ''} ${q.video ? ` <button class="play-video bg-blue-500 text-white px-4 py-2 rounded-lg mt-2" onclick="loadVideo(this, '${q.video}', 'video-${index}')" aria-label="Play explanation video for Question ${index + 1}"> Play Video Explanation </button> <div id="video-${index}" class="video-container mt-2"></div> ` : '<p class="text-gray-500 mt-2">No video available</p>'} ${q.audio ? ` <button class="play-audio bg-blue-500 text-white px-4 py-2 rounded-lg mt-2" onclick="loadAudio(this, '${q.audio}', 'audio-${index}')" aria-label="Play audio explanation for Question ${index + 1}"> Play Audio Explanation </button> <div id="audio-${index}" class="audio-container mt-2"></div> ` : ''} </div> `; document.getElementById('correct-count').textContent = correct; document.getElementById('wrong-count').textContent = wrong; document.getElementById('unanswered-count').textContent = unanswered; document.getElementById('marked-count').textContent = marked; document.getElementById('result-question-number').innerHTML = `Question <span>${index + 1}</span> of ${questions.length}`; document.getElementById('prev-result').disabled = index === 0; document.getElementById('next-result').disabled = index === questions.length - 1; updateResultsNavPanel(); window.scrollTo({ top: 0, behavior: 'smooth' }); debugLog(`Result for question ${index + 1} displayed successfully`); } catch (e) { console.error("Error displaying result:", e); debugLog("Failed to display result: " + e.message); } } // Navigate to previous result function showPreviousResult() { try { debugLog(`Navigating to previous result from question ${currentResultQuestion + 1}`); if (currentResultQuestion > 0) { showResults(currentResultQuestion - 1); } } catch (e) { console.error("Error navigating to previous result:", e); debugLog("Failed to navigate to previous result: " + e.message); } } // Navigate to next result function showNextResult() { try { debugLog(`Navigating to next result from question ${currentResultQuestion + 1}`); if (currentResultQuestion < questions.length - 1) { showResults(currentResultQuestion + 1); } } catch (e) { console.error("Error navigating to next result:", e); debugLog("Failed to navigate to next result: " + e.message); } } // Lazy-load video function loadVideo(button, videoUrl, containerId) { try { debugLog(`Loading video for ${containerId}: ${videoUrl}`); if (!videoUrl) { const container = document.getElementById(containerId); container.innerHTML = `<p class="text-gray-500">No video available</p>`; button.remove(); debugLog("No video URL provided"); return; } const container = document.getElementById(containerId); container.innerHTML = ` <div class="video-loading"></div> <video controls class="w-full max-w-[600px] rounded-lg" preload="metadata" aria-label="Video explanation"> <source src="${videoUrl}" type="${videoUrl.endsWith('.m3u8') ? 'application/x-mpegURL' : 'video/mp4'}"> Your browser does not support the video tag. </video> `; container.classList.add('active'); button.remove(); // Initialize HLS.js for .m3u8 videos const video = container.querySelector('video'); if (videoUrl.endsWith('.m3u8') && Hls.isSupported()) { const hls = new Hls(); hls.loadSource(videoUrl); hls.attachMedia(video); hls.on(Hls.Events.ERROR, (event, data) => { console.error("HLS.js error:", data); container.innerHTML = `<p class="text-red-500">Error loading video. <a href="${videoUrl}" target="_blank" aria-label="Open video in new tab">Open video</a></p>`; debugLog("HLS.js error: " + JSON.stringify(data)); }); } else if (videoUrl.endsWith('.m3u8') && video.canPlayType('application/vnd.apple.mpegurl')) { video.src = videoUrl; } // Handle video load errors video.onerror = () => { console.error("Video load error for URL:", videoUrl); container.innerHTML = `<p class="text-red-500">Error loading video. <a href="${videoUrl}" target="_blank" aria-label="Open video in new tab">Open video</a></p>`; debugLog("Video load error for URL: " + videoUrl); }; // Remove loading spinner when video is ready video.onloadedmetadata = () => { container.querySelector('.video-loading').remove(); debugLog("Video loaded successfully"); }; } catch (e) { console.error("Error loading video:", e); debugLog("Failed to load video: " + e.message); const container = document.getElementById(containerId); container.innerHTML = `<p class="text-red-500">Error loading video. <a href="${videoUrl}" target="_blank" aria-label="Open video in new tab">Open video</a></p>`; } } // Lazy-load audio function loadAudio(button, audioUrl, containerId) { try { debugLog(`Loading audio for ${containerId}: ${audioUrl}`); if (!audioUrl) { const container = document.getElementById(containerId); container.innerHTML = `<p class="text-gray-500">No audio available</p>`; button.remove(); debugLog("No audio URL provided"); return; } const container = document.getElementById(containerId); container.innerHTML = ` <audio controls class="w-full max-w-[600px]" preload="metadata" aria-label="Audio explanation"> <source src="${audioUrl}" type="audio/mpeg"> Your browser does not support the audio tag. </audio> `; container.classList.add('active'); button.remove(); // Handle audio load errors const audio = container.querySelector('audio'); audio.onerror = () => { console.error("Audio load error for URL:", audioUrl); container.innerHTML = `<p class="text-red-500">Error loading audio. <a href="${audioUrl}" target="_blank" aria-label="Open audio in new tab">Open audio</a></p>`; debugLog("Audio load error for URL: " + audioUrl); }; debugLog("Audio loaded successfully"); } catch (e) { console.error("Error loading audio:", e); debugLog("Failed to load audio: " + e.message); const container = document.getElementById(containerId); container.innerHTML = `<p class="text-red-500">Error loading audio. <a href="${audioUrl}" target="_blank" aria-label="Open audio in new tab">Open audio</a></p>`; } } // Toggle dark mode function toggleTheme() { try { debugLog("Toggling theme"); document.documentElement.classList.toggle('dark'); localStorage.setItem('theme', document.documentElement.classList.contains('dark') ? 'dark' : 'light'); debugLog("Theme toggled successfully"); } catch (e) { console.error("Error toggling theme:", e); debugLog("Failed to toggle theme: " + e.message); } } // Load theme preference function loadTheme() { try { debugLog("Loading theme preference"); const theme = localStorage.getItem('theme'); if (theme === 'dark') { document.documentElement.classList.add('dark'); } debugLog("Theme loaded successfully"); } catch (e) { console.error("Error loading theme:", e); debugLog("Failed to load theme: " + e.message); } } // Initialize on DOM content loaded window.addEventListener('DOMContentLoaded', () => { try { debugLog("DOM content loaded, initializing quiz"); loadTheme(); initQuiz(); } catch (e) { console.error("Error during DOMContentLoaded:", e); debugLog("Failed to initialize on DOMContentLoaded: " + e.message); document.getElementById('error-message').innerHTML = "Error initializing quiz. Please check the console for details or contact support."; document.getElementById('error-message').classList.remove('hidden'); } }); </script> </body> </html>" frameborder="0" width="100%" height="2000px">
<div class="bg-white rounded-lg shadow-md p-4 md:p-6"> <h2 class="text-xl font-semibold mb-4">Instructions</h2> <h4 class="text-gray-800 text-lg font-semibold mt-6 mb-4">Test Features:</h4> <ul class="space-y-3"> <li class="flex items-center gap-3"> <i class="fa-solid fa-circle-check text-green-500"></i> Multiple choice questions with single correct answers </li> <li class="flex items-center gap-3"> <i class="fa-solid fa-circle-check text-green-500"></i> Timer-based testing for realistic exam conditions </li> <li class="flex items-center gap-3"> <i class="fa-solid fa-circle-check text-green-500"></i> Mark questions for review functionality </li> <li class="flex items-center gap-3"> <i class="fa-solid fa-circle-check text-green-500"></i> Comprehensive results and performance analysis </li> <li class="flex items-center gap-3"> <i class="fa-solid fa-circle-check text-green-500"></i> Mobile-optimized interface for learning on-the-go </li> </ul> <div class="mt-6 flex space-x-4 button-group md:flex-row flex-col"> <button class="bg-[#2c5281] text-white px-6 py-2 rounded-lg hover:bg-[#2c5281] transition" id="start-test">Start Test</button> </div> <div class="error-message hidden" id="error-message"></div> </div> </section> <!-- Quiz Section --> <section class="container mx-auto px-4 md:px-6 pt-4 md:pt-6 pb-1 hidden section-transition" id="quiz"> <div class="bg-white rounded-lg shadow-md p-4 md:p-6"> <!-- Progress Bar --> <div class="w-full bg-gray-200 rounded-full h-3 mb-4"> <div class="progress-bar h-3 rounded-full" id="progress-bar" style="width: 0%"></div> </div> <!-- Question Header --> <div class="flex flex-col md:flex-row justify-between items-center mb-4"> <h2 class="text-lg font-semibold" id="question-number">Question <span>1</span> of 4</h2> <p class="text-lg font-semibold mt-2 md:mt-0" id="timer">Time Remaining: <span>00:00</span></p> </div> <!-- Question Content --> <div class="mb-6" id="question-content"> <p class="text-gray-800 mb-4" id="question-text"></p> <div class="flex flex-wrap gap-4 mb-4" id="question-images"></div> <div class="space-y-3" id="options"></div> </div> <!-- Navigation Buttons --> <div class="flex flex-col md:flex-row justify-between items-center gap-2 md:gap-4"> <div class="flex gap-2 w-full md:w-auto"> <button class="bg-[#2c5281] text-white px-4 py-3 w-full md:w-32 h-14 rounded-lg hover:bg-[#2c5281] transition" disabled="" id="previous-btn">Previous</button> <button class="bg-[#2c5281] text-white px-4 py-3 w-full md:w-32 h-14 rounded-lg hover:bg-[#2c5281] transition" id="next-btn">Next</button> </div> <div class="flex items-center gap-2"> <button class="bg-transparent text-gray-700 px-4 py-2 rounded-lg hover:bg-gray-100 transition flex items-center gap-1" id="mark-review"> Review <svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" class="h-5 w-5" viewBox="0 0 20 20" fill="currentColor"> <path d="M10 2a1 1 0 00-1 1v14l3.293-3.293a1 1 0 011.414 0L17 17V3a1 1 0 00-1-1H10z" /> </svg> </button> <button class="bg-transparent text-gray-700 px-4 py-2 rounded-lg hover:bg-gray-100 transition flex items-center gap-1" id="nav-toggle"> Question 🧭 </button> <button class="bg-green-500 text-white px-6 py-3 w-44 h-14 rounded-lg hover:bg-green-600 transition w-full md:w-auto" id="submit-test">Submit Test</button> </div> </div> </section> <!-- Results Section --> <section class="container mx-auto px-4 md:px-6 pt-4 md:pt-6 pb-1 hidden section-transition" id="results"> <div class="bg-white rounded-lg shadow-md p-4 md:p-6"> <h2 class="text-2xl font-semibold mb-4">Anaesthesia Machine - Results</h2> <div class="grid grid-cols-1 md:grid-cols-2 gap-4 mb-6"> <p><strong>Correct:</strong> <span id="correct-count" class="text-[#000000]">0</span></p> <p><strong>Wrong:</strong> <span id="wrong-count" class="text-[#000000]">0</span></p> <p><strong>Unanswered:</strong> <span id="unanswered-count" class="text-[#000000]-500">0</span></p> <p><strong>Marked for Review:</strong> <span id="marked-count" class="text-[#000000]">0</span></p> </div> <h3 class="text-lg font-semibold mb-4" id="result-question-number">Question <span>1</span> of 4</h3> <div class="space-y-6" id="results-content"></div> <div class="result-nav"> <button aria-label="Previous question result" class="result-nav-btn bg-[#2c5281] text-white px-6 py-2 rounded-lg hover:bg-[#2c5281] transition" disabled="" id="prev-result">Previous</button> <button aria-label="Toggle results navigation panel" class="result-nav-btn bg-[#2c5281] text-white px-6 py-2 rounded-lg hover:bg-[#2c5281] transition" id="results-nav-toggle">Result 🧭</button> <button aria-label="Next question result" class="result-nav-btn bg-[#2c5281] text-white px-6 py-2 rounded-lg hover:bg-[#2c5281] transition" id="next-result">Next</button> </div> <div class="mt-6 flex space-x-4 button-group md:flex-row flex-col"> <button class="bg-green-500 text-white px-6 py-2 rounded-lg hover:bg-green-600 transition" id="take-again">Take Again</button> </div> </div> </section> <!-- Exit Confirmation Modal --> <div class="fixed inset-0 bg-black bg-opacity-50 flex items-center justify-center hidden" id="exit-modal"> <div class="bg-white rounded-lg p-6 max-w-sm w-full"> <h2 class="text-xl font-semibold mb-4">Leave Test?</h2> <p class="text-gray-700 mb-4">Your progress will be lost if you leave this page. Are you sure you want to exit?</p> <div class="flex justify-end space-x-4"> <button class="bg-gray-300 text-gray-700 px-4 py-2 rounded-lg hover:bg-gray-400 transition" id="continue-test">No, Continue</button> <button class="bg-red-500 text-white px-4 py-2 rounded-lg hover:bg-red-600 transition" id="exit-test">Yes, Exit</button> </div> </div> </div> <!-- Submit Confirmation Modal --> <div class="fixed inset-0 bg-black bg-opacity-50 flex items-center justify-center hidden" id="submit-modal"> <div class="bg-white rounded-lg p-6 max-w-sm w-full"> <h2 class="text-xl font-semibold mb-4">Confirm Submission</h2> <p class="text-gray-700 mb-2">You have attempted <span id="attempted-count">0</span> of 5 questions.</p> <p class="text-gray-700 mb-4"><span id="unattempted-count">0</span> questions are unattempted.</p> <div class="flex justify-end space-x-4"> <button class="bg-gray-300 text-gray-700 px-4 py-2 rounded-lg hover:bg-gray-400 transition" id="cancel-submit">Cancel</button> <button class="bg-green-500 text-white px-4 py-2 rounded-lg hover:bg-green-600 transition" id="confirm-submit">Submit Test</button> </div> </div> </div> <!-- Quiz Navigation Panel --> <div class="fixed inset-y-0 right-0 nav-panel bg-white shadow-lg p-4 hidden overflow-y-auto" id="nav-panel"> <h2 class="text-lg font-semibold mb-4">Questions Navigation</h2> <div class="mb-4"> <select class="w-full p-2 border rounded-lg text-gray-700" id="nav-filter"> <option value="all">All Questions</option> <option value="answered">Answered</option> <option value="unanswered">Unanswered</option> <option value="marked">Marked for Review</option> </select> </div> <div class="grid grid-cols-5 gap-2 md:gap-3" id="nav-grid"></div> <button class="mt-4 bg-gray-500 text-white px-4 py-2 rounded-lg hover:bg-gray-600 transition w-full" id="close-nav">Close</button> </div> <!-- Results Navigation Panel --> <div class="fixed inset-y-0 right-0 results-nav-panel bg-white shadow-lg p-4 hidden overflow-y-auto" id="results-nav-panel"> <h2 class="text-lg font-semibold mb-4">Results Navigation</h2> <div class="mb-4"> <select class="w-full p-2 border rounded-lg text-gray-700" id="results-nav-filter"> <option value="all">All Questions</option> <option value="answered">Answered</option> <option value="unanswered">Unanswered</option> <option value="marked">Marked for Review</option> </select> </div> <div class="grid grid-cols-5 gap-2 md:gap-3" id="results-nav-grid"></div> <button class="mt-4 bg-gray-500 text-white px-4 py-2 rounded-lg hover:bg-gray-600 transition w-full" id="close-results-nav">Close</button> </div> <!-- JavaScript Logic --> <script> // Enable debug mode for detailed logging const DEBUG_MODE = true; // Log debug messages function debugLog(message) { if (DEBUG_MODE) { console.log(`[DEBUG] ${message}`); } } // Initialize questions with error handling let questions = []; let currentResultQuestion = 0; // State for current question in results try { debugLog("Attempting to parse questions_json"); questions = [{"text": "Choose the correct sterilization method for wire loop used in bacterial cultue.", "options": [{"label": "A", "text": "Heat until the wire becomes red", "correct": true}, {"label": "B", "text": "Autoclave", "correct": false}, {"label": "C", "text": "Plasma sterilization", "correct": false}, {"label": "D", "text": "Passing over flame × 3 times", "correct": false}], "correct_answer": "A. Heat until the wire becomes red", "question_images": [], "explanation_images": [], "explanation": "<table cellspacing=\"0\" style=\"border-collapse:collapse; width:NaN\">\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Sterilisation technique</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Control method </strong></p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>1. Hot air oven</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>c. <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"461ee544961692777182696a650b05\">Bacillus</span> atrophaeus/subtilis spores</p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>2. Autoclave</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>d. <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"a1f8bd55901692777188b383607b48\">Geobacillus</span> stearothermophilus spores</p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>3. <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"34cd707428169277719272942b7905\">Membrane</span> filtration</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>b. <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"6c0f4873b616927771989c0647cf3e\">Serratia</span> marcescens</p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>4.Ionizing Radiation</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>a. <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"461ee544961692777182696a650b05\">Bacillus</span> pumilus</p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n</tbody>\n\n\n<p style='font-size: 10px; color: #808080; font-style: italic;'>@dams_new_robot</p>", "bot": "@dams_new_robot", "audio": "", "video": ""}, {"text": "All of the following are cold sterilization methods except?", "options": [{"label": "A", "text": "UV rays", "correct": false}, {"label": "B", "text": "Autoclave", "correct": true}, {"label": "C", "text": "Gamma rays", "correct": false}, {"label": "D", "text": "Plasma sterilisation", "correct": false}], "correct_answer": "B. Autoclave", "question_images": [], "explanation_images": ["https://image.prepladder.com/content/jNSkD5Ani0HDEPZfq97u1741790733.png"], "explanation": "\n\n<p style='font-size: 10px; color: #808080; font-style: italic;'>@dams_new_robot</p>", "bot": "@dams_new_robot", "audio": "", "video": ""}, {"text": "Which test is used in the detection of long term glucose tolerance?", "options": [{"label": "A", "text": "Fasting blood glucose", "correct": false}, {"label": "B", "text": "Random blood glucose", "correct": false}, {"label": "C", "text": "HbA1C", "correct": true}, {"label": "D", "text": "CBC", "correct": false}], "correct_answer": "C. HbA1C", "question_images": [], "explanation_images": [], "explanation": "\n\n<p style='font-size: 10px; color: #808080; font-style: italic;'>@dams_new_robot</p>", "bot": "@dams_new_robot", "audio": "", "video": ""}, {"text": "Stain used to demonstrate fungal elements are?", "options": [{"label": "A", "text": "Acid fast stain", "correct": false}, {"label": "B", "text": "Gabbet's stain", "correct": false}, {"label": "C", "text": "Methenamine silver", "correct": true}, {"label": "D", "text": "Leifson &amp;amp; Ryu's stain", "correct": false}], "correct_answer": "C. Methenamine silver", "question_images": [], "explanation_images": [], "explanation": "<table cellspacing=\"0\" style=\"border-collapse:collapse\">\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><strong>Method</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><strong>Description</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><strong>Use</strong></p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td colspan=\"3\" style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><strong>Direct Microscopic Examination</strong></p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:middle\">\n<p><strong>KOH Preparation</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Dissolves <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"d0e68b82ed1692777190fa10f7d4ba\">keratin</span> in clinical specimens (e.g., skin scrapings, nail clippings) to visualise fungal elements.</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Diagnosing <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"84b9a43a7816927771867efa42a2dd\">dermatophyte</span> infections</p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:middle\">\n<p><strong>Calcofluor White Staining</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Enhances fungal visibility by binding to <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"b24b4918a916927771844114519396\">chitin</span> in cell walls, causing them to fluoresce under UV light.</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Observing fungal morphology</p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:middle\">\n<p><strong>Gram Stain</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Traditionally for bacterial identification; also useful for yeasts, which typically <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"b29a1a16ab1692777199ede1c6e28b\">stain</span> Gram-positive (purple).</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Detecting certain fungi</p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:middle\">\n<p><strong>India Ink Preparation</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Negative <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"3b007026bd16927771997ae809b603\">staining</span> method for <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"e26ba9a1d41692777187d0ad03a8c1\">encapsulated</span> yeasts (e.g., Cryptococcus neoformans), revealing a clear <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"95af91681416927771887742113c38\">halo</span> around cells.</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Identifying <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"e26ba9a1d41692777187d0ad03a8c1\">encapsulated</span> yeasts</p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:middle\">\n<p><strong>Methenamine Silver and <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"1e835060d3169277719499350aabe5\">PAS</span> Staining</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Histochemical techniques that <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"b29a1a16ab1692777199ede1c6e28b\">stain</span> <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"5ab0081e8316927772037e0f7c5a79\">fungi</span> black (methenamine) or <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"9038419f6f169277719188195b72b5\">magenta</span> (PAS) in tissue sections.</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Highlighting <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"5ab0081e8316927772037e0f7c5a79\">fungi</span> in tissues</p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:middle\">\n<p><strong>Lactophenol Cotton Blue (LCB) Mount</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Enhances contrast in teased fungal colonies for <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"55beab619216927771925caac38373\">morphological</span> observation.</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Microscopic examination of fungi</p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td colspan=\"3\" style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><strong>Serology</strong></p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:middle\">\n<p><strong>Antibody Detection</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Identifies antibodies produced by the host in response to <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"5ab0081e8316927772037e0f7c5a79\">fungi</span> using methods like ELISA.</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Tracking <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"dc6add5cf91692777189b30a6bae38\">immune response</span> to fungal infections</p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:middle\">\n<p><strong>Antigen Detection</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Detects fungal antigens in body fluids using techniques such as <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"60088572d31692777191346a90b73f\">latex</span> <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"36e1a07ab01692777180db73f01e84\">agglutination</span> tests.</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Identifying fungal presence in the body</p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td colspan=\"3\" style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><strong>Skin Tests</strong></p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:middle\">\n<p><strong>Delayed-Type Hypersensitivity (DTH)</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Assesses previous exposure to <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"5ab0081e8316927772037e0f7c5a79\">fungi</span> through localised reactions to <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"6a367ebd0c169277719091155a5b0f\">injected</span> antigens.</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Evaluating past fungal exposure</p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td colspan=\"3\" style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><strong>Newer Rapid Diagnostic Tests</strong></p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:middle\">\n<p><strong>Nucleic Acid Hybridisation</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Uses labelled DNA probes for rapid fungal DNA <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"723fdec66b1692777186e92f0c6fdf\">detection</span> in clinical samples.</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Quick identification of fungal pathogens</p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:middle\">\n<p><strong>Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR)</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Amplifies specific fungal DNA sequences, enabling early diagnosis even with low fungal loads.</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Early <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"723fdec66b1692777186e92f0c6fdf\">detection</span> of fungal infections</p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n</tbody>\n\n\n<p style='font-size: 10px; color: #808080; font-style: italic;'>@dams_new_robot</p>", "bot": "@dams_new_robot", "audio": "", "video": ""}, {"text": "Which one of the following is an enrichment medium?", "options": [{"label": "A", "text": "Alkaline peptone water", "correct": false}, {"label": "B", "text": "Monsur's taurocholate tellurite peptone water", "correct": false}, {"label": "C", "text": "Selenite F broth", "correct": false}, {"label": "D", "text": "All of the above", "correct": true}], "correct_answer": "D. All of the above", "question_images": [], "explanation_images": [], "explanation": "<p>Correct Answer D - All of the abov\n\n<p style='font-size: 10px; color: #808080; font-style: italic;'>@dams_new_robot</p>", "bot": "@dams_new_robot", "audio": "", "video": ""}]; if (!Array.isArray(questions) || questions.length === 0) { throw new Error("Questions data is empty or invalid"); } debugLog(`Successfully parsed ${questions.length} questions`); } catch (e) { console.error("Failed to parse questions_json:", e); document.getElementById('error-message').innerHTML = "Error loading quiz data. Please check the console for details or contact support."; document.getElementById('error-message').classList.remove('hidden'); document.getElementById('start-test').disabled = true; // Fallback to sample questions for testing questions = [ { text: "What is 2 + 2?", options: [ { label: "A", text: "3", correct: false }, { label: "B", text: "4", correct: true }, { label: "C", text: "5", correct: false }, { label: "D", text: "6", correct: false } ], correct_answer: "B. 4", question_images: [], explanation_images: [], explanation: "<p>2 + 2 = 4</p><p>@dams_new_robot</p>", bot: "@dams_new_robot", audio: "", video: "" } ]; debugLog("Loaded fallback questions"); } // Quiz state let currentQuestion = 0; let answers = new Array(questions.length).fill(null); let markedForReview = new Array(questions.length).fill(false); let timeRemaining = 15 * 60; // Duration in seconds let timerInterval = null; const quizId = `{title.replace(/\s+/g, '_').toLowerCase()}`; // Unique ID for local storage // Load saved progress function loadProgress() { try { debugLog("Loading progress from localStorage"); const saved = localStorage.getItem(`quiz_${quizId}`); if (saved) { const { savedAnswers, savedMarked, savedTime } = JSON.parse(saved); answers = savedAnswers || answers; markedForReview = savedMarked || markedForReview; timeRemaining = savedTime !== undefined ? savedTime : timeRemaining; debugLog("Progress loaded successfully"); } else { debugLog("No saved progress found"); } } catch (e) { console.error("Error loading progress:", e); debugLog("Failed to load progress: " + e.message); } } // Save progress function saveProgress() { try { debugLog("Saving progress to localStorage"); localStorage.setItem(`quiz_${quizId}`, JSON.stringify({ savedAnswers: answers, savedMarked: markedForReview, savedTime: timeRemaining })); debugLog("Progress saved successfully"); } catch (e) { console.error("Error saving progress:", e); debugLog("Failed to save progress: " + e.message); } } // Initialize quiz function initQuiz() { try { debugLog("Initializing quiz"); loadProgress(); const startButton = document.getElementById('start-test'); if (!startButton) { throw new Error("Start test button not found"); } startButton.addEventListener('click', startQuiz); debugLog("Start test button listener attached"); document.getElementById('previous-btn').addEventListener('click', showPreviousQuestion); document.getElementById('next-btn').addEventListener('click', showNextQuestion); document.getElementById('mark-review').addEventListener('click', toggleMarkForReview); document.getElementById('nav-toggle').addEventListener('click', toggleNavPanel); document.getElementById('submit-test').addEventListener('click', showSubmitModal); document.getElementById('continue-test').addEventListener('click', closeExitModal); document.getElementById('exit-test').addEventListener('click', () => { debugLog("Exiting test"); localStorage.removeItem(`quiz_${quizId}`); window.location.reload(); }); document.getElementById('cancel-submit').addEventListener('click', closeSubmitModal); document.getElementById('confirm-submit').addEventListener('click', submitTest); document.getElementById('take-again').addEventListener('click', () => { debugLog("Restarting test"); localStorage.removeItem(`quiz_${quizId}`); window.location.reload(); }); document.getElementById('review-test').addEventListener('click', () => showResults(currentResultQuestion)); document.getElementById('close-nav').addEventListener('click', toggleNavPanel); document.getElementById('theme-toggle').addEventListener('click', toggleTheme); document.getElementById('nav-filter').addEventListener('change', updateNavPanel); document.getElementById('prev-result').addEventListener('click', showPreviousResult); document.getElementById('next-result').addEventListener('click', showNextResult); document.getElementById('results-nav-toggle').addEventListener('click', toggleResultsNavPanel); document.getElementById('close-results-nav').addEventListener('click', toggleResultsNavPanel); document.getElementById('results-nav-filter').addEventListener('change', updateResultsNavPanel); debugLog("Quiz initialized successfully"); } catch (e) { console.error("Failed to initialize quiz:", e); debugLog("Failed to initialize quiz: " + e.message); document.getElementById('error-message').innerHTML = "Error initializing quiz. Please check the console for details or contact support."; document.getElementById('error-message').classList.remove('hidden'); document.getElementById('start-test').disabled = true; } } // Start quiz function startQuiz() { try { debugLog("Starting quiz"); document.getElementById('instructions').classList.add('hidden'); document.getElementById('quiz').classList.remove('hidden'); showQuestion(currentQuestion); startTimer(); updateNavPanel(); debugLog("Quiz started successfully"); } catch (e) { console.error("Error starting quiz:", e); debugLog("Failed to start quiz: " + e.message); document.getElementById('error-message').innerHTML = "Error starting quiz. Please check the console for details or contact support."; document.getElementById('error-message').classList.remove('hidden'); document.getElementById('quiz').classList.add('hidden'); document.getElementById('instructions').classList.remove('hidden'); } } // Show question function showQuestion(index) { try { debugLog(`Showing question ${index + 1}`); currentQuestion = index; const q = questions[index]; if (!q) { throw new Error(`Question ${index} is undefined`); } document.getElementById('question-number').innerHTML = `Question <span>${index + 1}</span> of ${questions.length}`; document.getElementById('question-text').innerHTML = q.text || "No question text available"; const imagesDiv = document.getElementById('question-images'); imagesDiv.innerHTML = q.question_images && q.question_images.length > 0 ? q.question_images.map(url => `<img src="${url}" alt="Question Image" class="max-w-full h-auto rounded-lg">`).join('') : ''; const optionsDiv = document.getElementById('options'); optionsDiv.innerHTML = q.options && q.options.length > 0 ? q.options.map(opt => ` <button class="option-btn w-full text-left p-3 border rounded-lg ${answers[index] === opt.label ? 'selected' : ''}" onclick="selectOption(${index}, '${opt.label}')" aria-label="Option ${opt.label}: ${opt.text}"> ${opt.label}. ${opt.text} </button> `).join('') : '<p class="text-red-500">No options available</p>'; document.getElementById('previous-btn').disabled = index === 0; document.getElementById('next-btn').disabled = index === questions.length - 1; document.getElementById('mark-review').classList.toggle('marked', markedForReview[index]); updateProgressBar(); saveProgress(); window.scrollTo({ top: 0, behavior: 'smooth' }); debugLog(`Question ${index + 1} displayed successfully`); } catch (e) { console.error("Error displaying question:", e); debugLog("Failed to display question: " + e.message); } } // Select option function selectOption(index, label) { try { debugLog(`Selecting option ${label} for question ${index + 1}`); answers[index] = label; const optionsDiv = document.getElementById('options'); const optionButtons = optionsDiv.querySelectorAll('.option-btn'); optionButtons.forEach(btn => { const btnLabel = btn.textContent.trim().split('.')[0]; btn.classList.toggle('selected', btnLabel === label); }); updateNavPanel(); saveProgress(); debugLog(`Option ${label} selected for question ${index + 1}`); } catch (e) { console.error("Error selecting option:", e); debugLog("Failed to select option: " + e.message); } } // Toggle mark for review function toggleMarkForReview() { try { debugLog(`Toggling mark for review on question ${currentQuestion + 1}`); markedForReview[currentQuestion] = !markedForReview[currentQuestion]; document.getElementById('mark-review').classList.toggle('marked', markedForReview[currentQuestion]); updateNavPanel(); saveProgress(); debugLog(`Mark for review toggled for question ${currentQuestion + 1}`); } catch (e) { console.error("Error marking for review:", e); debugLog("Failed to mark for review: " + e.message); } } // Navigate to previous question function showPreviousQuestion() { try { debugLog(`Navigating to previous question from ${currentQuestion + 1}`); if (currentQuestion > 0) { currentQuestion--; showQuestion(currentQuestion); } } catch (e) { console.error("Error navigating to previous question:", e); debugLog("Failed to navigate to previous question: " + e.message); } } // Navigate to next question function showNextQuestion() { try { debugLog(`Navigating to next question from ${currentQuestion + 1}`); if (currentQuestion < questions.length - 1) { currentQuestion++; showQuestion(currentQuestion); } } catch (e) { console.error("Error navigating to next question:", e); debugLog("Failed to navigate to next question: " + e.message); } } // Handle question navigation click function handleQuestionNavClick(index) { try { debugLog(`Navigating to question ${index + 1} via nav panel`); showQuestion(index); toggleNavPanel(); } catch (e) { console.error("Error handling navigation click:", e); debugLog("Failed to navigate via nav panel: " + e.message); } } // Start timer function startTimer() { try { debugLog("Starting timer"); timerInterval = setInterval(() => { if (timeRemaining <= 0) { debugLog("Timer expired, submitting test"); clearInterval(timerInterval); submitTest(); } else { timeRemaining--; const minutes = Math.floor(timeRemaining / 60); const seconds = timeRemaining % 60; document.getElementById('timer').innerHTML = `Time Remaining: <span>${minutes.toString().padStart(2, '0')}:${seconds.toString().padStart(2, '0')}</span>`; saveProgress(); } }, 1000); debugLog("Timer started successfully"); } catch (e) { console.error("Error starting timer:", e); debugLog("Failed to start timer: " + e.message); } } // Update progress bar function updateProgressBar() { try { debugLog("Updating progress bar"); const progress = ((currentQuestion + 1) / questions.length) * 100; document.getElementById('progress-bar').style.width = `${progress}%`; debugLog("Progress bar updated"); } catch (e) { console.error("Error updating progress bar:", e); debugLog("Failed to update progress bar: " + e.message); } } // Update quiz navigation panel function updateNavPanel() { try { debugLog("Updating quiz navigation panel"); const filter = document.getElementById('nav-filter').value; const navGrid = document.getElementById('nav-grid'); navGrid.innerHTML = questions.map((_, i) => { if (filter === 'answered' && !answers[i]) return ''; if (filter === 'unanswered' && answers[i]) return ''; if (filter === 'marked' && !markedForReview[i]) return ''; return ` <button class="question-nav-btn ${answers[i] ? 'answered' : 'unanswered'} ${markedForReview[i] ? 'marked-nav' : ''}" onclick="handleQuestionNavClick(${i})" aria-label="Go to Question ${i + 1}"> ${i + 1} </button> `; }).join(''); debugLog("Quiz navigation panel updated"); } catch (e) { console.error("Error updating quiz navigation panel:", e); debugLog("Failed to update quiz navigation panel: " + e.message); } } // Update results navigation panel function updateResultsNavPanel() { try { debugLog("Updating results navigation panel"); const filter = document.getElementById('results-nav-filter').value; const navGrid = document.getElementById('results-nav-grid'); navGrid.innerHTML = questions.map((_, i) => { if (filter === 'answered' && !answers[i]) return ''; if (filter === 'unanswered' && answers[i]) return ''; if (filter === 'marked' && !markedForReview[i]) return ''; return ` <button class="result-nav-btn-grid ${answers[i] ? 'answered' : 'unanswered'} ${markedForReview[i] ? 'marked-nav' : ''}" onclick="handleResultNavClick(${i})" aria-label="Go to Result for Question ${i + 1}"> ${i + 1} </button> `; }).join(''); debugLog("Results navigation panel updated"); } catch (e) { console.error("Error updating results navigation panel:", e); debugLog("Failed to update results navigation panel: " + e.message); } } // Toggle quiz navigation panel function toggleNavPanel() { try { debugLog("Toggling quiz navigation panel"); const navPanel = document.getElementById('nav-panel'); navPanel.classList.toggle('hidden'); debugLog("Quiz navigation panel toggled"); } catch (e) { console.error("Error toggling quiz navigation panel:", e); debugLog("Failed to toggle quiz navigation panel: " + e.message); } } // Toggle results navigation panel function toggleResultsNavPanel() { try { debugLog("Toggling results navigation panel"); const resultsNavPanel = document.getElementById('results-nav-panel'); resultsNavPanel.classList.toggle('hidden'); if (!resultsNavPanel.classList.contains('hidden')) { updateResultsNavPanel(); } debugLog("Results navigation panel toggled"); } catch (e) { console.error("Error toggling results navigation panel:", e); debugLog("Failed to toggle results navigation panel: " + e.message); } } // Handle result navigation click function handleResultNavClick(index) { try { debugLog(`Navigating to result for question ${index + 1} via nav panel`); showResults(index); toggleResultsNavPanel(); } catch (e) { console.error("Error handling result navigation click:", e); debugLog("Failed to navigate to result: " + e.message); } } // Show submit modal function showSubmitModal() { try { debugLog("Showing submit modal"); const attempted = answers.filter(a => a !== null).length; document.getElementById('attempted-count').textContent = attempted; document.getElementById('unattempted-count').textContent = questions.length - attempted; document.getElementById('submit-modal').classList.remove('hidden'); debugLog("Submit modal displayed"); } catch (e) { console.error("Error showing submit modal:", e); debugLog("Failed to show submit modal: " + e.message); } } // Close submit modal function closeSubmitModal() { try { debugLog("Closing submit modal"); document.getElementById('submit-modal').classList.add('hidden'); debugLog("Submit modal closed"); } catch (e) { console.error("Error closing submit modal:", e); debugLog("Failed to close submit modal: " + e.message); } } // Close exit modal function closeExitModal() { try { debugLog("Closing exit modal"); document.getElementById('exit-modal').classList.add('hidden'); debugLog("Exit modal closed"); } catch (e) { console.error("Error closing exit modal:", e); debugLog("Failed to close exit modal: " + e.message); } } // Submit test function submitTest() { try { debugLog("Submitting test"); clearInterval(timerInterval); document.getElementById('quiz').classList.add('hidden'); document.getElementById('submit-modal').classList.add('hidden'); document.getElementById('results').classList.remove('hidden'); showResults(0); // Start with first question // Trigger confetti animation confetti({ particleCount: 100, spread: 70, origin: { y: 0.6 } }); localStorage.removeItem(`quiz_${quizId}`); debugLog("Test submitted successfully"); } catch (e) { console.error("Error submitting test:", e); debugLog("Failed to submit test: " + e.message); } } // Show result for a single question function showResults(index) { try { debugLog(`Showing result for question ${index + 1}`); currentResultQuestion = index; let correct = 0, wrong = 0, unanswered = 0, marked = 0; answers.forEach((answer, i) => { const isCorrect = answer && questions[i].options.find(opt => opt.label === answer)?.correct; if (answer === null) unanswered++; else if (isCorrect) correct++; else wrong++; if (markedForReview[i]) marked++; }); const q = questions[index]; if (!q) { throw new Error(`Question ${index} is undefined`); } const userAnswer = answers[index]; const isCorrect = userAnswer && q.options.find(opt => opt.label === userAnswer)?.correct; const resultsContent = document.getElementById('results-content'); resultsContent.innerHTML = ` <div class="border p-4 rounded-lg ${isCorrect ? 'bg-green-50' : userAnswer ? 'bg-red-50' : 'bg-gray-50'}"> <p class="font-semibold">Question ${index + 1}: ${q.text || 'No question text'}</p> ${q.question_images && q.question_images.length > 0 ? q.question_images.map(url => `<img src="${url}" alt="Question Image" class="max-w-full h-auto rounded-lg my-2">`).join('') : ''} <p><strong>Your Answer:</strong> ${userAnswer ? `${userAnswer}. ${q.options.find(opt => opt.label === userAnswer)?.text || 'Invalid option'}` : 'Unanswered'}</p> <p><strong>Correct Answer:</strong> ${q.correct_answer || 'Unknown'}</p> <div class="mt-2">${q.explanation || 'No explanation available'}</div> ${q.explanation_images && q.explanation_images.length > 0 ? q.explanation_images.map(url => `<img src="${url}" alt="Explanation Image" class="max-w-full h-auto rounded-lg my-2">`).join('') : ''} ${q.video ? ` <button class="play-video bg-blue-500 text-white px-4 py-2 rounded-lg mt-2" onclick="loadVideo(this, '${q.video}', 'video-${index}')" aria-label="Play explanation video for Question ${index + 1}"> Play Video Explanation </button> <div id="video-${index}" class="video-container mt-2"></div> ` : '<p class="text-gray-500 mt-2">No video available</p>'} ${q.audio ? ` <button class="play-audio bg-blue-500 text-white px-4 py-2 rounded-lg mt-2" onclick="loadAudio(this, '${q.audio}', 'audio-${index}')" aria-label="Play audio explanation for Question ${index + 1}"> Play Audio Explanation </button> <div id="audio-${index}" class="audio-container mt-2"></div> ` : ''} </div> `; document.getElementById('correct-count').textContent = correct; document.getElementById('wrong-count').textContent = wrong; document.getElementById('unanswered-count').textContent = unanswered; document.getElementById('marked-count').textContent = marked; document.getElementById('result-question-number').innerHTML = `Question <span>${index + 1}</span> of ${questions.length}`; document.getElementById('prev-result').disabled = index === 0; document.getElementById('next-result').disabled = index === questions.length - 1; updateResultsNavPanel(); window.scrollTo({ top: 0, behavior: 'smooth' }); debugLog(`Result for question ${index + 1} displayed successfully`); } catch (e) { console.error("Error displaying result:", e); debugLog("Failed to display result: " + e.message); } } // Navigate to previous result function showPreviousResult() { try { debugLog(`Navigating to previous result from question ${currentResultQuestion + 1}`); if (currentResultQuestion > 0) { showResults(currentResultQuestion - 1); } } catch (e) { console.error("Error navigating to previous result:", e); debugLog("Failed to navigate to previous result: " + e.message); } } // Navigate to next result function showNextResult() { try { debugLog(`Navigating to next result from question ${currentResultQuestion + 1}`); if (currentResultQuestion < questions.length - 1) { showResults(currentResultQuestion + 1); } } catch (e) { console.error("Error navigating to next result:", e); debugLog("Failed to navigate to next result: " + e.message); } } // Lazy-load video function loadVideo(button, videoUrl, containerId) { try { debugLog(`Loading video for ${containerId}: ${videoUrl}`); if (!videoUrl) { const container = document.getElementById(containerId); container.innerHTML = `<p class="text-gray-500">No video available</p>`; button.remove(); debugLog("No video URL provided"); return; } const container = document.getElementById(containerId); container.innerHTML = ` <div class="video-loading"></div> <video controls class="w-full max-w-[600px] rounded-lg" preload="metadata" aria-label="Video explanation"> <source src="${videoUrl}" type="${videoUrl.endsWith('.m3u8') ? 'application/x-mpegURL' : 'video/mp4'}"> Your browser does not support the video tag. </video> `; container.classList.add('active'); button.remove(); // Initialize HLS.js for .m3u8 videos const video = container.querySelector('video'); if (videoUrl.endsWith('.m3u8') && Hls.isSupported()) { const hls = new Hls(); hls.loadSource(videoUrl); hls.attachMedia(video); hls.on(Hls.Events.ERROR, (event, data) => { console.error("HLS.js error:", data); container.innerHTML = `<p class="text-red-500">Error loading video. <a href="${videoUrl}" target="_blank" aria-label="Open video in new tab">Open video</a></p>`; debugLog("HLS.js error: " + JSON.stringify(data)); }); } else if (videoUrl.endsWith('.m3u8') && video.canPlayType('application/vnd.apple.mpegurl')) { video.src = videoUrl; } // Handle video load errors video.onerror = () => { console.error("Video load error for URL:", videoUrl); container.innerHTML = `<p class="text-red-500">Error loading video. <a href="${videoUrl}" target="_blank" aria-label="Open video in new tab">Open video</a></p>`; debugLog("Video load error for URL: " + videoUrl); }; // Remove loading spinner when video is ready video.onloadedmetadata = () => { container.querySelector('.video-loading').remove(); debugLog("Video loaded successfully"); }; } catch (e) { console.error("Error loading video:", e); debugLog("Failed to load video: " + e.message); const container = document.getElementById(containerId); container.innerHTML = `<p class="text-red-500">Error loading video. <a href="${videoUrl}" target="_blank" aria-label="Open video in new tab">Open video</a></p>`; } } // Lazy-load audio function loadAudio(button, audioUrl, containerId) { try { debugLog(`Loading audio for ${containerId}: ${audioUrl}`); if (!audioUrl) { const container = document.getElementById(containerId); container.innerHTML = `<p class="text-gray-500">No audio available</p>`; button.remove(); debugLog("No audio URL provided"); return; } const container = document.getElementById(containerId); container.innerHTML = ` <audio controls class="w-full max-w-[600px]" preload="metadata" aria-label="Audio explanation"> <source src="${audioUrl}" type="audio/mpeg"> Your browser does not support the audio tag. </audio> `; container.classList.add('active'); button.remove(); // Handle audio load errors const audio = container.querySelector('audio'); audio.onerror = () => { console.error("Audio load error for URL:", audioUrl); container.innerHTML = `<p class="text-red-500">Error loading audio. <a href="${audioUrl}" target="_blank" aria-label="Open audio in new tab">Open audio</a></p>`; debugLog("Audio load error for URL: " + audioUrl); }; debugLog("Audio loaded successfully"); } catch (e) { console.error("Error loading audio:", e); debugLog("Failed to load audio: " + e.message); const container = document.getElementById(containerId); container.innerHTML = `<p class="text-red-500">Error loading audio. <a href="${audioUrl}" target="_blank" aria-label="Open audio in new tab">Open audio</a></p>`; } } // Toggle dark mode function toggleTheme() { try { debugLog("Toggling theme"); document.documentElement.classList.toggle('dark'); localStorage.setItem('theme', document.documentElement.classList.contains('dark') ? 'dark' : 'light'); debugLog("Theme toggled successfully"); } catch (e) { console.error("Error toggling theme:", e); debugLog("Failed to toggle theme: " + e.message); } } // Load theme preference function loadTheme() { try { debugLog("Loading theme preference"); const theme = localStorage.getItem('theme'); if (theme === 'dark') { document.documentElement.classList.add('dark'); } debugLog("Theme loaded successfully"); } catch (e) { console.error("Error loading theme:", e); debugLog("Failed to load theme: " + e.message); } } // Initialize on DOM content loaded window.addEventListener('DOMContentLoaded', () => { try { debugLog("DOM content loaded, initializing quiz"); loadTheme(); initQuiz(); } catch (e) { console.error("Error during DOMContentLoaded:", e); debugLog("Failed to initialize on DOMContentLoaded: " + e.message); document.getElementById('error-message').innerHTML = "Error initializing quiz. Please check the console for details or contact support."; document.getElementById('error-message').classList.remove('hidden'); } }); </script> </body> </html>" frameborder="0" width="100%" height="2000px">
<div class="bg-white rounded-lg shadow-md p-4 md:p-6"> <h2 class="text-xl font-semibold mb-4">Instructions</h2> <h4 class="text-gray-800 text-lg font-semibold mt-6 mb-4">Test Features:</h4> <ul class="space-y-3"> <li class="flex items-center gap-3"> <i class="fa-solid fa-circle-check text-green-500"></i> Multiple choice questions with single correct answers </li> <li class="flex items-center gap-3"> <i class="fa-solid fa-circle-check text-green-500"></i> Timer-based testing for realistic exam conditions </li> <li class="flex items-center gap-3"> <i class="fa-solid fa-circle-check text-green-500"></i> Mark questions for review functionality </li> <li class="flex items-center gap-3"> <i class="fa-solid fa-circle-check text-green-500"></i> Comprehensive results and performance analysis </li> <li class="flex items-center gap-3"> <i class="fa-solid fa-circle-check text-green-500"></i> Mobile-optimized interface for learning on-the-go </li> </ul> <div class="mt-6 flex space-x-4 button-group md:flex-row flex-col"> <button class="bg-[#2c5281] text-white px-6 py-2 rounded-lg hover:bg-[#2c5281] transition" id="start-test">Start Test</button> </div> <div class="error-message hidden" id="error-message"></div> </div> </section> <!-- Quiz Section --> <section class="container mx-auto px-4 md:px-6 pt-4 md:pt-6 pb-1 hidden section-transition" id="quiz"> <div class="bg-white rounded-lg shadow-md p-4 md:p-6"> <!-- Progress Bar --> <div class="w-full bg-gray-200 rounded-full h-3 mb-4"> <div class="progress-bar h-3 rounded-full" id="progress-bar" style="width: 0%"></div> </div> <!-- Question Header --> <div class="flex flex-col md:flex-row justify-between items-center mb-4"> <h2 class="text-lg font-semibold" id="question-number">Question <span>1</span> of 4</h2> <p class="text-lg font-semibold mt-2 md:mt-0" id="timer">Time Remaining: <span>00:00</span></p> </div> <!-- Question Content --> <div class="mb-6" id="question-content"> <p class="text-gray-800 mb-4" id="question-text"></p> <div class="flex flex-wrap gap-4 mb-4" id="question-images"></div> <div class="space-y-3" id="options"></div> </div> <!-- Navigation Buttons --> <div class="flex flex-col md:flex-row justify-between items-center gap-2 md:gap-4"> <div class="flex gap-2 w-full md:w-auto"> <button class="bg-[#2c5281] text-white px-4 py-3 w-full md:w-32 h-14 rounded-lg hover:bg-[#2c5281] transition" disabled="" id="previous-btn">Previous</button> <button class="bg-[#2c5281] text-white px-4 py-3 w-full md:w-32 h-14 rounded-lg hover:bg-[#2c5281] transition" id="next-btn">Next</button> </div> <div class="flex items-center gap-2"> <button class="bg-transparent text-gray-700 px-4 py-2 rounded-lg hover:bg-gray-100 transition flex items-center gap-1" id="mark-review"> Review <svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" class="h-5 w-5" viewBox="0 0 20 20" fill="currentColor"> <path d="M10 2a1 1 0 00-1 1v14l3.293-3.293a1 1 0 011.414 0L17 17V3a1 1 0 00-1-1H10z" /> </svg> </button> <button class="bg-transparent text-gray-700 px-4 py-2 rounded-lg hover:bg-gray-100 transition flex items-center gap-1" id="nav-toggle"> Question 🧭 </button> <button class="bg-green-500 text-white px-6 py-3 w-44 h-14 rounded-lg hover:bg-green-600 transition w-full md:w-auto" id="submit-test">Submit Test</button> </div> </div> </section> <!-- Results Section --> <section class="container mx-auto px-4 md:px-6 pt-4 md:pt-6 pb-1 hidden section-transition" id="results"> <div class="bg-white rounded-lg shadow-md p-4 md:p-6"> <h2 class="text-2xl font-semibold mb-4">Anaesthesia Machine - 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Low HDL levels", "question_images": [], "explanation_images": [], "explanation": "\n\n<p style='font-size: 10px; color: #808080; font-style: italic;'>@dams_new_robot</p>", "bot": "@dams_new_robot", "audio": "https://image.prepladder.com/content/aJcm1GrpAX0yvHEwXNhg1737466473.mp3", "video": ""}, {"text": "A 12-year-old boy presents with developmental delays, visual impairment, and recurrent episodes of ataxia. Laboratory tests reveal low serum levels of triglycerides, cholesterol, and fat-soluble vitamins. A blood smear shows the presence of acanthocytes. Which of the following findings is most likely present in this patient?", "options": [{"label": "A", "text": "Elevated levels of chylomicrons in the bloodstream.", "correct": false}, {"label": "B", "text": "Absence of apolipoprotein B-containing lipoproteins.", "correct": true}, {"label": "C", "text": "Normal absorption of dietary fats.", "correct": false}, {"label": "D", "text": "High serum levels of low-density lipoprotein (LDL).", "correct": false}], "correct_answer": "B. Absence of apolipoprotein B-containing lipoproteins.", "question_images": [], "explanation_images": [], "explanation": "\n\n<p style='font-size: 10px; color: #808080; font-style: italic;'>@dams_new_robot</p>", "bot": "@dams_new_robot", "audio": "https://image.prepladder.com/content/qVrpSNNpgWdAXvdWS9Br1737466398.mp3", "video": ""}, {"text": "A researcher is studying the mechanisms of lipoprotein lipase (LPL) activity in post-heparinized blood samples. They conduct a mixing study to differentiate between a deficiency of apolipoprotein C-II (Apo C-II) and LPL deficiency. Which of the following outcomes from the mixing study would most accurately indicate an Apo C-II deficiency?", "options": [{"label": "A", "text": "The addition of pooled normal plasma results in no change in LPL activity.", "correct": false}, {"label": "B", "text": "LPL activity normalizes after mixing with normal plasma.", "correct": true}, {"label": "C", "text": "A significant increase in triglyceride levels is observed after mixing.", "correct": false}, {"label": "D", "text": "LPL activity decreases following the addition of normal plasma.", "correct": false}], "correct_answer": "B. LPL activity normalizes after mixing with normal plasma.", "question_images": [], "explanation_images": [], "explanation": "\n\n<p style='font-size: 10px; color: #808080; font-style: italic;'>@dams_new_robot</p>", "bot": "@dams_new_robot", "audio": "https://image.prepladder.com/content/urmhWk9TzqbH4G6IubqD1737466068.mp3", "video": ""}, {"text": "Match the following contributing factors with their corresponding effects on fatty liver: A) Choline Deficiency 1) Increases NADH, hindering fatty acid oxidation and promoting triacylglycerol accumulation. B) Orotic Acid Interference 2) Impairs VLDL secretion, resulting in triacylglycerol accumulation and a fatty liver. C) Vitamin E and Selenium 3) Involved in pyrimidine synthesis. Disrupts VLDL glycosylation, hindering release. D) Ethanol Consumption 4) Protect against liver damage from lipid peroxidation", "options": [{"label": "A", "text": "A-2, B-3, C-4, D-1", "correct": true}, {"label": "B", "text": "A-3, B-4, C-2, D-1", "correct": false}, {"label": "C", "text": "A-4, B-1, C-3, D-2", "correct": false}, {"label": "D", "text": "A-1, B-2, C-4, D-3", "correct": false}], "correct_answer": "A. A-2, B-3, C-4, D-1", "question_images": [], "explanation_images": [], "explanation": "<table cellspacing=\"0\" style=\"border-collapse:collapse; width:588px\">\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<td colspan=\"2\" style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Fatty Liver-Contributing Factors</strong></p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Choline Deficiency</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<ul>\n<li>Choline is crucial for <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"a99114a6c216927771916f45ffc66c\">lipid</span> metabolism.</li>\n<li>Deficiency <strong>impairs <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"0f5003332416927772029436c396b6\">VLDL</span> secretion</strong>, resulting in <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"c2added7c51692777200a736917b24\">triacylglycerol</span> accumulation and a <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"bc6cd9a9f9169277720261812ea113\">fatty</span> liver.</li>\n</ul>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Orotic Acid Interference</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<ul>\n<li>Involved in <strong>pyrimidine synthesis</strong></li>\n<li><strong>Disrupts <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"0f5003332416927772029436c396b6\">VLDL</span> glycosylation</strong>, hindering release.</li>\n</ul>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Nutritional Deficiencies</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<ul>\n<li>Deficiencies in essential <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"bc6cd9a9f9169277720261812ea113\">fatty</span> acids, vitamins <strong>(</strong><strong>linoleic acid, pyridoxine, pantothenic acid)</strong>, and protein contribute to <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"bc6cd9a9f9169277720261812ea113\">fatty</span> liver.</li>\n</ul>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Ethanol Consumption</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<ul>\n<li>Ethanol <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"5b1a045f5f169277719210c0ac7a1e\">metabolism</span> <strong>increases NADH, hindering <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"bc6cd9a9f9169277720261812ea113\">fatty</span> acid oxidation</strong><strong> </strong>and promoting <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"c2added7c51692777200a736917b24\">triacylglycerol</span> accumulation.</li>\n</ul>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Vitamin E and Selenium</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<ul>\n<li><strong>Protect against liver damage from <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"a99114a6c216927771916f45ffc66c\">lipid</span> peroxidation</strong><strong>, </strong>especially in <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"ad6984dc581692777184936c84dd97\">choline</span> deficiency-induced <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"bc6cd9a9f9169277720261812ea113\">fatty</span> liver.</li>\n</ul>\n</td>\n</tr>\n</tbody>\n\n\n<p style='font-size: 10px; color: #808080; font-style: italic;'>@dams_new_robot</p>", "bot": "@dams_new_robot", "audio": "https://image.prepladder.com/content/88dpZ72EZWgOd63XuS911737465653.mp3", "video": ""}, {"text": "Which among the following is a true statement on electrophoretic mobility of lipoproteins seen during serum electrophoresis?", "options": [{"label": "A", "text": "HDL shows the least mobility due to high lipid content.", "correct": false}, {"label": "B", "text": "Lipoproteins with higher protein content move slower towards the anode.", "correct": false}, {"label": "C", "text": "Lipoproteins with higher protein content migrate faster towards the anode", "correct": true}, {"label": "D", "text": "Lipoproteins identified by dye color after staining with lipid dyes, not electrophoretic mobility.", "correct": false}], "correct_answer": "C. Lipoproteins with higher protein content migrate faster towards the anode", "question_images": [], "explanation_images": ["https://image.prepladder.com/content/Po4vJmzgCHDuB0nz4sTL1727439870.png", "https://image.prepladder.com/content/esi5fsJZtZ5NWfujqUvm1727439858.png"], "explanation": "\n\n<p style='font-size: 10px; color: #808080; font-style: italic;'>@dams_new_robot</p>", "bot": "@dams_new_robot", "audio": "https://image.prepladder.com/content/Tl1NO1U5Gia62190Mp741737465419.mp3", "video": ""}, {"text": "A 45-year-old male presents with symptoms of peripheral neuropathy, enlarged tonsils, and orange-colored tonsils. His lipid profile shows very low levels of high-density lipoprotein (HDL) cholesterol. Further investigation reveals that the patient has a rare genetic condition leading to severe HDL deficiency. Given these findings, which of the following gene mutations is most likely responsible for this condition?", "options": [{"label": "A", "text": "ABCA1 gene mutation", "correct": true}, {"label": "B", "text": "LDLR gene mutation", "correct": false}, {"label": "C", "text": "APOE gene mutation", "correct": false}, {"label": "D", "text": "PCSK9 gene mutation", "correct": false}], "correct_answer": "A. ABCA1 gene mutation", "question_images": [], "explanation_images": ["https://image.prepladder.com/content/IxHNlSm1gz0QcgFNHJ1D1727439090.png"], "explanation": "\n\n<p style='font-size: 10px; color: #808080; font-style: italic;'>@dams_new_robot</p>", "bot": "@dams_new_robot", "audio": "https://image.prepladder.com/content/AbnIAE3tU1IKlNX8bPhe1736162428.mp3", "video": ""}, {"text": "A 45-year-old woman presents with a history of palmar xanthoma. She reports a family history of similar symptoms. Laboratory tests reveal elevated cholesterol and triglyceride levels, with a cloudy appearance of her plasma.What is the most likely diagnosis for this patient?", "options": [{"label": "A", "text": "Type I (Familial chylomicronemia syndrome)", "correct": false}, {"label": "B", "text": "Type IIa (Familial hypercholesterolemia)", "correct": false}, {"label": "C", "text": "Type III (Familial dysbetalipoproteinemia)", "correct": true}, {"label": "D", "text": "Type IV (Familial hypertriglyceridemia)", "correct": false}], "correct_answer": "C. Type III (Familial dysbetalipoproteinemia)", "question_images": [], "explanation_images": ["https://image.prepladder.com/content/1H20fhDaEYt6Sg4UbbDD1727439670.png"], "explanation": "<table cellspacing=\"0\" style=\"border-collapse:collapse; width:603px\">\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<td colspan=\"2\" style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>TYPE III (Familial Dysbetalipoproteinemia)</strong></p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Lipoprotein Fraction Elevated</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Broad β-VLDL, Chylomicrons</p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Cholesterol Level</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Increased</p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Triglyceride Level</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Increased</p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Appearance of Plasma</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Cloudy</p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Metabolic Defect</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<ul>\n<li><strong>Abnormal Apo E</strong></li>\n<li><strong>Apo CII increased </strong></li>\n</ul>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td rowspan=\"2\" style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Features</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td rowspan=\"2\" style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<ul>\n<li><strong>Palmar xanthomas</strong></li>\n<li>Increased <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"17cd3771bb1692777190950c142dbe\">incidence</span> of <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"526ede3fee169277720184378acc5e\">vascular</span> disease</li>\n</ul>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td rowspan=\"3\" style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Management</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td rowspan=\"3\" style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<ul>\n<li>Weight reduction</li>\n<li>Restrict <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"6cdcd39cf2169277719068e247e38d\">intake</span> of fat and cholesterol</li>\n<li>Administer <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"880f3189471692777196a3f812ce94\">polyunsaturated</span> <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"bc6cd9a9f9169277720261812ea113\">fatty</span> acids (PUFA) and drugs</li>\n</ul>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n</tr>\n</tbody>\n\n\n<p style='font-size: 10px; color: #808080; font-style: italic;'>@dams_new_robot</p>", "bot": "@dams_new_robot", "audio": "https://image.prepladder.com/content/qG0wBBmPD6awrgOhXb1U1737385345.mp3", "video": ""}, {"text": "Which of the following statements accurately distinguishes Type IIa from Type IIb Hyperlipoproteinemias?", "options": [{"label": "A", "text": "Plasma after 24 hrs- Type IIa: clear; Type IIb: slightly cloudy.", "correct": true}, {"label": "B", "text": "Clinical Features- Type IIa: eruptive xanthoma ; Type IIb: corneal arcus.", "correct": false}, {"label": "C", "text": "Type IIa: VLDL overproduction; Type IIb: LDL and VLDL overproduction.", "correct": false}, {"label": "D", "text": "Management - Type IIa: restrict fat, supplement MCT; Type IIb: weight reduction, drug therapy.", "correct": false}], "correct_answer": "A. Plasma after 24 hrs- Type IIa: clear; Type IIb: slightly cloudy.", "question_images": [], "explanation_images": [], "explanation": "<table cellspacing=\"0\" style=\"border-collapse:collapse; width:666px\">\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Feature</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Type IIa (Familial Hypercholesterolemia)</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Type IIb (Combined Hyperlipidemia)</strong></p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Defect</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Defective <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"4e4438ab5c16927771919ca536a59f\">LDL</span> receptors or Apo B-100 <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"6e1f8c026516927771919d54418520\">ligand</span> region mutation</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Increased Apo B, Apo C-II</strong></p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Lipoprotein Fraction Elevated</strong><strong> </strong><strong>(Option C)</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>LDL</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>LDL and VLDL</p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Main <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"a99114a6c216927771916f45ffc66c\">Lipid</span> Abnormality</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Hypercholesterolemia</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Combined <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"a0a08edd7d16927771892d004843fc\">hyperlipidemia</span> (elevated cholesterol and triglycerides)</p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Plasma after 24 ho</strong>urs <strong>(Option A ruled out)</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Clear</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Cloudy</p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td rowspan=\"3\" style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Features</strong> <strong>(Option B ruled out</strong>)</p>\n</td>\n<td rowspan=\"3\" style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<ul>\n<li>Atherosclerosis</li>\n<li>Coronary <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"a66cd3adaa1692777182e77cb23021\">artery</span> disease (early onset)</li>\n<li>Tendon xanthomas</li>\n</ul>\n</td>\n<td rowspan=\"3\" style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<ul>\n<li>Corneal arcus.</li>\n</ul>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td rowspan=\"4\" style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Management</strong></p>\n<p><strong>(Option D ruled out)</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td rowspan=\"4\" style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<ul>\n<li>Statins</li>\n<li>PUFA</li>\n<li>Lifestyle modifications (diet, exercise)</li>\n</ul>\n</td>\n<td rowspan=\"4\" style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<ul>\n<li>Statins</li>\n<li>PUFA</li>\n<li>Lifestyle modifications (diet, exercise)</li>\n</ul>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n</tr>\n</tbody>\n\n\n<p style='font-size: 10px; color: #808080; font-style: italic;'>@dams_new_robot</p>", "bot": "@dams_new_robot", "audio": "https://image.prepladder.com/content/vuCJBp39RGdDUjQkdl381737384895.mp3", "video": ""}, {"text": "A 5-year-old boy presents with recurrent episodes of severe abdominal pain and hepatomegaly. Physical examination reveals eruptive xanthomas on his trunk and limbs. Blood tests show a creamy layer over clear plasma after overnight refrigeration. What metabolic defect is most likely present in this patient?", "options": [{"label": "A", "text": "LDL receptor defect", "correct": false}, {"label": "B", "text": "Apo B-100 mutation", "correct": false}, {"label": "C", "text": "Lipoprotein lipase deficiency", "correct": true}, {"label": "D", "text": "Apo E abnormality", "correct": false}], "correct_answer": "C. Lipoprotein lipase deficiency", "question_images": [], "explanation_images": [], "explanation": "<table cellspacing=\"0\" style=\"border-collapse:collapse; width:623px\">\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Hyperlipoproteinemia</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Metabolic defect</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Lipid profile</strong></p>\n<p><strong>(Increase in: )</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Inheritance</strong></p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Type I</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Lipoprotein <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"670caad03f16927771917b9f8e3c48\">lipase</span> deficiency</p>\n<p>Defect in Apo-C2</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Chylomicrons, TG, cholesterol</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Autosomal Recessive</p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Type II A</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>LDL <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"9e4959f6f316927771978bb152d440\">receptor</span> defect;</p>\n<p>Apo B-100 <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"7a67bdf6f81692777193cfd480f228\">mutation</span> (Option A and B)</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Cholesterol</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Autosomal Dominant</p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Type II B</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Increased Apo B and Apo CII</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Cholesterol, LDL, TG</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Autosomal Dominant</p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Type III</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Abnormal Apo E; increased Apo CII(Option D)</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Chylomicrons, VLDL</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Autosomal Recessive</p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Type IV</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Overproduction of VLDL; increased Apo CII</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>VLDL, TG</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Autosomal Dominant</p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Type V</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Secondary to other conditions</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>VLDL, TG</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Autosomal Dominant</p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n</tbody>\n\n\n<p style='font-size: 10px; color: #808080; font-style: italic;'>@dams_new_robot</p>", "bot": "@dams_new_robot", "audio": "https://image.prepladder.com/content/Q1ja8zBXhmIVpnu3qsVL1737384557.mp3", "video": ""}, {"text": "Match the apolipoproteins with their respective functions in lipid metabolism: Apolipoprotein Function 1) Apolipoprotein A-I a. Enhances lipoprotein lipase activity, facilitating triglyceride hydrolysis. 2) Apolipoprotein B-100 b. Involved in the transport of dietary lipids from the intestine to other tissues. 3) Apolipoprotein C-II c. Helps in reverse cholesterol transport, removing excess cholesterol from tissue back to liver. 4) Apolipoprotein E d. Essential for binding to LDL receptors on various tissues.", "options": [{"label": "A", "text": "1-c, 2-d, 3-a, 4-b", "correct": true}, {"label": "B", "text": "1-b, 2-c, 3-d, 4-a", "correct": false}, {"label": "C", "text": "1-c, 2-d, 3-d, 4-a", "correct": false}, {"label": "D", "text": "1-d, 2-a, 3-c, 4-b", "correct": false}], "correct_answer": "A. 1-c, 2-d, 3-a, 4-b", "question_images": [], "explanation_images": [], "explanation": "<table cellspacing=\"0\" style=\"border-collapse:collapse; width:651px\">\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Apolipoprotein</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Associated Lipoproteins</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Function</strong></p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Apolipoprotein A-I</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>HDL (High-Density Lipoprotein)</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Major protein component of <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"5ceb81d29516927771884c732da32e\">HDL</span> facilitates <strong>reverse cholesterol transport,</strong> removing <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"7a1ae24f701692777187a7f60bbd9f\">excess</span> cholesterol from tissues and transporting it back to the liver.</p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Apolipoprotein B-100</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>LDL (Low-Density Lipoprotein)</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Main <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"5b87202f5b169277718135c3d5f45b\">apolipoprotein</span> of LDL; essential for <strong>binding to <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"4e4438ab5c16927771919ca536a59f\">LDL</span> receptors on various tissues</strong>, facilitating cholesterol uptake.</p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Apolipoprotein B-48</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Chylomicrons</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Main <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"5b87202f5b169277718135c3d5f45b\">apolipoprotein</span> of chylomicrons; involved in the<strong> transport of dietary lipids from the <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"7840cca3ed16927771901d2f6cb32b\">intestine</span> to other tissues.</strong></p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Apolipoprotein C-II</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Chylomicrons, <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"0f5003332416927772029436c396b6\">VLDL</span> (Very-Low-Density Lipoprotein)</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Acts as a <strong>cofactor for <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"1f6f7d1976169277719178bd1ae135\">lipoprotein</span> lipase,</strong> enhancing <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"482f0bd5841692777200af07c2766c\">triglyceride</span> <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"41255286461692777189199a8b2dc7\">hydrolysis</span> and aiding in <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"1f6f7d1976169277719178bd1ae135\">lipoprotein</span> metabolism.</p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Apolipoprotein C-III</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>VLDL, HDL</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Inhibits <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"1f6f7d1976169277719178bd1ae135\">lipoprotein</span> <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"670caad03f16927771917b9f8e3c48\">lipase</span> activity,</strong> affecting <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"482f0bd5841692777200af07c2766c\">triglyceride</span> <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"5b1a045f5f169277719210c0ac7a1e\">metabolism</span> and <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"1f6f7d1976169277719178bd1ae135\">lipoprotein</span> clearance.</p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Apolipoprotein E</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Chylomicrons, VLDL, HDL</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Facilitates the <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"cc20d2d7111692777201fb0caeb3f2\">uptake</span> of triglyceride-rich lipoproteins</strong> by cells through interactions with specific receptors; involved in <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"a99114a6c216927771916f45ffc66c\">lipid</span> transport and metabolism.</p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n</tbody>\n\n\n<p style='font-size: 10px; color: #808080; font-style: italic;'>@dams_new_robot</p>", "bot": "@dams_new_robot", "audio": "https://image.prepladder.com/content/pGgE6ZxGdRSa4hT3drEt1737384379.mp3", "video": ""}, {"text": "Following are the substrates of cholesterol synthesis. Arrange them in order of appearance in the cholesterol synthesis pathway. Mevalonate Squalene Lanosterol Zymosterol Desmosterol", "options": [{"label": "A", "text": "1,2,3,4,5", "correct": true}, {"label": "B", "text": "5,4,3,2,1", "correct": false}, {"label": "C", "text": "4,3,1,2,5", "correct": false}, {"label": "D", "text": "1,3,5,2,4", "correct": false}], "correct_answer": "A. 1,2,3,4,5", "question_images": [], "explanation_images": ["https://image.prepladder.com/content/V42ofK63h7HISKFc7HEb1727437171.png"], "explanation": "\n\n<p style='font-size: 10px; color: #808080; font-style: italic;'>@dams_new_robot</p>", "bot": "@dams_new_robot", "audio": "https://image.prepladder.com/content/mDTjk5MR2g3A5d2zKK8c1732719956.mp3", "video": ""}, {"text": "A 45-year-old male presents with a history of progressive kidney dysfunction and recurrent episodes of hemolytic anemia. On examination, the patient is found to have corneal opacification on slit-lamp examination. His lipid profile shows high levels of cholesterol and lipoprotein X. What is the most likely diagnosis?", "options": [{"label": "A", "text": "Tangier disease", "correct": false}, {"label": "B", "text": "Familial hypercholesterolemia", "correct": false}, {"label": "C", "text": "LCAT deficiency", "correct": true}, {"label": "D", "text": "Niemann-Pick disease", "correct": false}], "correct_answer": "C. LCAT deficiency", "question_images": [], "explanation_images": ["https://image.prepladder.com/content/FtHFA3Ow8xzJWQYfBEE21727438756.png"], "explanation": "<table cellspacing=\"0\" style=\"border-collapse:collapse; width:621px\">\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\"> </td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Partial <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"a9db4f6816169277719150be551aa8\">LCAT</span> <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"209b85faf71692777185767d43e3bd\">Deficiency</span> </strong></p>\n<p><strong>(Fish eye disease)</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Complete <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"a9db4f6816169277719150be551aa8\">LCAT</span> <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"209b85faf71692777185767d43e3bd\">Deficiency</span> (Norum’s disease)</strong></p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>LCAT <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"0f160e4e42169277718771b715516a\">Enzyme</span> Activity</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Partial loss, mainly affecting corneal <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"a99114a6c216927771916f45ffc66c\">lipid</span> metabolism</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Severe <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"4885d5d0021692777189aac6dc80f7\">impairment</span> or absence, leading to <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"8f2e7fd96116927771995b451b5c90\">systemic</span> issues</p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Corneal Appearance</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Fish-eye appearance due to cholesterol <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"4a769f1fa91692777187e17d7ed73a\">ester</span> accumulation</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Fisheye disease: similar corneal opacification</p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Systemic Involvement</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Less severe, primarily ocular</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Severe: <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"d30ae941d516927771889351160b00\">hemolytic</span> anemia, CKD, early myocardial infarction, progressive End-stage <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"b9356afdba16927771979d068c6587\">renal</span> disease</p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n</tbody>\n\n\n<p style='font-size: 10px; color: #808080; font-style: italic;'>@dams_new_robot</p>", "bot": "@dams_new_robot", "audio": "https://image.prepladder.com/content/3z7c7xU6ktYGToeO1uJX1736162229.mp3", "video": ""}, {"text": "Which of the following best describes the primary function of Very Low-Density Lipoprotein (VLDL) in the body?", "options": [{"label": "A", "text": "Transport of dietary cholesterol to the liver", "correct": false}, {"label": "B", "text": "Transport of triglycerides from the liver to peripheral tissues", "correct": true}, {"label": "C", "text": "Removal of cholesterol from peripheral tissues to the liver", "correct": false}, {"label": "D", "text": "Storage of excess cholesterol in adipose tissue", "correct": false}], "correct_answer": "B. Transport of triglycerides from the liver to peripheral tissues", "question_images": [], "explanation_images": ["https://image.prepladder.com/content/AbeyBHdkRDJfslgfU43k1727438477.png"], "explanation": "\n\n<p style='font-size: 10px; color: #808080; font-style: italic;'>@dams_new_robot</p>", "bot": "@dams_new_robot", "audio": "https://image.prepladder.com/content/NFGAVRN4hHokomcoiDdB1736162064.mp3", "video": ""}, {"text": "The lipid profile of 55 Y/O female is given below: Triglycerides 150 mg/dL Total cholesterol 350 mg/dL HDL 90 mg/dL Calculate LDL level of this patient.", "options": [{"label": "A", "text": "250 mg/dL", "correct": false}, {"label": "B", "text": "230 mg/dL", "correct": true}, {"label": "C", "text": "200 mg/dL", "correct": false}, {"label": "D", "text": "270 mg/dL", "correct": false}], "correct_answer": "B. 230 mg/dL", "question_images": [], "explanation_images": [], "explanation": "\n\n<p style='font-size: 10px; color: #808080; font-style: italic;'>@dams_new_robot</p>", "bot": "@dams_new_robot", "audio": "https://image.prepladder.com/content/C94G61OHSTJo07KoRQPU1736161954.mp3", "video": ""}, {"text": "Which enzyme facilitates the conversion of discoidal HDL into spheroidal HDL in HDL metabolism?", "options": [{"label": "A", "text": "Lipoprotein lipase (LPL)", "correct": false}, {"label": "B", "text": "Lecithin-cholesterol acyltransferase (LCAT)", "correct": true}, {"label": "C", "text": "Hepatic lipase", "correct": false}, {"label": "D", "text": "Cholesteryl ester transfer protein (CETP)", "correct": false}], "correct_answer": "B. Lecithin-cholesterol acyltransferase (LCAT)", "question_images": [], "explanation_images": [], "explanation": "\n\n<p style='font-size: 10px; color: #808080; font-style: italic;'>@dams_new_robot</p>", "bot": "@dams_new_robot", "audio": "https://image.prepladder.com/content/80VNCgMruePQpwkswMfI1736157581.mp3", "video": ""}, {"text": "What is Apo B48 primarily associated with?", "options": [{"label": "A", "text": "High-density lipoproteins (HDL)", "correct": false}, {"label": "B", "text": "Chylomicrons", "correct": true}, {"label": "C", "text": "Very low-density lipoproteins (VLDL)", "correct": false}, {"label": "D", "text": "Low-density lipoproteins (LDL)", "correct": false}], "correct_answer": "B. Chylomicrons", "question_images": [], "explanation_images": [], "explanation": "<table cellspacing=\"0\" style=\"border-collapse:collapse; width:469px\">\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Lipoprotein Type</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Major Apolipoproteins associated</strong></p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Chylomicrons</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Apo B48,</strong> ApoA-I, ApoA-II, ApoC-II, ApoE</p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>VLDL</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>ApoB-100, ApoC-II, ApoE</p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>LDL</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>ApoB-100</p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>HDL</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>ApoA-I, ApoA-II, ApoC-II, ApoE</p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n</tbody>\n\n\n<p style='font-size: 10px; color: #808080; font-style: italic;'>@dams_new_robot</p>", "bot": "@dams_new_robot", "audio": "https://image.prepladder.com/content/lb1C3wbePRWt0Vn6jEkX1736157451.mp3", "video": ""}, {"text": "Match the lipoprotein with its function. Lipoprotein Function 1.Chylomicron a.Transports triglycerides from the liver to muscle and adipose tissue 2.Very low-density lipoprotein (VLDL) b.Transports cholesterol from peripheral tissue to the liver 3. Low-density lipoprotein (LDL) c.Transports cholesterol from the liver to peripheral tissues 4. High-density lipoprotein (HDL) d.Transports triglycerides from the gut to muscle and adipose tissue", "options": [{"label": "A", "text": "1-d, 2-a, 3-c, 4-b", "correct": true}, {"label": "B", "text": "1-a, 2-b, 3-c, 4-d", "correct": false}, {"label": "C", "text": "1-a, 2-b, 3-d, 4-c", "correct": false}, {"label": "D", "text": "1-c, 2-d, 3-b, 4-a", "correct": false}], "correct_answer": "A. 1-d, 2-a, 3-c, 4-b", "question_images": [], "explanation_images": [], "explanation": "<table cellspacing=\"0\" style=\"border-collapse:collapse; width:NaN\">\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Lipoprotein </strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Function </strong></p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Chylomicron</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Transports triglycerides from the gut to liver, muscle and <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"5c2a4a949d16927771802ba54640cc\">adipose</span> tissue</p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Very low-density <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"1f6f7d1976169277719178bd1ae135\">lipoprotein</span> (VLDL)</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Transports triglycerides from the liver to muscle and <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"5c2a4a949d16927771802ba54640cc\">adipose</span> tissue</p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Intermediate-density <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"1f6f7d1976169277719178bd1ae135\">lipoprotein</span> (IDL)</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>VLDL remnant</p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Low-density <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"1f6f7d1976169277719178bd1ae135\">lipoprotein</span> (LDL)</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Transports cholesterol from the liver to <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"255674f3271692777195c172d86daf\">peripheral</span> tissues</p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>High-density <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"1f6f7d1976169277719178bd1ae135\">lipoprotein</span> (HDL)</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Transports cholesterol from <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"255674f3271692777195c172d86daf\">peripheral</span> tissue to the liver</p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n</tbody>\n\n\n<p style='font-size: 10px; color: #808080; font-style: italic;'>@dams_new_robot</p>", "bot": "@dams_new_robot", "audio": "https://image.prepladder.com/content/ViwnSmtLbZfX8WBcsson1736157363.mp3", "video": ""}, {"text": "Which of the following is true regarding bile acid synthesis regulation? 7α-hydroxylation is the step which is suppressed Cholic acid suppresses the synthesis Farnesoid X receptor is activated Transcription of the CYP7A1 gene is suppressed", "options": [{"label": "A", "text": "1,2,3", "correct": false}, {"label": "B", "text": "1,3,4", "correct": true}, {"label": "C", "text": "2,3", "correct": false}, {"label": "D", "text": "2,3,4", "correct": false}], "correct_answer": "B. 1,3,4", "question_images": [], "explanation_images": [], "explanation": "\n\n<p style='font-size: 10px; color: #808080; font-style: italic;'>@dams_new_robot</p>", "bot": "@dams_new_robot", "audio": "https://image.prepladder.com/content/XtwiyuU17gJVgZB5NYZf1736157247.mp3", "video": ""}, {"text": "Which of the following statements is true regarding the fate of cholesterol? Chenodeoxycholic acid and cholic acid are the primary bile acids Glycine-taurine conjugation happens in liver peroxisomes Intestinal bacteria produce secondary bile acids", "options": [{"label": "A", "text": "1, 2", "correct": false}, {"label": "B", "text": "1, 2, 3", "correct": true}, {"label": "C", "text": "2, 3", "correct": false}, {"label": "D", "text": "Only 1", "correct": false}], "correct_answer": "B. 1, 2, 3", "question_images": [], "explanation_images": ["https://image.prepladder.com/content/SJKDx8wHYE9HBV1ROXb61727437354.png"], "explanation": "\n\n<p style='font-size: 10px; color: #808080; font-style: italic;'>@dams_new_robot</p>", "bot": "@dams_new_robot", "audio": "https://image.prepladder.com/content/xqA5zZo3dWcmRutNM6iB1736156928.mp3", "video": ""}, {"text": "Which of the following enzymes catalyzes the principal regulatory step of cholesterol synthesis?", "options": [{"label": "A", "text": "HMG CoA synthase", "correct": false}, {"label": "B", "text": "HMG CoA reductase", "correct": true}, {"label": "C", "text": "Cytosolic thiolase", "correct": false}, {"label": "D", "text": "Squalene epoxidase", "correct": false}], "correct_answer": "B. HMG CoA reductase", "question_images": [], "explanation_images": [], "explanation": "<table cellspacing=\"0\" style=\"border-collapse:collapse; width:624px\">\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Category</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Regulation Method</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Mechanism</strong></p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Allosteric Modification</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Statins (e.g., Lovastatin)</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Competitive <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"f03ca2d2a716927771901227bc175a\">inhibition</span> of <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"944fb955251692777189b1e05ebecf\">HMG</span> <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"fdf03479ad16927771847526907130\">CoA</span> reductase</p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td rowspan=\"2\" style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Covalent Modification</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>AMP-activated Kinase</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Phosphorylates <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"944fb955251692777189b1e05ebecf\">HMG</span> <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"fdf03479ad16927771847526907130\">CoA</span> reductase, inactivating it</p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Protein <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"65f1c4f3d4169277719505249503e0\">Phosphatase</span> 1</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Dephosphorylates <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"944fb955251692777189b1e05ebecf\">HMG</span> <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"fdf03479ad16927771847526907130\">CoA</span> reductase, activating it</p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td rowspan=\"4\" style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Induction or Repression</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Sufficient Cholesterol</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Suppresses <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"739aa4b5ea1692777200a636ee075f\">transcription</span> of the <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"944fb955251692777189b1e05ebecf\">HMG</span> <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"fdf03479ad16927771847526907130\">CoA</span> <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"6afb2667fe16927771975a8db1378b\">reductase</span> gene</p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Low Dietary Cholesterol</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Increases <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"739aa4b5ea1692777200a636ee075f\">transcription</span> of the <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"944fb955251692777189b1e05ebecf\">HMG</span> <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"fdf03479ad16927771847526907130\">CoA</span> <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"6afb2667fe16927771975a8db1378b\">reductase</span> gene</p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Insulin and Thyroxine</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Increase the activity of <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"944fb955251692777189b1e05ebecf\">HMG</span> <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"fdf03479ad16927771847526907130\">CoA</span> <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"6afb2667fe16927771975a8db1378b\">reductase</span> (induction)</p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Cortisol and Glucagon</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Decrease the activity of <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"944fb955251692777189b1e05ebecf\">HMG</span> <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"fdf03479ad16927771847526907130\">CoA</span> <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"6afb2667fe16927771975a8db1378b\">reductase</span> (repression)</p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n</tbody>\n\n\n<p style='font-size: 10px; color: #808080; font-style: italic;'>@dams_new_robot</p>", "bot": "@dams_new_robot", "audio": "https://image.prepladder.com/content/7weJGHFrPvcUY44jS2371732720001.mp3", "video": ""}]; if (!Array.isArray(questions) || questions.length === 0) { throw new Error("Questions data is empty or invalid"); } debugLog(`Successfully parsed ${questions.length} questions`); } catch (e) { console.error("Failed to parse questions_json:", e); document.getElementById('error-message').innerHTML = "Error loading quiz data. Please check the console for details or contact support."; document.getElementById('error-message').classList.remove('hidden'); document.getElementById('start-test').disabled = true; // Fallback to sample questions for testing questions = [ { text: "What is 2 + 2?", options: [ { label: "A", text: "3", correct: false }, { label: "B", text: "4", correct: true }, { label: "C", text: "5", correct: false }, { label: "D", text: "6", correct: false } ], correct_answer: "B. 4", question_images: [], explanation_images: [], explanation: "<p>2 + 2 = 4</p><p>@dams_new_robot</p>", bot: "@dams_new_robot", audio: "", video: "" } ]; debugLog("Loaded fallback questions"); } // Quiz state let currentQuestion = 0; let answers = new Array(questions.length).fill(null); let markedForReview = new Array(questions.length).fill(false); let timeRemaining = 30 * 60; // Duration in seconds let timerInterval = null; const quizId = `{title.replace(/\s+/g, '_').toLowerCase()}`; // Unique ID for local storage // Load saved progress function loadProgress() { try { debugLog("Loading progress from localStorage"); const saved = localStorage.getItem(`quiz_${quizId}`); if (saved) { const { savedAnswers, savedMarked, savedTime } = JSON.parse(saved); answers = savedAnswers || answers; markedForReview = savedMarked || markedForReview; timeRemaining = savedTime !== undefined ? savedTime : timeRemaining; debugLog("Progress loaded successfully"); } else { debugLog("No saved progress found"); } } catch (e) { console.error("Error loading progress:", e); debugLog("Failed to load progress: " + e.message); } } // Save progress function saveProgress() { try { debugLog("Saving progress to localStorage"); localStorage.setItem(`quiz_${quizId}`, JSON.stringify({ savedAnswers: answers, savedMarked: markedForReview, savedTime: timeRemaining })); debugLog("Progress saved successfully"); } catch (e) { console.error("Error saving progress:", e); debugLog("Failed to save progress: " + e.message); } } // Initialize quiz function initQuiz() { try { debugLog("Initializing quiz"); loadProgress(); const startButton = document.getElementById('start-test'); if (!startButton) { throw new Error("Start test button not found"); } startButton.addEventListener('click', startQuiz); debugLog("Start test button listener attached"); document.getElementById('previous-btn').addEventListener('click', showPreviousQuestion); document.getElementById('next-btn').addEventListener('click', showNextQuestion); document.getElementById('mark-review').addEventListener('click', toggleMarkForReview); document.getElementById('nav-toggle').addEventListener('click', toggleNavPanel); document.getElementById('submit-test').addEventListener('click', showSubmitModal); document.getElementById('continue-test').addEventListener('click', closeExitModal); document.getElementById('exit-test').addEventListener('click', () => { debugLog("Exiting test"); localStorage.removeItem(`quiz_${quizId}`); window.location.reload(); }); document.getElementById('cancel-submit').addEventListener('click', closeSubmitModal); document.getElementById('confirm-submit').addEventListener('click', submitTest); document.getElementById('take-again').addEventListener('click', () => { debugLog("Restarting test"); localStorage.removeItem(`quiz_${quizId}`); window.location.reload(); }); document.getElementById('review-test').addEventListener('click', () => showResults(currentResultQuestion)); document.getElementById('close-nav').addEventListener('click', toggleNavPanel); document.getElementById('theme-toggle').addEventListener('click', toggleTheme); document.getElementById('nav-filter').addEventListener('change', updateNavPanel); document.getElementById('prev-result').addEventListener('click', showPreviousResult); document.getElementById('next-result').addEventListener('click', showNextResult); document.getElementById('results-nav-toggle').addEventListener('click', toggleResultsNavPanel); document.getElementById('close-results-nav').addEventListener('click', toggleResultsNavPanel); document.getElementById('results-nav-filter').addEventListener('change', updateResultsNavPanel); debugLog("Quiz initialized successfully"); } catch (e) { console.error("Failed to initialize quiz:", e); debugLog("Failed to initialize quiz: " + e.message); document.getElementById('error-message').innerHTML = "Error initializing quiz. Please check the console for details or contact support."; document.getElementById('error-message').classList.remove('hidden'); document.getElementById('start-test').disabled = true; } } // Start quiz function startQuiz() { try { debugLog("Starting quiz"); document.getElementById('instructions').classList.add('hidden'); document.getElementById('quiz').classList.remove('hidden'); showQuestion(currentQuestion); startTimer(); updateNavPanel(); debugLog("Quiz started successfully"); } catch (e) { console.error("Error starting quiz:", e); debugLog("Failed to start quiz: " + e.message); document.getElementById('error-message').innerHTML = "Error starting quiz. Please check the console for details or contact support."; document.getElementById('error-message').classList.remove('hidden'); document.getElementById('quiz').classList.add('hidden'); document.getElementById('instructions').classList.remove('hidden'); } } // Show question function showQuestion(index) { try { debugLog(`Showing question ${index + 1}`); currentQuestion = index; const q = questions[index]; if (!q) { throw new Error(`Question ${index} is undefined`); } document.getElementById('question-number').innerHTML = `Question <span>${index + 1}</span> of ${questions.length}`; document.getElementById('question-text').innerHTML = q.text || "No question text available"; const imagesDiv = document.getElementById('question-images'); imagesDiv.innerHTML = q.question_images && q.question_images.length > 0 ? q.question_images.map(url => `<img src="${url}" alt="Question Image" class="max-w-full h-auto rounded-lg">`).join('') : ''; const optionsDiv = document.getElementById('options'); optionsDiv.innerHTML = q.options && q.options.length > 0 ? q.options.map(opt => ` <button class="option-btn w-full text-left p-3 border rounded-lg ${answers[index] === opt.label ? 'selected' : ''}" onclick="selectOption(${index}, '${opt.label}')" aria-label="Option ${opt.label}: ${opt.text}"> ${opt.label}. ${opt.text} </button> `).join('') : '<p class="text-red-500">No options available</p>'; document.getElementById('previous-btn').disabled = index === 0; document.getElementById('next-btn').disabled = index === questions.length - 1; document.getElementById('mark-review').classList.toggle('marked', markedForReview[index]); updateProgressBar(); saveProgress(); window.scrollTo({ top: 0, behavior: 'smooth' }); debugLog(`Question ${index + 1} displayed successfully`); } catch (e) { console.error("Error displaying question:", e); debugLog("Failed to display question: " + e.message); } } // Select option function selectOption(index, label) { try { debugLog(`Selecting option ${label} for question ${index + 1}`); answers[index] = label; const optionsDiv = document.getElementById('options'); const optionButtons = optionsDiv.querySelectorAll('.option-btn'); optionButtons.forEach(btn => { const btnLabel = btn.textContent.trim().split('.')[0]; btn.classList.toggle('selected', btnLabel === label); }); updateNavPanel(); saveProgress(); debugLog(`Option ${label} selected for question ${index + 1}`); } catch (e) { console.error("Error selecting option:", e); debugLog("Failed to select option: " + e.message); } } // Toggle mark for review function toggleMarkForReview() { try { debugLog(`Toggling mark for review on question ${currentQuestion + 1}`); markedForReview[currentQuestion] = !markedForReview[currentQuestion]; document.getElementById('mark-review').classList.toggle('marked', markedForReview[currentQuestion]); updateNavPanel(); saveProgress(); debugLog(`Mark for review toggled for question ${currentQuestion + 1}`); } catch (e) { console.error("Error marking for review:", e); debugLog("Failed to mark for review: " + e.message); } } // Navigate to previous question function showPreviousQuestion() { try { debugLog(`Navigating to previous question from ${currentQuestion + 1}`); if (currentQuestion > 0) { currentQuestion--; showQuestion(currentQuestion); } } catch (e) { console.error("Error navigating to previous question:", e); debugLog("Failed to navigate to previous question: " + e.message); } } // Navigate to next question function showNextQuestion() { try { debugLog(`Navigating to next question from ${currentQuestion + 1}`); if (currentQuestion < questions.length - 1) { currentQuestion++; showQuestion(currentQuestion); } } catch (e) { console.error("Error navigating to next question:", e); debugLog("Failed to navigate to next question: " + e.message); } } // Handle question navigation click function handleQuestionNavClick(index) { try { debugLog(`Navigating to question ${index + 1} via nav panel`); showQuestion(index); toggleNavPanel(); } catch (e) { console.error("Error handling navigation click:", e); debugLog("Failed to navigate via nav panel: " + e.message); } } // Start timer function startTimer() { try { debugLog("Starting timer"); timerInterval = setInterval(() => { if (timeRemaining <= 0) { debugLog("Timer expired, submitting test"); clearInterval(timerInterval); submitTest(); } else { timeRemaining--; const minutes = Math.floor(timeRemaining / 60); const seconds = timeRemaining % 60; document.getElementById('timer').innerHTML = `Time Remaining: <span>${minutes.toString().padStart(2, '0')}:${seconds.toString().padStart(2, '0')}</span>`; saveProgress(); } }, 1000); debugLog("Timer started successfully"); } catch (e) { console.error("Error starting timer:", e); debugLog("Failed to start timer: " + e.message); } } // Update progress bar function updateProgressBar() { try { debugLog("Updating progress bar"); const progress = ((currentQuestion + 1) / questions.length) * 100; document.getElementById('progress-bar').style.width = `${progress}%`; debugLog("Progress bar updated"); } catch (e) { console.error("Error updating progress bar:", e); debugLog("Failed to update progress bar: " + e.message); } } // Update quiz navigation panel function updateNavPanel() { try { debugLog("Updating quiz navigation panel"); const filter = document.getElementById('nav-filter').value; const navGrid = document.getElementById('nav-grid'); navGrid.innerHTML = questions.map((_, i) => { if (filter === 'answered' && !answers[i]) return ''; if (filter === 'unanswered' && answers[i]) return ''; if (filter === 'marked' && !markedForReview[i]) return ''; return ` <button class="question-nav-btn ${answers[i] ? 'answered' : 'unanswered'} ${markedForReview[i] ? 'marked-nav' : ''}" onclick="handleQuestionNavClick(${i})" aria-label="Go to Question ${i + 1}"> ${i + 1} </button> `; }).join(''); debugLog("Quiz navigation panel updated"); } catch (e) { console.error("Error updating quiz navigation panel:", e); debugLog("Failed to update quiz navigation panel: " + e.message); } } // Update results navigation panel function updateResultsNavPanel() { try { debugLog("Updating results navigation panel"); const filter = document.getElementById('results-nav-filter').value; const navGrid = document.getElementById('results-nav-grid'); navGrid.innerHTML = questions.map((_, i) => { if (filter === 'answered' && !answers[i]) return ''; if (filter === 'unanswered' && answers[i]) return ''; if (filter === 'marked' && !markedForReview[i]) return ''; return ` <button class="result-nav-btn-grid ${answers[i] ? 'answered' : 'unanswered'} ${markedForReview[i] ? 'marked-nav' : ''}" onclick="handleResultNavClick(${i})" aria-label="Go to Result for Question ${i + 1}"> ${i + 1} </button> `; }).join(''); debugLog("Results navigation panel updated"); } catch (e) { console.error("Error updating results navigation panel:", e); debugLog("Failed to update results navigation panel: " + e.message); } } // Toggle quiz navigation panel function toggleNavPanel() { try { debugLog("Toggling quiz navigation panel"); const navPanel = document.getElementById('nav-panel'); navPanel.classList.toggle('hidden'); debugLog("Quiz navigation panel toggled"); } catch (e) { console.error("Error toggling quiz navigation panel:", e); debugLog("Failed to toggle quiz navigation panel: " + e.message); } } // Toggle results navigation panel function toggleResultsNavPanel() { try { debugLog("Toggling results navigation panel"); const resultsNavPanel = document.getElementById('results-nav-panel'); resultsNavPanel.classList.toggle('hidden'); if (!resultsNavPanel.classList.contains('hidden')) { updateResultsNavPanel(); } debugLog("Results navigation panel toggled"); } catch (e) { console.error("Error toggling results navigation panel:", e); debugLog("Failed to toggle results navigation panel: " + e.message); } } // Handle result navigation click function handleResultNavClick(index) { try { debugLog(`Navigating to result for question ${index + 1} via nav panel`); showResults(index); toggleResultsNavPanel(); } catch (e) { console.error("Error handling result navigation click:", e); debugLog("Failed to navigate to result: " + e.message); } } // Show submit modal function showSubmitModal() { try { debugLog("Showing submit modal"); const attempted = answers.filter(a => a !== null).length; document.getElementById('attempted-count').textContent = attempted; document.getElementById('unattempted-count').textContent = questions.length - attempted; document.getElementById('submit-modal').classList.remove('hidden'); debugLog("Submit modal displayed"); } catch (e) { console.error("Error showing submit modal:", e); debugLog("Failed to show submit modal: " + e.message); } } // Close submit modal function closeSubmitModal() { try { debugLog("Closing submit modal"); document.getElementById('submit-modal').classList.add('hidden'); debugLog("Submit modal closed"); } catch (e) { console.error("Error closing submit modal:", e); debugLog("Failed to close submit modal: " + e.message); } } // Close exit modal function closeExitModal() { try { debugLog("Closing exit modal"); document.getElementById('exit-modal').classList.add('hidden'); debugLog("Exit modal closed"); } catch (e) { console.error("Error closing exit modal:", e); debugLog("Failed to close exit modal: " + e.message); } } // Submit test function submitTest() { try { debugLog("Submitting test"); clearInterval(timerInterval); document.getElementById('quiz').classList.add('hidden'); document.getElementById('submit-modal').classList.add('hidden'); document.getElementById('results').classList.remove('hidden'); showResults(0); // Start with first question // Trigger confetti animation confetti({ particleCount: 100, spread: 70, origin: { y: 0.6 } }); localStorage.removeItem(`quiz_${quizId}`); debugLog("Test submitted successfully"); } catch (e) { console.error("Error submitting test:", e); debugLog("Failed to submit test: " + e.message); } } // Show result for a single question function showResults(index) { try { debugLog(`Showing result for question ${index + 1}`); currentResultQuestion = index; let correct = 0, wrong = 0, unanswered = 0, marked = 0; answers.forEach((answer, i) => { const isCorrect = answer && questions[i].options.find(opt => opt.label === answer)?.correct; if (answer === null) unanswered++; else if (isCorrect) correct++; else wrong++; if (markedForReview[i]) marked++; }); const q = questions[index]; if (!q) { throw new Error(`Question ${index} is undefined`); } const userAnswer = answers[index]; const isCorrect = userAnswer && q.options.find(opt => opt.label === userAnswer)?.correct; const resultsContent = document.getElementById('results-content'); resultsContent.innerHTML = ` <div class="border p-4 rounded-lg ${isCorrect ? 'bg-green-50' : userAnswer ? 'bg-red-50' : 'bg-gray-50'}"> <p class="font-semibold">Question ${index + 1}: ${q.text || 'No question text'}</p> ${q.question_images && q.question_images.length > 0 ? q.question_images.map(url => `<img src="${url}" alt="Question Image" class="max-w-full h-auto rounded-lg my-2">`).join('') : ''} <p><strong>Your Answer:</strong> ${userAnswer ? `${userAnswer}. ${q.options.find(opt => opt.label === userAnswer)?.text || 'Invalid option'}` : 'Unanswered'}</p> <p><strong>Correct Answer:</strong> ${q.correct_answer || 'Unknown'}</p> <div class="mt-2">${q.explanation || 'No explanation available'}</div> ${q.explanation_images && q.explanation_images.length > 0 ? q.explanation_images.map(url => `<img src="${url}" alt="Explanation Image" class="max-w-full h-auto rounded-lg my-2">`).join('') : ''} ${q.video ? ` <button class="play-video bg-blue-500 text-white px-4 py-2 rounded-lg mt-2" onclick="loadVideo(this, '${q.video}', 'video-${index}')" aria-label="Play explanation video for Question ${index + 1}"> Play Video Explanation </button> <div id="video-${index}" class="video-container mt-2"></div> ` : '<p class="text-gray-500 mt-2">No video available</p>'} ${q.audio ? ` <button class="play-audio bg-blue-500 text-white px-4 py-2 rounded-lg mt-2" onclick="loadAudio(this, '${q.audio}', 'audio-${index}')" aria-label="Play audio explanation for Question ${index + 1}"> Play Audio Explanation </button> <div id="audio-${index}" class="audio-container mt-2"></div> ` : ''} </div> `; document.getElementById('correct-count').textContent = correct; document.getElementById('wrong-count').textContent = wrong; document.getElementById('unanswered-count').textContent = unanswered; document.getElementById('marked-count').textContent = marked; document.getElementById('result-question-number').innerHTML = `Question <span>${index + 1}</span> of ${questions.length}`; document.getElementById('prev-result').disabled = index === 0; document.getElementById('next-result').disabled = index === questions.length - 1; updateResultsNavPanel(); window.scrollTo({ top: 0, behavior: 'smooth' }); debugLog(`Result for question ${index + 1} displayed successfully`); } catch (e) { console.error("Error displaying result:", e); debugLog("Failed to display result: " + e.message); } } // Navigate to previous result function showPreviousResult() { try { debugLog(`Navigating to previous result from question ${currentResultQuestion + 1}`); if (currentResultQuestion > 0) { showResults(currentResultQuestion - 1); } } catch (e) { console.error("Error navigating to previous result:", e); debugLog("Failed to navigate to previous result: " + e.message); } } // Navigate to next result function showNextResult() { try { debugLog(`Navigating to next result from question ${currentResultQuestion + 1}`); if (currentResultQuestion < questions.length - 1) { showResults(currentResultQuestion + 1); } } catch (e) { console.error("Error navigating to next result:", e); debugLog("Failed to navigate to next result: " + e.message); } } // Lazy-load video function loadVideo(button, videoUrl, containerId) { try { debugLog(`Loading video for ${containerId}: ${videoUrl}`); if (!videoUrl) { const container = document.getElementById(containerId); container.innerHTML = `<p class="text-gray-500">No video available</p>`; button.remove(); debugLog("No video URL provided"); return; } const container = document.getElementById(containerId); container.innerHTML = ` <div class="video-loading"></div> <video controls class="w-full max-w-[600px] rounded-lg" preload="metadata" aria-label="Video explanation"> <source src="${videoUrl}" type="${videoUrl.endsWith('.m3u8') ? 'application/x-mpegURL' : 'video/mp4'}"> Your browser does not support the video tag. </video> `; container.classList.add('active'); button.remove(); // Initialize HLS.js for .m3u8 videos const video = container.querySelector('video'); if (videoUrl.endsWith('.m3u8') && Hls.isSupported()) { const hls = new Hls(); hls.loadSource(videoUrl); hls.attachMedia(video); hls.on(Hls.Events.ERROR, (event, data) => { console.error("HLS.js error:", data); container.innerHTML = `<p class="text-red-500">Error loading video. <a href="${videoUrl}" target="_blank" aria-label="Open video in new tab">Open video</a></p>`; debugLog("HLS.js error: " + JSON.stringify(data)); }); } else if (videoUrl.endsWith('.m3u8') && video.canPlayType('application/vnd.apple.mpegurl')) { video.src = videoUrl; } // Handle video load errors video.onerror = () => { console.error("Video load error for URL:", videoUrl); container.innerHTML = `<p class="text-red-500">Error loading video. <a href="${videoUrl}" target="_blank" aria-label="Open video in new tab">Open video</a></p>`; debugLog("Video load error for URL: " + videoUrl); }; // Remove loading spinner when video is ready video.onloadedmetadata = () => { container.querySelector('.video-loading').remove(); debugLog("Video loaded successfully"); }; } catch (e) { console.error("Error loading video:", e); debugLog("Failed to load video: " + e.message); const container = document.getElementById(containerId); container.innerHTML = `<p class="text-red-500">Error loading video. <a href="${videoUrl}" target="_blank" aria-label="Open video in new tab">Open video</a></p>`; } } // Lazy-load audio function loadAudio(button, audioUrl, containerId) { try { debugLog(`Loading audio for ${containerId}: ${audioUrl}`); if (!audioUrl) { const container = document.getElementById(containerId); container.innerHTML = `<p class="text-gray-500">No audio available</p>`; button.remove(); debugLog("No audio URL provided"); return; } const container = document.getElementById(containerId); container.innerHTML = ` <audio controls class="w-full max-w-[600px]" preload="metadata" aria-label="Audio explanation"> <source src="${audioUrl}" type="audio/mpeg"> Your browser does not support the audio tag. </audio> `; container.classList.add('active'); button.remove(); // Handle audio load errors const audio = container.querySelector('audio'); audio.onerror = () => { console.error("Audio load error for URL:", audioUrl); container.innerHTML = `<p class="text-red-500">Error loading audio. <a href="${audioUrl}" target="_blank" aria-label="Open audio in new tab">Open audio</a></p>`; debugLog("Audio load error for URL: " + audioUrl); }; debugLog("Audio loaded successfully"); } catch (e) { console.error("Error loading audio:", e); debugLog("Failed to load audio: " + e.message); const container = document.getElementById(containerId); container.innerHTML = `<p class="text-red-500">Error loading audio. <a href="${audioUrl}" target="_blank" aria-label="Open audio in new tab">Open audio</a></p>`; } } // Toggle dark mode function toggleTheme() { try { debugLog("Toggling theme"); document.documentElement.classList.toggle('dark'); localStorage.setItem('theme', document.documentElement.classList.contains('dark') ? 'dark' : 'light'); debugLog("Theme toggled successfully"); } catch (e) { console.error("Error toggling theme:", e); debugLog("Failed to toggle theme: " + e.message); } } // Load theme preference function loadTheme() { try { debugLog("Loading theme preference"); const theme = localStorage.getItem('theme'); if (theme === 'dark') { document.documentElement.classList.add('dark'); } debugLog("Theme loaded successfully"); } catch (e) { console.error("Error loading theme:", e); debugLog("Failed to load theme: " + e.message); } } // Initialize on DOM content loaded window.addEventListener('DOMContentLoaded', () => { try { debugLog("DOM content loaded, initializing quiz"); loadTheme(); initQuiz(); } catch (e) { console.error("Error during DOMContentLoaded:", e); debugLog("Failed to initialize on DOMContentLoaded: " + e.message); document.getElementById('error-message').innerHTML = "Error initializing quiz. Please check the console for details or contact support."; document.getElementById('error-message').classList.remove('hidden'); } }); </script> </body> </html>" frameborder="0" width="100%" height="2000px">
<div class="bg-white rounded-lg shadow-md p-4 md:p-6"> <h2 class="text-xl font-semibold mb-4">Instructions</h2> <h4 class="text-gray-800 text-lg font-semibold mt-6 mb-4">Test Features:</h4> <ul class="space-y-3"> <li class="flex items-center gap-3"> <i class="fa-solid fa-circle-check text-green-500"></i> Multiple choice questions with single correct answers </li> <li class="flex items-center gap-3"> <i class="fa-solid fa-circle-check text-green-500"></i> Timer-based testing for realistic exam conditions </li> <li class="flex items-center gap-3"> <i class="fa-solid fa-circle-check text-green-500"></i> Mark questions for review functionality </li> <li class="flex items-center gap-3"> <i class="fa-solid fa-circle-check text-green-500"></i> Comprehensive results and performance analysis </li> <li class="flex items-center gap-3"> <i class="fa-solid fa-circle-check text-green-500"></i> Mobile-optimized interface for learning on-the-go </li> </ul> <div class="mt-6 flex space-x-4 button-group md:flex-row flex-col"> <button class="bg-[#2c5281] text-white px-6 py-2 rounded-lg hover:bg-[#2c5281] transition" id="start-test">Start Test</button> </div> <div class="error-message hidden" id="error-message"></div> </div> </section> <!-- Quiz Section --> <section class="container mx-auto px-4 md:px-6 pt-4 md:pt-6 pb-1 hidden section-transition" id="quiz"> <div class="bg-white rounded-lg shadow-md p-4 md:p-6"> <!-- Progress Bar --> <div class="w-full bg-gray-200 rounded-full h-3 mb-4"> <div class="progress-bar h-3 rounded-full" id="progress-bar" style="width: 0%"></div> </div> <!-- Question Header --> <div class="flex flex-col md:flex-row justify-between items-center mb-4"> <h2 class="text-lg font-semibold" id="question-number">Question <span>1</span> of 4</h2> <p class="text-lg font-semibold mt-2 md:mt-0" id="timer">Time Remaining: <span>00:00</span></p> </div> <!-- Question Content --> <div class="mb-6" id="question-content"> <p class="text-gray-800 mb-4" id="question-text"></p> <div class="flex flex-wrap gap-4 mb-4" id="question-images"></div> <div class="space-y-3" id="options"></div> </div> <!-- Navigation Buttons --> <div class="flex flex-col md:flex-row justify-between items-center gap-2 md:gap-4"> <div class="flex gap-2 w-full md:w-auto"> <button class="bg-[#2c5281] text-white px-4 py-3 w-full md:w-32 h-14 rounded-lg hover:bg-[#2c5281] transition" disabled="" id="previous-btn">Previous</button> <button class="bg-[#2c5281] text-white px-4 py-3 w-full md:w-32 h-14 rounded-lg hover:bg-[#2c5281] transition" id="next-btn">Next</button> </div> <div class="flex items-center gap-2"> <button class="bg-transparent text-gray-700 px-4 py-2 rounded-lg hover:bg-gray-100 transition flex items-center gap-1" id="mark-review"> Review <svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" class="h-5 w-5" viewBox="0 0 20 20" fill="currentColor"> <path d="M10 2a1 1 0 00-1 1v14l3.293-3.293a1 1 0 011.414 0L17 17V3a1 1 0 00-1-1H10z" /> </svg> </button> <button class="bg-transparent text-gray-700 px-4 py-2 rounded-lg hover:bg-gray-100 transition flex items-center gap-1" id="nav-toggle"> Question 🧭 </button> <button class="bg-green-500 text-white px-6 py-3 w-44 h-14 rounded-lg hover:bg-green-600 transition w-full md:w-auto" id="submit-test">Submit Test</button> </div> </div> </section> <!-- Results Section --> <section class="container mx-auto px-4 md:px-6 pt-4 md:pt-6 pb-1 hidden section-transition" id="results"> <div class="bg-white rounded-lg shadow-md p-4 md:p-6"> <h2 class="text-2xl font-semibold mb-4">Anaesthesia Machine - Results</h2> <div class="grid grid-cols-1 md:grid-cols-2 gap-4 mb-6"> <p><strong>Correct:</strong> <span id="correct-count" class="text-[#000000]">0</span></p> <p><strong>Wrong:</strong> <span id="wrong-count" class="text-[#000000]">0</span></p> <p><strong>Unanswered:</strong> <span id="unanswered-count" class="text-[#000000]-500">0</span></p> <p><strong>Marked for Review:</strong> <span id="marked-count" class="text-[#000000]">0</span></p> </div> <h3 class="text-lg font-semibold mb-4" id="result-question-number">Question <span>1</span> of 4</h3> <div class="space-y-6" id="results-content"></div> <div class="result-nav"> <button aria-label="Previous question result" class="result-nav-btn bg-[#2c5281] text-white px-6 py-2 rounded-lg hover:bg-[#2c5281] transition" disabled="" id="prev-result">Previous</button> <button aria-label="Toggle results navigation panel" class="result-nav-btn bg-[#2c5281] text-white px-6 py-2 rounded-lg hover:bg-[#2c5281] transition" id="results-nav-toggle">Result 🧭</button> <button aria-label="Next question result" class="result-nav-btn bg-[#2c5281] text-white px-6 py-2 rounded-lg hover:bg-[#2c5281] transition" id="next-result">Next</button> </div> <div class="mt-6 flex space-x-4 button-group md:flex-row flex-col"> <button class="bg-green-500 text-white px-6 py-2 rounded-lg hover:bg-green-600 transition" id="take-again">Take Again</button> </div> </div> </section> <!-- Exit Confirmation Modal --> <div class="fixed inset-0 bg-black bg-opacity-50 flex items-center justify-center hidden" id="exit-modal"> <div class="bg-white rounded-lg p-6 max-w-sm w-full"> <h2 class="text-xl font-semibold mb-4">Leave Test?</h2> <p class="text-gray-700 mb-4">Your progress will be lost if you leave this page. Are you sure you want to exit?</p> <div class="flex justify-end space-x-4"> <button class="bg-gray-300 text-gray-700 px-4 py-2 rounded-lg hover:bg-gray-400 transition" id="continue-test">No, Continue</button> <button class="bg-red-500 text-white px-4 py-2 rounded-lg hover:bg-red-600 transition" id="exit-test">Yes, Exit</button> </div> </div> </div> <!-- Submit Confirmation Modal --> <div class="fixed inset-0 bg-black bg-opacity-50 flex items-center justify-center hidden" id="submit-modal"> <div class="bg-white rounded-lg p-6 max-w-sm w-full"> <h2 class="text-xl font-semibold mb-4">Confirm Submission</h2> <p class="text-gray-700 mb-2">You have attempted <span id="attempted-count">0</span> of 16 questions.</p> <p class="text-gray-700 mb-4"><span id="unattempted-count">0</span> questions are unattempted.</p> <div class="flex justify-end space-x-4"> <button class="bg-gray-300 text-gray-700 px-4 py-2 rounded-lg hover:bg-gray-400 transition" id="cancel-submit">Cancel</button> <button class="bg-green-500 text-white px-4 py-2 rounded-lg hover:bg-green-600 transition" id="confirm-submit">Submit Test</button> </div> </div> </div> <!-- Quiz Navigation Panel --> <div class="fixed inset-y-0 right-0 nav-panel bg-white shadow-lg p-4 hidden overflow-y-auto" id="nav-panel"> <h2 class="text-lg font-semibold mb-4">Questions Navigation</h2> <div class="mb-4"> <select class="w-full p-2 border rounded-lg text-gray-700" id="nav-filter"> <option value="all">All Questions</option> <option value="answered">Answered</option> <option value="unanswered">Unanswered</option> <option value="marked">Marked for Review</option> </select> </div> <div class="grid grid-cols-5 gap-2 md:gap-3" id="nav-grid"></div> <button class="mt-4 bg-gray-500 text-white px-4 py-2 rounded-lg hover:bg-gray-600 transition w-full" id="close-nav">Close</button> </div> <!-- Results Navigation Panel --> <div class="fixed inset-y-0 right-0 results-nav-panel bg-white shadow-lg p-4 hidden overflow-y-auto" id="results-nav-panel"> <h2 class="text-lg font-semibold mb-4">Results Navigation</h2> <div class="mb-4"> <select class="w-full p-2 border rounded-lg text-gray-700" id="results-nav-filter"> <option value="all">All Questions</option> <option value="answered">Answered</option> <option value="unanswered">Unanswered</option> <option value="marked">Marked for Review</option> </select> </div> <div class="grid grid-cols-5 gap-2 md:gap-3" id="results-nav-grid"></div> <button class="mt-4 bg-gray-500 text-white px-4 py-2 rounded-lg hover:bg-gray-600 transition w-full" id="close-results-nav">Close</button> </div> <!-- JavaScript Logic --> <script> // Enable debug mode for detailed logging const DEBUG_MODE = true; // Log debug messages function debugLog(message) { if (DEBUG_MODE) { console.log(`[DEBUG] ${message}`); } } // Initialize questions with error handling let questions = []; let currentResultQuestion = 0; // State for current question in results try { debugLog("Attempting to parse questions_json"); questions = [{"text": "Which one of the following is the major regulator of carnitine acyltransferase I (CAT-I) activity?", "options": [{"label": "A", "text": "Insulin", "correct": false}, {"label": "B", "text": "Glucagon", "correct": false}, {"label": "C", "text": "Malonyl CoA", "correct": true}, {"label": "D", "text": "ATP", "correct": false}], "correct_answer": "C. Malonyl CoA", "question_images": [], "explanation_images": ["https://image.prepladder.com/content/zjovzslXoswkLJpD91uG1727681463.png"], "explanation": "\n\n<p style='font-size: 10px; color: #808080; font-style: italic;'>@dams_new_robot</p>", "bot": "@dams_new_robot", "audio": "https://image.prepladder.com/content/62HBXAWOZUzEJfsrvCoJ1732718575.mp3", "video": ""}, {"text": "Which one of the following does not occur during β-oxidation of fatty acids?", "options": [{"label": "A", "text": "Dehydrogenation of fatty acyl-CoA to trans-enoyl-CoA", "correct": false}, {"label": "B", "text": "Formation of acetyl-CoA from β-keto fatty acyl-CoA", "correct": false}, {"label": "C", "text": "Conversion of trans-enoyl-CoA to saturated fatty acyl-CoA", "correct": true}, {"label": "D", "text": "Hydration of trans-enoyl-CoA to β-hydroxy fatty acyl-CoA", "correct": false}], "correct_answer": "C. Conversion of trans-enoyl-CoA to saturated fatty acyl-CoA", "question_images": [], "explanation_images": ["https://image.prepladder.com/content/ad1EsnYk91XicwesTLXL1727681676.png"], "explanation": "<table cellspacing=\"0\" style=\"border-collapse:collapse; width:624px\">\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Step 1:</strong>FAD-Linked Dehydrogenation</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<ul>\n<li>Catalyzed by Acyl-CoA dehydrogenase</li>\n<li>Fatty acyl-CoA → trans-enoyl-CoA (FADH₂ produced). <strong>(Option A ruled out)</strong></li>\n<li>FADH₂ generates 1.5 <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"5abb3a7e7f1692777182a8f4c42522\">ATP</span> in the <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"d416281a201692777187899c00aed8\">electron</span> transport chain.</li>\n</ul>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Step 2:</strong>Hydration</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<ul>\n<li>Catalyzed by enoyl-CoA hydratase.</li>\n<li>Converts trans-enoyl-CoA to β-hydroxy <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"bc6cd9a9f9169277720261812ea113\">fatty</span> acyl-CoA (only L <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"d30d92f8841692777190c688cd1feb\">isomer</span> formed). <strong>(Option D ruled out)</strong></li>\n</ul>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Step 3</strong>:NAD⁺-Dependent Dehydrogenation</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<ul>\n<li>Catalyzed by β-hydroxy acyl-CoA dehydrogenase</li>\n<li>β-Hydroxy <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"bc6cd9a9f9169277720261812ea113\">fatty</span> acyl-CoA → β-keto <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"bc6cd9a9f9169277720261812ea113\">fatty</span> acyl-CoA (NADH produced).</li>\n<li>NADH generates 2.5 <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"5abb3a7e7f1692777182a8f4c42522\">ATP</span> in the <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"d416281a201692777187899c00aed8\">electron</span> transport chain</li>\n</ul>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Cleavage</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<ul>\n<li>Catalyzed by <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"3b8aef18d61692777180ef1b21619a\">Acyl</span> <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"fdf03479ad16927771847526907130\">CoA</span> <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"6ad6d2cc321692777180a735388613\">Acetyltransferase</span> (Thiolase)</li>\n<li>β-Keto <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"bc6cd9a9f9169277720261812ea113\">fatty</span> acyl-CoA undergoes thiolytic cleavage.</li>\n<li>Produces one acetyl-CoA and a shorter <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"bc6cd9a9f9169277720261812ea113\">fatty</span> acyl-CoA for further cycles. <strong>(Option B ruled out)</strong></li>\n</ul>\n</td>\n</tr>\n</tbody>\n\n\n<p style='font-size: 10px; color: #808080; font-style: italic;'>@dams_new_robot</p>", "bot": "@dams_new_robot", "audio": "https://image.prepladder.com/content/bzEmFLxkeeQQ0cqWMuaL1732718773.mp3", "video": ""}, {"text": "What is the Total and Net ATP used in the complete oxidation of Arachidonic acid?", "options": [{"label": "A", "text": "136, 134", "correct": true}, {"label": "B", "text": "134, 136", "correct": false}, {"label": "C", "text": "120, 122", "correct": false}, {"label": "D", "text": "120, 118", "correct": false}], "correct_answer": "A. 136, 134", "question_images": [], "explanation_images": [], "explanation": "\n\n<p style='font-size: 10px; color: #808080; font-style: italic;'>@dams_new_robot</p>", "bot": "@dams_new_robot", "audio": "https://image.prepladder.com/content/dN69EHngit30ngjHc8Qu1732718879.mp3", "video": ""}, {"text": "Which of the following is NOT an inhibitor of Carnitine Acyl Transferase-1 (CAT-1)?", "options": [{"label": "A", "text": "Sulfonylureas", "correct": false}, {"label": "B", "text": "Malonyl-CoA", "correct": false}, {"label": "C", "text": "AMPK", "correct": true}, {"label": "D", "text": "Insulin", "correct": false}], "correct_answer": "C. AMPK", "question_images": [], "explanation_images": [], "explanation": "<table cellspacing=\"0\" style=\"border-collapse:collapse; width:NaN\">\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<td colspan=\"2\" style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>CARNITINE <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"3b8aef18d61692777180ef1b21619a\">ACYL</span> TRANSFERASE-1 (CPT-1)</strong></p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>STIMULATORS</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>INHIBITORS</strong></p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<ul>\n<li>Starvation</li>\n<li>FFA (Free <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"bc6cd9a9f9169277720261812ea113\">Fatty</span> Acids)</li>\n<li>AMPK (Adenosine Monophosphate-Activated Protein Kinase)</li>\n<li>Glucagon</li>\n</ul>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<ul>\n<li>Well fed state</li>\n<li>Malonyl-CoA <strong>(Option B ruled out)</strong></li>\n<li>Sulfonylureas <strong>(Option A ruled out)</strong></li>\n<li>Insulin <strong>(Option D ruled out)</strong></li>\n<li>Etomoxir</li>\n<li>Oxfenicine</li>\n<li>Perhexiline</li>\n<li>PPARα antagonist</li>\n</ul>\n</td>\n</tr>\n</tbody>\n\n\n<p style='font-size: 10px; color: #808080; font-style: italic;'>@dams_new_robot</p>", "bot": "@dams_new_robot", "audio": "https://image.prepladder.com/content/Fv0MHVcf1QPJsoOvqBw11732719085.mp3", "video": ""}, {"text": "A 3-y/o child is brought to the emergency department with symptoms of severe fatigue, vomiting, and episodes of hypoglycemia. Blood tests reveal low glucose levels without elevated ketone bodies, as indicated by a negative Rothera and Benedict tests. Further examination indicates a fatty liver. The child's mother gives h/o acute fatty liver during her pregnancy with the child. Which of the following deficiencies is most likely responsible for these symptoms?", "options": [{"label": "A", "text": "CPT-I Deficiency", "correct": false}, {"label": "B", "text": "Long-Chain 3-Hydroxyacyl-CoA Dehydrogenase Deficiency", "correct": true}, {"label": "C", "text": "Jamaican Vomiting Sickness", "correct": false}, {"label": "D", "text": "Carnitine Deficiency", "correct": false}], "correct_answer": "B. Long-Chain 3-Hydroxyacyl-CoA Dehydrogenase Deficiency", "question_images": [], "explanation_images": [], "explanation": "<table cellspacing=\"0\" style=\"border-collapse:collapse; width:624px\">\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<td colspan=\"2\" style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>FATTY ACID <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"224ea8a9e41692777194e81be113d8\">OXIDATION</span> DEFECTS</strong></p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>CONGENITAL DEFECTS</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>ACQUIRED DEFECTS</strong></p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>1. CPT-I Deficiency:</strong></p>\n<ul>\n<li><u>Site</u>: Liver</li>\n<li><u>Pathophysiology</u>: Leading to decreased <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"bc6cd9a9f9169277720261812ea113\">fatty</span> acid <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"224ea8a9e41692777194e81be113d8\">oxidation</span> and ketogenesis, which can result in <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"78c658d4ed1692777189098c7544b9\">hypoglycemia</span> <strong>(Option A ruled out)</strong></li>\n</ul>\n\t\t\t \n\n\t\t\t<p><strong>2. CPT-II Deficiency:</strong></p>\n<ul>\n<li><u>Site: </u>Primarily affecting skeletal muscle and potentially the liver in severe cases</li>\n</ul>\n\t\t\t \n\n\t\t\t<p><strong>3. Defects in β-oxidation Enzymes:</strong> 2 types:</p>\n\t\t\t \n\n\t\t\t<ul>\n<li><strong>Long and Short-Chain <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"1d4d1c98831692777188b54b40e561\">3-Hydroxyacyl-CoA Dehydrogenase</span> Deficiency:</strong> Can cause nonketotic hypoglycemia, coma, and <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"bc6cd9a9f9169277720261812ea113\">fatty</span> liver. May also contribute to <strong>acute <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"bc6cd9a9f9169277720261812ea113\">fatty</span> liver during pregnancy</strong></li>\n</ul>\n\t\t\t \n\n\t\t\t<ul>\n<li><strong>3-Ketoacyl-CoA <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"7db01f3b2f16927772009c3acb2abb\">Thiolase</span> and HMG-CoA <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"aa739f5d7e16927771910504c2585f\">Lyase</span> Deficiency:</strong> These deficiencies not only disrupt <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"bc6cd9a9f9169277720261812ea113\">fatty</span> acid <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"224ea8a9e41692777194e81be113d8\">oxidation</span> but also affect the <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"903370f259169277718385f6060dd7\">breakdown</span> of leucine, a <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"ba68c82ba4169277719001ff37f9ae\">ketogenic</span> <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"543f207eb51692777181723491a358\">amino</span> acid.</li>\n</ul>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>1. <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"3664431e6c169277718302b2e21d74\">Carnitine</span> Deficiency:</strong></p>\n<ul>\n<li>Common in <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"ac9f7287191692777196e8c02d1f3d\">preterm</span> babies</li>\n<li><u>Cause</u>:\n\t\t\t\t<ul>\n<li>Inadequate <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"859a34e1061692777183872a5e4441\">biosynthesis</span> or <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"b9356afdba16927771979d068c6587\">renal</span> leakage.</li>\n<li>Hemolysis</li>\n</ul>\n</li>\n<li><u>Pathophysiology</u>:\n\t\t\t\t<ul>\n<li>Impaired <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"bc6cd9a9f9169277720261812ea113\">fatty</span> acid oxidation→hypoglycemia &amp; <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"a99114a6c216927771916f45ffc66c\">Lipid</span> accumulation→muscular weakness <strong>(Option D ruled out)</strong></li>\n</ul>\n</li>\n</ul>\n\t\t\t \n\n\t\t\t<p><strong>2. Jamaican <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"998fb41ebc1692777202e46891c4a7\">Vomiting</span> Sickness:</strong></p>\n\t\t\t \n\n\t\t\t<ul>\n<li><u>Cause</u>: Consuming unripe <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"ee069f7ddd16927771803660223e4e\">ackee</span> fruit containing the <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"41329dc9381692777200a9b6d57cf4\">toxin</span> hypoglycin,</li>\n<li><u>Pathophysiology</u>: This condition inhibits medium- and short-chain acyl-CoA dehydrogenase, leading to <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"78c658d4ed1692777189098c7544b9\">hypoglycemia</span> <strong>(Option C ruled out)</strong></li>\n</ul>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td colspan=\"2\" style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>CLINICAL FEATURES</strong></p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td colspan=\"2\" style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<ul>\n<li>Hypoglycemia</li>\n<li>Nonketotic Hypoglycemia</li>\n<li>Lipid Accumulation</li>\n<li><strong>Dicarboxylic Aciduria</strong>\n<ul>\n<li>Marked by the <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"0f7653c9ef1692777187deaa35f749\">excretion</span> of C6—C10 ω-dicarboxylic acids and non-ketotic hypoglycemia</li>\n<li>It arises from a lack of mitochondrial medium-chain acyl-CoA dehydrogenase.</li>\n</ul>\n</li>\n<li>Muscular Weakness due to the buildup of lipids in muscles</li>\n<li>Coma</li>\n<li>Fatty Liver</li>\n<li><strong>Acute <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"bc6cd9a9f9169277720261812ea113\">Fatty</span> Liver of Pregnancy:</strong> Due to Long-chain <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"1d4d1c98831692777188b54b40e561\">3-hydroxyacyl-CoA dehydrogenase</span> <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"209b85faf71692777185767d43e3bd\">deficiency</span> indicating a potential role of hormonal changes influencing <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"0f160e4e42169277718771b715516a\">enzyme</span> activity.</li>\n<li>Neurological Symptoms: Defects impacting <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"bc6cd9a9f9169277720261812ea113\">fatty</span> acid oxidation, especially those also affecting the <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"903370f259169277718385f6060dd7\">breakdown</span> of leucine.</li>\n</ul>\n</td>\n</tr>\n</tbody>\n\n\n<p style='font-size: 10px; color: #808080; font-style: italic;'>@dams_new_robot</p>", "bot": "@dams_new_robot", "audio": "https://image.prepladder.com/content/YHIWxneOndJDwPnSIHAU1732719636.mp3", "video": ""}, {"text": "Which enzyme requires vitamin B12 for the isomerization of L-methylmalonyl-CoA to succinyl-CoA during odd-chain fatty acid oxidation?", "options": [{"label": "A", "text": "Propionyl-CoA carboxylase", "correct": false}, {"label": "B", "text": "Methyl malonyl-CoA mutase", "correct": true}, {"label": "C", "text": "Methyl malonyl-CoA racemase", "correct": false}, {"label": "D", "text": "Biotin", "correct": false}], "correct_answer": "B. Methyl malonyl-CoA mutase", "question_images": [], "explanation_images": ["https://image.prepladder.com/content/cZGDtxRYEMSNRFZJYjMq1727682134.png"], "explanation": "\n\n<p style='font-size: 10px; color: #808080; font-style: italic;'>@dams_new_robot</p>", "bot": "@dams_new_robot", "audio": "https://image.prepladder.com/content/FeGv6jU6KBFjMGCOmNTs1732719419.mp3", "video": ""}, {"text": "Which of the following statements accurately describes the role of glucagon in ketogenesis during starvation?", "options": [{"label": "A", "text": "Glucagon decreases lipolysis and reduces ketogenesis.", "correct": false}, {"label": "B", "text": "Glucagon inhibits gluconeogenesis and promotes ketogenesis.", "correct": false}, {"label": "C", "text": "Glucagon increases lipolysis and stimulates ketogenesis.", "correct": true}, {"label": "D", "text": "Glucagon decreases fatty acid entry into mitochondria and inhibits ketogenesis.", "correct": false}], "correct_answer": "C. Glucagon increases lipolysis and stimulates ketogenesis.", "question_images": [], "explanation_images": [], "explanation": "\n\n<p style='font-size: 10px; color: #808080; font-style: italic;'>@dams_new_robot</p>", "bot": "@dams_new_robot", "audio": "https://image.prepladder.com/content/z1Xqt0Wsn9UMRVtfKyNe1732719344.mp3", "video": ""}, {"text": "Which of the following organs can utilize ketone bodies for energy, and which enzyme is involved in their metabolism?", "options": [{"label": "A", "text": "Liver- Thiophorase", "correct": false}, {"label": "B", "text": "Heart muscle- Acetyl-CoA carboxylase", "correct": false}, {"label": "C", "text": "Brain- Thiophorase", "correct": true}, {"label": "D", "text": "Liver- Carboxylase", "correct": false}], "correct_answer": "C. Brain- Thiophorase", "question_images": [], "explanation_images": [], "explanation": "<table cellspacing=\"0\" style=\"border-collapse:collapse; width:624px\">\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<td colspan=\"2\" style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #131314; border-left:1px solid #131314; border-right:1px solid #131314; border-top:1px solid #131314; vertical-align:middle\">\n<p><strong>KETOSIS</strong></p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td rowspan=\"2\" style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #131314; border-left:1px solid #131314; border-right:1px solid #131314; border-top:1px solid #131314; vertical-align:middle\">\n<p><strong>Ketone Bodies</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td rowspan=\"2\" style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #131314; border-left:1px solid #131314; border-right:1px solid #131314; border-top:1px solid #131314; vertical-align:middle\">\n<ul>\n<li>Produced in the liver</li>\n<li>Utilized by <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"85d0636fae1692777187fc93c80934\">extrahepatic</span> tissues due to the absence of Thiophorase <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"0f160e4e42169277718771b715516a\">enzyme</span> in the liver</li>\n</ul>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #131314; border-left:1px solid #131314; border-right:1px solid #131314; border-top:1px solid #131314; vertical-align:middle\">\n<p><strong>Tissues that use <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"296c955ad216927771900bf1905f13\">Ketone</span> Bodies</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #131314; border-left:1px solid #131314; border-right:1px solid #131314; border-top:1px solid #131314; vertical-align:middle\">\n<ul>\n<li>Almost all tissues except:\n\t\t\t\t<ul>\n<li>Liver</li>\n<li>Red blood cells (RBCs)</li>\n</ul>\n</li>\n<li>Tissues that prefer <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"296c955ad216927771900bf1905f13\">ketone</span> bodies:\n\t\t\t\t<ul>\n<li>Heart muscle</li>\n<li>Renal cortex</li>\n<li>Placenta</li>\n</ul>\n</li>\n</ul>\n\t\t\t \n\n\t\t\t<ul>\n<li>Tissues that use <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"296c955ad216927771900bf1905f13\">ketone</span> bodies only in the absence of glucose:\n\t\t\t\t<ul>\n<li>Skeletal muscle</li>\n<li>Brain</li>\n</ul>\n</li>\n</ul>\n\t\t\t \n\n\t\t\t<ul>\n<li>Additional Tissues Using <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"296c955ad216927771900bf1905f13\">Ketone</span> Bodies\n\t\t\t\t<ul>\n<li>Intestinal mucosal cells</li>\n<li>Adipocytes</li>\n</ul>\n</li>\n</ul>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #131314; border-left:1px solid #131314; border-right:1px solid #131314; border-top:1px solid #131314; vertical-align:middle\">\n<p><strong>Enzyme Involved</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #131314; border-left:1px solid #131314; border-right:1px solid #131314; border-top:1px solid #131314; vertical-align:middle\">\n<ul>\n<li><strong>Thiophorase</strong>: Converts <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"91f05d33d9169277718037ec6b325e\">acetoacetate</span> to acetoacetyl CoA</li>\n</ul>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #131314; border-left:1px solid #131314; border-right:1px solid #131314; border-top:1px solid #131314; vertical-align:middle\">\n<p><strong>Fatty Acids as Primary Energy Source During Starvation</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #131314; border-left:1px solid #131314; border-right:1px solid #131314; border-top:1px solid #131314; vertical-align:middle\">\n<ul>\n<li>Skeletal muscles</li>\n<li>Heart</li>\n<li>Liver</li>\n</ul>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #131314; border-left:1px solid #131314; border-right:1px solid #131314; border-top:1px solid #131314; vertical-align:middle\">\n<p><strong>Energy Production Pathway</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #131314; border-left:1px solid #131314; border-right:1px solid #131314; border-top:1px solid #131314; vertical-align:middle\">\n<ul>\n<li>Acetoacetyl <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"fdf03479ad16927771847526907130\">CoA</span> enters the beta-oxidation <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"3aa5abc2fa169277719488e088076d\">pathway</span> to produce energy</li>\n</ul>\n</td>\n</tr>\n</tbody>\n\n\n<p style='font-size: 10px; color: #808080; font-style: italic;'>@dams_new_robot</p>", "bot": "@dams_new_robot", "audio": "https://image.prepladder.com/content/0FIySNhDiEbp8U3i67fk1732719216.mp3", "video": ""}, {"text": "Which of the following is an end product of beta-oxidation of odd-chain fatty acids?", "options": [{"label": "A", "text": "Propionyl-CoA", "correct": true}, {"label": "B", "text": "Malonyl CoA", "correct": false}, {"label": "C", "text": "Succinyl CoA", "correct": false}, {"label": "D", "text": "Pyruvate", "correct": false}], "correct_answer": "A. Propionyl-CoA", "question_images": [], "explanation_images": ["https://image.prepladder.com/content/gqLvXsNKa7c1Bmx9URbB1727682448.png"], "explanation": "\n\n<p style='font-size: 10px; color: #808080; font-style: italic;'>@dams_new_robot</p>", "bot": "@dams_new_robot", "audio": "https://image.prepladder.com/content/I1ATbg04zB2lYrOB8F7p1732719148.mp3", "video": ""}, {"text": "Which of the following statements is true about Acetyl CoA metabolism?", "options": [{"label": "A", "text": "It is produced in the cytoplasm from glucose via pyruvate oxidation.", "correct": false}, {"label": "B", "text": "It can be transported directly across the mitochondrial membrane to the cytoplasm.", "correct": false}, {"label": "C", "text": "It is converted to citrate in the mitochondria", "correct": true}, {"label": "D", "text": "It is involved in the production of NADPH in the cytoplasm.", "correct": false}], "correct_answer": "C. It is converted to citrate in the mitochondria", "question_images": [], "explanation_images": ["https://image.prepladder.com/notes/G31atsSHx1KOjhimlm8Z1735185134.png"], "explanation": "\n\n<p style='font-size: 10px; color: #808080; font-style: italic;'>@dams_new_robot</p>", "bot": "@dams_new_robot", "audio": "https://image.prepladder.com/content/2rxuQfYyFzv37pt4pr121732717044.mp3", "video": ""}, {"text": "Which of the following enzymes is correctly paired with its function in metabolic processes?", "options": [{"label": "A", "text": "Acetyl CoA Carboxylase (ACC) converts acetyl-CoA to citrate, initiating fatty acid synthesis.", "correct": false}, {"label": "B", "text": "Carnitine Palmitoyltransferase I (CPT-I) regulates entry of all fatty acids into mitochondria for beta-oxidation.", "correct": false}, {"label": "C", "text": "HMG-CoA Synthase catalyzes ketone body production from acetyl-CoA.", "correct": true}, {"label": "D", "text": "Acetyl CoA Carboxylase (ACC) converts acetyl-CoA to malonyl-CoA, the rate-limiting step in fatty acid Oxidation", "correct": false}], "correct_answer": "C. HMG-CoA Synthase catalyzes ketone body production from acetyl-CoA.", "question_images": [], "explanation_images": ["https://image.prepladder.com/content/tin03Ays6bxwCyLcSJPl1728227477.png"], "explanation": "<table cellspacing=\"0\" style=\"border-collapse:collapse; width:624px\">\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>S.no</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Pathway</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Rate limiting enzymes</strong></p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>1</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Fatty acid synthesis</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Acetyl <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"fdf03479ad16927771847526907130\">CoA</span> carboxylase</p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>2</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Fatty acid oxidation</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Carnitine <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"3b8aef18d61692777180ef1b21619a\">acyl</span> <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"2288cbf3741692777200318d2f5b39\">transferase</span> I</p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>3</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Cholesterol synthesis</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>HMG <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"fdf03479ad16927771847526907130\">CoA</span> reductase</p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>4</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Ketone body synthesis</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>HMG <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"44758fcec31692777184e24fa84582\">Co</span> A <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"aa739f5d7e16927771910504c2585f\">lyase</span> &gt; <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"944fb955251692777189b1e05ebecf\">HMG</span> <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"fdf03479ad16927771847526907130\">CoA</span> synthase</p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>5</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Bile acid synthesis</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>7-⍺-hydroxylase</p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n</tbody>\n\n\n<p style='font-size: 10px; color: #808080; font-style: italic;'>@dams_new_robot</p>", "bot": "@dams_new_robot", "audio": "https://image.prepladder.com/content/mo89Xln1AG52NG5ZfaQr1743180196.mp3", "video": ""}, {"text": "Which of the following statements about the Fatty acid synthase (FAS) complex is true?", "options": [{"label": "A", "text": "The FAS complex synthesizes fatty acids exclusively in the mitochondria.", "correct": false}, {"label": "B", "text": "The primary product of the FAS complex is palmitic acid, a 16-carbon saturated fatty acid.", "correct": true}, {"label": "C", "text": "The FAS complex utilizes the same enzymes and intermediates as those found in β-oxidation.", "correct": false}, {"label": "D", "text": "Each subunit of the FAS complex consists of a single enzyme responsible for fatty acid synthesis.", "correct": false}], "correct_answer": "B. The primary product of the FAS complex is palmitic acid, a 16-carbon saturated fatty acid.", "question_images": [], "explanation_images": ["https://image.prepladder.com/content/ki7UI9oRvC39dONWvHPJ1727678220.png"], "explanation": "\n\n<p style='font-size: 10px; color: #808080; font-style: italic;'>@dams_new_robot</p>", "bot": "@dams_new_robot", "audio": "https://image.prepladder.com/content/sSw5avgB0tSyg5ntrR7V1732717377.mp3", "video": ""}, {"text": "Which of the following statements about the fatty acid synthesis mechanism is NOT TRUE?", "options": [{"label": "A", "text": "Acetyl-CoA is converted to malonyl-CoA by acetyl-CoA carboxylase.", "correct": false}, {"label": "B", "text": "The FAS complex is a homodimer with two identical subunits and six enzymes.", "correct": false}, {"label": "C", "text": "NADPH is primarily generated by the citric acid cycle.", "correct": true}, {"label": "D", "text": "Palmitate is the main product, which can be converted into shorter fatty acids.", "correct": false}], "correct_answer": "C. NADPH is primarily generated by the citric acid cycle.", "question_images": [], "explanation_images": [], "explanation": "\n\n<p style='font-size: 10px; color: #808080; font-style: italic;'>@dams_new_robot</p>", "bot": "@dams_new_robot", "audio": "https://image.prepladder.com/content/574FLHFb59t68SP586DY1732717936.mp3", "video": ""}, {"text": "Which of the following correctly describes the products and by-products of the palmitic acid synthesis reaction?", "options": [{"label": "A", "text": "1 Palmitate + 7 CO₂ + 6 H₂O + 8 CoA−SH + 14 NADPH", "correct": false}, {"label": "B", "text": "1 Palmitate + 7 CO₂ + 6 H₂O + 8 CoA−SH + 14 NADP+", "correct": true}, {"label": "C", "text": "1 Palmitate + 7 CO₂ + 8 H₂O + 8 CoA−SH + 14 NADP⁺", "correct": false}, {"label": "D", "text": "1 Palmitate + 7 CO₂ + 6 H₂O + 8 CoA−SH + 14 NADP⁺ + 14 H⁺", "correct": false}], "correct_answer": "B. 1 Palmitate + 7 CO₂ + 6 H₂O + 8 CoA−SH + 14 NADP+", "question_images": [], "explanation_images": [], "explanation": "\n\n<p style='font-size: 10px; color: #808080; font-style: italic;'>@dams_new_robot</p>", "bot": "@dams_new_robot", "audio": "https://image.prepladder.com/content/cBzh9lNJj85i3BZrzUmU1732718339.mp3", "video": ""}, {"text": "Which of the following inhibits Acetyl CoA Carboxylase?", "options": [{"label": "A", "text": "Glucagon", "correct": true}, {"label": "B", "text": "NADH", "correct": false}, {"label": "C", "text": "ATP", "correct": false}, {"label": "D", "text": "Insulin", "correct": false}], "correct_answer": "A. Glucagon", "question_images": [], "explanation_images": [], "explanation": "<table cellspacing=\"0\" style=\"border-collapse:collapse; width:NaN\">\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Stimulated by High energy level states</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Inhibited by Low energy level states.</strong></p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<ul>\n<li>NADH <strong>(Option B ruled out)</strong></li>\n<li>FADH2</li>\n<li>ATP <strong>(Option C ruled out)</strong></li>\n<li>Citrate</li>\n<li><u>Insulin:</u> enhances the <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"cc20d2d7111692777201fb0caeb3f2\">uptake</span> of <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"af3ae60c0c16927771889b84ca41c0\">glucose</span> by adipocytes and increases the activity of <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"f9129e152d16927771960c4ccc40bc\">pyruvate</span> dehydrogenase, <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"6ade0969281692777180216b0c3d76\">acetyl</span> <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"fdf03479ad16927771847526907130\">CoA</span> carboxylase, and <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"124462cc291692777188e1a9cce583\">glycerol</span> <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"189b6fc834169277719580eb39bb4c\">phosphate</span> <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"3b8aef18d61692777180ef1b21619a\">acyl</span> <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"2288cbf3741692777200318d2f5b39\">transferase</span> <strong>(Option D ruled out)</strong></li>\n</ul>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<ul>\n<li>ADP</li>\n<li>NAD</li>\n<li>FAD</li>\n<li>Glucagon(catabolic hormone) <strong>(Option A)</strong></li>\n<li>Acyl CoA</li>\n<li>Epinephrine</li>\n</ul>\n</td>\n</tr>\n</tbody>\n\n\n<p style='font-size: 10px; color: #808080; font-style: italic;'>@dams_new_robot</p>", "bot": "@dams_new_robot", "audio": "https://image.prepladder.com/content/nG0kRs7ADG1zh5RMmi8Z1732718420.mp3", "video": ""}, {"text": "Which of the following fatty acid metabolism primarily takes place in the peroxisome?", "options": [{"label": "A", "text": "Very long chain FA", "correct": true}, {"label": "B", "text": "Medium Chain FA", "correct": false}, {"label": "C", "text": "Short chain FA", "correct": false}, {"label": "D", "text": "Long chain FA", "correct": false}], "correct_answer": "A. Very long chain FA", "question_images": [], "explanation_images": [], "explanation": "\n\n<p style='font-size: 10px; color: #808080; font-style: italic;'>@dams_new_robot</p>", "bot": "@dams_new_robot", "audio": "https://image.prepladder.com/content/7V9jpZzBQwiknMMOEOWq1732718477.mp3", "video": ""}]; if (!Array.isArray(questions) || questions.length === 0) { throw new Error("Questions data is empty or invalid"); } debugLog(`Successfully parsed ${questions.length} questions`); } catch (e) { console.error("Failed to parse questions_json:", e); document.getElementById('error-message').innerHTML = "Error loading quiz data. Please check the console for details or contact support."; document.getElementById('error-message').classList.remove('hidden'); document.getElementById('start-test').disabled = true; // Fallback to sample questions for testing questions = [ { text: "What is 2 + 2?", options: [ { label: "A", text: "3", correct: false }, { label: "B", text: "4", correct: true }, { label: "C", text: "5", correct: false }, { label: "D", text: "6", correct: false } ], correct_answer: "B. 4", question_images: [], explanation_images: [], explanation: "<p>2 + 2 = 4</p><p>@dams_new_robot</p>", bot: "@dams_new_robot", audio: "", video: "" } ]; debugLog("Loaded fallback questions"); } // Quiz state let currentQuestion = 0; let answers = new Array(questions.length).fill(null); let markedForReview = new Array(questions.length).fill(false); let timeRemaining = 26 * 60; // Duration in seconds let timerInterval = null; const quizId = `{title.replace(/\s+/g, '_').toLowerCase()}`; // Unique ID for local storage // Load saved progress function loadProgress() { try { debugLog("Loading progress from localStorage"); const saved = localStorage.getItem(`quiz_${quizId}`); if (saved) { const { savedAnswers, savedMarked, savedTime } = JSON.parse(saved); answers = savedAnswers || answers; markedForReview = savedMarked || markedForReview; timeRemaining = savedTime !== undefined ? savedTime : timeRemaining; debugLog("Progress loaded successfully"); } else { debugLog("No saved progress found"); } } catch (e) { console.error("Error loading progress:", e); debugLog("Failed to load progress: " + e.message); } } // Save progress function saveProgress() { try { debugLog("Saving progress to localStorage"); localStorage.setItem(`quiz_${quizId}`, JSON.stringify({ savedAnswers: answers, savedMarked: markedForReview, savedTime: timeRemaining })); debugLog("Progress saved successfully"); } catch (e) { console.error("Error saving progress:", e); debugLog("Failed to save progress: " + e.message); } } // Initialize quiz function initQuiz() { try { debugLog("Initializing quiz"); loadProgress(); const startButton = document.getElementById('start-test'); if (!startButton) { throw new Error("Start test button not found"); } startButton.addEventListener('click', startQuiz); debugLog("Start test button listener attached"); document.getElementById('previous-btn').addEventListener('click', showPreviousQuestion); document.getElementById('next-btn').addEventListener('click', showNextQuestion); document.getElementById('mark-review').addEventListener('click', toggleMarkForReview); document.getElementById('nav-toggle').addEventListener('click', toggleNavPanel); document.getElementById('submit-test').addEventListener('click', showSubmitModal); document.getElementById('continue-test').addEventListener('click', closeExitModal); document.getElementById('exit-test').addEventListener('click', () => { debugLog("Exiting test"); localStorage.removeItem(`quiz_${quizId}`); window.location.reload(); }); document.getElementById('cancel-submit').addEventListener('click', closeSubmitModal); document.getElementById('confirm-submit').addEventListener('click', submitTest); document.getElementById('take-again').addEventListener('click', () => { debugLog("Restarting test"); localStorage.removeItem(`quiz_${quizId}`); window.location.reload(); }); document.getElementById('review-test').addEventListener('click', () => showResults(currentResultQuestion)); document.getElementById('close-nav').addEventListener('click', toggleNavPanel); document.getElementById('theme-toggle').addEventListener('click', toggleTheme); document.getElementById('nav-filter').addEventListener('change', updateNavPanel); document.getElementById('prev-result').addEventListener('click', showPreviousResult); document.getElementById('next-result').addEventListener('click', showNextResult); document.getElementById('results-nav-toggle').addEventListener('click', toggleResultsNavPanel); document.getElementById('close-results-nav').addEventListener('click', toggleResultsNavPanel); document.getElementById('results-nav-filter').addEventListener('change', updateResultsNavPanel); debugLog("Quiz initialized successfully"); } catch (e) { console.error("Failed to initialize quiz:", e); debugLog("Failed to initialize quiz: " + e.message); document.getElementById('error-message').innerHTML = "Error initializing quiz. Please check the console for details or contact support."; document.getElementById('error-message').classList.remove('hidden'); document.getElementById('start-test').disabled = true; } } // Start quiz function startQuiz() { try { debugLog("Starting quiz"); document.getElementById('instructions').classList.add('hidden'); document.getElementById('quiz').classList.remove('hidden'); showQuestion(currentQuestion); startTimer(); updateNavPanel(); debugLog("Quiz started successfully"); } catch (e) { console.error("Error starting quiz:", e); debugLog("Failed to start quiz: " + e.message); document.getElementById('error-message').innerHTML = "Error starting quiz. Please check the console for details or contact support."; document.getElementById('error-message').classList.remove('hidden'); document.getElementById('quiz').classList.add('hidden'); document.getElementById('instructions').classList.remove('hidden'); } } // Show question function showQuestion(index) { try { debugLog(`Showing question ${index + 1}`); currentQuestion = index; const q = questions[index]; if (!q) { throw new Error(`Question ${index} is undefined`); } document.getElementById('question-number').innerHTML = `Question <span>${index + 1}</span> of ${questions.length}`; document.getElementById('question-text').innerHTML = q.text || "No question text available"; const imagesDiv = document.getElementById('question-images'); imagesDiv.innerHTML = q.question_images && q.question_images.length > 0 ? q.question_images.map(url => `<img src="${url}" alt="Question Image" class="max-w-full h-auto rounded-lg">`).join('') : ''; const optionsDiv = document.getElementById('options'); optionsDiv.innerHTML = q.options && q.options.length > 0 ? q.options.map(opt => ` <button class="option-btn w-full text-left p-3 border rounded-lg ${answers[index] === opt.label ? 'selected' : ''}" onclick="selectOption(${index}, '${opt.label}')" aria-label="Option ${opt.label}: ${opt.text}"> ${opt.label}. ${opt.text} </button> `).join('') : '<p class="text-red-500">No options available</p>'; document.getElementById('previous-btn').disabled = index === 0; document.getElementById('next-btn').disabled = index === questions.length - 1; document.getElementById('mark-review').classList.toggle('marked', markedForReview[index]); updateProgressBar(); saveProgress(); window.scrollTo({ top: 0, behavior: 'smooth' }); debugLog(`Question ${index + 1} displayed successfully`); } catch (e) { console.error("Error displaying question:", e); debugLog("Failed to display question: " + e.message); } } // Select option function selectOption(index, label) { try { debugLog(`Selecting option ${label} for question ${index + 1}`); answers[index] = label; const optionsDiv = document.getElementById('options'); const optionButtons = optionsDiv.querySelectorAll('.option-btn'); optionButtons.forEach(btn => { const btnLabel = btn.textContent.trim().split('.')[0]; btn.classList.toggle('selected', btnLabel === label); }); updateNavPanel(); saveProgress(); debugLog(`Option ${label} selected for question ${index + 1}`); } catch (e) { console.error("Error selecting option:", e); debugLog("Failed to select option: " + e.message); } } // Toggle mark for review function toggleMarkForReview() { try { debugLog(`Toggling mark for review on question ${currentQuestion + 1}`); markedForReview[currentQuestion] = !markedForReview[currentQuestion]; document.getElementById('mark-review').classList.toggle('marked', markedForReview[currentQuestion]); updateNavPanel(); saveProgress(); debugLog(`Mark for review toggled for question ${currentQuestion + 1}`); } catch (e) { console.error("Error marking for review:", e); debugLog("Failed to mark for review: " + e.message); } } // Navigate to previous question function showPreviousQuestion() { try { debugLog(`Navigating to previous question from ${currentQuestion + 1}`); if (currentQuestion > 0) { currentQuestion--; showQuestion(currentQuestion); } } catch (e) { console.error("Error navigating to previous question:", e); debugLog("Failed to navigate to previous question: " + e.message); } } // Navigate to next question function showNextQuestion() { try { debugLog(`Navigating to next question from ${currentQuestion + 1}`); if (currentQuestion < questions.length - 1) { currentQuestion++; showQuestion(currentQuestion); } } catch (e) { console.error("Error navigating to next question:", e); debugLog("Failed to navigate to next question: " + e.message); } } // Handle question navigation click function handleQuestionNavClick(index) { try { debugLog(`Navigating to question ${index + 1} via nav panel`); showQuestion(index); toggleNavPanel(); } catch (e) { console.error("Error handling navigation click:", e); debugLog("Failed to navigate via nav panel: " + e.message); } } // Start timer function startTimer() { try { debugLog("Starting timer"); timerInterval = setInterval(() => { if (timeRemaining <= 0) { debugLog("Timer expired, submitting test"); clearInterval(timerInterval); submitTest(); } else { timeRemaining--; const minutes = Math.floor(timeRemaining / 60); const seconds = timeRemaining % 60; document.getElementById('timer').innerHTML = `Time Remaining: <span>${minutes.toString().padStart(2, '0')}:${seconds.toString().padStart(2, '0')}</span>`; saveProgress(); } }, 1000); debugLog("Timer started successfully"); } catch (e) { console.error("Error starting timer:", e); debugLog("Failed to start timer: " + e.message); } } // Update progress bar function updateProgressBar() { try { debugLog("Updating progress bar"); const progress = ((currentQuestion + 1) / questions.length) * 100; document.getElementById('progress-bar').style.width = `${progress}%`; debugLog("Progress bar updated"); } catch (e) { console.error("Error updating progress bar:", e); debugLog("Failed to update progress bar: " + e.message); } } // Update quiz navigation panel function updateNavPanel() { try { debugLog("Updating quiz navigation panel"); const filter = document.getElementById('nav-filter').value; const navGrid = document.getElementById('nav-grid'); navGrid.innerHTML = questions.map((_, i) => { if (filter === 'answered' && !answers[i]) return ''; if (filter === 'unanswered' && answers[i]) return ''; if (filter === 'marked' && !markedForReview[i]) return ''; return ` <button class="question-nav-btn ${answers[i] ? 'answered' : 'unanswered'} ${markedForReview[i] ? 'marked-nav' : ''}" onclick="handleQuestionNavClick(${i})" aria-label="Go to Question ${i + 1}"> ${i + 1} </button> `; }).join(''); debugLog("Quiz navigation panel updated"); } catch (e) { console.error("Error updating quiz navigation panel:", e); debugLog("Failed to update quiz navigation panel: " + e.message); } } // Update results navigation panel function updateResultsNavPanel() { try { debugLog("Updating results navigation panel"); const filter = document.getElementById('results-nav-filter').value; const navGrid = document.getElementById('results-nav-grid'); navGrid.innerHTML = questions.map((_, i) => { if (filter === 'answered' && !answers[i]) return ''; if (filter === 'unanswered' && answers[i]) return ''; if (filter === 'marked' && !markedForReview[i]) return ''; return ` <button class="result-nav-btn-grid ${answers[i] ? 'answered' : 'unanswered'} ${markedForReview[i] ? 'marked-nav' : ''}" onclick="handleResultNavClick(${i})" aria-label="Go to Result for Question ${i + 1}"> ${i + 1} </button> `; }).join(''); debugLog("Results navigation panel updated"); } catch (e) { console.error("Error updating results navigation panel:", e); debugLog("Failed to update results navigation panel: " + e.message); } } // Toggle quiz navigation panel function toggleNavPanel() { try { debugLog("Toggling quiz navigation panel"); const navPanel = document.getElementById('nav-panel'); navPanel.classList.toggle('hidden'); debugLog("Quiz navigation panel toggled"); } catch (e) { console.error("Error toggling quiz navigation panel:", e); debugLog("Failed to toggle quiz navigation panel: " + e.message); } } // Toggle results navigation panel function toggleResultsNavPanel() { try { debugLog("Toggling results navigation panel"); const resultsNavPanel = document.getElementById('results-nav-panel'); resultsNavPanel.classList.toggle('hidden'); if (!resultsNavPanel.classList.contains('hidden')) { updateResultsNavPanel(); } debugLog("Results navigation panel toggled"); } catch (e) { console.error("Error toggling results navigation panel:", e); debugLog("Failed to toggle results navigation panel: " + e.message); } } // Handle result navigation click function handleResultNavClick(index) { try { debugLog(`Navigating to result for question ${index + 1} via nav panel`); showResults(index); toggleResultsNavPanel(); } catch (e) { console.error("Error handling result navigation click:", e); debugLog("Failed to navigate to result: " + e.message); } } // Show submit modal function showSubmitModal() { try { debugLog("Showing submit modal"); const attempted = answers.filter(a => a !== null).length; document.getElementById('attempted-count').textContent = attempted; document.getElementById('unattempted-count').textContent = questions.length - attempted; document.getElementById('submit-modal').classList.remove('hidden'); debugLog("Submit modal displayed"); } catch (e) { console.error("Error showing submit modal:", e); debugLog("Failed to show submit modal: " + e.message); } } // Close submit modal function closeSubmitModal() { try { debugLog("Closing submit modal"); document.getElementById('submit-modal').classList.add('hidden'); debugLog("Submit modal closed"); } catch (e) { console.error("Error closing submit modal:", e); debugLog("Failed to close submit modal: " + e.message); } } // Close exit modal function closeExitModal() { try { debugLog("Closing exit modal"); document.getElementById('exit-modal').classList.add('hidden'); debugLog("Exit modal closed"); } catch (e) { console.error("Error closing exit modal:", e); debugLog("Failed to close exit modal: " + e.message); } } // Submit test function submitTest() { try { debugLog("Submitting test"); clearInterval(timerInterval); document.getElementById('quiz').classList.add('hidden'); document.getElementById('submit-modal').classList.add('hidden'); document.getElementById('results').classList.remove('hidden'); showResults(0); // Start with first question // Trigger confetti animation confetti({ particleCount: 100, spread: 70, origin: { y: 0.6 } }); localStorage.removeItem(`quiz_${quizId}`); debugLog("Test submitted successfully"); } catch (e) { console.error("Error submitting test:", e); debugLog("Failed to submit test: " + e.message); } } // Show result for a single question function showResults(index) { try { debugLog(`Showing result for question ${index + 1}`); currentResultQuestion = index; let correct = 0, wrong = 0, unanswered = 0, marked = 0; answers.forEach((answer, i) => { const isCorrect = answer && questions[i].options.find(opt => opt.label === answer)?.correct; if (answer === null) unanswered++; else if (isCorrect) correct++; else wrong++; if (markedForReview[i]) marked++; }); const q = questions[index]; if (!q) { throw new Error(`Question ${index} is undefined`); } const userAnswer = answers[index]; const isCorrect = userAnswer && q.options.find(opt => opt.label === userAnswer)?.correct; const resultsContent = document.getElementById('results-content'); resultsContent.innerHTML = ` <div class="border p-4 rounded-lg ${isCorrect ? 'bg-green-50' : userAnswer ? 'bg-red-50' : 'bg-gray-50'}"> <p class="font-semibold">Question ${index + 1}: ${q.text || 'No question text'}</p> ${q.question_images && q.question_images.length > 0 ? q.question_images.map(url => `<img src="${url}" alt="Question Image" class="max-w-full h-auto rounded-lg my-2">`).join('') : ''} <p><strong>Your Answer:</strong> ${userAnswer ? `${userAnswer}. ${q.options.find(opt => opt.label === userAnswer)?.text || 'Invalid option'}` : 'Unanswered'}</p> <p><strong>Correct Answer:</strong> ${q.correct_answer || 'Unknown'}</p> <div class="mt-2">${q.explanation || 'No explanation available'}</div> ${q.explanation_images && q.explanation_images.length > 0 ? q.explanation_images.map(url => `<img src="${url}" alt="Explanation Image" class="max-w-full h-auto rounded-lg my-2">`).join('') : ''} ${q.video ? ` <button class="play-video bg-blue-500 text-white px-4 py-2 rounded-lg mt-2" onclick="loadVideo(this, '${q.video}', 'video-${index}')" aria-label="Play explanation video for Question ${index + 1}"> Play Video Explanation </button> <div id="video-${index}" class="video-container mt-2"></div> ` : '<p class="text-gray-500 mt-2">No video available</p>'} ${q.audio ? ` <button class="play-audio bg-blue-500 text-white px-4 py-2 rounded-lg mt-2" onclick="loadAudio(this, '${q.audio}', 'audio-${index}')" aria-label="Play audio explanation for Question ${index + 1}"> Play Audio Explanation </button> <div id="audio-${index}" class="audio-container mt-2"></div> ` : ''} </div> `; document.getElementById('correct-count').textContent = correct; document.getElementById('wrong-count').textContent = wrong; document.getElementById('unanswered-count').textContent = unanswered; document.getElementById('marked-count').textContent = marked; document.getElementById('result-question-number').innerHTML = `Question <span>${index + 1}</span> of ${questions.length}`; document.getElementById('prev-result').disabled = index === 0; document.getElementById('next-result').disabled = index === questions.length - 1; updateResultsNavPanel(); window.scrollTo({ top: 0, behavior: 'smooth' }); debugLog(`Result for question ${index + 1} displayed successfully`); } catch (e) { console.error("Error displaying result:", e); debugLog("Failed to display result: " + e.message); } } // Navigate to previous result function showPreviousResult() { try { debugLog(`Navigating to previous result from question ${currentResultQuestion + 1}`); if (currentResultQuestion > 0) { showResults(currentResultQuestion - 1); } } catch (e) { console.error("Error navigating to previous result:", e); debugLog("Failed to navigate to previous result: " + e.message); } } // Navigate to next result function showNextResult() { try { debugLog(`Navigating to next result from question ${currentResultQuestion + 1}`); if (currentResultQuestion < questions.length - 1) { showResults(currentResultQuestion + 1); } } catch (e) { console.error("Error navigating to next result:", e); debugLog("Failed to navigate to next result: " + e.message); } } // Lazy-load video function loadVideo(button, videoUrl, containerId) { try { debugLog(`Loading video for ${containerId}: ${videoUrl}`); if (!videoUrl) { const container = document.getElementById(containerId); container.innerHTML = `<p class="text-gray-500">No video available</p>`; button.remove(); debugLog("No video URL provided"); return; } const container = document.getElementById(containerId); container.innerHTML = ` <div class="video-loading"></div> <video controls class="w-full max-w-[600px] rounded-lg" preload="metadata" aria-label="Video explanation"> <source src="${videoUrl}" type="${videoUrl.endsWith('.m3u8') ? 'application/x-mpegURL' : 'video/mp4'}"> Your browser does not support the video tag. </video> `; container.classList.add('active'); button.remove(); // Initialize HLS.js for .m3u8 videos const video = container.querySelector('video'); if (videoUrl.endsWith('.m3u8') && Hls.isSupported()) { const hls = new Hls(); hls.loadSource(videoUrl); hls.attachMedia(video); hls.on(Hls.Events.ERROR, (event, data) => { console.error("HLS.js error:", data); container.innerHTML = `<p class="text-red-500">Error loading video. <a href="${videoUrl}" target="_blank" aria-label="Open video in new tab">Open video</a></p>`; debugLog("HLS.js error: " + JSON.stringify(data)); }); } else if (videoUrl.endsWith('.m3u8') && video.canPlayType('application/vnd.apple.mpegurl')) { video.src = videoUrl; } // Handle video load errors video.onerror = () => { console.error("Video load error for URL:", videoUrl); container.innerHTML = `<p class="text-red-500">Error loading video. <a href="${videoUrl}" target="_blank" aria-label="Open video in new tab">Open video</a></p>`; debugLog("Video load error for URL: " + videoUrl); }; // Remove loading spinner when video is ready video.onloadedmetadata = () => { container.querySelector('.video-loading').remove(); debugLog("Video loaded successfully"); }; } catch (e) { console.error("Error loading video:", e); debugLog("Failed to load video: " + e.message); const container = document.getElementById(containerId); container.innerHTML = `<p class="text-red-500">Error loading video. <a href="${videoUrl}" target="_blank" aria-label="Open video in new tab">Open video</a></p>`; } } // Lazy-load audio function loadAudio(button, audioUrl, containerId) { try { debugLog(`Loading audio for ${containerId}: ${audioUrl}`); if (!audioUrl) { const container = document.getElementById(containerId); container.innerHTML = `<p class="text-gray-500">No audio available</p>`; button.remove(); debugLog("No audio URL provided"); return; } const container = document.getElementById(containerId); container.innerHTML = ` <audio controls class="w-full max-w-[600px]" preload="metadata" aria-label="Audio explanation"> <source src="${audioUrl}" type="audio/mpeg"> Your browser does not support the audio tag. </audio> `; container.classList.add('active'); button.remove(); // Handle audio load errors const audio = container.querySelector('audio'); audio.onerror = () => { console.error("Audio load error for URL:", audioUrl); container.innerHTML = `<p class="text-red-500">Error loading audio. <a href="${audioUrl}" target="_blank" aria-label="Open audio in new tab">Open audio</a></p>`; debugLog("Audio load error for URL: " + audioUrl); }; debugLog("Audio loaded successfully"); } catch (e) { console.error("Error loading audio:", e); debugLog("Failed to load audio: " + e.message); const container = document.getElementById(containerId); container.innerHTML = `<p class="text-red-500">Error loading audio. <a href="${audioUrl}" target="_blank" aria-label="Open audio in new tab">Open audio</a></p>`; } } // Toggle dark mode function toggleTheme() { try { debugLog("Toggling theme"); document.documentElement.classList.toggle('dark'); localStorage.setItem('theme', document.documentElement.classList.contains('dark') ? 'dark' : 'light'); debugLog("Theme toggled successfully"); } catch (e) { console.error("Error toggling theme:", e); debugLog("Failed to toggle theme: " + e.message); } } // Load theme preference function loadTheme() { try { debugLog("Loading theme preference"); const theme = localStorage.getItem('theme'); if (theme === 'dark') { document.documentElement.classList.add('dark'); } debugLog("Theme loaded successfully"); } catch (e) { console.error("Error loading theme:", e); debugLog("Failed to load theme: " + e.message); } } // Initialize on DOM content loaded window.addEventListener('DOMContentLoaded', () => { try { debugLog("DOM content loaded, initializing quiz"); loadTheme(); initQuiz(); } catch (e) { console.error("Error during DOMContentLoaded:", e); debugLog("Failed to initialize on DOMContentLoaded: " + e.message); document.getElementById('error-message').innerHTML = "Error initializing quiz. Please check the console for details or contact support."; document.getElementById('error-message').classList.remove('hidden'); } }); </script> </body> </html>" frameborder="0" width="100%" height="2000px">
<div class="bg-white rounded-lg shadow-md p-4 md:p-6"> <h2 class="text-xl font-semibold mb-4">Instructions</h2> <h4 class="text-gray-800 text-lg font-semibold mt-6 mb-4">Test Features:</h4> <ul class="space-y-3"> <li class="flex items-center gap-3"> <i class="fa-solid fa-circle-check text-green-500"></i> Multiple choice questions with single correct answers </li> <li class="flex items-center gap-3"> <i class="fa-solid fa-circle-check text-green-500"></i> Timer-based testing for realistic exam conditions </li> <li class="flex items-center gap-3"> <i class="fa-solid fa-circle-check text-green-500"></i> Mark questions for review functionality </li> <li class="flex items-center gap-3"> <i class="fa-solid fa-circle-check text-green-500"></i> Comprehensive results and performance analysis </li> <li class="flex items-center gap-3"> <i class="fa-solid fa-circle-check text-green-500"></i> Mobile-optimized interface for learning on-the-go </li> </ul> <div class="mt-6 flex space-x-4 button-group md:flex-row flex-col"> <button class="bg-[#2c5281] text-white px-6 py-2 rounded-lg hover:bg-[#2c5281] transition" id="start-test">Start Test</button> </div> <div class="error-message hidden" id="error-message"></div> </div> </section> <!-- Quiz Section --> <section class="container mx-auto px-4 md:px-6 pt-4 md:pt-6 pb-1 hidden section-transition" id="quiz"> <div class="bg-white rounded-lg shadow-md p-4 md:p-6"> <!-- Progress Bar --> <div class="w-full bg-gray-200 rounded-full h-3 mb-4"> <div class="progress-bar h-3 rounded-full" id="progress-bar" style="width: 0%"></div> </div> <!-- Question Header --> <div class="flex flex-col md:flex-row justify-between items-center mb-4"> <h2 class="text-lg font-semibold" id="question-number">Question <span>1</span> of 4</h2> <p class="text-lg font-semibold mt-2 md:mt-0" id="timer">Time Remaining: <span>00:00</span></p> </div> <!-- Question Content --> <div class="mb-6" id="question-content"> <p class="text-gray-800 mb-4" id="question-text"></p> <div class="flex flex-wrap gap-4 mb-4" id="question-images"></div> <div class="space-y-3" id="options"></div> </div> <!-- Navigation Buttons --> <div class="flex flex-col md:flex-row justify-between items-center gap-2 md:gap-4"> <div class="flex gap-2 w-full md:w-auto"> <button class="bg-[#2c5281] text-white px-4 py-3 w-full md:w-32 h-14 rounded-lg hover:bg-[#2c5281] transition" disabled="" id="previous-btn">Previous</button> <button class="bg-[#2c5281] text-white px-4 py-3 w-full md:w-32 h-14 rounded-lg hover:bg-[#2c5281] transition" id="next-btn">Next</button> </div> <div class="flex items-center gap-2"> <button class="bg-transparent text-gray-700 px-4 py-2 rounded-lg hover:bg-gray-100 transition flex items-center gap-1" id="mark-review"> Review <svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" class="h-5 w-5" viewBox="0 0 20 20" fill="currentColor"> <path d="M10 2a1 1 0 00-1 1v14l3.293-3.293a1 1 0 011.414 0L17 17V3a1 1 0 00-1-1H10z" /> </svg> </button> <button class="bg-transparent text-gray-700 px-4 py-2 rounded-lg hover:bg-gray-100 transition flex items-center gap-1" id="nav-toggle"> Question 🧭 </button> <button class="bg-green-500 text-white px-6 py-3 w-44 h-14 rounded-lg hover:bg-green-600 transition w-full md:w-auto" id="submit-test">Submit Test</button> </div> </div> </section> <!-- Results Section --> <section class="container mx-auto px-4 md:px-6 pt-4 md:pt-6 pb-1 hidden section-transition" id="results"> <div class="bg-white rounded-lg shadow-md p-4 md:p-6"> <h2 class="text-2xl font-semibold mb-4">Anaesthesia Machine - Results</h2> <div class="grid grid-cols-1 md:grid-cols-2 gap-4 mb-6"> <p><strong>Correct:</strong> <span id="correct-count" class="text-[#000000]">0</span></p> <p><strong>Wrong:</strong> <span id="wrong-count" class="text-[#000000]">0</span></p> <p><strong>Unanswered:</strong> <span id="unanswered-count" class="text-[#000000]-500">0</span></p> <p><strong>Marked for Review:</strong> <span id="marked-count" class="text-[#000000]">0</span></p> </div> <h3 class="text-lg font-semibold mb-4" id="result-question-number">Question <span>1</span> of 4</h3> <div class="space-y-6" id="results-content"></div> <div class="result-nav"> <button aria-label="Previous question result" class="result-nav-btn bg-[#2c5281] text-white px-6 py-2 rounded-lg hover:bg-[#2c5281] transition" disabled="" id="prev-result">Previous</button> <button aria-label="Toggle results navigation panel" class="result-nav-btn bg-[#2c5281] text-white px-6 py-2 rounded-lg hover:bg-[#2c5281] transition" id="results-nav-toggle">Result 🧭</button> <button aria-label="Next question result" class="result-nav-btn bg-[#2c5281] text-white px-6 py-2 rounded-lg hover:bg-[#2c5281] transition" id="next-result">Next</button> </div> <div class="mt-6 flex space-x-4 button-group md:flex-row flex-col"> <button class="bg-green-500 text-white px-6 py-2 rounded-lg hover:bg-green-600 transition" id="take-again">Take Again</button> </div> </div> </section> <!-- Exit Confirmation Modal --> <div class="fixed inset-0 bg-black bg-opacity-50 flex items-center justify-center hidden" id="exit-modal"> <div class="bg-white rounded-lg p-6 max-w-sm w-full"> <h2 class="text-xl font-semibold mb-4">Leave Test?</h2> <p class="text-gray-700 mb-4">Your progress will be lost if you leave this page. Are you sure you want to exit?</p> <div class="flex justify-end space-x-4"> <button class="bg-gray-300 text-gray-700 px-4 py-2 rounded-lg hover:bg-gray-400 transition" id="continue-test">No, Continue</button> <button class="bg-red-500 text-white px-4 py-2 rounded-lg hover:bg-red-600 transition" id="exit-test">Yes, Exit</button> </div> </div> </div> <!-- Submit Confirmation Modal --> <div class="fixed inset-0 bg-black bg-opacity-50 flex items-center justify-center hidden" id="submit-modal"> <div class="bg-white rounded-lg p-6 max-w-sm w-full"> <h2 class="text-xl font-semibold mb-4">Confirm Submission</h2> <p class="text-gray-700 mb-2">You have attempted <span id="attempted-count">0</span> of 17 questions.</p> <p class="text-gray-700 mb-4"><span id="unattempted-count">0</span> questions are unattempted.</p> <div class="flex justify-end space-x-4"> <button class="bg-gray-300 text-gray-700 px-4 py-2 rounded-lg hover:bg-gray-400 transition" id="cancel-submit">Cancel</button> <button class="bg-green-500 text-white px-4 py-2 rounded-lg hover:bg-green-600 transition" id="confirm-submit">Submit Test</button> </div> </div> </div> <!-- Quiz Navigation Panel --> <div class="fixed inset-y-0 right-0 nav-panel bg-white shadow-lg p-4 hidden overflow-y-auto" id="nav-panel"> <h2 class="text-lg font-semibold mb-4">Questions Navigation</h2> <div class="mb-4"> <select class="w-full p-2 border rounded-lg text-gray-700" id="nav-filter"> <option value="all">All Questions</option> <option value="answered">Answered</option> <option value="unanswered">Unanswered</option> <option value="marked">Marked for Review</option> </select> </div> <div class="grid grid-cols-5 gap-2 md:gap-3" id="nav-grid"></div> <button class="mt-4 bg-gray-500 text-white px-4 py-2 rounded-lg hover:bg-gray-600 transition w-full" id="close-nav">Close</button> </div> <!-- Results Navigation Panel --> <div class="fixed inset-y-0 right-0 results-nav-panel bg-white shadow-lg p-4 hidden overflow-y-auto" id="results-nav-panel"> <h2 class="text-lg font-semibold mb-4">Results Navigation</h2> <div class="mb-4"> <select class="w-full p-2 border rounded-lg text-gray-700" id="results-nav-filter"> <option value="all">All Questions</option> <option value="answered">Answered</option> <option value="unanswered">Unanswered</option> <option value="marked">Marked for Review</option> </select> </div> <div class="grid grid-cols-5 gap-2 md:gap-3" id="results-nav-grid"></div> <button class="mt-4 bg-gray-500 text-white px-4 py-2 rounded-lg hover:bg-gray-600 transition w-full" id="close-results-nav">Close</button> </div> <!-- JavaScript Logic --> <script> // Enable debug mode for detailed logging const DEBUG_MODE = true; // Log debug messages function debugLog(message) { if (DEBUG_MODE) { console.log(`[DEBUG] ${message}`); } } // Initialize questions with error handling let questions = []; let currentResultQuestion = 0; // State for current question in results try { debugLog("Attempting to parse questions_json"); questions = [{"text": "A 4-month-old infant presents developmental delay. MRI shows demyelination in the central nervous system. Which of the following is the most likely diagnosis, and what enzyme deficiency causes this condition?", "options": [{"label": "A", "text": "Niemann-Pick disease, Sphingomyelinase", "correct": false}, {"label": "B", "text": "Krabbe disease, β-Galactosidase", "correct": true}, {"label": "C", "text": "Farber disease, Ceramidase", "correct": false}, {"label": "D", "text": "Gaucher disease, β-Glucosidase", "correct": false}], "correct_answer": "B. Krabbe disease, β-Galactosidase", "question_images": [], "explanation_images": [], "explanation": "<table cellspacing=\"0\" style=\"border-collapse:collapse; width:641px\">\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Disease</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Enzyme deficiency</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Features</strong></p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Tay-Sachs disease</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Hexosaminidase A,</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<ul>\n<li>Mental retardation</li>\n<li>Blindness</li>\n<li>Muscular weakness</li>\n<li>Cherry red spots in macula</li>\n</ul>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Fabry disease</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>α-Galactosidase</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<ul>\n<li>Skin rash(angiokeratoma)</li>\n<li>Kidney failure (full symptoms only in males - <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"dd35346fc716927772029e2f0bb10f\">X-linked</span> recessive)</li>\n</ul>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Krabbe disease <strong>(Option B)</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>β-Galactosidase</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<ul>\n<li>Mental retardation</li>\n<li>Near absence of myelin</li>\n<li>Predominant neurological manifestation and <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"6b7b5460171692777185e6e2475f8c\">cranial</span> nerves causing <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"696dd98be71692777185b10993da3e\">deafness</span> and blindness.</li>\n</ul>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Gaucher disease <strong>(Option D ruled out)</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>β-Glucosidase</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<ul>\n<li>Enlarged liver and spleen</li>\n<li>Erosion of long bones</li>\n<li>Mental <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"680dfbc5a5169277719748281f877e\">retardation</span> in infants</li>\n<li>Anemia</li>\n<li>Thrombocytopenia</li>\n</ul>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Niemann-Pick disease <strong>(Option A ruled out)</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Sphingomyelinase</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<ul>\n<li>Enlarged liver and spleen</li>\n<li>Mental retardation</li>\n<li>Fatal in early life</li>\n<li>Cherry red spot in macula</li>\n</ul>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Farber disease <strong>(Option C ruled out)</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Ceramidase</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<ul>\n<li>Hoarseness</li>\n<li>Dermatitis</li>\n<li>Skeletal deformation</li>\n<li>Mental retardation</li>\n<li>Fatal in early life</li>\n</ul>\n</td>\n</tr>\n</tbody>\n\n\n<p style='font-size: 10px; color: #808080; font-style: italic;'>@dams_new_robot</p>", "bot": "@dams_new_robot", "audio": "https://image.prepladder.com/content/WDalWEcBJryT0YdeYa2E1732715905.mp3", "video": ""}, {"text": "Which enzyme in snake venom hydrolyzes only sn-2 acyl bond of phospholipids?", "options": [{"label": "A", "text": "Phospholipase A2", "correct": true}, {"label": "B", "text": "Phospholipase B", "correct": false}, {"label": "C", "text": "Phospholipase C", "correct": false}, {"label": "D", "text": "Phospholipase D", "correct": false}], "correct_answer": "A. Phospholipase A2", "question_images": [], "explanation_images": ["https://image.prepladder.com/content/fJfL3htvuEE5s4AWL5CT1728226447.png"], "explanation": "\n\n<p style='font-size: 10px; color: #808080; font-style: italic;'>@dams_new_robot</p>", "bot": "@dams_new_robot", "audio": "https://image.prepladder.com/content/8ScVawM856yUMUi4z6wS1732716772.mp3", "video": ""}, {"text": "Which of the following fatty acids is needed for humans from diet as humans cannot create double bonds beyond the 9th carbon from the carboxyl end of a fatty acid chain?", "options": [{"label": "A", "text": "A) Alpha-linolenic acid", "correct": true}, {"label": "B", "text": "B) Palmitic acid", "correct": false}, {"label": "C", "text": "C) Oleic acid", "correct": false}, {"label": "D", "text": "D) Stearic acid", "correct": false}], "correct_answer": "A. A) Alpha-linolenic acid", "question_images": [], "explanation_images": [], "explanation": "<table cellspacing=\"0\" style=\"border-collapse:collapse; width:590px\">\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Essential <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"bc6cd9a9f9169277720261812ea113\">fatty</span> acids</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Non-essential <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"bc6cd9a9f9169277720261812ea113\">fatty</span> acids</strong></p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<ul>\n<li>Cannot be synthesized by the human body and must be obtained through the diet.</li>\n<li>Humans <strong>cannot create double bonds</strong> beyond the<strong> 9th carbon <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"435060133416927771829458eecc80\">atom</span> from the <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"250a9b33e516927771831fed1ab9da\">carboxyl</span> end</strong> of a <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"bc6cd9a9f9169277720261812ea113\">fatty</span> acid chain.</li>\n<li><strong>Linoleic Acid (LA): </strong>An omega-6 <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"bc6cd9a9f9169277720261812ea113\">fatty</span> acid.</li>\n<li><strong>Alpha-linolenic acid (ALA)</strong>: An omega-3 <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"bc6cd9a9f9169277720261812ea113\">fatty</span> acid. <strong>(Option A)</strong></li>\n</ul>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<ul>\n<li>Can be synthesized by the human body from other dietary fats</li>\n<li><strong>Palmitic acid </strong><strong>(Option B ruled out)</strong></li>\n<li><strong>Oleic acid </strong><strong>(Option C ruled out)</strong></li>\n<li><strong>Stearic acid </strong><strong>(Option D ruled out)</strong></li>\n</ul>\n</td>\n</tr>\n</tbody>\n\n\n<p style='font-size: 10px; color: #808080; font-style: italic;'>@dams_new_robot</p>", "bot": "@dams_new_robot", "audio": "https://image.prepladder.com/content/SavykQYJZfgT9nyYQPak1732716561.mp3", "video": ""}, {"text": "Which of the following lipids is characterized by its amphipathic nature, allowing it to form micelles in aqueous solutions?", "options": [{"label": "A", "text": "Triacylglycerols", "correct": false}, {"label": "B", "text": "Cholesteryl esters", "correct": false}, {"label": "C", "text": "Phospholipids", "correct": true}, {"label": "D", "text": "Nonpolar lipids", "correct": false}], "correct_answer": "C. Phospholipids", "question_images": [], "explanation_images": ["https://image.prepladder.com/content/IdFSz5Gm9AVoqLgalcT71727968526.png"], "explanation": "\n\n<p style='font-size: 10px; color: #808080; font-style: italic;'>@dams_new_robot</p>", "bot": "@dams_new_robot", "audio": "https://image.prepladder.com/content/m2ixMDI7JELYwOGYWrE21732716498.mp3", "video": ""}, {"text": "Which of the following pairs correctly associates a disease with its corresponding enzyme deficiency?", "options": [{"label": "A", "text": "Tay-Sachs disease - α-Galactosidase", "correct": false}, {"label": "B", "text": "Gaucher disease - β-Glucosidase", "correct": true}, {"label": "C", "text": "Farber disease - α-Galactosidase", "correct": false}, {"label": "D", "text": "Fabry disease - Ceramidase", "correct": false}], "correct_answer": "B. Gaucher disease - β-Glucosidase", "question_images": [], "explanation_images": [], "explanation": "<table cellspacing=\"0\" style=\"border-collapse:collapse; width:485px\">\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Disease</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Enzyme Deficiency</strong></p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Tay-Sachs disease</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Hexosaminidase A</p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Fabry disease</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>α-Galactosidase</p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Metachromatic leukodystrophy</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Arylsulfatase A</p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Krabbe disease</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>β-Galactocerebrosidase</p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Gaucher disease</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>β-Glucosidase</p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Niemann-Pick disease types A, B</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Sphingomyelinase</p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Farber disease</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Ceramidase</p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n</tbody>\n\n\n<p style='font-size: 10px; color: #808080; font-style: italic;'>@dams_new_robot</p>", "bot": "@dams_new_robot", "audio": "https://image.prepladder.com/content/dXEdxb9fnII65iUs5VM01732716423.mp3", "video": ""}, {"text": "A 9-year-old boy presents with episodic pain in his extremities, skin finding as shown in the image, and progressive renal dysfunction. A biopsy of the skin reveals the accumulation of ceramide trihexoside. An α-galactosidase deficiency is suspected. What is the diagnosis?", "options": [{"label": "A", "text": "Tay-Sachs disease", "correct": false}, {"label": "B", "text": "Fabry disease", "correct": true}, {"label": "C", "text": "Krabbe disease", "correct": false}, {"label": "D", "text": "Gaucher disease", "correct": false}], "correct_answer": "B. Fabry disease", "question_images": ["https://image.prepladder.com/content/lOGmENIdFByjHQW42cSI1727968303.png"], "explanation_images": [], "explanation": "<table cellspacing=\"0\" style=\"border-collapse:collapse; width:624px\">\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Disease</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Enzyme Deficiency</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Lipid Accumulating</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Clinical Symptoms</strong></p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Tay-Sachs disease <strong>(Option A ruled out)</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Hexosaminidase A, S</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Cer—Glc—Gal(NeuAc) <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"ecbdebbbe51692777188e452a20bc3\">GalNAc</span> GM2 Ganglioside</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Mental retardation, blindness, <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"9e2d8a3f5a16927771932c2348ec52\">muscular</span> weakness</p>\n<p>Cherry red spot</p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Fabry disease</p>\n<p><strong>(Option B)</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>α-Galactosidase</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Cer—Glc—Gal—Gal Globotriaosylceramide</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Skin <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"dc75edd604169277719735ac5b4d5b\">rash</span> <strong>(Angiokeratoma)</strong>, <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"4aa6035df41692777190b41d4a1583\">kidney</span> failure (symptoms manifest fully only in males; <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"dd35346fc716927772029e2f0bb10f\">X-linked</span> recessive)</p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Metachromatic leukodystrophy</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Arylsulfatase A</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Cer—Gal—OSO3 3-Sulfogalactosylceramide</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Mental <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"680dfbc5a5169277719748281f877e\">retardation</span> and psychological disturbances in adults; demyelination</p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Krabbe disease</p>\n<p><strong>(Option C ruled out)</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>β-Galactosidase</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Cer—Gal Galactosylceramide</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Mental retardation; <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"47fec911a316927771933b7607bdf0\">myelin</span> almost absent</p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Gaucher disease</p>\n<p><strong>(Option D ruled out)</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>β-Glucosidase</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Cer—Glc Glucosylceramide</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Enlarged liver and spleen, <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"8f88b9c691169277718754ca072062\">erosion</span> of long bones, <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"85208af1af16927771929490bc4d4b\">mental retardation</span> in infants</p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Niemann-Pick disease types A, B</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Sphingomyelinase</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Cer—P—choline Sphingomyelin</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Enlarged liver and spleen, mental retardation; fatal in early life</p>\n<p>Cherry red spot</p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Farber disease</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Ceramidase</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Acyl—Sphingosine Ceramide</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Hoarseness, dermatitis, skeletal deformation, mental retardation; fatal in early life</p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n</tbody>\n\n\n<p style='font-size: 10px; color: #808080; font-style: italic;'>@dams_new_robot</p>", "bot": "@dams_new_robot", "audio": "https://image.prepladder.com/content/jCQ9iIQhrsADiZG5yiCT1732716364.mp3", "video": ""}, {"text": "A 6-month-old infant presents with a hoarse cry, painful and swollen joints, and skin nodules. The child also shows signs of developmental delay and mental retardation. Histological analysis reveals the accumulation of a certain substance in the tissues, which confirms the diagnosis of Farber disease. Which enzyme deficiency is responsible for this condition?", "options": [{"label": "A", "text": "Hexosaminidase A", "correct": false}, {"label": "B", "text": "Arylsulfatase A", "correct": false}, {"label": "C", "text": "Ceramidase", "correct": true}, {"label": "D", "text": "Sphingomyelinase", "correct": false}], "correct_answer": "C. Ceramidase", "question_images": [], "explanation_images": [], "explanation": "<table cellspacing=\"0\" style=\"border-collapse:collapse; width:624px\">\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Disease</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Enzyme Deficiency</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Lipid Accumulating</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Clinical Symptoms</strong></p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Tay-Sachs disease</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Hexosaminidase A, S</p>\n<p><strong>(Option A ruled out)</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Cer—Glc—Gal(NeuAc) <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"ecbdebbbe51692777188e452a20bc3\">GalNAc</span> GM2 Ganglioside</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Mental retardation, blindness, <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"9e2d8a3f5a16927771932c2348ec52\">muscular</span> weakness</p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Fabry disease</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>α-Galactosidase</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Cer—Glc—Gal—Gal Globotriaosylceramide</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Skin rash, <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"4aa6035df41692777190b41d4a1583\">kidney</span> failure (symptoms manifest fully only in males; <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"dd35346fc716927772029e2f0bb10f\">X-linked</span> recessive)</p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Metachromatic leukodystrophy</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Arylsulfatase A</p>\n<p><strong>(Option B ruled out)</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Cer—Gal—OSO3 3-Sulfogalactosylceramide</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Mental <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"680dfbc5a5169277719748281f877e\">retardation</span> and psychological disturbances in adults; demyelination</p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Krabbe disease</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>β-Galactosidase</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Cer—Gal Galactosylceramide</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Mental retardation; <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"47fec911a316927771933b7607bdf0\">myelin</span> almost absent</p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Gaucher disease</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>β-Glucosidase</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Cer—Glc Glucosylceramide</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Enlarged liver and spleen, <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"8f88b9c691169277718754ca072062\">erosion</span> of long bones, <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"85208af1af16927771929490bc4d4b\">mental retardation</span> in infants</p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Niemann-Pick disease types A, B</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Sphingomyelinase <strong>(Option D ruled out)</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Cer—P—choline Sphingomyelin</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Enlarged liver and spleen, mental retardation; fatal in early life</p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Farber disease</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Ceramidase</p>\n<p><strong>(Option C)</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Acyl—Sphingosine Ceramide</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Hoarseness, dermatitis, skeletal deformation, mental retardation; fatal in early life</p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n</tbody>\n\n\n<p style='font-size: 10px; color: #808080; font-style: italic;'>@dams_new_robot</p>", "bot": "@dams_new_robot", "audio": "https://image.prepladder.com/content/oD741DzuDLDUjiLAh5Z81732716288.mp3", "video": ""}, {"text": "A 6-month-old infant presents with hepatosplenomegaly, progressive neurodegeneration, and a history of frequent respiratory infections. A biopsy shows lipid-laden macrophages and a genetic test confirms the diagnosis. Which of the following enzyme deficiencies is most likely responsible for this condition?", "options": [{"label": "A", "text": "Hexosaminidase A", "correct": false}, {"label": "B", "text": "Arylsulfatase A", "correct": false}, {"label": "C", "text": "Sphingomyelinase", "correct": true}, {"label": "D", "text": "β-Glucosidase", "correct": false}], "correct_answer": "C. Sphingomyelinase", "question_images": [], "explanation_images": [], "explanation": "<table cellspacing=\"0\" style=\"border-collapse:collapse; width:624px\">\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Disease</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Enzyme Deficiency</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Lipid Accumulating</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Clinical Symptoms</strong></p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Tay-Sachs disease</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Hexosaminidase A, S <strong>(Option A ruled out)</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Cer—Glc—Gal(NeuAc) <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"ecbdebbbe51692777188e452a20bc3\">GalNAc</span> GM2 Ganglioside</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Mental retardation, blindness, <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"9e2d8a3f5a16927771932c2348ec52\">muscular</span> weakness</p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Fabry disease</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>α-Galactosidase</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Cer—Glc—Gal—Gal Globotriaosylceramide</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Skin rash, <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"4aa6035df41692777190b41d4a1583\">kidney</span> failure (symptoms manifest fully only in males; <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"dd35346fc716927772029e2f0bb10f\">X-linked</span> recessive)</p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Metachromatic leukodystrophy</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Arylsulfatase A</p>\n<p><strong>(Option B ruled out)</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Cer—Gal—OSO3 3-Sulfogalactosylceramide</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Mental <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"680dfbc5a5169277719748281f877e\">retardation</span> and psychological disturbances in adults; demyelination</p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Krabbe disease</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>β-Galactosidase</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Cer—Gal Galactosylceramide</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Mental retardation; <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"47fec911a316927771933b7607bdf0\">myelin</span> almost absent</p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Gaucher disease</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>β-Glucosidase</p>\n<p><strong>(Option D ruled out)</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Cer—Glc Glucosylceramide</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Enlarged liver and spleen, <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"8f88b9c691169277718754ca072062\">erosion</span> of long bones, <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"85208af1af16927771929490bc4d4b\">mental retardation</span> in infants</p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Niemann-Pick disease types A, B</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Sphingomyelinase <strong>(Option C)</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Cer—P—choline Sphingomyelin</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Enlarged liver and spleen, mental retardation; fatal in early life</p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Farber disease</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Ceramidase</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Acyl—Sphingosine Ceramide</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Hoarseness, dermatitis, skeletal deformation, mental retardation; fatal in early life</p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n</tbody>\n\n\n<p style='font-size: 10px; color: #808080; font-style: italic;'>@dams_new_robot</p>", "bot": "@dams_new_robot", "audio": "https://image.prepladder.com/content/Z11ARt4qrf7UhXHUS2vk1732716223.mp3", "video": ""}, {"text": "A patient presents with bone pain, fatigue and hepatosplenomegaly. Blood tests reveal anemia and thrombocytopenia. Bone marrow biopsy shows macrophages with a characteristic \"wrinkled paper\" appearance. Which substrate accumulates in Gaucher's disease due to the deficient enzyme activity?", "options": [{"label": "A", "text": "Sphingomyelin", "correct": false}, {"label": "B", "text": "Glucosylceramide", "correct": true}, {"label": "C", "text": "Ganglioside", "correct": false}, {"label": "D", "text": "Ceramide", "correct": false}], "correct_answer": "B. Glucosylceramide", "question_images": ["https://image.prepladder.com/content/4bH1KnDe9TTDu1ioICCs1727968099.png"], "explanation_images": ["https://image.prepladder.com/content/DGYqTUccYfAXQXvxkORh1727968129.png"], "explanation": "<table cellspacing=\"0\" style=\"border-collapse:collapse; width:641px\">\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Disease</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Enzyme deficiency</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Substance accumulation</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Features</strong></p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Tay-Sachs disease</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Hexosaminidase A, S</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Ganglioside <strong>(Option C)</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<ul>\n<li>Mental retardation</li>\n<li>Blindness</li>\n<li>Muscular weakness</li>\n<li>Cherry red spots in macula</li>\n</ul>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Niemann-Pick disease</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Sphingomyelinase</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Sphingomyelin <strong>(Option A)</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<ul>\n<li>Enlarged liver and spleen</li>\n<li>Mental retardation</li>\n<li>Fatal in early life</li>\n</ul>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Farber disease</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Ceramidase</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Ceramide <strong>(Option D)</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<ul>\n<li>Hoarseness</li>\n<li>Dermatitis</li>\n<li>Skeletal deformation</li>\n<li>Mental retardation</li>\n<li>Fatal in early life</li>\n</ul>\n</td>\n</tr>\n</tbody>\n\n\n\n<p style='font-size: 10px; color: #808080; font-style: italic;'>@dams_new_robot</p>", "bot": "@dams_new_robot", "audio": "https://image.prepladder.com/content/48gke2UwvtIYwRdtGYtn1732716029.mp3", "video": ""}, {"text": "Which of the following correctly matches the type of lipid with its description?", "options": [{"label": "A", "text": "Fats - Liquid at room temperature, often containing polyunsaturated fatty acids.", "correct": false}, {"label": "B", "text": "Phospholipids - Contain glycerol and are the main lipid constituents of cell membranes.", "correct": true}, {"label": "C", "text": "Glycolipids - Esters of fatty acids that never contain sphingosine.", "correct": false}, {"label": "D", "text": "Sphingophospholipids - Cerebrosides is a subtype", "correct": false}], "correct_answer": "B. Phospholipids - Contain glycerol and are the main lipid constituents of cell membranes.", "question_images": [], "explanation_images": [], "explanation": "<table cellspacing=\"0\" style=\"border-collapse:collapse; width:624px\">\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<td colspan=\"3\" style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Classification of lipids</strong></p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td colspan=\"3\" style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong><u>1.Simple Lipids</u></strong></p>\n<ul>\n<li>Esters of <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"bc6cd9a9f9169277720261812ea113\">fatty</span> acids with various alcohols.</li>\n<li>Further classified into fats, oils &amp; waxes</li>\n</ul>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Fats</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Esters of <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"bc6cd9a9f9169277720261812ea113\">fatty</span> acids with glycerol; solid at room temperature. <strong>(Option A ruled out)</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Triacylglycerol with <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"bd2ac838bb16927771983dd9afc74c\">saturated</span> <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"bc6cd9a9f9169277720261812ea113\">fatty</span> acids.</p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Oils</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Fats in liquid state at room temperature.</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Triacylglycerols with <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"880f3189471692777196a3f812ce94\">polyunsaturated</span> <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"bc6cd9a9f9169277720261812ea113\">fatty</span> acids.</p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Waxes</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Esters of <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"bc6cd9a9f9169277720261812ea113\">fatty</span> acids with higher <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"b2df2436bf1692777193d90e9c0132\">molecular weight</span> <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"a28cc69fef16927771925ebb588dab\">monohydric</span> alcohols.</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\"> </td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td colspan=\"3\" style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong><u>2.Complex Lipids</u></strong></p>\n<ul>\n<li>Esters of <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"bc6cd9a9f9169277720261812ea113\">fatty</span> acids with alcohol and other groups.</li>\n<li>Further classified based on additional groups present as <strong>Phospholipids, glycolipids and other complex lipids</strong></li>\n</ul>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td rowspan=\"2\" style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Phospholipids:</strong></p>\n<ul>\n<li>Contain phosphoric acid;</li>\n<li>Main <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"a99114a6c216927771916f45ffc66c\">lipid</span> constituents of membranes.</li>\n</ul>\n<p><strong>(Option B)</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Glycerophospholipids</strong></p>\n<p>Alcohol is glycerol.</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><br/>\n\t\t\tPhosphatidylcholine, phosphatidylethanolamine.</p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Sphingophospholipids</strong></p>\n<p>Alcohol is sphingosine</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\"> \n\t\t\t<p>Sphingomyelin, found in <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"47fec911a316927771933b7607bdf0\">myelin</span> sheaths.</p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td rowspan=\"3\" style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Glycolipids:</strong></p>\n<p><strong>(glycosphingolipids)</strong></p>\n<ul>\n<li>Contain <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"bc6cd9a9f9169277720261812ea113\">fatty</span> acid, sphingosine, and carbohydrate;</li>\n<li>Involved in cell <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"2b1931a185169277718065e3fa42dd\">adhesion</span> and recognition</li>\n</ul>\n<p><strong>(Option C ruled out)</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Cerebrosides</strong></p>\n<p><strong>(Option D ruled out)</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Galactosylceramide, a key component of myelin.</p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Globosides</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Cell <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"2b1931a185169277718065e3fa42dd\">adhesion</span> and <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"ed4634701d16927771942c4408495f\">Pathogen</span> identification</p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Gangliosides</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Highly concentrated in nerve tissues and function in cell-cell recognition, communication, and as receptors for hormones and bacterial toxins.</p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Other Complex Lipids</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Includes sulfolipids, <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"543f207eb51692777181723491a358\">amino</span> lipids, and lipoproteins.</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\"> </td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong><u>3.Precursor/Derived Lipids</u></strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Formed from <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"41255286461692777189199a8b2dc7\">hydrolysis</span> of simple and complex lipids; Also act as precursors for <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"a99114a6c216927771916f45ffc66c\">lipid</span> formation.</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Fatty acids, cholesterol, <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"bc6cd9a9f9169277720261812ea113\">fatty</span> aldehydes, <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"296c955ad216927771900bf1905f13\">ketone</span> bodies, hydrocarbons, lipid-soluble vitamins, hormones.</p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n</tbody>\n\n\n<p style='font-size: 10px; color: #808080; font-style: italic;'>@dams_new_robot</p>", "bot": "@dams_new_robot", "audio": "https://image.prepladder.com/content/QqvcZcIhh99w0YoY8c371732553567.mp3", "video": ""}, {"text": "A 6-month-old infant has developmental delay, muscle weakness, and on eye examination, a cherry-red spot on the macula is noted. What is the most likely diagnosis, and which enzyme deficiency is responsible?", "options": [{"label": "A", "text": "Niemann-Pick disease, Sphingomyelinase", "correct": false}, {"label": "B", "text": "Gaucher disease, Glucocerebrosidase", "correct": false}, {"label": "C", "text": "Tay-Sachs disease, Hexosaminidase A", "correct": true}, {"label": "D", "text": "Sandhoff disease, Beta-galactosidase", "correct": false}], "correct_answer": "C. Tay-Sachs disease, Hexosaminidase A", "question_images": ["https://image.prepladder.com/content/rZdPklll3qwGe0MVHgXs1727967869.png"], "explanation_images": [], "explanation": "<table cellspacing=\"0\" style=\"border-collapse:collapse; width:641px\">\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Disease</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Enzyme deficiency</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Features</strong></p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Tay-Sachs disease <strong>(Option C)</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Hexosaminidase A</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<ul>\n<li>Mental retardation</li>\n<li>Blindness</li>\n<li>Muscular weakness</li>\n<li>Cherry red spots in the macula</li>\n</ul>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Fabry disease</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>α-Galactosidase</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<ul>\n<li>Skin rash</li>\n<li>Kidney failure (full symptoms only in males</li>\n<li>X-linked recessive)</li>\n</ul>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Krabbe disease</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>β-Galactosidase</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<ul>\n<li>Mental retardation</li>\n<li>Near absence of myelin</li>\n<li>Predominant neurological manifestation and <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"6b7b5460171692777185e6e2475f8c\">cranial</span> nerves causing <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"696dd98be71692777185b10993da3e\">deafness</span> and blindness.</li>\n</ul>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Gaucher disease <strong>(Option B ruled out)</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>β-Glucosidase</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<ul>\n<li>Enlarged liver and spleen</li>\n<li>Erosion of long bones</li>\n<li>Mental <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"680dfbc5a5169277719748281f877e\">retardation</span> in infants</li>\n<li>Anemia</li>\n<li>Thrombocytopenia</li>\n</ul>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Niemann-Pick disease <strong>(Option A ruled out)</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Sphingomyelinase</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<ul>\n<li>Enlarged liver and spleen</li>\n<li>Mental retardation</li>\n<li>Fatal in early life</li>\n<li>Cherry red spot in macula</li>\n</ul>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Farber disease</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Ceramidase</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<ul>\n<li>Hoarseness</li>\n<li>Dermatitis</li>\n<li>Skeletal deformation</li>\n<li>Mental retardation</li>\n<li>Fatal in early life</li>\n</ul>\n</td>\n</tr>\n</tbody>\n\n<table cellspacing=\"0\" style=\"border-collapse:collapse; width:592px\">\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p> </p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Tay-Sachs disease</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Sandhoff disease</p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Defective enzyme</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Hexosaminidase A</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Hexosaminidase B</p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Defect in metabolism</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>GM2 Ganglioside</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>GM2 Ganglioside, globoside</p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n</tbody>\n\n\n<p style='font-size: 10px; color: #808080; font-style: italic;'>@dams_new_robot</p>", "bot": "@dams_new_robot", "audio": "https://image.prepladder.com/content/UYOb8uzfyptLlWTiuJMy1732554416.mp3", "video": ""}, {"text": "Which enzyme deficiency is responsible for GM1 gangliosidosis?", "options": [{"label": "A", "text": "Beta-glucosidase", "correct": false}, {"label": "B", "text": "Beta-galactosidase", "correct": true}, {"label": "C", "text": "Alpha-galactosidase", "correct": false}, {"label": "D", "text": "Hexosaminidase", "correct": false}], "correct_answer": "B. Beta-galactosidase", "question_images": [], "explanation_images": [], "explanation": "<table cellspacing=\"0\" style=\"border-collapse:collapse; width:641px\">\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Disease</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Enzyme deficiency</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Features</strong></p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Tay-Sachs disease </strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Hexosaminidase A</p>\n<p><strong>(Option D ruled out)</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<ul>\n<li>Mental retardation</li>\n<li>Blindness</li>\n<li>Muscular weakness</li>\n<li>Cherry red spots in macula</li>\n</ul>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Fabry disease</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>α-Galactosidase <strong>(Option C ruled out)</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<ul>\n<li>Angiokeratomas (reddish purple spots)</li>\n<li>Kidney failure (full symptoms only in males</li>\n<li>X-linked recessive)</li>\n</ul>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>GM1 gangliosidosis</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>β-Galactosidase <strong>(Option B)</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<ul>\n<li>Mental retardation</li>\n<li>Organomegaly</li>\n<li>Skeletal deformities</li>\n</ul>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Gaucher disease </strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>β-Glucosidase <strong>(Option A ruled out)</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<ul>\n<li>Enlarged liver and spleen</li>\n<li>Erosion of long bones</li>\n<li>Mental <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"680dfbc5a5169277719748281f877e\">retardation</span> in infants</li>\n<li>Anemia</li>\n<li>Thrombocytopenia</li>\n</ul>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Niemann-Pick disease </strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Sphingomyelinase</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<ul>\n<li>Enlarged liver and spleen</li>\n<li>Mental retardation</li>\n<li>Fatal in early life</li>\n</ul>\n</td>\n</tr>\n</tbody>\n\n\n<p style='font-size: 10px; color: #808080; font-style: italic;'>@dams_new_robot</p>", "bot": "@dams_new_robot", "audio": "https://image.prepladder.com/content/Iz9Si0AOr3PPAefonDwS1732554292.mp3", "video": ""}, {"text": "Which component is present in gangliosides but not in cerebrosides or globosides?", "options": [{"label": "A", "text": "Monosaccharides", "correct": false}, {"label": "B", "text": "Ceramide", "correct": false}, {"label": "C", "text": "Fatty acid", "correct": false}, {"label": "D", "text": "N-acetyl Neuraminic Acid", "correct": true}], "correct_answer": "D. N-acetyl Neuraminic Acid", "question_images": [], "explanation_images": [], "explanation": "<table cellspacing=\"0\" style=\"border-collapse:collapse; width:624px\">\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Glycolipids</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Composition</strong></p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Cerebroside</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Ceramide + <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"777b2f747616927771924b272ceabc\">monosaccharide</span> (glucose or galactose) <strong>(Option A ruled out)</strong></p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Globoside</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Ceramide + <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"b7e6fc8e42169277719455371c3c8b\">oligosaccharide</span> (glucose and galactose)</p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Ganglioside</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Ceramide + <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"b7e6fc8e42169277719455371c3c8b\">oligosaccharide</span> + NANA (N-acetyl Neuraminic Acid) <strong>(Option D)</strong></p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n</tbody>\n\n\n<p style='font-size: 10px; color: #808080; font-style: italic;'>@dams_new_robot</p>", "bot": "@dams_new_robot", "audio": "https://image.prepladder.com/content/LLhVlYQPKTBD8JiAmTpc1732554062.mp3", "video": ""}, {"text": "Which of the following are the correct components of sphingomyelin?", "options": [{"label": "A", "text": "Sphingosine + Fatty acid + Choline", "correct": false}, {"label": "B", "text": "Ceramide + Phosphate + Choline", "correct": true}, {"label": "C", "text": "Sphingosine + Phosphate + Choline", "correct": false}, {"label": "D", "text": "Ceramide + Phosphate + Fatty acids", "correct": false}], "correct_answer": "B. Ceramide + Phosphate + Choline", "question_images": [], "explanation_images": ["https://image.prepladder.com/notes/t70WWM438HLe7IleZ53w1735118892.png"], "explanation": "\n\n<p style='font-size: 10px; color: #808080; font-style: italic;'>@dams_new_robot</p>", "bot": "@dams_new_robot", "audio": "https://image.prepladder.com/content/d3kQ11AaVuAoQBla682C1732553963.mp3", "video": ""}, {"text": "A 30-year-old woman presents with a history of four consecutive miscarriages over the past three years. After a thorough evaluation, a diagnosis is made . Which of the following phospholipids is specifically antigenic in this disease?", "options": [{"label": "A", "text": "Phosphatidylserine", "correct": false}, {"label": "B", "text": "Phosphatidylinositol", "correct": false}, {"label": "C", "text": "Cardiolipin", "correct": true}, {"label": "D", "text": "Phosphatidylethanolamine", "correct": false}], "correct_answer": "C. Cardiolipin", "question_images": [], "explanation_images": [], "explanation": "<table cellspacing=\"0\" style=\"border-collapse:collapse; width:767px\">\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\"> \n\t\t\t<p><strong>Phospholipids </strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Location</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\"> \n\t\t\t<p><strong>Function</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Synthesis</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Significance</strong></p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<h3><strong>Phosphatidylserine</strong></h3>\n<p><strong>(Option A ruled out)</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Inner <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"4c3d2d86ec1692777191af6eda4772\">leaflet</span> of the <strong>plasma membrane</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<ul>\n<li>Involved in <strong>apoptosis</strong>.</li>\n<li>It flips to the outer <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"4c3d2d86ec1692777191af6eda4772\">leaflet</span> of the <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"a0e40688fa169277719572bdb48c92\">plasma</span> membrane, serving as a <strong>signal for phagocytes</strong> to engulf the dying cell.</li>\n</ul>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Synthesized in the <strong>endoplasmic <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"1b6498ff211692777197ae0981e366\">reticulum</span> (ER)</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Plays a role in <strong>blood clotting</strong> by facilitating the binding of <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"58c17961c71692777184ab55a9c4df\">clotting</span> factors.</p>\n<p>Supports neuronal function.</p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<h3><strong>Cardiolipin</strong></h3>\n<p><strong>(Option C)</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>inner <strong>mitochondrial membrane</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<ul>\n<li>optimal function of numerous <strong>enzymes involved in mitochondrial energy metabolism.</strong></li>\n<li>Stabilizes the <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"cfad80a0f716927771979aae100f95\">respiratory</span> chain complexes and supercomplexes</li>\n</ul>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Unique <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"f6b7144f4c1692777186cfeb1ff8f1\">dimeric</span> structure consisting of four <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"bc6cd9a9f9169277720261812ea113\">fatty</span> acid chains</p>\n<p>Synthesized in the <strong>mitochondria</strong> from phosphatidylglycerol and <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"fc0363efea1692777185f0f7125c37\">cytidine</span> diphosphate-diacylglycerol (CDP-DAG)</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Antigenic</strong></p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<h3><strong>Phosphatidylinositol</strong></h3>\n<p><strong>(Option B ruled out)</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>plasma <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"34cd707428169277719272942b7905\">membrane</span> and <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"a621be29da16927771901bc91014d1\">intracellular</span> membranes</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<ul>\n<li>Involved in <strong>cell <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"f9016f36fd1692777198b0fd5e9c6d\">signaling</span> pathways</strong>, particularly through the production of <strong>secondary messengers</strong></li>\n<li>Plays a role in <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"34cd707428169277719272942b7905\">membrane</span> <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"4c550b1d7a1692777200641b5f4e28\">trafficking</span> and cytoskeletal organization.</li>\n</ul>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Produced in the <strong>ER and Golgi apparatus</strong> from CDP-DAG and inositol.</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Crucial for the function of <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"b47c9c6144169277719010eaa1a0ee\">insulin</span> <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"f9016f36fd1692777198b0fd5e9c6d\">signaling</span> and other receptor-mediated <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"28f5a05c8b1692777198471034364a\">signal transduction</span> pathways.</p>\n<p>Defects in <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"26d585d1e41692777195144f4452a8\">phosphatidylinositol</span> <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"5b1a045f5f169277719210c0ac7a1e\">metabolism</span> are <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"8d0fca798b1692777191b6cd41880f\">linked</span> to various diseases, including diabetes and cancer.</p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<h3><strong>Phosphatidylethanolamine</strong></h3>\n<p><strong>(Option D ruled out)</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>All <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"12a6f23332169277718402ca6703e2\">cellular</span> membranes</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<ul>\n<li>Important for<strong> <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"34cd707428169277719272942b7905\">membrane</span> fusion</strong> and the structural integrity of <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"12a6f23332169277718402ca6703e2\">cellular</span> membranes.</li>\n<li>Serves as a <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"ae13cdc5c3169277719683e9f6bda5\">precursor</span> for the <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"3fda45538a1692777199ec2a5478a5\">synthesis</span> of phosphatidylserine.</li>\n</ul>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Synthesized in the <strong>ER</strong> via the <strong>cytidine diphosphate-ethanolamine (CDP-ethanolamine) pathway</strong> or by <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"52adc3ebf01692777185395a8b1e8c\">decarboxylation</span> of <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"ae93185bf016927771958c234af6d9\">phosphatidylserine</span> in the mitochondria.</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Plays a role in <strong>lipid metabolism</strong> and <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"34cd707428169277719272942b7905\">membrane</span> dynamics.</p>\n<p>Deficiencies can impact <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"12a6f23332169277718402ca6703e2\">cellular</span> functions and are associated with various neurological disorders.</p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n</tbody>\n\n\n<p style='font-size: 10px; color: #808080; font-style: italic;'>@dams_new_robot</p>", "bot": "@dams_new_robot", "audio": "https://image.prepladder.com/content/n5YGysmBNRnvjAdedo4P1732553874.mp3", "video": ""}, {"text": "What compound is formed when choline is added to the following structure?", "options": [{"label": "A", "text": "Lecithin", "correct": true}, {"label": "B", "text": "Cephalin", "correct": false}, {"label": "C", "text": "Cardiolipin", "correct": false}, {"label": "D", "text": "Inositol", "correct": false}], "correct_answer": "A. Lecithin", "question_images": ["https://image.prepladder.com/notes/5FMtyOSVZLe8iZC66kpX1735116325.png"], "explanation_images": ["https://image.prepladder.com/notes/5FMtyOSVZLe8iZC66kpX1735116325.png"], "explanation": "<table cellspacing=\"0\" style=\"border-collapse:collapse; width:382px\">\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Phospholipid</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Composition </strong></p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Lecithin <strong>(Option A)</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Free <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"189b6fc834169277719580eb39bb4c\">phosphate</span> + <strong>choline</strong></p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Phosphatidylserine</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Free <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"189b6fc834169277719580eb39bb4c\">phosphate</span> + <strong>Serine</strong></p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Phosphatidylinositol</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Free <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"189b6fc834169277719580eb39bb4c\">phosphate</span> + <strong>Inositol </strong><strong>(Option D ruled out)</strong></p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Cephalin</p>\n<p><strong>(Option B ruled out)</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Free <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"189b6fc834169277719580eb39bb4c\">phosphate</span> + <strong>Ethanolamine</strong></p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Cardiolipin</p>\n<p><strong>(Option C ruled out)</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Combination of Free <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"189b6fc834169277719580eb39bb4c\">phosphate</span> group of 2 phosphatidate</p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n</tbody>\n\n\n<p style='font-size: 10px; color: #808080; font-style: italic;'>@dams_new_robot</p>", "bot": "@dams_new_robot", "audio": "https://image.prepladder.com/content/k3rRFUkVvSUAyxMyWgrW1732553713.mp3", "video": ""}, {"text": "A premature baby presents with infant respiratory distress syndrome. The neonatologist says the neonate is yet to produce a type of phospholipid adequately. All of the following belong to the same class except?", "options": [{"label": "A", "text": "Cephalin", "correct": false}, {"label": "B", "text": "Cardiolipin", "correct": false}, {"label": "C", "text": "Lecithin", "correct": false}, {"label": "D", "text": "Cerebrosides", "correct": true}], "correct_answer": "D. Cerebrosides", "question_images": [], "explanation_images": [], "explanation": "<table cellspacing=\"0\" style=\"border-collapse:collapse; width:624px\">\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<td colspan=\"3\" style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:middle\">\n<p><strong>Classification of Phospholipids(esters containing <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"189b6fc834169277719580eb39bb4c\">phosphate</span> groups with <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"bc6cd9a9f9169277720261812ea113\">fatty</span> acid and alcohol.)</strong></p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td rowspan=\"7\" style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:middle\">\n<p><strong><u>Glycerophospholipids</u></strong><br/>\n<strong>Alcohol: Glycerol</strong></p>\n\t\t\t \n\n\t\t\t<p><br/>\n\t\t\t </p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:middle\">\n<p><strong>Phosphatidylcholine (Lecithin)</strong></p>\n<p><strong>(Option C ruled out)</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:middle\">\n<p>Most abundant in cell membranes, major source of choline.</p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:middle\">\n<p><strong>Phosphatidylethanolamine (Cephalin)</strong></p>\n<p><strong>(Option A ruled out)</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:middle\">\n<p>Found in membranes; differs from <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"c370452bd9169277719527456a6c48\">phosphatidylcholine</span> by <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"ad6984dc581692777184936c84dd97\">choline</span> substitution.</p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:middle\">\n<p><strong>Phosphatidylserine</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:middle\">\n<p>Similar to phosphatidylethanolamine; found in cell membranes.</p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:middle\">\n<p><strong>Phosphatidylinositol</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:middle\">\n<p>Contains myoinositol.</p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:middle\">\n<p><strong>Cardiolipin</strong></p>\n<p><strong>(Option B ruled out)</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:middle\">\n<p>Found in mitochondria; synthesized from phosphatidylglycerol.</p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:middle\">\n<p><strong>Lysophospholipids</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:middle\">\n<p>Contains one <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"3b8aef18d61692777180ef1b21619a\">acyl</span> radical; e.g., lysophosphatidylcholine (lysolecithin).</p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:middle\">\n<p><strong>Plasmalogens</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:middle\">\n<p>10–30% of phospholipids in brain/heart; <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"191f7b5f441692777187971c7d6ee2\">ether</span> link instead of ester.</p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:middle\">\n<p><strong><u>Sphingophospholipids</u></strong></p>\n<p><strong>Alcohol: Sphingosine</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:middle\">\n<p><strong>Sphingomyelins</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:middle\">\n<p>Found in <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"47fec911a316927771933b7607bdf0\">myelin</span> sheaths and cell <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"34cd707428169277719272942b7905\">membrane</span> <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"a99114a6c216927771916f45ffc66c\">lipid</span> rafts.</p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n</tbody>\n\n\n\n<p style='font-size: 10px; color: #808080; font-style: italic;'>@dams_new_robot</p>", "bot": "@dams_new_robot", "audio": "https://image.prepladder.com/content/VaDs6mvzBSY7uw740L541732553647.mp3", "video": ""}]; if (!Array.isArray(questions) || questions.length === 0) { throw new Error("Questions data is empty or invalid"); } debugLog(`Successfully parsed ${questions.length} questions`); } catch (e) { console.error("Failed to parse questions_json:", e); document.getElementById('error-message').innerHTML = "Error loading quiz data. Please check the console for details or contact support."; document.getElementById('error-message').classList.remove('hidden'); document.getElementById('start-test').disabled = true; // Fallback to sample questions for testing questions = [ { text: "What is 2 + 2?", options: [ { label: "A", text: "3", correct: false }, { label: "B", text: "4", correct: true }, { label: "C", text: "5", correct: false }, { label: "D", text: "6", correct: false } ], correct_answer: "B. 4", question_images: [], explanation_images: [], explanation: "<p>2 + 2 = 4</p><p>@dams_new_robot</p>", bot: "@dams_new_robot", audio: "", video: "" } ]; debugLog("Loaded fallback questions"); } // Quiz state let currentQuestion = 0; let answers = new Array(questions.length).fill(null); let markedForReview = new Array(questions.length).fill(false); let timeRemaining = 27 * 60; // Duration in seconds let timerInterval = null; const quizId = `{title.replace(/\s+/g, '_').toLowerCase()}`; // Unique ID for local storage // Load saved progress function loadProgress() { try { debugLog("Loading progress from localStorage"); const saved = localStorage.getItem(`quiz_${quizId}`); if (saved) { const { savedAnswers, savedMarked, savedTime } = JSON.parse(saved); answers = savedAnswers || answers; markedForReview = savedMarked || markedForReview; timeRemaining = savedTime !== undefined ? savedTime : timeRemaining; debugLog("Progress loaded successfully"); } else { debugLog("No saved progress found"); } } catch (e) { console.error("Error loading progress:", e); debugLog("Failed to load progress: " + e.message); } } // Save progress function saveProgress() { try { debugLog("Saving progress to localStorage"); localStorage.setItem(`quiz_${quizId}`, JSON.stringify({ savedAnswers: answers, savedMarked: markedForReview, savedTime: timeRemaining })); debugLog("Progress saved successfully"); } catch (e) { console.error("Error saving progress:", e); debugLog("Failed to save progress: " + e.message); } } // Initialize quiz function initQuiz() { try { debugLog("Initializing quiz"); loadProgress(); const startButton = document.getElementById('start-test'); if (!startButton) { throw new Error("Start test button not found"); } startButton.addEventListener('click', startQuiz); debugLog("Start test button listener attached"); document.getElementById('previous-btn').addEventListener('click', showPreviousQuestion); document.getElementById('next-btn').addEventListener('click', showNextQuestion); document.getElementById('mark-review').addEventListener('click', toggleMarkForReview); document.getElementById('nav-toggle').addEventListener('click', toggleNavPanel); document.getElementById('submit-test').addEventListener('click', showSubmitModal); document.getElementById('continue-test').addEventListener('click', closeExitModal); document.getElementById('exit-test').addEventListener('click', () => { debugLog("Exiting test"); localStorage.removeItem(`quiz_${quizId}`); window.location.reload(); }); document.getElementById('cancel-submit').addEventListener('click', closeSubmitModal); document.getElementById('confirm-submit').addEventListener('click', submitTest); document.getElementById('take-again').addEventListener('click', () => { debugLog("Restarting test"); localStorage.removeItem(`quiz_${quizId}`); window.location.reload(); }); document.getElementById('review-test').addEventListener('click', () => showResults(currentResultQuestion)); document.getElementById('close-nav').addEventListener('click', toggleNavPanel); document.getElementById('theme-toggle').addEventListener('click', toggleTheme); document.getElementById('nav-filter').addEventListener('change', updateNavPanel); document.getElementById('prev-result').addEventListener('click', showPreviousResult); document.getElementById('next-result').addEventListener('click', showNextResult); document.getElementById('results-nav-toggle').addEventListener('click', toggleResultsNavPanel); document.getElementById('close-results-nav').addEventListener('click', toggleResultsNavPanel); document.getElementById('results-nav-filter').addEventListener('change', updateResultsNavPanel); debugLog("Quiz initialized successfully"); } catch (e) { console.error("Failed to initialize quiz:", e); debugLog("Failed to initialize quiz: " + e.message); document.getElementById('error-message').innerHTML = "Error initializing quiz. Please check the console for details or contact support."; document.getElementById('error-message').classList.remove('hidden'); document.getElementById('start-test').disabled = true; } } // Start quiz function startQuiz() { try { debugLog("Starting quiz"); document.getElementById('instructions').classList.add('hidden'); document.getElementById('quiz').classList.remove('hidden'); showQuestion(currentQuestion); startTimer(); updateNavPanel(); debugLog("Quiz started successfully"); } catch (e) { console.error("Error starting quiz:", e); debugLog("Failed to start quiz: " + e.message); document.getElementById('error-message').innerHTML = "Error starting quiz. Please check the console for details or contact support."; document.getElementById('error-message').classList.remove('hidden'); document.getElementById('quiz').classList.add('hidden'); document.getElementById('instructions').classList.remove('hidden'); } } // Show question function showQuestion(index) { try { debugLog(`Showing question ${index + 1}`); currentQuestion = index; const q = questions[index]; if (!q) { throw new Error(`Question ${index} is undefined`); } document.getElementById('question-number').innerHTML = `Question <span>${index + 1}</span> of ${questions.length}`; document.getElementById('question-text').innerHTML = q.text || "No question text available"; const imagesDiv = document.getElementById('question-images'); imagesDiv.innerHTML = q.question_images && q.question_images.length > 0 ? q.question_images.map(url => `<img src="${url}" alt="Question Image" class="max-w-full h-auto rounded-lg">`).join('') : ''; const optionsDiv = document.getElementById('options'); optionsDiv.innerHTML = q.options && q.options.length > 0 ? q.options.map(opt => ` <button class="option-btn w-full text-left p-3 border rounded-lg ${answers[index] === opt.label ? 'selected' : ''}" onclick="selectOption(${index}, '${opt.label}')" aria-label="Option ${opt.label}: ${opt.text}"> ${opt.label}. ${opt.text} </button> `).join('') : '<p class="text-red-500">No options available</p>'; document.getElementById('previous-btn').disabled = index === 0; document.getElementById('next-btn').disabled = index === questions.length - 1; document.getElementById('mark-review').classList.toggle('marked', markedForReview[index]); updateProgressBar(); saveProgress(); window.scrollTo({ top: 0, behavior: 'smooth' }); debugLog(`Question ${index + 1} displayed successfully`); } catch (e) { console.error("Error displaying question:", e); debugLog("Failed to display question: " + e.message); } } // Select option function selectOption(index, label) { try { debugLog(`Selecting option ${label} for question ${index + 1}`); answers[index] = label; const optionsDiv = document.getElementById('options'); const optionButtons = optionsDiv.querySelectorAll('.option-btn'); optionButtons.forEach(btn => { const btnLabel = btn.textContent.trim().split('.')[0]; btn.classList.toggle('selected', btnLabel === label); }); updateNavPanel(); saveProgress(); debugLog(`Option ${label} selected for question ${index + 1}`); } catch (e) { console.error("Error selecting option:", e); debugLog("Failed to select option: " + e.message); } } // Toggle mark for review function toggleMarkForReview() { try { debugLog(`Toggling mark for review on question ${currentQuestion + 1}`); markedForReview[currentQuestion] = !markedForReview[currentQuestion]; document.getElementById('mark-review').classList.toggle('marked', markedForReview[currentQuestion]); updateNavPanel(); saveProgress(); debugLog(`Mark for review toggled for question ${currentQuestion + 1}`); } catch (e) { console.error("Error marking for review:", e); debugLog("Failed to mark for review: " + e.message); } } // Navigate to previous question function showPreviousQuestion() { try { debugLog(`Navigating to previous question from ${currentQuestion + 1}`); if (currentQuestion > 0) { currentQuestion--; showQuestion(currentQuestion); } } catch (e) { console.error("Error navigating to previous question:", e); debugLog("Failed to navigate to previous question: " + e.message); } } // Navigate to next question function showNextQuestion() { try { debugLog(`Navigating to next question from ${currentQuestion + 1}`); if (currentQuestion < questions.length - 1) { currentQuestion++; showQuestion(currentQuestion); } } catch (e) { console.error("Error navigating to next question:", e); debugLog("Failed to navigate to next question: " + e.message); } } // Handle question navigation click function handleQuestionNavClick(index) { try { debugLog(`Navigating to question ${index + 1} via nav panel`); showQuestion(index); toggleNavPanel(); } catch (e) { console.error("Error handling navigation click:", e); debugLog("Failed to navigate via nav panel: " + e.message); } } // Start timer function startTimer() { try { debugLog("Starting timer"); timerInterval = setInterval(() => { if (timeRemaining <= 0) { debugLog("Timer expired, submitting test"); clearInterval(timerInterval); submitTest(); } else { timeRemaining--; const minutes = Math.floor(timeRemaining / 60); const seconds = timeRemaining % 60; document.getElementById('timer').innerHTML = `Time Remaining: <span>${minutes.toString().padStart(2, '0')}:${seconds.toString().padStart(2, '0')}</span>`; saveProgress(); } }, 1000); debugLog("Timer started successfully"); } catch (e) { console.error("Error starting timer:", e); debugLog("Failed to start timer: " + e.message); } } // Update progress bar function updateProgressBar() { try { debugLog("Updating progress bar"); const progress = ((currentQuestion + 1) / questions.length) * 100; document.getElementById('progress-bar').style.width = `${progress}%`; debugLog("Progress bar updated"); } catch (e) { console.error("Error updating progress bar:", e); debugLog("Failed to update progress bar: " + e.message); } } // Update quiz navigation panel function updateNavPanel() { try { debugLog("Updating quiz navigation panel"); const filter = document.getElementById('nav-filter').value; const navGrid = document.getElementById('nav-grid'); navGrid.innerHTML = questions.map((_, i) => { if (filter === 'answered' && !answers[i]) return ''; if (filter === 'unanswered' && answers[i]) return ''; if (filter === 'marked' && !markedForReview[i]) return ''; return ` <button class="question-nav-btn ${answers[i] ? 'answered' : 'unanswered'} ${markedForReview[i] ? 'marked-nav' : ''}" onclick="handleQuestionNavClick(${i})" aria-label="Go to Question ${i + 1}"> ${i + 1} </button> `; }).join(''); debugLog("Quiz navigation panel updated"); } catch (e) { console.error("Error updating quiz navigation panel:", e); debugLog("Failed to update quiz navigation panel: " + e.message); } } // Update results navigation panel function updateResultsNavPanel() { try { debugLog("Updating results navigation panel"); const filter = document.getElementById('results-nav-filter').value; const navGrid = document.getElementById('results-nav-grid'); navGrid.innerHTML = questions.map((_, i) => { if (filter === 'answered' && !answers[i]) return ''; if (filter === 'unanswered' && answers[i]) return ''; if (filter === 'marked' && !markedForReview[i]) return ''; return ` <button class="result-nav-btn-grid ${answers[i] ? 'answered' : 'unanswered'} ${markedForReview[i] ? 'marked-nav' : ''}" onclick="handleResultNavClick(${i})" aria-label="Go to Result for Question ${i + 1}"> ${i + 1} </button> `; }).join(''); debugLog("Results navigation panel updated"); } catch (e) { console.error("Error updating results navigation panel:", e); debugLog("Failed to update results navigation panel: " + e.message); } } // Toggle quiz navigation panel function toggleNavPanel() { try { debugLog("Toggling quiz navigation panel"); const navPanel = document.getElementById('nav-panel'); navPanel.classList.toggle('hidden'); debugLog("Quiz navigation panel toggled"); } catch (e) { console.error("Error toggling quiz navigation panel:", e); debugLog("Failed to toggle quiz navigation panel: " + e.message); } } // Toggle results navigation panel function toggleResultsNavPanel() { try { debugLog("Toggling results navigation panel"); const resultsNavPanel = document.getElementById('results-nav-panel'); resultsNavPanel.classList.toggle('hidden'); if (!resultsNavPanel.classList.contains('hidden')) { updateResultsNavPanel(); } debugLog("Results navigation panel toggled"); } catch (e) { console.error("Error toggling results navigation panel:", e); debugLog("Failed to toggle results navigation panel: " + e.message); } } // Handle result navigation click function handleResultNavClick(index) { try { debugLog(`Navigating to result for question ${index + 1} via nav panel`); showResults(index); toggleResultsNavPanel(); } catch (e) { console.error("Error handling result navigation click:", e); debugLog("Failed to navigate to result: " + e.message); } } // Show submit modal function showSubmitModal() { try { debugLog("Showing submit modal"); const attempted = answers.filter(a => a !== null).length; document.getElementById('attempted-count').textContent = attempted; document.getElementById('unattempted-count').textContent = questions.length - attempted; document.getElementById('submit-modal').classList.remove('hidden'); debugLog("Submit modal displayed"); } catch (e) { console.error("Error showing submit modal:", e); debugLog("Failed to show submit modal: " + e.message); } } // Close submit modal function closeSubmitModal() { try { debugLog("Closing submit modal"); document.getElementById('submit-modal').classList.add('hidden'); debugLog("Submit modal closed"); } catch (e) { console.error("Error closing submit modal:", e); debugLog("Failed to close submit modal: " + e.message); } } // Close exit modal function closeExitModal() { try { debugLog("Closing exit modal"); document.getElementById('exit-modal').classList.add('hidden'); debugLog("Exit modal closed"); } catch (e) { console.error("Error closing exit modal:", e); debugLog("Failed to close exit modal: " + e.message); } } // Submit test function submitTest() { try { debugLog("Submitting test"); clearInterval(timerInterval); document.getElementById('quiz').classList.add('hidden'); document.getElementById('submit-modal').classList.add('hidden'); document.getElementById('results').classList.remove('hidden'); showResults(0); // Start with first question // Trigger confetti animation confetti({ particleCount: 100, spread: 70, origin: { y: 0.6 } }); localStorage.removeItem(`quiz_${quizId}`); debugLog("Test submitted successfully"); } catch (e) { console.error("Error submitting test:", e); debugLog("Failed to submit test: " + e.message); } } // Show result for a single question function showResults(index) { try { debugLog(`Showing result for question ${index + 1}`); currentResultQuestion = index; let correct = 0, wrong = 0, unanswered = 0, marked = 0; answers.forEach((answer, i) => { const isCorrect = answer && questions[i].options.find(opt => opt.label === answer)?.correct; if (answer === null) unanswered++; else if (isCorrect) correct++; else wrong++; if (markedForReview[i]) marked++; }); const q = questions[index]; if (!q) { throw new Error(`Question ${index} is undefined`); } const userAnswer = answers[index]; const isCorrect = userAnswer && q.options.find(opt => opt.label === userAnswer)?.correct; const resultsContent = document.getElementById('results-content'); resultsContent.innerHTML = ` <div class="border p-4 rounded-lg ${isCorrect ? 'bg-green-50' : userAnswer ? 'bg-red-50' : 'bg-gray-50'}"> <p class="font-semibold">Question ${index + 1}: ${q.text || 'No question text'}</p> ${q.question_images && q.question_images.length > 0 ? q.question_images.map(url => `<img src="${url}" alt="Question Image" class="max-w-full h-auto rounded-lg my-2">`).join('') : ''} <p><strong>Your Answer:</strong> ${userAnswer ? `${userAnswer}. ${q.options.find(opt => opt.label === userAnswer)?.text || 'Invalid option'}` : 'Unanswered'}</p> <p><strong>Correct Answer:</strong> ${q.correct_answer || 'Unknown'}</p> <div class="mt-2">${q.explanation || 'No explanation available'}</div> ${q.explanation_images && q.explanation_images.length > 0 ? q.explanation_images.map(url => `<img src="${url}" alt="Explanation Image" class="max-w-full h-auto rounded-lg my-2">`).join('') : ''} ${q.video ? ` <button class="play-video bg-blue-500 text-white px-4 py-2 rounded-lg mt-2" onclick="loadVideo(this, '${q.video}', 'video-${index}')" aria-label="Play explanation video for Question ${index + 1}"> Play Video Explanation </button> <div id="video-${index}" class="video-container mt-2"></div> ` : '<p class="text-gray-500 mt-2">No video available</p>'} ${q.audio ? ` <button class="play-audio bg-blue-500 text-white px-4 py-2 rounded-lg mt-2" onclick="loadAudio(this, '${q.audio}', 'audio-${index}')" aria-label="Play audio explanation for Question ${index + 1}"> Play Audio Explanation </button> <div id="audio-${index}" class="audio-container mt-2"></div> ` : ''} </div> `; document.getElementById('correct-count').textContent = correct; document.getElementById('wrong-count').textContent = wrong; document.getElementById('unanswered-count').textContent = unanswered; document.getElementById('marked-count').textContent = marked; document.getElementById('result-question-number').innerHTML = `Question <span>${index + 1}</span> of ${questions.length}`; document.getElementById('prev-result').disabled = index === 0; document.getElementById('next-result').disabled = index === questions.length - 1; updateResultsNavPanel(); window.scrollTo({ top: 0, behavior: 'smooth' }); debugLog(`Result for question ${index + 1} displayed successfully`); } catch (e) { console.error("Error displaying result:", e); debugLog("Failed to display result: " + e.message); } } // Navigate to previous result function showPreviousResult() { try { debugLog(`Navigating to previous result from question ${currentResultQuestion + 1}`); if (currentResultQuestion > 0) { showResults(currentResultQuestion - 1); } } catch (e) { console.error("Error navigating to previous result:", e); debugLog("Failed to navigate to previous result: " + e.message); } } // Navigate to next result function showNextResult() { try { debugLog(`Navigating to next result from question ${currentResultQuestion + 1}`); if (currentResultQuestion < questions.length - 1) { showResults(currentResultQuestion + 1); } } catch (e) { console.error("Error navigating to next result:", e); debugLog("Failed to navigate to next result: " + e.message); } } // Lazy-load video function loadVideo(button, videoUrl, containerId) { try { debugLog(`Loading video for ${containerId}: ${videoUrl}`); if (!videoUrl) { const container = document.getElementById(containerId); container.innerHTML = `<p class="text-gray-500">No video available</p>`; button.remove(); debugLog("No video URL provided"); return; } const container = document.getElementById(containerId); container.innerHTML = ` <div class="video-loading"></div> <video controls class="w-full max-w-[600px] rounded-lg" preload="metadata" aria-label="Video explanation"> <source src="${videoUrl}" type="${videoUrl.endsWith('.m3u8') ? 'application/x-mpegURL' : 'video/mp4'}"> Your browser does not support the video tag. </video> `; container.classList.add('active'); button.remove(); // Initialize HLS.js for .m3u8 videos const video = container.querySelector('video'); if (videoUrl.endsWith('.m3u8') && Hls.isSupported()) { const hls = new Hls(); hls.loadSource(videoUrl); hls.attachMedia(video); hls.on(Hls.Events.ERROR, (event, data) => { console.error("HLS.js error:", data); container.innerHTML = `<p class="text-red-500">Error loading video. <a href="${videoUrl}" target="_blank" aria-label="Open video in new tab">Open video</a></p>`; debugLog("HLS.js error: " + JSON.stringify(data)); }); } else if (videoUrl.endsWith('.m3u8') && video.canPlayType('application/vnd.apple.mpegurl')) { video.src = videoUrl; } // Handle video load errors video.onerror = () => { console.error("Video load error for URL:", videoUrl); container.innerHTML = `<p class="text-red-500">Error loading video. <a href="${videoUrl}" target="_blank" aria-label="Open video in new tab">Open video</a></p>`; debugLog("Video load error for URL: " + videoUrl); }; // Remove loading spinner when video is ready video.onloadedmetadata = () => { container.querySelector('.video-loading').remove(); debugLog("Video loaded successfully"); }; } catch (e) { console.error("Error loading video:", e); debugLog("Failed to load video: " + e.message); const container = document.getElementById(containerId); container.innerHTML = `<p class="text-red-500">Error loading video. <a href="${videoUrl}" target="_blank" aria-label="Open video in new tab">Open video</a></p>`; } } // Lazy-load audio function loadAudio(button, audioUrl, containerId) { try { debugLog(`Loading audio for ${containerId}: ${audioUrl}`); if (!audioUrl) { const container = document.getElementById(containerId); container.innerHTML = `<p class="text-gray-500">No audio available</p>`; button.remove(); debugLog("No audio URL provided"); return; } const container = document.getElementById(containerId); container.innerHTML = ` <audio controls class="w-full max-w-[600px]" preload="metadata" aria-label="Audio explanation"> <source src="${audioUrl}" type="audio/mpeg"> Your browser does not support the audio tag. </audio> `; container.classList.add('active'); button.remove(); // Handle audio load errors const audio = container.querySelector('audio'); audio.onerror = () => { console.error("Audio load error for URL:", audioUrl); container.innerHTML = `<p class="text-red-500">Error loading audio. <a href="${audioUrl}" target="_blank" aria-label="Open audio in new tab">Open audio</a></p>`; debugLog("Audio load error for URL: " + audioUrl); }; debugLog("Audio loaded successfully"); } catch (e) { console.error("Error loading audio:", e); debugLog("Failed to load audio: " + e.message); const container = document.getElementById(containerId); container.innerHTML = `<p class="text-red-500">Error loading audio. <a href="${audioUrl}" target="_blank" aria-label="Open audio in new tab">Open audio</a></p>`; } } // Toggle dark mode function toggleTheme() { try { debugLog("Toggling theme"); document.documentElement.classList.toggle('dark'); localStorage.setItem('theme', document.documentElement.classList.contains('dark') ? 'dark' : 'light'); debugLog("Theme toggled successfully"); } catch (e) { console.error("Error toggling theme:", e); debugLog("Failed to toggle theme: " + e.message); } } // Load theme preference function loadTheme() { try { debugLog("Loading theme preference"); const theme = localStorage.getItem('theme'); if (theme === 'dark') { document.documentElement.classList.add('dark'); } debugLog("Theme loaded successfully"); } catch (e) { console.error("Error loading theme:", e); debugLog("Failed to load theme: " + e.message); } } // Initialize on DOM content loaded window.addEventListener('DOMContentLoaded', () => { try { debugLog("DOM content loaded, initializing quiz"); loadTheme(); initQuiz(); } catch (e) { console.error("Error during DOMContentLoaded:", e); debugLog("Failed to initialize on DOMContentLoaded: " + e.message); document.getElementById('error-message').innerHTML = "Error initializing quiz. Please check the console for details or contact support."; document.getElementById('error-message').classList.remove('hidden'); } }); </script> </body> </html>" frameborder="0" width="100%" height="2000px">
<div class="bg-white rounded-lg shadow-md p-4 md:p-6"> <h2 class="text-xl font-semibold mb-4">Instructions</h2> <h4 class="text-gray-800 text-lg font-semibold mt-6 mb-4">Test Features:</h4> <ul class="space-y-3"> <li class="flex items-center gap-3"> <i class="fa-solid fa-circle-check text-green-500"></i> Multiple choice questions with single correct answers </li> <li class="flex items-center gap-3"> <i class="fa-solid fa-circle-check text-green-500"></i> Timer-based testing for realistic exam conditions </li> <li class="flex items-center gap-3"> <i class="fa-solid fa-circle-check text-green-500"></i> Mark questions for review functionality </li> <li class="flex items-center gap-3"> <i class="fa-solid fa-circle-check text-green-500"></i> Comprehensive results and performance analysis </li> <li class="flex items-center gap-3"> <i class="fa-solid fa-circle-check text-green-500"></i> Mobile-optimized interface for learning on-the-go </li> </ul> <div class="mt-6 flex space-x-4 button-group md:flex-row flex-col"> <button class="bg-[#2c5281] text-white px-6 py-2 rounded-lg hover:bg-[#2c5281] transition" id="start-test">Start Test</button> </div> <div class="error-message hidden" id="error-message"></div> </div> </section> <!-- Quiz Section --> <section class="container mx-auto px-4 md:px-6 pt-4 md:pt-6 pb-1 hidden section-transition" id="quiz"> <div class="bg-white rounded-lg shadow-md p-4 md:p-6"> <!-- Progress Bar --> <div class="w-full bg-gray-200 rounded-full h-3 mb-4"> <div class="progress-bar h-3 rounded-full" id="progress-bar" style="width: 0%"></div> </div> <!-- Question Header --> <div class="flex flex-col md:flex-row justify-between items-center mb-4"> <h2 class="text-lg font-semibold" id="question-number">Question <span>1</span> of 4</h2> <p class="text-lg font-semibold mt-2 md:mt-0" id="timer">Time Remaining: <span>00:00</span></p> </div> <!-- Question Content --> <div class="mb-6" id="question-content"> <p class="text-gray-800 mb-4" id="question-text"></p> <div class="flex flex-wrap gap-4 mb-4" id="question-images"></div> <div class="space-y-3" id="options"></div> </div> <!-- Navigation Buttons --> <div class="flex flex-col md:flex-row justify-between items-center gap-2 md:gap-4"> <div class="flex gap-2 w-full md:w-auto"> <button class="bg-[#2c5281] text-white px-4 py-3 w-full md:w-32 h-14 rounded-lg hover:bg-[#2c5281] transition" disabled="" id="previous-btn">Previous</button> <button class="bg-[#2c5281] text-white px-4 py-3 w-full md:w-32 h-14 rounded-lg hover:bg-[#2c5281] transition" id="next-btn">Next</button> </div> <div class="flex items-center gap-2"> <button class="bg-transparent text-gray-700 px-4 py-2 rounded-lg hover:bg-gray-100 transition flex items-center gap-1" id="mark-review"> Review <svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" class="h-5 w-5" viewBox="0 0 20 20" fill="currentColor"> <path d="M10 2a1 1 0 00-1 1v14l3.293-3.293a1 1 0 011.414 0L17 17V3a1 1 0 00-1-1H10z" /> </svg> </button> <button class="bg-transparent text-gray-700 px-4 py-2 rounded-lg hover:bg-gray-100 transition flex items-center gap-1" id="nav-toggle"> Question 🧭 </button> <button class="bg-green-500 text-white px-6 py-3 w-44 h-14 rounded-lg hover:bg-green-600 transition w-full md:w-auto" id="submit-test">Submit Test</button> </div> </div> </section> <!-- Results Section --> <section class="container mx-auto px-4 md:px-6 pt-4 md:pt-6 pb-1 hidden section-transition" id="results"> <div class="bg-white rounded-lg shadow-md p-4 md:p-6"> <h2 class="text-2xl font-semibold mb-4">Anaesthesia Machine - Results</h2> <div class="grid grid-cols-1 md:grid-cols-2 gap-4 mb-6"> <p><strong>Correct:</strong> <span id="correct-count" class="text-[#000000]">0</span></p> <p><strong>Wrong:</strong> <span id="wrong-count" class="text-[#000000]">0</span></p> <p><strong>Unanswered:</strong> <span id="unanswered-count" class="text-[#000000]-500">0</span></p> <p><strong>Marked for Review:</strong> <span id="marked-count" class="text-[#000000]">0</span></p> </div> <h3 class="text-lg font-semibold mb-4" id="result-question-number">Question <span>1</span> of 4</h3> <div class="space-y-6" id="results-content"></div> <div class="result-nav"> <button aria-label="Previous question result" class="result-nav-btn bg-[#2c5281] text-white px-6 py-2 rounded-lg hover:bg-[#2c5281] transition" disabled="" id="prev-result">Previous</button> <button aria-label="Toggle results navigation panel" class="result-nav-btn bg-[#2c5281] text-white px-6 py-2 rounded-lg hover:bg-[#2c5281] transition" id="results-nav-toggle">Result 🧭</button> <button aria-label="Next question result" class="result-nav-btn bg-[#2c5281] text-white px-6 py-2 rounded-lg hover:bg-[#2c5281] transition" id="next-result">Next</button> </div> <div class="mt-6 flex space-x-4 button-group md:flex-row flex-col"> <button class="bg-green-500 text-white px-6 py-2 rounded-lg hover:bg-green-600 transition" id="take-again">Take Again</button> </div> </div> </section> <!-- Exit Confirmation Modal --> <div class="fixed inset-0 bg-black bg-opacity-50 flex items-center justify-center hidden" id="exit-modal"> <div class="bg-white rounded-lg p-6 max-w-sm w-full"> <h2 class="text-xl font-semibold mb-4">Leave Test?</h2> <p class="text-gray-700 mb-4">Your progress will be lost if you leave this page. Are you sure you want to exit?</p> <div class="flex justify-end space-x-4"> <button class="bg-gray-300 text-gray-700 px-4 py-2 rounded-lg hover:bg-gray-400 transition" id="continue-test">No, Continue</button> <button class="bg-red-500 text-white px-4 py-2 rounded-lg hover:bg-red-600 transition" id="exit-test">Yes, Exit</button> </div> </div> </div> <!-- Submit Confirmation Modal --> <div class="fixed inset-0 bg-black bg-opacity-50 flex items-center justify-center hidden" id="submit-modal"> <div class="bg-white rounded-lg p-6 max-w-sm w-full"> <h2 class="text-xl font-semibold mb-4">Confirm Submission</h2> <p class="text-gray-700 mb-2">You have attempted <span id="attempted-count">0</span> of 20 questions.</p> <p class="text-gray-700 mb-4"><span id="unattempted-count">0</span> questions are unattempted.</p> <div class="flex justify-end space-x-4"> <button class="bg-gray-300 text-gray-700 px-4 py-2 rounded-lg hover:bg-gray-400 transition" id="cancel-submit">Cancel</button> <button class="bg-green-500 text-white px-4 py-2 rounded-lg hover:bg-green-600 transition" id="confirm-submit">Submit Test</button> </div> </div> </div> <!-- Quiz Navigation Panel --> <div class="fixed inset-y-0 right-0 nav-panel bg-white shadow-lg p-4 hidden overflow-y-auto" id="nav-panel"> <h2 class="text-lg font-semibold mb-4">Questions Navigation</h2> <div class="mb-4"> <select class="w-full p-2 border rounded-lg text-gray-700" id="nav-filter"> <option value="all">All Questions</option> <option value="answered">Answered</option> <option value="unanswered">Unanswered</option> <option value="marked">Marked for Review</option> </select> </div> <div class="grid grid-cols-5 gap-2 md:gap-3" id="nav-grid"></div> <button class="mt-4 bg-gray-500 text-white px-4 py-2 rounded-lg hover:bg-gray-600 transition w-full" id="close-nav">Close</button> </div> <!-- Results Navigation Panel --> <div class="fixed inset-y-0 right-0 results-nav-panel bg-white shadow-lg p-4 hidden overflow-y-auto" id="results-nav-panel"> <h2 class="text-lg font-semibold mb-4">Results Navigation</h2> <div class="mb-4"> <select class="w-full p-2 border rounded-lg text-gray-700" id="results-nav-filter"> <option value="all">All Questions</option> <option value="answered">Answered</option> <option value="unanswered">Unanswered</option> <option value="marked">Marked for Review</option> </select> </div> <div class="grid grid-cols-5 gap-2 md:gap-3" id="results-nav-grid"></div> <button class="mt-4 bg-gray-500 text-white px-4 py-2 rounded-lg hover:bg-gray-600 transition w-full" id="close-results-nav">Close</button> </div> <!-- JavaScript Logic --> <script> // Enable debug mode for detailed logging const DEBUG_MODE = true; // Log debug messages function debugLog(message) { if (DEBUG_MODE) { console.log(`[DEBUG] ${message}`); } } // Initialize questions with error handling let questions = []; let currentResultQuestion = 0; // State for current question in results try { debugLog("Attempting to parse questions_json"); questions = [{"text": "Cholera is known to cause diarrhea through its interaction with specific receptors in the human body. Which of the following is known to make it easier for cholera toxin to enter the body through the intestinal mucosa?", "options": [{"label": "A", "text": "GLUT 1", "correct": false}, {"label": "B", "text": "GM2 ganglioside", "correct": false}, {"label": "C", "text": "Cephalin", "correct": false}, {"label": "D", "text": "GM1 ganglioside", "correct": true}], "correct_answer": "D. GM1 ganglioside", "question_images": [], "explanation_images": [], "explanation": "\n\n<p style='font-size: 10px; color: #808080; font-style: italic;'>@dams_new_robot</p>", "bot": "@dams_new_robot", "audio": "", "video": ""}, {"text": "The child exhibits hypotonia and seizures, leading to a diagnosis of Zellweger syndrome. Which of the following substances accumulates in the brain in this particular condition?", "options": [{"label": "A", "text": "Glucose", "correct": false}, {"label": "B", "text": "Lactic acid", "correct": false}, {"label": "C", "text": "Long chain fatty acid", "correct": true}, {"label": "D", "text": "Triglycerides", "correct": false}], "correct_answer": "C. Long chain fatty acid", "question_images": [], "explanation_images": [], "explanation": "<p>Correct Option C\n\n\n<p style='font-size: 10px; color: #808080; font-style: italic;'>@dams_new_robot</p>", "bot": "@dams_new_robot", "audio": "", "video": ""}, {"text": "Child presents with hypotonia and seizures. It was confirmed to be Zellweger syndrome. Which among the following accumulates in brain in this condition?", "options": [{"label": "A", "text": "Glucose", "correct": false}, {"label": "B", "text": "Lactic acid", "correct": false}, {"label": "C", "text": "Long chain fatty acid", "correct": true}, {"label": "D", "text": "Triglycerides", "correct": false}], "correct_answer": "C. Long chain fatty acid", "question_images": [], "explanation_images": [], "explanation": "\n<table>\n<thead>\n<tr>\n<td>\n<p><strong>Disease</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td>\n<p><strong>Inheritance</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td>\n<p><strong>Enzyme Deficiency</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td>\n<p><strong>Key Features</strong></p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n</thead>\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<td>\n<p>Zellweger syndrome</p>\n</td>\n<td>\n<p>Autosomal recessive</p>\n</td>\n<td>\n<p>Deficiencies in multiple enzymes involved in <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"c0d194cb5b16927771957905b7aad6\">peroxisome</span> biogenesis</p>\n</td>\n<td>\n<p>Hypotonia, seizures, <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"576134019e16927771859f4eac1021\">craniofacial</span> abnormalities, liver dysfunction</p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td>\n<p>X-linked <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"f0f11e6ebf16927771807e92576aba\">adrenoleukodystrophy</span> (X-ALD)</p>\n</td>\n<td>\n<p>X-linked recessive</p>\n</td>\n<td>\n<p>Deficiency of the ALD protein (ALDP)</p>\n</td>\n<td>\n<p>Progressive neurodegeneration, <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"f955f012f716927771801d01e7d163\">adrenal</span> insufficiency</p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td>\n<p>Refsum disease</p>\n</td>\n<td>\n<p>Autosomal recessive</p>\n</td>\n<td>\n<p>Deficiency of phytanoyl-CoA hydroxylase</p>\n</td>\n<td>\n<p>Accumulation of <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"4843a634231692777195c81b90b8bd\">phytanic acid</span> leading to neurological symptoms</p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td>\n<p>Rhizomelic <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"f5b22e0e2c1692777184a00af86fe9\">chondrodysplasia</span> punctata (RCDP)</p>\n</td>\n<td>\n<p>Autosomal recessive</p>\n</td>\n<td>\n<p>Deficiency of peroxisomal enzymes such as PEX7</p>\n</td>\n<td>\n<p>Severe growth retardation, skeletal abnormalities, intellectual disability</p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td>\n<p>Infantile Refsum disease</p>\n</td>\n<td>\n<p>Autosomal recessive</p>\n</td>\n<td>\n<p>Deficiency of <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"b8f5c0737216927771953bc866f47e\">peroxin</span> PEX1</p>\n</td>\n<td>\n<p>Neurological impairment, <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"4f1a033cae1692777197a3a6937a0c\">retinitis</span> pigmentosa, liver dysfunction</p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td>\n<p>Acatalasemia</p>\n</td>\n<td>\n<p>Autosomal recessive</p>\n</td>\n<td>\n<p>Deficiency of the <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"0f160e4e42169277718771b715516a\">enzyme</span> catalase</p>\n</td>\n<td>\n<p>Reduced ability to break down <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"11f7bcb8da16927771898e93932195\">hydrogen</span> peroxide, oral ulcers</p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n</tbody>\n\n\n<p style='font-size: 10px; color: #808080; font-style: italic;'>@dams_new_robot</p>", "bot": "@dams_new_robot", "audio": "", "video": ""}, {"text": "What diagnostic tool is used to determine the cause of chest pain at rest for 6 hours and an electrocardiogram indicating myocardial ischemia in a patient?", "options": [{"label": "A", "text": "LDH 2", "correct": false}, {"label": "B", "text": "LDH 3", "correct": false}, {"label": "C", "text": "LDH 1", "correct": true}, {"label": "D", "text": "LDH 4", "correct": false}], "correct_answer": "C. LDH 1", "question_images": [], "explanation_images": [], "explanation": "<table cellspacing=\"0\" style=\"border-collapse:collapse\">\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:middle\">\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><strong>Isoenzyme</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:middle\">\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><strong>Activity at 60°C for 30 minutes</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:middle\">\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><strong>Electrophoretic Mobility at pH 8.6</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:middle\">\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><strong>Tissue of Origin</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:middle\">\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><strong>Percentage in Human Serum (Mean)</strong></p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:middle\">\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><strong>LDH-1</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:middle\">\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\">Not destroyed</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:middle\">\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\">Fastest</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:middle\">\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\">Heart muscle</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:middle\">\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\">30%</p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:middle\">\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><strong>LDH-2</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:middle\">\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\">Not destroyed</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:middle\">\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\">Faster</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:middle\">\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\">RBC <strong>(Option A)</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:middle\">\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\">35%</p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:middle\">\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><strong>LDH-3</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:middle\">\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\">Partially destroyed</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:middle\">\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\">Fast</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:middle\">\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\">Brain <strong>(Option B)</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:middle\">\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\">20%</p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:middle\">\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><strong>LDH-4</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:middle\">\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\">Destroyed</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:middle\">\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\">Slow</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:middle\">\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\">Liver <strong>(Option D)</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:middle\">\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\">10%</p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:middle\">\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><strong>LDH-5</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:middle\">\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\">Destroyed</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:middle\">\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\">Slowest</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:middle\">\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\">Skeletal muscle</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:middle\">\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\">5%</p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n</tbody>\n\n\n<p style='font-size: 10px; color: #808080; font-style: italic;'>@dams_new_robot</p>", "bot": "@dams_new_robot", "audio": "", "video": ""}, {"text": "What could be the possible diagnosis for a patient who exhibited tendon xanthomas, with his lipid profile indicating serum cholesterol levels of 283 mg/dL and serum LDL levels of 202 mg/dL, and subsequently initiated on lovastatin treatment?", "options": [{"label": "A", "text": "Familial hypercholesterolemia", "correct": true}, {"label": "B", "text": "Tangier's disease", "correct": false}, {"label": "C", "text": "Lipoprotein lipase deficiency", "correct": false}, {"label": "D", "text": "Familial hyperchylomicronemia", "correct": false}], "correct_answer": "A. Familial hypercholesterolemia", "question_images": [], "explanation_images": [], "explanation": "<table cellspacing=\"0\" style=\"border-collapse:collapse\">\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><strong>Feature</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><strong>Type IIa (Familial Hypercholesterolemia)</strong></p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Defect</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Defective <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"4e4438ab5c16927771919ca536a59f\">LDL</span> receptors or Apo B-100 <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"6e1f8c026516927771919d54418520\">ligand</span> region mutation</strong></p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Lipoprotein Fraction Elevated</strong><strong> </strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>LDL</p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Main <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"a99114a6c216927771916f45ffc66c\">Lipid</span> Abnormality</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Hypercholesterolemia</p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Laboratory findings</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Raised <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"1ffaec13de169277719828374cfda0\">serum</span> <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"4e4438ab5c16927771919ca536a59f\">LDL</span> and Cholesterol</p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td rowspan=\"3\" style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Features</strong>.</p>\n</td>\n<td rowspan=\"3\" style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<ul>\n<li>Atherosclerosis</li>\n<li>Coronary <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"a66cd3adaa1692777182e77cb23021\">artery</span> disease (early onset)</li>\n<li><strong>Tendon xanthomas</strong></li>\n</ul>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td rowspan=\"4\" style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Management</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td rowspan=\"4\" style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<ul>\n<li><strong>Statins</strong></li>\n<li>PUFA</li>\n<li>Lifestyle modifications (diet, exercise)</li>\n</ul>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n</tr>\n</tbody>\n\n\n<p style='font-size: 10px; color: #808080; font-style: italic;'>@dams_new_robot</p>", "bot": "@dams_new_robot", "audio": "", "video": ""}, {"text": "Which of the following substances is not characterized by amphipathicity?", "options": [{"label": "A", "text": "Sphingolipids", "correct": false}, {"label": "B", "text": "Phosphoglycerol", "correct": false}, {"label": "C", "text": "Triglycerides", "correct": true}, {"label": "D", "text": "Glycolipids", "correct": false}], "correct_answer": "C. Triglycerides", "question_images": [], "explanation_images": ["https://image.prepladder.com/notes/IR5kdanjvkjjCqDFK9i71747038036.png"], "explanation": "\n\n<p style='font-size: 10px; color: #808080; font-style: italic;'>@dams_new_robot</p>", "bot": "@dams_new_robot", "audio": "", "video": ""}, {"text": "Cholesterol is synthesized from?", "options": [{"label": "A", "text": "Acetyl coA", "correct": true}, {"label": "B", "text": "Phenylalanine", "correct": false}, {"label": "C", "text": "Malonyl coA", "correct": false}, {"label": "D", "text": "Oxaloacetate", "correct": false}], "correct_answer": "A. Acetyl coA", "question_images": [], "explanation_images": [], "explanation": "\n\n<p style='font-size: 10px; color: #808080; font-style: italic;'>@dams_new_robot</p>", "bot": "@dams_new_robot", "audio": "", "video": ""}, {"text": "Fat is stored in which form in tissue?", "options": [{"label": "A", "text": "Fatty acid", "correct": false}, {"label": "B", "text": "Cholesterol", "correct": false}, {"label": "C", "text": "TGs", "correct": true}, {"label": "D", "text": "Cholesterol esters", "correct": false}], "correct_answer": "C. TGs", "question_images": [], "explanation_images": [], "explanation": "\n\n<p style='font-size: 10px; color: #808080; font-style: italic;'>@dams_new_robot</p>", "bot": "@dams_new_robot", "audio": "", "video": ""}, {"text": "In which of the following locations can cardiolipin be found?", "options": [{"label": "A", "text": "Outer mitochondrial membrane", "correct": false}, {"label": "B", "text": "Inner mitochondrial membrane", "correct": true}, {"label": "C", "text": "Cytosol", "correct": false}, {"label": "D", "text": "Mitochondrial matrix", "correct": false}], "correct_answer": "B. Inner mitochondrial membrane", "question_images": [], "explanation_images": [], "explanation": "\n\n<p style='font-size: 10px; color: #808080; font-style: italic;'>@dams_new_robot</p>", "bot": "@dams_new_robot", "audio": "", "video": ""}, {"text": "A diabetic patient presents with high VLDL due to the combination of which of the following?", "options": [{"label": "A", "text": "High HSL, low LPL", "correct": true}, {"label": "B", "text": "High LPL, low HSL", "correct": false}, {"label": "C", "text": "High HSL, High LPL", "correct": false}, {"label": "D", "text": "Low LPL, Low HSL", "correct": false}], "correct_answer": "A. High HSL, low LPL", "question_images": [], "explanation_images": [], "explanation": "\n\n<p style='font-size: 10px; color: #808080; font-style: italic;'>@dams_new_robot</p>", "bot": "@dams_new_robot", "audio": "", "video": ""}, {"text": "In a patient who is tall, obese, known to have hypertension, and has recently been diagnosed with metabolic syndrome during a routine examination, which of the following findings are characteristic findings?", "options": [{"label": "A", "text": "Increase in uric acid and insulin", "correct": false}, {"label": "B", "text": "Raised blood pressure and normal insulin", "correct": false}, {"label": "C", "text": "Increase in triglycerides and total cholesterol", "correct": true}, {"label": "D", "text": "Raised blood sugar and low insulin", "correct": false}], "correct_answer": "C. Increase in triglycerides and total cholesterol", "question_images": [], "explanation_images": [], "explanation": "<p>Correct Option C - Increase in triglycerides and total ch\n\n<p style='font-size: 10px; color: #808080; font-style: italic;'>@dams_new_robot</p>", "bot": "@dams_new_robot", "audio": "", "video": ""}, {"text": "Which coenzyme is required for the de novo synthesis of fatty acids?", "options": [{"label": "A", "text": "NADPH", "correct": true}, {"label": "B", "text": "TPP", "correct": false}, {"label": "C", "text": "FAD", "correct": false}, {"label": "D", "text": "NAD", "correct": false}], "correct_answer": "A. NADPH", "question_images": [], "explanation_images": [], "explanation": "<p>Correct Option A\n\n\n<p style='font-size: 10px; color: #808080; font-style: italic;'>@dams_new_robot</p>", "bot": "@dams_new_robot", "audio": "", "video": ""}, {"text": "Which of the following is the most potent lipid phase antioxidant?", "options": [{"label": "A", "text": "Vitamin A", "correct": false}, {"label": "B", "text": "Vitamin E", "correct": true}, {"label": "C", "text": "Vitamin C", "correct": false}, {"label": "D", "text": "Vitamin K", "correct": false}], "correct_answer": "B. Vitamin E", "question_images": [], "explanation_images": [], "explanation": "<p>Correct Option B\n\n<p style='font-size: 10px; color: #808080; font-style: italic;'>@dams_new_robot</p>", "bot": "@dams_new_robot", "audio": "", "video": ""}, {"text": "In cerebrohepatorenal syndrome, an infant exhibits symptoms of hypotonia and seizures. The condition is characterized by the accumulation of which substance in the brain?", "options": [{"label": "A", "text": "Glucose", "correct": false}, {"label": "B", "text": "Long chain fatty acid", "correct": true}, {"label": "C", "text": "Lactic acid", "correct": false}, {"label": "D", "text": "Triglycerides", "correct": false}], "correct_answer": "B. Long chain fatty acid", "question_images": [], "explanation_images": [], "explanation": "<p>Correct Option B\n\n<p style='font-size: 10px; color: #808080; font-style: italic;'>@dams_new_robot</p>", "bot": "@dams_new_robot", "audio": "", "video": ""}, {"text": "After consuming a fatty meal, what is elevated in individuals with lipoprotein lipase deficiency?", "options": [{"label": "A", "text": "Chylomicron", "correct": true}, {"label": "B", "text": "LDL", "correct": false}, {"label": "C", "text": "HDL", "correct": false}, {"label": "D", "text": "Apo A", "correct": false}], "correct_answer": "A. Chylomicron", "question_images": [], "explanation_images": [], "explanation": "<p>Correct Option A\n\n<p style='font-size: 10px; color: #808080; font-style: italic;'>@dams_new_robot</p>", "bot": "@dams_new_robot", "audio": "", "video": ""}, {"text": "NADPH is used in which of the following process?", "options": [{"label": "A", "text": "Fatty acid synthesis", "correct": true}, {"label": "B", "text": "Ketone synthesis", "correct": false}, {"label": "C", "text": "Gluconeogenesis", "correct": false}, {"label": "D", "text": "Glycolysis", "correct": false}], "correct_answer": "A. Fatty acid synthesis", "question_images": [], "explanation_images": [], "explanation": "<p>Correct Option A\n<table cellspacing=\"0\" style=\"border-collapse:collapse; width:384px\">\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Reducing Equivalent</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Main Uses</strong></p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>NADH (Nicotinamide <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"701cef29c216927771801e7d1a7c0f\">adenine</span> dinucleotide)</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Electron carrier in <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"60d563fe241692777194203742bf5b\">oxidative</span> <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"619ba5e99c16927771958308fb8687\">phosphorylation</span> (ATP synthesis)</p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>NADPH (Nicotinamide <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"701cef29c216927771801e7d1a7c0f\">adenine</span> <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"419082b5c61692777186e04b66aafb\">dinucleotide</span> phosphate)</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>1. <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"3e0d247aa916927771812684526ac0\">Anabolic</span> reactions, such as <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"bc6cd9a9f9169277720261812ea113\">fatty</span> acid synthesis</p>\n<p>2. Reductive biosynthesis, including cholesterol and <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"a48ce797cd1692777199efc43b3e4c\">steroid</span> hormone synthesis</p>\n<p>3. <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"a14911da6d1692777186ec6f3025a1\">Detoxification</span> reactions by <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"29e8e2a5dd16927771855db589c581\">cytochrome</span> P450 enzymes</p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>FADH2 (Flavin <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"701cef29c216927771801e7d1a7c0f\">adenine</span> dinucleotide)</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Electron carrier in <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"60d563fe241692777194203742bf5b\">oxidative</span> <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"619ba5e99c16927771958308fb8687\">phosphorylation</span> (ATP synthesis)</p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>FMNH2 (Flavin mononucleotide)</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Electron carrier in <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"60d563fe241692777194203742bf5b\">oxidative</span> <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"619ba5e99c16927771958308fb8687\">phosphorylation</span> (ATP synthesis)</p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n</tbody>\n\n<p style='font-size: 10px; color: #808080; font-style: italic;'>@dams_new_robot</p>", "bot": "@dams_new_robot", "audio": "", "video": ""}, {"text": "What is the most frequently occurring end-product of the pathway for fatty acid synthesis among the options provided?", "options": [{"label": "A", "text": "Arachidonic acid", "correct": false}, {"label": "B", "text": "Oleic acid", "correct": false}, {"label": "C", "text": "Palmitic acid", "correct": true}, {"label": "D", "text": "Acetyl CoA", "correct": false}], "correct_answer": "C. Palmitic acid", "question_images": [], "explanation_images": [], "explanation": "<p>Correct Option C - P\n\n\n<p style='font-size: 10px; color: #808080; font-style: italic;'>@dams_new_robot</p>", "bot": "@dams_new_robot", "audio": "", "video": ""}, {"text": "Which of the following is cardio protective?", "options": [{"label": "A", "text": "HDL", "correct": true}, {"label": "B", "text": "LDL", "correct": false}, {"label": "C", "text": "IDL", "correct": false}, {"label": "D", "text": "VLDL", "correct": false}], "correct_answer": "A. HDL", "question_images": [], "explanation_images": [], "explanation": "\n\n<p style='font-size: 10px; color: #808080; font-style: italic;'>@dams_new_robot</p>", "bot": "@dams_new_robot", "audio": "", "video": ""}, {"text": "Which of the following enzyme activity decreases in fasting?", "options": [{"label": "A", "text": "Hormone-sensitive lipase", "correct": false}, {"label": "B", "text": "Glycogen phosphorylase", "correct": false}, {"label": "C", "text": "Pyruvate carboxylase", "correct": false}, {"label": "D", "text": "Phosphofructokinase 1", "correct": true}], "correct_answer": "D. Phosphofructokinase 1", "question_images": [], "explanation_images": [], "explanation": "<p>Correct Option D\n\n\n<p style='font-size: 10px; color: #808080; font-style: italic;'>@dams_new_robot</p>", "bot": "@dams_new_robot", "audio": "", "video": ""}, {"text": "Which of the following is the most probable outcome in a 12-year-old girl with poorly managed type 1 diabetes mellitus who is currently experiencing high blood sugar levels?", "options": [{"label": "A", "text": "Glycogenesis in muscle", "correct": false}, {"label": "B", "text": "Increased protein synthesis", "correct": false}, {"label": "C", "text": "Increased conversion of fatty acids to acetyl-CoA", "correct": true}, {"label": "D", "text": "Decreased cholesterol synthesis", "correct": false}], "correct_answer": "C. Increased conversion of fatty acids to acetyl-CoA", "question_images": [], "explanation_images": [], "explanation": "<p>Correct Option C\n\n\n<p style='font-size: 10px; color: #808080; font-style: italic;'>@dams_new_robot</p>", "bot": "@dams_new_robot", "audio": "", "video": ""}]; if (!Array.isArray(questions) || questions.length === 0) { throw new Error("Questions data is empty or invalid"); } debugLog(`Successfully parsed ${questions.length} questions`); } catch (e) { console.error("Failed to parse questions_json:", e); document.getElementById('error-message').innerHTML = "Error loading quiz data. Please check the console for details or contact support."; document.getElementById('error-message').classList.remove('hidden'); document.getElementById('start-test').disabled = true; // Fallback to sample questions for testing questions = [ { text: "What is 2 + 2?", options: [ { label: "A", text: "3", correct: false }, { label: "B", text: "4", correct: true }, { label: "C", text: "5", correct: false }, { label: "D", text: "6", correct: false } ], correct_answer: "B. 4", question_images: [], explanation_images: [], explanation: "<p>2 + 2 = 4</p><p>@dams_new_robot</p>", bot: "@dams_new_robot", audio: "", video: "" } ]; debugLog("Loaded fallback questions"); } // Quiz state let currentQuestion = 0; let answers = new Array(questions.length).fill(null); let markedForReview = new Array(questions.length).fill(false); let timeRemaining = 30 * 60; // Duration in seconds let timerInterval = null; const quizId = `{title.replace(/\s+/g, '_').toLowerCase()}`; // Unique ID for local storage // Load saved progress function loadProgress() { try { debugLog("Loading progress from localStorage"); const saved = localStorage.getItem(`quiz_${quizId}`); if (saved) { const { savedAnswers, savedMarked, savedTime } = JSON.parse(saved); answers = savedAnswers || answers; markedForReview = savedMarked || markedForReview; timeRemaining = savedTime !== undefined ? savedTime : timeRemaining; debugLog("Progress loaded successfully"); } else { debugLog("No saved progress found"); } } catch (e) { console.error("Error loading progress:", e); debugLog("Failed to load progress: " + e.message); } } // Save progress function saveProgress() { try { debugLog("Saving progress to localStorage"); localStorage.setItem(`quiz_${quizId}`, JSON.stringify({ savedAnswers: answers, savedMarked: markedForReview, savedTime: timeRemaining })); debugLog("Progress saved successfully"); } catch (e) { console.error("Error saving progress:", e); debugLog("Failed to save progress: " + e.message); } } // Initialize quiz function initQuiz() { try { debugLog("Initializing quiz"); loadProgress(); const startButton = document.getElementById('start-test'); if (!startButton) { throw new Error("Start test button not found"); } startButton.addEventListener('click', startQuiz); debugLog("Start test button listener attached"); document.getElementById('previous-btn').addEventListener('click', showPreviousQuestion); document.getElementById('next-btn').addEventListener('click', showNextQuestion); document.getElementById('mark-review').addEventListener('click', toggleMarkForReview); document.getElementById('nav-toggle').addEventListener('click', toggleNavPanel); document.getElementById('submit-test').addEventListener('click', showSubmitModal); document.getElementById('continue-test').addEventListener('click', closeExitModal); document.getElementById('exit-test').addEventListener('click', () => { debugLog("Exiting test"); localStorage.removeItem(`quiz_${quizId}`); window.location.reload(); }); document.getElementById('cancel-submit').addEventListener('click', closeSubmitModal); document.getElementById('confirm-submit').addEventListener('click', submitTest); document.getElementById('take-again').addEventListener('click', () => { debugLog("Restarting test"); localStorage.removeItem(`quiz_${quizId}`); window.location.reload(); }); document.getElementById('review-test').addEventListener('click', () => showResults(currentResultQuestion)); document.getElementById('close-nav').addEventListener('click', toggleNavPanel); document.getElementById('theme-toggle').addEventListener('click', toggleTheme); document.getElementById('nav-filter').addEventListener('change', updateNavPanel); document.getElementById('prev-result').addEventListener('click', showPreviousResult); document.getElementById('next-result').addEventListener('click', showNextResult); document.getElementById('results-nav-toggle').addEventListener('click', toggleResultsNavPanel); document.getElementById('close-results-nav').addEventListener('click', toggleResultsNavPanel); document.getElementById('results-nav-filter').addEventListener('change', updateResultsNavPanel); debugLog("Quiz initialized successfully"); } catch (e) { console.error("Failed to initialize quiz:", e); debugLog("Failed to initialize quiz: " + e.message); document.getElementById('error-message').innerHTML = "Error initializing quiz. Please check the console for details or contact support."; document.getElementById('error-message').classList.remove('hidden'); document.getElementById('start-test').disabled = true; } } // Start quiz function startQuiz() { try { debugLog("Starting quiz"); document.getElementById('instructions').classList.add('hidden'); document.getElementById('quiz').classList.remove('hidden'); showQuestion(currentQuestion); startTimer(); updateNavPanel(); debugLog("Quiz started successfully"); } catch (e) { console.error("Error starting quiz:", e); debugLog("Failed to start quiz: " + e.message); document.getElementById('error-message').innerHTML = "Error starting quiz. Please check the console for details or contact support."; document.getElementById('error-message').classList.remove('hidden'); document.getElementById('quiz').classList.add('hidden'); document.getElementById('instructions').classList.remove('hidden'); } } // Show question function showQuestion(index) { try { debugLog(`Showing question ${index + 1}`); currentQuestion = index; const q = questions[index]; if (!q) { throw new Error(`Question ${index} is undefined`); } document.getElementById('question-number').innerHTML = `Question <span>${index + 1}</span> of ${questions.length}`; document.getElementById('question-text').innerHTML = q.text || "No question text available"; const imagesDiv = document.getElementById('question-images'); imagesDiv.innerHTML = q.question_images && q.question_images.length > 0 ? q.question_images.map(url => `<img src="${url}" alt="Question Image" class="max-w-full h-auto rounded-lg">`).join('') : ''; const optionsDiv = document.getElementById('options'); optionsDiv.innerHTML = q.options && q.options.length > 0 ? q.options.map(opt => ` <button class="option-btn w-full text-left p-3 border rounded-lg ${answers[index] === opt.label ? 'selected' : ''}" onclick="selectOption(${index}, '${opt.label}')" aria-label="Option ${opt.label}: ${opt.text}"> ${opt.label}. ${opt.text} </button> `).join('') : '<p class="text-red-500">No options available</p>'; document.getElementById('previous-btn').disabled = index === 0; document.getElementById('next-btn').disabled = index === questions.length - 1; document.getElementById('mark-review').classList.toggle('marked', markedForReview[index]); updateProgressBar(); saveProgress(); window.scrollTo({ top: 0, behavior: 'smooth' }); debugLog(`Question ${index + 1} displayed successfully`); } catch (e) { console.error("Error displaying question:", e); debugLog("Failed to display question: " + e.message); } } // Select option function selectOption(index, label) { try { debugLog(`Selecting option ${label} for question ${index + 1}`); answers[index] = label; const optionsDiv = document.getElementById('options'); const optionButtons = optionsDiv.querySelectorAll('.option-btn'); optionButtons.forEach(btn => { const btnLabel = btn.textContent.trim().split('.')[0]; btn.classList.toggle('selected', btnLabel === label); }); updateNavPanel(); saveProgress(); debugLog(`Option ${label} selected for question ${index + 1}`); } catch (e) { console.error("Error selecting option:", e); debugLog("Failed to select option: " + e.message); } } // Toggle mark for review function toggleMarkForReview() { try { debugLog(`Toggling mark for review on question ${currentQuestion + 1}`); markedForReview[currentQuestion] = !markedForReview[currentQuestion]; document.getElementById('mark-review').classList.toggle('marked', markedForReview[currentQuestion]); updateNavPanel(); saveProgress(); debugLog(`Mark for review toggled for question ${currentQuestion + 1}`); } catch (e) { console.error("Error marking for review:", e); debugLog("Failed to mark for review: " + e.message); } } // Navigate to previous question function showPreviousQuestion() { try { debugLog(`Navigating to previous question from ${currentQuestion + 1}`); if (currentQuestion > 0) { currentQuestion--; showQuestion(currentQuestion); } } catch (e) { console.error("Error navigating to previous question:", e); debugLog("Failed to navigate to previous question: " + e.message); } } // Navigate to next question function showNextQuestion() { try { debugLog(`Navigating to next question from ${currentQuestion + 1}`); if (currentQuestion < questions.length - 1) { currentQuestion++; showQuestion(currentQuestion); } } catch (e) { console.error("Error navigating to next question:", e); debugLog("Failed to navigate to next question: " + e.message); } } // Handle question navigation click function handleQuestionNavClick(index) { try { debugLog(`Navigating to question ${index + 1} via nav panel`); showQuestion(index); toggleNavPanel(); } catch (e) { console.error("Error handling navigation click:", e); debugLog("Failed to navigate via nav panel: " + e.message); } } // Start timer function startTimer() { try { debugLog("Starting timer"); timerInterval = setInterval(() => { if (timeRemaining <= 0) { debugLog("Timer expired, submitting test"); clearInterval(timerInterval); submitTest(); } else { timeRemaining--; const minutes = Math.floor(timeRemaining / 60); const seconds = timeRemaining % 60; document.getElementById('timer').innerHTML = `Time Remaining: <span>${minutes.toString().padStart(2, '0')}:${seconds.toString().padStart(2, '0')}</span>`; saveProgress(); } }, 1000); debugLog("Timer started successfully"); } catch (e) { console.error("Error starting timer:", e); debugLog("Failed to start timer: " + e.message); } } // Update progress bar function updateProgressBar() { try { debugLog("Updating progress bar"); const progress = ((currentQuestion + 1) / questions.length) * 100; document.getElementById('progress-bar').style.width = `${progress}%`; debugLog("Progress bar updated"); } catch (e) { console.error("Error updating progress bar:", e); debugLog("Failed to update progress bar: " + e.message); } } // Update quiz navigation panel function updateNavPanel() { try { debugLog("Updating quiz navigation panel"); const filter = document.getElementById('nav-filter').value; const navGrid = document.getElementById('nav-grid'); navGrid.innerHTML = questions.map((_, i) => { if (filter === 'answered' && !answers[i]) return ''; if (filter === 'unanswered' && answers[i]) return ''; if (filter === 'marked' && !markedForReview[i]) return ''; return ` <button class="question-nav-btn ${answers[i] ? 'answered' : 'unanswered'} ${markedForReview[i] ? 'marked-nav' : ''}" onclick="handleQuestionNavClick(${i})" aria-label="Go to Question ${i + 1}"> ${i + 1} </button> `; }).join(''); debugLog("Quiz navigation panel updated"); } catch (e) { console.error("Error updating quiz navigation panel:", e); debugLog("Failed to update quiz navigation panel: " + e.message); } } // Update results navigation panel function updateResultsNavPanel() { try { debugLog("Updating results navigation panel"); const filter = document.getElementById('results-nav-filter').value; const navGrid = document.getElementById('results-nav-grid'); navGrid.innerHTML = questions.map((_, i) => { if (filter === 'answered' && !answers[i]) return ''; if (filter === 'unanswered' && answers[i]) return ''; if (filter === 'marked' && !markedForReview[i]) return ''; return ` <button class="result-nav-btn-grid ${answers[i] ? 'answered' : 'unanswered'} ${markedForReview[i] ? 'marked-nav' : ''}" onclick="handleResultNavClick(${i})" aria-label="Go to Result for Question ${i + 1}"> ${i + 1} </button> `; }).join(''); debugLog("Results navigation panel updated"); } catch (e) { console.error("Error updating results navigation panel:", e); debugLog("Failed to update results navigation panel: " + e.message); } } // Toggle quiz navigation panel function toggleNavPanel() { try { debugLog("Toggling quiz navigation panel"); const navPanel = document.getElementById('nav-panel'); navPanel.classList.toggle('hidden'); debugLog("Quiz navigation panel toggled"); } catch (e) { console.error("Error toggling quiz navigation panel:", e); debugLog("Failed to toggle quiz navigation panel: " + e.message); } } // Toggle results navigation panel function toggleResultsNavPanel() { try { debugLog("Toggling results navigation panel"); const resultsNavPanel = document.getElementById('results-nav-panel'); resultsNavPanel.classList.toggle('hidden'); if (!resultsNavPanel.classList.contains('hidden')) { updateResultsNavPanel(); } debugLog("Results navigation panel toggled"); } catch (e) { console.error("Error toggling results navigation panel:", e); debugLog("Failed to toggle results navigation panel: " + e.message); } } // Handle result navigation click function handleResultNavClick(index) { try { debugLog(`Navigating to result for question ${index + 1} via nav panel`); showResults(index); toggleResultsNavPanel(); } catch (e) { console.error("Error handling result navigation click:", e); debugLog("Failed to navigate to result: " + e.message); } } // Show submit modal function showSubmitModal() { try { debugLog("Showing submit modal"); const attempted = answers.filter(a => a !== null).length; document.getElementById('attempted-count').textContent = attempted; document.getElementById('unattempted-count').textContent = questions.length - attempted; document.getElementById('submit-modal').classList.remove('hidden'); debugLog("Submit modal displayed"); } catch (e) { console.error("Error showing submit modal:", e); debugLog("Failed to show submit modal: " + e.message); } } // Close submit modal function closeSubmitModal() { try { debugLog("Closing submit modal"); document.getElementById('submit-modal').classList.add('hidden'); debugLog("Submit modal closed"); } catch (e) { console.error("Error closing submit modal:", e); debugLog("Failed to close submit modal: " + e.message); } } // Close exit modal function closeExitModal() { try { debugLog("Closing exit modal"); document.getElementById('exit-modal').classList.add('hidden'); debugLog("Exit modal closed"); } catch (e) { console.error("Error closing exit modal:", e); debugLog("Failed to close exit modal: " + e.message); } } // Submit test function submitTest() { try { debugLog("Submitting test"); clearInterval(timerInterval); document.getElementById('quiz').classList.add('hidden'); document.getElementById('submit-modal').classList.add('hidden'); document.getElementById('results').classList.remove('hidden'); showResults(0); // Start with first question // Trigger confetti animation confetti({ particleCount: 100, spread: 70, origin: { y: 0.6 } }); localStorage.removeItem(`quiz_${quizId}`); debugLog("Test submitted successfully"); } catch (e) { console.error("Error submitting test:", e); debugLog("Failed to submit test: " + e.message); } } // Show result for a single question function showResults(index) { try { debugLog(`Showing result for question ${index + 1}`); currentResultQuestion = index; let correct = 0, wrong = 0, unanswered = 0, marked = 0; answers.forEach((answer, i) => { const isCorrect = answer && questions[i].options.find(opt => opt.label === answer)?.correct; if (answer === null) unanswered++; else if (isCorrect) correct++; else wrong++; if (markedForReview[i]) marked++; }); const q = questions[index]; if (!q) { throw new Error(`Question ${index} is undefined`); } const userAnswer = answers[index]; const isCorrect = userAnswer && q.options.find(opt => opt.label === userAnswer)?.correct; const resultsContent = document.getElementById('results-content'); resultsContent.innerHTML = ` <div class="border p-4 rounded-lg ${isCorrect ? 'bg-green-50' : userAnswer ? 'bg-red-50' : 'bg-gray-50'}"> <p class="font-semibold">Question ${index + 1}: ${q.text || 'No question text'}</p> ${q.question_images && q.question_images.length > 0 ? q.question_images.map(url => `<img src="${url}" alt="Question Image" class="max-w-full h-auto rounded-lg my-2">`).join('') : ''} <p><strong>Your Answer:</strong> ${userAnswer ? `${userAnswer}. ${q.options.find(opt => opt.label === userAnswer)?.text || 'Invalid option'}` : 'Unanswered'}</p> <p><strong>Correct Answer:</strong> ${q.correct_answer || 'Unknown'}</p> <div class="mt-2">${q.explanation || 'No explanation available'}</div> ${q.explanation_images && q.explanation_images.length > 0 ? q.explanation_images.map(url => `<img src="${url}" alt="Explanation Image" class="max-w-full h-auto rounded-lg my-2">`).join('') : ''} ${q.video ? ` <button class="play-video bg-blue-500 text-white px-4 py-2 rounded-lg mt-2" onclick="loadVideo(this, '${q.video}', 'video-${index}')" aria-label="Play explanation video for Question ${index + 1}"> Play Video Explanation </button> <div id="video-${index}" class="video-container mt-2"></div> ` : '<p class="text-gray-500 mt-2">No video available</p>'} ${q.audio ? ` <button class="play-audio bg-blue-500 text-white px-4 py-2 rounded-lg mt-2" onclick="loadAudio(this, '${q.audio}', 'audio-${index}')" aria-label="Play audio explanation for Question ${index + 1}"> Play Audio Explanation </button> <div id="audio-${index}" class="audio-container mt-2"></div> ` : ''} </div> `; document.getElementById('correct-count').textContent = correct; document.getElementById('wrong-count').textContent = wrong; document.getElementById('unanswered-count').textContent = unanswered; document.getElementById('marked-count').textContent = marked; document.getElementById('result-question-number').innerHTML = `Question <span>${index + 1}</span> of ${questions.length}`; document.getElementById('prev-result').disabled = index === 0; document.getElementById('next-result').disabled = index === questions.length - 1; updateResultsNavPanel(); window.scrollTo({ top: 0, behavior: 'smooth' }); debugLog(`Result for question ${index + 1} displayed successfully`); } catch (e) { console.error("Error displaying result:", e); debugLog("Failed to display result: " + e.message); } } // Navigate to previous result function showPreviousResult() { try { debugLog(`Navigating to previous result from question ${currentResultQuestion + 1}`); if (currentResultQuestion > 0) { showResults(currentResultQuestion - 1); } } catch (e) { console.error("Error navigating to previous result:", e); debugLog("Failed to navigate to previous result: " + e.message); } } // Navigate to next result function showNextResult() { try { debugLog(`Navigating to next result from question ${currentResultQuestion + 1}`); if (currentResultQuestion < questions.length - 1) { showResults(currentResultQuestion + 1); } } catch (e) { console.error("Error navigating to next result:", e); debugLog("Failed to navigate to next result: " + e.message); } } // Lazy-load video function loadVideo(button, videoUrl, containerId) { try { debugLog(`Loading video for ${containerId}: ${videoUrl}`); if (!videoUrl) { const container = document.getElementById(containerId); container.innerHTML = `<p class="text-gray-500">No video available</p>`; button.remove(); debugLog("No video URL provided"); return; } const container = document.getElementById(containerId); container.innerHTML = ` <div class="video-loading"></div> <video controls class="w-full max-w-[600px] rounded-lg" preload="metadata" aria-label="Video explanation"> <source src="${videoUrl}" type="${videoUrl.endsWith('.m3u8') ? 'application/x-mpegURL' : 'video/mp4'}"> Your browser does not support the video tag. </video> `; container.classList.add('active'); button.remove(); // Initialize HLS.js for .m3u8 videos const video = container.querySelector('video'); if (videoUrl.endsWith('.m3u8') && Hls.isSupported()) { const hls = new Hls(); hls.loadSource(videoUrl); hls.attachMedia(video); hls.on(Hls.Events.ERROR, (event, data) => { console.error("HLS.js error:", data); container.innerHTML = `<p class="text-red-500">Error loading video. <a href="${videoUrl}" target="_blank" aria-label="Open video in new tab">Open video</a></p>`; debugLog("HLS.js error: " + JSON.stringify(data)); }); } else if (videoUrl.endsWith('.m3u8') && video.canPlayType('application/vnd.apple.mpegurl')) { video.src = videoUrl; } // Handle video load errors video.onerror = () => { console.error("Video load error for URL:", videoUrl); container.innerHTML = `<p class="text-red-500">Error loading video. <a href="${videoUrl}" target="_blank" aria-label="Open video in new tab">Open video</a></p>`; debugLog("Video load error for URL: " + videoUrl); }; // Remove loading spinner when video is ready video.onloadedmetadata = () => { container.querySelector('.video-loading').remove(); debugLog("Video loaded successfully"); }; } catch (e) { console.error("Error loading video:", e); debugLog("Failed to load video: " + e.message); const container = document.getElementById(containerId); container.innerHTML = `<p class="text-red-500">Error loading video. <a href="${videoUrl}" target="_blank" aria-label="Open video in new tab">Open video</a></p>`; } } // Lazy-load audio function loadAudio(button, audioUrl, containerId) { try { debugLog(`Loading audio for ${containerId}: ${audioUrl}`); if (!audioUrl) { const container = document.getElementById(containerId); container.innerHTML = `<p class="text-gray-500">No audio available</p>`; button.remove(); debugLog("No audio URL provided"); return; } const container = document.getElementById(containerId); container.innerHTML = ` <audio controls class="w-full max-w-[600px]" preload="metadata" aria-label="Audio explanation"> <source src="${audioUrl}" type="audio/mpeg"> Your browser does not support the audio tag. </audio> `; container.classList.add('active'); button.remove(); // Handle audio load errors const audio = container.querySelector('audio'); audio.onerror = () => { console.error("Audio load error for URL:", audioUrl); container.innerHTML = `<p class="text-red-500">Error loading audio. <a href="${audioUrl}" target="_blank" aria-label="Open audio in new tab">Open audio</a></p>`; debugLog("Audio load error for URL: " + audioUrl); }; debugLog("Audio loaded successfully"); } catch (e) { console.error("Error loading audio:", e); debugLog("Failed to load audio: " + e.message); const container = document.getElementById(containerId); container.innerHTML = `<p class="text-red-500">Error loading audio. <a href="${audioUrl}" target="_blank" aria-label="Open audio in new tab">Open audio</a></p>`; } } // Toggle dark mode function toggleTheme() { try { debugLog("Toggling theme"); document.documentElement.classList.toggle('dark'); localStorage.setItem('theme', document.documentElement.classList.contains('dark') ? 'dark' : 'light'); debugLog("Theme toggled successfully"); } catch (e) { console.error("Error toggling theme:", e); debugLog("Failed to toggle theme: " + e.message); } } // Load theme preference function loadTheme() { try { debugLog("Loading theme preference"); const theme = localStorage.getItem('theme'); if (theme === 'dark') { document.documentElement.classList.add('dark'); } debugLog("Theme loaded successfully"); } catch (e) { console.error("Error loading theme:", e); debugLog("Failed to load theme: " + e.message); } } // Initialize on DOM content loaded window.addEventListener('DOMContentLoaded', () => { try { debugLog("DOM content loaded, initializing quiz"); loadTheme(); initQuiz(); } catch (e) { console.error("Error during DOMContentLoaded:", e); debugLog("Failed to initialize on DOMContentLoaded: " + e.message); document.getElementById('error-message').innerHTML = "Error initializing quiz. Please check the console for details or contact support."; document.getElementById('error-message').classList.remove('hidden'); } }); </script> </body> </html>" frameborder="0" width="100%" height="2000px">
<div class="bg-white rounded-lg shadow-md p-4 md:p-6"> <h2 class="text-xl font-semibold mb-4">Instructions</h2> <h4 class="text-gray-800 text-lg font-semibold mt-6 mb-4">Test Features:</h4> <ul class="space-y-3"> <li class="flex items-center gap-3"> <i class="fa-solid fa-circle-check text-green-500"></i> Multiple choice questions with single correct answers </li> <li class="flex items-center gap-3"> <i class="fa-solid fa-circle-check text-green-500"></i> Timer-based testing for realistic exam conditions </li> <li class="flex items-center gap-3"> <i class="fa-solid fa-circle-check text-green-500"></i> Mark questions for review functionality </li> <li class="flex items-center gap-3"> <i class="fa-solid fa-circle-check text-green-500"></i> Comprehensive results and performance analysis </li> <li class="flex items-center gap-3"> <i class="fa-solid fa-circle-check text-green-500"></i> Mobile-optimized interface for learning on-the-go </li> </ul> <div class="mt-6 flex space-x-4 button-group md:flex-row flex-col"> <button class="bg-[#2c5281] text-white px-6 py-2 rounded-lg hover:bg-[#2c5281] transition" id="start-test">Start Test</button> </div> <div class="error-message hidden" id="error-message"></div> </div> </section> <!-- Quiz Section --> <section class="container mx-auto px-4 md:px-6 pt-4 md:pt-6 pb-1 hidden section-transition" id="quiz"> <div class="bg-white rounded-lg shadow-md p-4 md:p-6"> <!-- Progress Bar --> <div class="w-full bg-gray-200 rounded-full h-3 mb-4"> <div class="progress-bar h-3 rounded-full" id="progress-bar" style="width: 0%"></div> </div> <!-- Question Header --> <div class="flex flex-col md:flex-row justify-between items-center mb-4"> <h2 class="text-lg font-semibold" id="question-number">Question <span>1</span> of 4</h2> <p class="text-lg font-semibold mt-2 md:mt-0" id="timer">Time Remaining: <span>00:00</span></p> </div> <!-- Question Content --> <div class="mb-6" id="question-content"> <p class="text-gray-800 mb-4" id="question-text"></p> <div class="flex flex-wrap gap-4 mb-4" id="question-images"></div> <div class="space-y-3" id="options"></div> </div> <!-- Navigation Buttons --> <div class="flex flex-col md:flex-row justify-between items-center gap-2 md:gap-4"> <div class="flex gap-2 w-full md:w-auto"> <button class="bg-[#2c5281] text-white px-4 py-3 w-full md:w-32 h-14 rounded-lg hover:bg-[#2c5281] transition" disabled="" id="previous-btn">Previous</button> <button class="bg-[#2c5281] text-white px-4 py-3 w-full md:w-32 h-14 rounded-lg hover:bg-[#2c5281] transition" id="next-btn">Next</button> </div> <div class="flex items-center gap-2"> <button class="bg-transparent text-gray-700 px-4 py-2 rounded-lg hover:bg-gray-100 transition flex items-center gap-1" id="mark-review"> Review <svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" class="h-5 w-5" viewBox="0 0 20 20" fill="currentColor"> <path d="M10 2a1 1 0 00-1 1v14l3.293-3.293a1 1 0 011.414 0L17 17V3a1 1 0 00-1-1H10z" /> </svg> </button> <button class="bg-transparent text-gray-700 px-4 py-2 rounded-lg hover:bg-gray-100 transition flex items-center gap-1" id="nav-toggle"> Question 🧭 </button> <button class="bg-green-500 text-white px-6 py-3 w-44 h-14 rounded-lg hover:bg-green-600 transition w-full md:w-auto" id="submit-test">Submit Test</button> </div> </div> </section> <!-- Results Section --> <section class="container mx-auto px-4 md:px-6 pt-4 md:pt-6 pb-1 hidden section-transition" id="results"> <div class="bg-white rounded-lg shadow-md p-4 md:p-6"> <h2 class="text-2xl font-semibold mb-4">Anaesthesia Machine - Results</h2> <div class="grid grid-cols-1 md:grid-cols-2 gap-4 mb-6"> <p><strong>Correct:</strong> <span id="correct-count" class="text-[#000000]">0</span></p> <p><strong>Wrong:</strong> <span id="wrong-count" class="text-[#000000]">0</span></p> <p><strong>Unanswered:</strong> <span id="unanswered-count" class="text-[#000000]-500">0</span></p> <p><strong>Marked for Review:</strong> <span id="marked-count" class="text-[#000000]">0</span></p> </div> <h3 class="text-lg font-semibold mb-4" id="result-question-number">Question <span>1</span> of 4</h3> <div class="space-y-6" id="results-content"></div> <div class="result-nav"> <button aria-label="Previous question result" class="result-nav-btn bg-[#2c5281] text-white px-6 py-2 rounded-lg hover:bg-[#2c5281] transition" disabled="" id="prev-result">Previous</button> <button aria-label="Toggle results navigation panel" class="result-nav-btn bg-[#2c5281] text-white px-6 py-2 rounded-lg hover:bg-[#2c5281] transition" id="results-nav-toggle">Result 🧭</button> <button aria-label="Next question result" class="result-nav-btn bg-[#2c5281] text-white px-6 py-2 rounded-lg hover:bg-[#2c5281] transition" id="next-result">Next</button> </div> <div class="mt-6 flex space-x-4 button-group md:flex-row flex-col"> <button class="bg-green-500 text-white px-6 py-2 rounded-lg hover:bg-green-600 transition" id="take-again">Take Again</button> </div> </div> </section> <!-- Exit Confirmation Modal --> <div class="fixed inset-0 bg-black bg-opacity-50 flex items-center justify-center hidden" id="exit-modal"> <div class="bg-white rounded-lg p-6 max-w-sm w-full"> <h2 class="text-xl font-semibold mb-4">Leave Test?</h2> <p class="text-gray-700 mb-4">Your progress will be lost if you leave this page. Are you sure you want to exit?</p> <div class="flex justify-end space-x-4"> <button class="bg-gray-300 text-gray-700 px-4 py-2 rounded-lg hover:bg-gray-400 transition" id="continue-test">No, Continue</button> <button class="bg-red-500 text-white px-4 py-2 rounded-lg hover:bg-red-600 transition" id="exit-test">Yes, Exit</button> </div> </div> </div> <!-- Submit Confirmation Modal --> <div class="fixed inset-0 bg-black bg-opacity-50 flex items-center justify-center hidden" id="submit-modal"> <div class="bg-white rounded-lg p-6 max-w-sm w-full"> <h2 class="text-xl font-semibold mb-4">Confirm Submission</h2> <p class="text-gray-700 mb-2">You have attempted <span id="attempted-count">0</span> of 15 questions.</p> <p class="text-gray-700 mb-4"><span id="unattempted-count">0</span> questions are unattempted.</p> <div class="flex justify-end space-x-4"> <button class="bg-gray-300 text-gray-700 px-4 py-2 rounded-lg hover:bg-gray-400 transition" id="cancel-submit">Cancel</button> <button class="bg-green-500 text-white px-4 py-2 rounded-lg hover:bg-green-600 transition" id="confirm-submit">Submit Test</button> </div> </div> </div> <!-- Quiz Navigation Panel --> <div class="fixed inset-y-0 right-0 nav-panel bg-white shadow-lg p-4 hidden overflow-y-auto" id="nav-panel"> <h2 class="text-lg font-semibold mb-4">Questions Navigation</h2> <div class="mb-4"> <select class="w-full p-2 border rounded-lg text-gray-700" id="nav-filter"> <option value="all">All Questions</option> <option value="answered">Answered</option> <option value="unanswered">Unanswered</option> <option value="marked">Marked for Review</option> </select> </div> <div class="grid grid-cols-5 gap-2 md:gap-3" id="nav-grid"></div> <button class="mt-4 bg-gray-500 text-white px-4 py-2 rounded-lg hover:bg-gray-600 transition w-full" id="close-nav">Close</button> </div> <!-- Results Navigation Panel --> <div class="fixed inset-y-0 right-0 results-nav-panel bg-white shadow-lg p-4 hidden overflow-y-auto" id="results-nav-panel"> <h2 class="text-lg font-semibold mb-4">Results Navigation</h2> <div class="mb-4"> <select class="w-full p-2 border rounded-lg text-gray-700" id="results-nav-filter"> <option value="all">All Questions</option> <option value="answered">Answered</option> <option value="unanswered">Unanswered</option> <option value="marked">Marked for Review</option> </select> </div> <div class="grid grid-cols-5 gap-2 md:gap-3" id="results-nav-grid"></div> <button class="mt-4 bg-gray-500 text-white px-4 py-2 rounded-lg hover:bg-gray-600 transition w-full" id="close-results-nav">Close</button> </div> <!-- JavaScript Logic --> <script> // Enable debug mode for detailed logging const DEBUG_MODE = true; // Log debug messages function debugLog(message) { if (DEBUG_MODE) { console.log(`[DEBUG] ${message}`); } } // Initialize questions with error handling let questions = []; let currentResultQuestion = 0; // State for current question in results try { debugLog("Attempting to parse questions_json"); questions = [{"text": "A patient presents with xanthomas on the Achilles tendon. Which of the following is the most likely diagnosis?", "options": [{"label": "A", "text": "Familial hypercholesterolemia", "correct": true}, {"label": "B", "text": "Tangier disease", "correct": false}, {"label": "C", "text": "Familial hyperchylomicronemia", "correct": false}, {"label": "D", "text": "Type III hyperlipoproteinemia", "correct": false}], "correct_answer": "A. Familial hypercholesterolemia", "question_images": [], "explanation_images": ["https://image.prepladder.com/content/PBj7YaR6ErNYLB7Z4p7C1724848586.png", "https://image.prepladder.com/content/mL2zGMXSXQxhr4YbtylK1724848601.png", "https://image.prepladder.com/content/ddqPY8ZARbEbZltn1hLe1724848611.png"], "explanation": "<p>Correct Option A - Familial hyperch\n\n<p style='font-size: 10px; color: #808080; font-style: italic;'>@dams_new_robot</p>", "bot": "@dams_new_robot", "audio": "", "video": ""}, {"text": "A patient presents to the emergency room with severe abdominal pain, and serum triglyceride levels are 1500 mg/dL. What is the most likely underlying defect?", "options": [{"label": "A", "text": "Apo B-48 defect", "correct": false}, {"label": "B", "text": "Apo B-100 defect", "correct": false}, {"label": "C", "text": "Apo C-II defect", "correct": true}, {"label": "D", "text": "LDL receptor defect", "correct": false}], "correct_answer": "C. Apo C-II defect", "question_images": [], "explanation_images": [], "explanation": "<p>Correct Option C - Apo C-II\n\n<p style='font-size: 10px; color: #808080; font-style: italic;'>@dams_new_robot</p>", "bot": "@dams_new_robot", "audio": "", "video": ""}, {"text": "A patient with multiple tendon xanthomas is found to have a serum cholesterol level of 398 mg/dL and an LDL level of 220 mg/dL. What is the most likely defect?", "options": [{"label": "A", "text": "Lipoprotein lipase deficiency", "correct": false}, {"label": "B", "text": "LDL receptor defect", "correct": true}, {"label": "C", "text": "Defective Apo B-100", "correct": false}, {"label": "D", "text": "PCSK9 gain-of-function mutation", "correct": false}], "correct_answer": "B. LDL receptor defect", "question_images": [], "explanation_images": [], "explanation": "<p>Correct Option B - LDL &lt;span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"9e4959f6f316927771978bb152d440\"&gt;receptor&lt;/span&g\n\n<p style='font-size: 10px; color: #808080; font-style: italic;'>@dams_new_robot</p>", "bot": "@dams_new_robot", "audio": "", "video": ""}, {"text": "Which gene defect causes familial hypercholesterolemia?", "options": [{"label": "A", "text": "Apo E", "correct": false}, {"label": "B", "text": "Apo C II", "correct": false}, {"label": "C", "text": "LDL receptor", "correct": true}, {"label": "D", "text": "Apo B48", "correct": false}], "correct_answer": "C. LDL receptor", "question_images": [], "explanation_images": [], "explanation": "<p>Correct Option C - &lt;span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"4e4438ab5c16927771919ca536a59f\"&gt;LDL&lt;/span&g\n\n<p style='font-size: 10px; color: #808080; font-style: italic;'>@dams_new_robot</p>", "bot": "@dams_new_robot", "audio": "", "video": ""}, {"text": "Hormone-sensitive lipase is activated by all of the following EXCEPT?", "options": [{"label": "A", "text": "Glucagon", "correct": false}, {"label": "B", "text": "Epinephrine", "correct": false}, {"label": "C", "text": "ACTH", "correct": false}, {"label": "D", "text": "Insulin", "correct": true}], "correct_answer": "D. Insulin", "question_images": [], "explanation_images": ["https://image.prepladder.com/content/8hqxC6T82aBjPCEcgsm41746172136.png"], "explanation": "<p>Correct Option D) Insu\n\n\n<p style='font-size: 10px; color: #808080; font-style: italic;'>@dams_new_robot</p>", "bot": "@dams_new_robot", "audio": "", "video": ""}, {"text": "A patient presented with reduced levels of high-density lipoprotein and an ABCA1 mutation. On examination, tonsils appeared as shown in the image. What is the diagnosis?", "options": [{"label": "A", "text": "Tangier's disease", "correct": true}, {"label": "B", "text": "Abetalipoproteinemia", "correct": false}, {"label": "C", "text": "Hyperlipoproteinemia", "correct": false}, {"label": "D", "text": "Wolman's disease", "correct": false}], "correct_answer": "A. Tangier's disease", "question_images": ["https://image.prepladder.com/notes/2GyX8L4W1ir8DcLSbcnF1745323479.png"], "explanation_images": [], "explanation": "\n\n<p style='font-size: 10px; color: #808080; font-style: italic;'>@dams_new_robot</p>", "bot": "@dams_new_robot", "audio": "", "video": ""}, {"text": "What is the primary source of reducing equivalents for liver fatty acid synthesis?", "options": [{"label": "A", "text": "Hexose monophosphate shunt pathway", "correct": true}, {"label": "B", "text": "Glycolysis", "correct": false}, {"label": "C", "text": "Tricarboxylic acid cycle", "correct": false}, {"label": "D", "text": "Uronic acid pathway", "correct": false}], "correct_answer": "A. Hexose monophosphate shunt pathway", "question_images": [], "explanation_images": ["https://image.prepladder.com/content/qEFeikvgkL9TZoTAht4B1745841482.png"], "explanation": "\n\n<p style='font-size: 10px; color: #808080; font-style: italic;'>@dams_new_robot</p>", "bot": "@dams_new_robot", "audio": "", "video": ""}, {"text": "Which of the cycles listed below is absent in muscle tissue?", "options": [{"label": "A", "text": "Glycogenolysis", "correct": false}, {"label": "B", "text": "Ketogenesis", "correct": true}, {"label": "C", "text": "Glycogenesis", "correct": false}, {"label": "D", "text": "Lipolysis", "correct": false}], "correct_answer": "B. Ketogenesis", "question_images": [], "explanation_images": [], "explanation": "\n\n<p style='font-size: 10px; color: #808080; font-style: italic;'>@dams_new_robot</p>", "bot": "@dams_new_robot", "audio": "", "video": ""}, {"text": "What is the primary source of cholesterol synthesis?", "options": [{"label": "A", "text": "Malonyl-CoA", "correct": false}, {"label": "B", "text": "Pyruvate", "correct": false}, {"label": "C", "text": "Oxaloacetate", "correct": false}, {"label": "D", "text": "Acetyl-CoA", "correct": true}], "correct_answer": "D. Acetyl-CoA", "question_images": [], "explanation_images": ["https://image.prepladder.com/notes/gFT6JP9sdwZ8rDuqTFEQ1748236611.png"], "explanation": "\n\n<p style='font-size: 10px; color: #808080; font-style: italic;'>@dams_new_robot</p>", "bot": "@dams_new_robot", "audio": "", "video": ""}, {"text": "Enzyme deficient in Gaucher disease :", "options": [{"label": "A", "text": "Betagalacto cerebrosidase", "correct": false}, {"label": "B", "text": "Glucose-6-phosphate", "correct": false}, {"label": "C", "text": "Betaglucocerebrosidase", "correct": true}, {"label": "D", "text": "Alpha glucocerebrosidase", "correct": false}], "correct_answer": "C. Betaglucocerebrosidase", "question_images": [], "explanation_images": ["https://image.prepladder.com/content/DbUPGoW6CfiU5QQMuAm51746015342.png"], "explanation": "\n\n<p style='font-size: 10px; color: #808080; font-style: italic;'>@dams_new_robot</p>", "bot": "@dams_new_robot", "audio": "", "video": ""}, {"text": "A 5-year-old girl was brought to the outpatient department by her mother saying she noted some abnormality in her genital area. On examination, there was the presence of pubic and axillary hair. Which of the following is the least likely diagnosis?", "options": [{"label": "A", "text": "17-hydroxylase deficiency", "correct": false}, {"label": "B", "text": "21-hydroxylase deficiency", "correct": true}, {"label": "C", "text": "11 B-hydroxylase deficiency", "correct": false}, {"label": "D", "text": "3 beta hydroxy steroid dehydrogenase deficiency", "correct": false}], "correct_answer": "B. 21-hydroxylase deficiency", "question_images": [], "explanation_images": [], "explanation": "<table cellspacing=\"0\" style=\"border-collapse:collapse; width:NaN\">\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\"> </td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Ambiguous <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"a6a00bd30e169277718892b3a6076c\">genitalia</span> in female</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Under <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"6f0308f1301692777202568e634059\">virilization</span> in Males</strong></p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>With <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"a32272481a1692777198059baa2fd8\">salt wasting</span> &amp;</strong></p>\n<p><strong>Hyperkalemia</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>21 <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"0b592280091692777189e27f90a885\">hydroxylase</span> deficiency</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>3 <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"806eb8418c16927771822855b56695\">beta</span> <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"147defe59f16927771894a7addb83d\">hydroxy</span> <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"a48ce797cd1692777199efc43b3e4c\">steroid</span> <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"0d1ed86c771692777185d6b762efd5\">dehydrogenase</span> deficiency</p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>With Hypertension</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>11 <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"806eb8418c16927771822855b56695\">Beta</span> <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"0b592280091692777189e27f90a885\">hydroxylase</span> deficiency</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>17- <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"0b592280091692777189e27f90a885\">hydroxylase</span> deficiency</p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n</tbody>\n\n\n<p style='font-size: 10px; color: #808080; font-style: italic;'>@dams_new_robot</p>", "bot": "@dams_new_robot", "audio": "", "video": ""}, {"text": "Insulin inhibits which of the following lipase enzymes?", "options": [{"label": "A", "text": "Lipoprotein lipase", "correct": false}, {"label": "B", "text": "Pancreatic lipase", "correct": false}, {"label": "C", "text": "Gastric lipase", "correct": false}, {"label": "D", "text": "Hormone sensitive lipase", "correct": true}], "correct_answer": "D. Hormone sensitive lipase", "question_images": [], "explanation_images": ["https://image.prepladder.com/notes/tSzfjcU9h0K8nMiRIcyt1745391391.png"], "explanation": "\n\n\n<p style='font-size: 10px; color: #808080; font-style: italic;'>@dams_new_robot</p>", "bot": "@dams_new_robot", "audio": "", "video": ""}, {"text": "Which of the following tests will be positive in the urine of a patient who has undergone prolonged starvation?", "options": [{"label": "A", "text": "1 and 3", "correct": false}, {"label": "B", "text": "Only 3", "correct": true}, {"label": "C", "text": "1, 2 and 3", "correct": false}, {"label": "D", "text": "1 and 2", "correct": false}], "correct_answer": "B. Only 3", "question_images": ["https://image.prepladder.com/notes/nmPAOfJ5VxcWMKor53C71747060745.png"], "explanation_images": ["https://image.prepladder.com/notes/3j8ViepL8zn3ZikaT9Ud1747060878.png"], "explanation": "\n\n\n<p style='font-size: 10px; color: #808080; font-style: italic;'>@dams_new_robot</p>", "bot": "@dams_new_robot", "audio": "", "video": ""}, {"text": "The enzyme that is not used in cholesterol synthesis is:", "options": [{"label": "A", "text": "Thiolase", "correct": false}, {"label": "B", "text": "HMG CoA reductase", "correct": false}, {"label": "C", "text": "HMG CoA synthase", "correct": false}, {"label": "D", "text": "HMG CoA lyase", "correct": true}], "correct_answer": "D. HMG CoA lyase", "question_images": [], "explanation_images": [], "explanation": "\n\n<p style='font-size: 10px; color: #808080; font-style: italic;'>@dams_new_robot</p>", "bot": "@dams_new_robot", "audio": "", "video": ""}, {"text": "The process of apolipoprotein B48 synthesis involves which of the following?", "options": [{"label": "A", "text": "RNA alternate splicing", "correct": false}, {"label": "B", "text": "RNA editing", "correct": true}, {"label": "C", "text": "DNA editing", "correct": false}, {"label": "D", "text": "RNA interference", "correct": false}], "correct_answer": "B. RNA editing", "question_images": [], "explanation_images": [], "explanation": "\n\n<p style='font-size: 10px; color: #808080; font-style: italic;'>@dams_new_robot</p>", "bot": "@dams_new_robot", "audio": "", "video": ""}]; if (!Array.isArray(questions) || questions.length === 0) { throw new Error("Questions data is empty or invalid"); } debugLog(`Successfully parsed ${questions.length} questions`); } catch (e) { console.error("Failed to parse questions_json:", e); document.getElementById('error-message').innerHTML = "Error loading quiz data. Please check the console for details or contact support."; document.getElementById('error-message').classList.remove('hidden'); document.getElementById('start-test').disabled = true; // Fallback to sample questions for testing questions = [ { text: "What is 2 + 2?", options: [ { label: "A", text: "3", correct: false }, { label: "B", text: "4", correct: true }, { label: "C", text: "5", correct: false }, { label: "D", text: "6", correct: false } ], correct_answer: "B. 4", question_images: [], explanation_images: [], explanation: "<p>2 + 2 = 4</p><p>@dams_new_robot</p>", bot: "@dams_new_robot", audio: "", video: "" } ]; debugLog("Loaded fallback questions"); } // Quiz state let currentQuestion = 0; let answers = new Array(questions.length).fill(null); let markedForReview = new Array(questions.length).fill(false); let timeRemaining = 25 * 60; // Duration in seconds let timerInterval = null; const quizId = `{title.replace(/\s+/g, '_').toLowerCase()}`; // Unique ID for local storage // Load saved progress function loadProgress() { try { debugLog("Loading progress from localStorage"); const saved = localStorage.getItem(`quiz_${quizId}`); if (saved) { const { savedAnswers, savedMarked, savedTime } = JSON.parse(saved); answers = savedAnswers || answers; markedForReview = savedMarked || markedForReview; timeRemaining = savedTime !== undefined ? savedTime : timeRemaining; debugLog("Progress loaded successfully"); } else { debugLog("No saved progress found"); } } catch (e) { console.error("Error loading progress:", e); debugLog("Failed to load progress: " + e.message); } } // Save progress function saveProgress() { try { debugLog("Saving progress to localStorage"); localStorage.setItem(`quiz_${quizId}`, JSON.stringify({ savedAnswers: answers, savedMarked: markedForReview, savedTime: timeRemaining })); debugLog("Progress saved successfully"); } catch (e) { console.error("Error saving progress:", e); debugLog("Failed to save progress: " + e.message); } } // Initialize quiz function initQuiz() { try { debugLog("Initializing quiz"); loadProgress(); const startButton = document.getElementById('start-test'); if (!startButton) { throw new Error("Start test button not found"); } startButton.addEventListener('click', startQuiz); debugLog("Start test button listener attached"); document.getElementById('previous-btn').addEventListener('click', showPreviousQuestion); document.getElementById('next-btn').addEventListener('click', showNextQuestion); document.getElementById('mark-review').addEventListener('click', toggleMarkForReview); document.getElementById('nav-toggle').addEventListener('click', toggleNavPanel); document.getElementById('submit-test').addEventListener('click', showSubmitModal); document.getElementById('continue-test').addEventListener('click', closeExitModal); document.getElementById('exit-test').addEventListener('click', () => { debugLog("Exiting test"); localStorage.removeItem(`quiz_${quizId}`); window.location.reload(); }); document.getElementById('cancel-submit').addEventListener('click', closeSubmitModal); document.getElementById('confirm-submit').addEventListener('click', submitTest); document.getElementById('take-again').addEventListener('click', () => { debugLog("Restarting test"); localStorage.removeItem(`quiz_${quizId}`); window.location.reload(); }); document.getElementById('review-test').addEventListener('click', () => showResults(currentResultQuestion)); document.getElementById('close-nav').addEventListener('click', toggleNavPanel); document.getElementById('theme-toggle').addEventListener('click', toggleTheme); document.getElementById('nav-filter').addEventListener('change', updateNavPanel); document.getElementById('prev-result').addEventListener('click', showPreviousResult); document.getElementById('next-result').addEventListener('click', showNextResult); document.getElementById('results-nav-toggle').addEventListener('click', toggleResultsNavPanel); document.getElementById('close-results-nav').addEventListener('click', toggleResultsNavPanel); document.getElementById('results-nav-filter').addEventListener('change', updateResultsNavPanel); debugLog("Quiz initialized successfully"); } catch (e) { console.error("Failed to initialize quiz:", e); debugLog("Failed to initialize quiz: " + e.message); document.getElementById('error-message').innerHTML = "Error initializing quiz. Please check the console for details or contact support."; document.getElementById('error-message').classList.remove('hidden'); document.getElementById('start-test').disabled = true; } } // Start quiz function startQuiz() { try { debugLog("Starting quiz"); document.getElementById('instructions').classList.add('hidden'); document.getElementById('quiz').classList.remove('hidden'); showQuestion(currentQuestion); startTimer(); updateNavPanel(); debugLog("Quiz started successfully"); } catch (e) { console.error("Error starting quiz:", e); debugLog("Failed to start quiz: " + e.message); document.getElementById('error-message').innerHTML = "Error starting quiz. Please check the console for details or contact support."; document.getElementById('error-message').classList.remove('hidden'); document.getElementById('quiz').classList.add('hidden'); document.getElementById('instructions').classList.remove('hidden'); } } // Show question function showQuestion(index) { try { debugLog(`Showing question ${index + 1}`); currentQuestion = index; const q = questions[index]; if (!q) { throw new Error(`Question ${index} is undefined`); } document.getElementById('question-number').innerHTML = `Question <span>${index + 1}</span> of ${questions.length}`; document.getElementById('question-text').innerHTML = q.text || "No question text available"; const imagesDiv = document.getElementById('question-images'); imagesDiv.innerHTML = q.question_images && q.question_images.length > 0 ? q.question_images.map(url => `<img src="${url}" alt="Question Image" class="max-w-full h-auto rounded-lg">`).join('') : ''; const optionsDiv = document.getElementById('options'); optionsDiv.innerHTML = q.options && q.options.length > 0 ? q.options.map(opt => ` <button class="option-btn w-full text-left p-3 border rounded-lg ${answers[index] === opt.label ? 'selected' : ''}" onclick="selectOption(${index}, '${opt.label}')" aria-label="Option ${opt.label}: ${opt.text}"> ${opt.label}. ${opt.text} </button> `).join('') : '<p class="text-red-500">No options available</p>'; document.getElementById('previous-btn').disabled = index === 0; document.getElementById('next-btn').disabled = index === questions.length - 1; document.getElementById('mark-review').classList.toggle('marked', markedForReview[index]); updateProgressBar(); saveProgress(); window.scrollTo({ top: 0, behavior: 'smooth' }); debugLog(`Question ${index + 1} displayed successfully`); } catch (e) { console.error("Error displaying question:", e); debugLog("Failed to display question: " + e.message); } } // Select option function selectOption(index, label) { try { debugLog(`Selecting option ${label} for question ${index + 1}`); answers[index] = label; const optionsDiv = document.getElementById('options'); const optionButtons = optionsDiv.querySelectorAll('.option-btn'); optionButtons.forEach(btn => { const btnLabel = btn.textContent.trim().split('.')[0]; btn.classList.toggle('selected', btnLabel === label); }); updateNavPanel(); saveProgress(); debugLog(`Option ${label} selected for question ${index + 1}`); } catch (e) { console.error("Error selecting option:", e); debugLog("Failed to select option: " + e.message); } } // Toggle mark for review function toggleMarkForReview() { try { debugLog(`Toggling mark for review on question ${currentQuestion + 1}`); markedForReview[currentQuestion] = !markedForReview[currentQuestion]; document.getElementById('mark-review').classList.toggle('marked', markedForReview[currentQuestion]); updateNavPanel(); saveProgress(); debugLog(`Mark for review toggled for question ${currentQuestion + 1}`); } catch (e) { console.error("Error marking for review:", e); debugLog("Failed to mark for review: " + e.message); } } // Navigate to previous question function showPreviousQuestion() { try { debugLog(`Navigating to previous question from ${currentQuestion + 1}`); if (currentQuestion > 0) { currentQuestion--; showQuestion(currentQuestion); } } catch (e) { console.error("Error navigating to previous question:", e); debugLog("Failed to navigate to previous question: " + e.message); } } // Navigate to next question function showNextQuestion() { try { debugLog(`Navigating to next question from ${currentQuestion + 1}`); if (currentQuestion < questions.length - 1) { currentQuestion++; showQuestion(currentQuestion); } } catch (e) { console.error("Error navigating to next question:", e); debugLog("Failed to navigate to next question: " + e.message); } } // Handle question navigation click function handleQuestionNavClick(index) { try { debugLog(`Navigating to question ${index + 1} via nav panel`); showQuestion(index); toggleNavPanel(); } catch (e) { console.error("Error handling navigation click:", e); debugLog("Failed to navigate via nav panel: " + e.message); } } // Start timer function startTimer() { try { debugLog("Starting timer"); timerInterval = setInterval(() => { if (timeRemaining <= 0) { debugLog("Timer expired, submitting test"); clearInterval(timerInterval); submitTest(); } else { timeRemaining--; const minutes = Math.floor(timeRemaining / 60); const seconds = timeRemaining % 60; document.getElementById('timer').innerHTML = `Time Remaining: <span>${minutes.toString().padStart(2, '0')}:${seconds.toString().padStart(2, '0')}</span>`; saveProgress(); } }, 1000); debugLog("Timer started successfully"); } catch (e) { console.error("Error starting timer:", e); debugLog("Failed to start timer: " + e.message); } } // Update progress bar function updateProgressBar() { try { debugLog("Updating progress bar"); const progress = ((currentQuestion + 1) / questions.length) * 100; document.getElementById('progress-bar').style.width = `${progress}%`; debugLog("Progress bar updated"); } catch (e) { console.error("Error updating progress bar:", e); debugLog("Failed to update progress bar: " + e.message); } } // Update quiz navigation panel function updateNavPanel() { try { debugLog("Updating quiz navigation panel"); const filter = document.getElementById('nav-filter').value; const navGrid = document.getElementById('nav-grid'); navGrid.innerHTML = questions.map((_, i) => { if (filter === 'answered' && !answers[i]) return ''; if (filter === 'unanswered' && answers[i]) return ''; if (filter === 'marked' && !markedForReview[i]) return ''; return ` <button class="question-nav-btn ${answers[i] ? 'answered' : 'unanswered'} ${markedForReview[i] ? 'marked-nav' : ''}" onclick="handleQuestionNavClick(${i})" aria-label="Go to Question ${i + 1}"> ${i + 1} </button> `; }).join(''); debugLog("Quiz navigation panel updated"); } catch (e) { console.error("Error updating quiz navigation panel:", e); debugLog("Failed to update quiz navigation panel: " + e.message); } } // Update results navigation panel function updateResultsNavPanel() { try { debugLog("Updating results navigation panel"); const filter = document.getElementById('results-nav-filter').value; const navGrid = document.getElementById('results-nav-grid'); navGrid.innerHTML = questions.map((_, i) => { if (filter === 'answered' && !answers[i]) return ''; if (filter === 'unanswered' && answers[i]) return ''; if (filter === 'marked' && !markedForReview[i]) return ''; return ` <button class="result-nav-btn-grid ${answers[i] ? 'answered' : 'unanswered'} ${markedForReview[i] ? 'marked-nav' : ''}" onclick="handleResultNavClick(${i})" aria-label="Go to Result for Question ${i + 1}"> ${i + 1} </button> `; }).join(''); debugLog("Results navigation panel updated"); } catch (e) { console.error("Error updating results navigation panel:", e); debugLog("Failed to update results navigation panel: " + e.message); } } // Toggle quiz navigation panel function toggleNavPanel() { try { debugLog("Toggling quiz navigation panel"); const navPanel = document.getElementById('nav-panel'); navPanel.classList.toggle('hidden'); debugLog("Quiz navigation panel toggled"); } catch (e) { console.error("Error toggling quiz navigation panel:", e); debugLog("Failed to toggle quiz navigation panel: " + e.message); } } // Toggle results navigation panel function toggleResultsNavPanel() { try { debugLog("Toggling results navigation panel"); const resultsNavPanel = document.getElementById('results-nav-panel'); resultsNavPanel.classList.toggle('hidden'); if (!resultsNavPanel.classList.contains('hidden')) { updateResultsNavPanel(); } debugLog("Results navigation panel toggled"); } catch (e) { console.error("Error toggling results navigation panel:", e); debugLog("Failed to toggle results navigation panel: " + e.message); } } // Handle result navigation click function handleResultNavClick(index) { try { debugLog(`Navigating to result for question ${index + 1} via nav panel`); showResults(index); toggleResultsNavPanel(); } catch (e) { console.error("Error handling result navigation click:", e); debugLog("Failed to navigate to result: " + e.message); } } // Show submit modal function showSubmitModal() { try { debugLog("Showing submit modal"); const attempted = answers.filter(a => a !== null).length; document.getElementById('attempted-count').textContent = attempted; document.getElementById('unattempted-count').textContent = questions.length - attempted; document.getElementById('submit-modal').classList.remove('hidden'); debugLog("Submit modal displayed"); } catch (e) { console.error("Error showing submit modal:", e); debugLog("Failed to show submit modal: " + e.message); } } // Close submit modal function closeSubmitModal() { try { debugLog("Closing submit modal"); document.getElementById('submit-modal').classList.add('hidden'); debugLog("Submit modal closed"); } catch (e) { console.error("Error closing submit modal:", e); debugLog("Failed to close submit modal: " + e.message); } } // Close exit modal function closeExitModal() { try { debugLog("Closing exit modal"); document.getElementById('exit-modal').classList.add('hidden'); debugLog("Exit modal closed"); } catch (e) { console.error("Error closing exit modal:", e); debugLog("Failed to close exit modal: " + e.message); } } // Submit test function submitTest() { try { debugLog("Submitting test"); clearInterval(timerInterval); document.getElementById('quiz').classList.add('hidden'); document.getElementById('submit-modal').classList.add('hidden'); document.getElementById('results').classList.remove('hidden'); showResults(0); // Start with first question // Trigger confetti animation confetti({ particleCount: 100, spread: 70, origin: { y: 0.6 } }); localStorage.removeItem(`quiz_${quizId}`); debugLog("Test submitted successfully"); } catch (e) { console.error("Error submitting test:", e); debugLog("Failed to submit test: " + e.message); } } // Show result for a single question function showResults(index) { try { debugLog(`Showing result for question ${index + 1}`); currentResultQuestion = index; let correct = 0, wrong = 0, unanswered = 0, marked = 0; answers.forEach((answer, i) => { const isCorrect = answer && questions[i].options.find(opt => opt.label === answer)?.correct; if (answer === null) unanswered++; else if (isCorrect) correct++; else wrong++; if (markedForReview[i]) marked++; }); const q = questions[index]; if (!q) { throw new Error(`Question ${index} is undefined`); } const userAnswer = answers[index]; const isCorrect = userAnswer && q.options.find(opt => opt.label === userAnswer)?.correct; const resultsContent = document.getElementById('results-content'); resultsContent.innerHTML = ` <div class="border p-4 rounded-lg ${isCorrect ? 'bg-green-50' : userAnswer ? 'bg-red-50' : 'bg-gray-50'}"> <p class="font-semibold">Question ${index + 1}: ${q.text || 'No question text'}</p> ${q.question_images && q.question_images.length > 0 ? q.question_images.map(url => `<img src="${url}" alt="Question Image" class="max-w-full h-auto rounded-lg my-2">`).join('') : ''} <p><strong>Your Answer:</strong> ${userAnswer ? `${userAnswer}. ${q.options.find(opt => opt.label === userAnswer)?.text || 'Invalid option'}` : 'Unanswered'}</p> <p><strong>Correct Answer:</strong> ${q.correct_answer || 'Unknown'}</p> <div class="mt-2">${q.explanation || 'No explanation available'}</div> ${q.explanation_images && q.explanation_images.length > 0 ? q.explanation_images.map(url => `<img src="${url}" alt="Explanation Image" class="max-w-full h-auto rounded-lg my-2">`).join('') : ''} ${q.video ? ` <button class="play-video bg-blue-500 text-white px-4 py-2 rounded-lg mt-2" onclick="loadVideo(this, '${q.video}', 'video-${index}')" aria-label="Play explanation video for Question ${index + 1}"> Play Video Explanation </button> <div id="video-${index}" class="video-container mt-2"></div> ` : '<p class="text-gray-500 mt-2">No video available</p>'} ${q.audio ? ` <button class="play-audio bg-blue-500 text-white px-4 py-2 rounded-lg mt-2" onclick="loadAudio(this, '${q.audio}', 'audio-${index}')" aria-label="Play audio explanation for Question ${index + 1}"> Play Audio Explanation </button> <div id="audio-${index}" class="audio-container mt-2"></div> ` : ''} </div> `; document.getElementById('correct-count').textContent = correct; document.getElementById('wrong-count').textContent = wrong; document.getElementById('unanswered-count').textContent = unanswered; document.getElementById('marked-count').textContent = marked; document.getElementById('result-question-number').innerHTML = `Question <span>${index + 1}</span> of ${questions.length}`; document.getElementById('prev-result').disabled = index === 0; document.getElementById('next-result').disabled = index === questions.length - 1; updateResultsNavPanel(); window.scrollTo({ top: 0, behavior: 'smooth' }); debugLog(`Result for question ${index + 1} displayed successfully`); } catch (e) { console.error("Error displaying result:", e); debugLog("Failed to display result: " + e.message); } } // Navigate to previous result function showPreviousResult() { try { debugLog(`Navigating to previous result from question ${currentResultQuestion + 1}`); if (currentResultQuestion > 0) { showResults(currentResultQuestion - 1); } } catch (e) { console.error("Error navigating to previous result:", e); debugLog("Failed to navigate to previous result: " + e.message); } } // Navigate to next result function showNextResult() { try { debugLog(`Navigating to next result from question ${currentResultQuestion + 1}`); if (currentResultQuestion < questions.length - 1) { showResults(currentResultQuestion + 1); } } catch (e) { console.error("Error navigating to next result:", e); debugLog("Failed to navigate to next result: " + e.message); } } // Lazy-load video function loadVideo(button, videoUrl, containerId) { try { debugLog(`Loading video for ${containerId}: ${videoUrl}`); if (!videoUrl) { const container = document.getElementById(containerId); container.innerHTML = `<p class="text-gray-500">No video available</p>`; button.remove(); debugLog("No video URL provided"); return; } const container = document.getElementById(containerId); container.innerHTML = ` <div class="video-loading"></div> <video controls class="w-full max-w-[600px] rounded-lg" preload="metadata" aria-label="Video explanation"> <source src="${videoUrl}" type="${videoUrl.endsWith('.m3u8') ? 'application/x-mpegURL' : 'video/mp4'}"> Your browser does not support the video tag. </video> `; container.classList.add('active'); button.remove(); // Initialize HLS.js for .m3u8 videos const video = container.querySelector('video'); if (videoUrl.endsWith('.m3u8') && Hls.isSupported()) { const hls = new Hls(); hls.loadSource(videoUrl); hls.attachMedia(video); hls.on(Hls.Events.ERROR, (event, data) => { console.error("HLS.js error:", data); container.innerHTML = `<p class="text-red-500">Error loading video. <a href="${videoUrl}" target="_blank" aria-label="Open video in new tab">Open video</a></p>`; debugLog("HLS.js error: " + JSON.stringify(data)); }); } else if (videoUrl.endsWith('.m3u8') && video.canPlayType('application/vnd.apple.mpegurl')) { video.src = videoUrl; } // Handle video load errors video.onerror = () => { console.error("Video load error for URL:", videoUrl); container.innerHTML = `<p class="text-red-500">Error loading video. <a href="${videoUrl}" target="_blank" aria-label="Open video in new tab">Open video</a></p>`; debugLog("Video load error for URL: " + videoUrl); }; // Remove loading spinner when video is ready video.onloadedmetadata = () => { container.querySelector('.video-loading').remove(); debugLog("Video loaded successfully"); }; } catch (e) { console.error("Error loading video:", e); debugLog("Failed to load video: " + e.message); const container = document.getElementById(containerId); container.innerHTML = `<p class="text-red-500">Error loading video. <a href="${videoUrl}" target="_blank" aria-label="Open video in new tab">Open video</a></p>`; } } // Lazy-load audio function loadAudio(button, audioUrl, containerId) { try { debugLog(`Loading audio for ${containerId}: ${audioUrl}`); if (!audioUrl) { const container = document.getElementById(containerId); container.innerHTML = `<p class="text-gray-500">No audio available</p>`; button.remove(); debugLog("No audio URL provided"); return; } const container = document.getElementById(containerId); container.innerHTML = ` <audio controls class="w-full max-w-[600px]" preload="metadata" aria-label="Audio explanation"> <source src="${audioUrl}" type="audio/mpeg"> Your browser does not support the audio tag. </audio> `; container.classList.add('active'); button.remove(); // Handle audio load errors const audio = container.querySelector('audio'); audio.onerror = () => { console.error("Audio load error for URL:", audioUrl); container.innerHTML = `<p class="text-red-500">Error loading audio. <a href="${audioUrl}" target="_blank" aria-label="Open audio in new tab">Open audio</a></p>`; debugLog("Audio load error for URL: " + audioUrl); }; debugLog("Audio loaded successfully"); } catch (e) { console.error("Error loading audio:", e); debugLog("Failed to load audio: " + e.message); const container = document.getElementById(containerId); container.innerHTML = `<p class="text-red-500">Error loading audio. <a href="${audioUrl}" target="_blank" aria-label="Open audio in new tab">Open audio</a></p>`; } } // Toggle dark mode function toggleTheme() { try { debugLog("Toggling theme"); document.documentElement.classList.toggle('dark'); localStorage.setItem('theme', document.documentElement.classList.contains('dark') ? 'dark' : 'light'); debugLog("Theme toggled successfully"); } catch (e) { console.error("Error toggling theme:", e); debugLog("Failed to toggle theme: " + e.message); } } // Load theme preference function loadTheme() { try { debugLog("Loading theme preference"); const theme = localStorage.getItem('theme'); if (theme === 'dark') { document.documentElement.classList.add('dark'); } debugLog("Theme loaded successfully"); } catch (e) { console.error("Error loading theme:", e); debugLog("Failed to load theme: " + e.message); } } // Initialize on DOM content loaded window.addEventListener('DOMContentLoaded', () => { try { debugLog("DOM content loaded, initializing quiz"); loadTheme(); initQuiz(); } catch (e) { console.error("Error during DOMContentLoaded:", e); debugLog("Failed to initialize on DOMContentLoaded: " + e.message); document.getElementById('error-message').innerHTML = "Error initializing quiz. Please check the console for details or contact support."; document.getElementById('error-message').classList.remove('hidden'); } }); </script> </body> </html>" frameborder="0" width="100%" height="2000px">
<div class="bg-white rounded-lg shadow-md p-4 md:p-6"> <h2 class="text-xl font-semibold mb-4">Instructions</h2> <h4 class="text-gray-800 text-lg font-semibold mt-6 mb-4">Test Features:</h4> <ul class="space-y-3"> <li class="flex items-center gap-3"> <i class="fa-solid fa-circle-check text-green-500"></i> Multiple choice questions with single correct answers </li> <li class="flex items-center gap-3"> <i class="fa-solid fa-circle-check text-green-500"></i> Timer-based testing for realistic exam conditions </li> <li class="flex items-center gap-3"> <i class="fa-solid fa-circle-check text-green-500"></i> Mark questions for review functionality </li> <li class="flex items-center gap-3"> <i class="fa-solid fa-circle-check text-green-500"></i> Comprehensive results and performance analysis </li> <li class="flex items-center gap-3"> <i class="fa-solid fa-circle-check text-green-500"></i> Mobile-optimized interface for learning on-the-go </li> </ul> <div class="mt-6 flex space-x-4 button-group md:flex-row flex-col"> <button class="bg-[#2c5281] text-white px-6 py-2 rounded-lg hover:bg-[#2c5281] transition" id="start-test">Start Test</button> </div> <div class="error-message hidden" id="error-message"></div> </div> </section> <!-- Quiz Section --> <section class="container mx-auto px-4 md:px-6 pt-4 md:pt-6 pb-1 hidden section-transition" id="quiz"> <div class="bg-white rounded-lg shadow-md p-4 md:p-6"> <!-- Progress Bar --> <div class="w-full bg-gray-200 rounded-full h-3 mb-4"> <div class="progress-bar h-3 rounded-full" id="progress-bar" style="width: 0%"></div> </div> <!-- Question Header --> <div class="flex flex-col md:flex-row justify-between items-center mb-4"> <h2 class="text-lg font-semibold" id="question-number">Question <span>1</span> of 4</h2> <p class="text-lg font-semibold mt-2 md:mt-0" id="timer">Time Remaining: <span>00:00</span></p> </div> <!-- Question Content --> <div class="mb-6" id="question-content"> <p class="text-gray-800 mb-4" id="question-text"></p> <div class="flex flex-wrap gap-4 mb-4" id="question-images"></div> <div class="space-y-3" id="options"></div> </div> <!-- Navigation Buttons --> <div class="flex flex-col md:flex-row justify-between items-center gap-2 md:gap-4"> <div class="flex gap-2 w-full md:w-auto"> <button class="bg-[#2c5281] text-white px-4 py-3 w-full md:w-32 h-14 rounded-lg hover:bg-[#2c5281] transition" disabled="" id="previous-btn">Previous</button> <button class="bg-[#2c5281] text-white px-4 py-3 w-full md:w-32 h-14 rounded-lg hover:bg-[#2c5281] transition" id="next-btn">Next</button> </div> <div class="flex items-center gap-2"> <button class="bg-transparent text-gray-700 px-4 py-2 rounded-lg hover:bg-gray-100 transition flex items-center gap-1" id="mark-review"> Review <svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" class="h-5 w-5" viewBox="0 0 20 20" fill="currentColor"> <path d="M10 2a1 1 0 00-1 1v14l3.293-3.293a1 1 0 011.414 0L17 17V3a1 1 0 00-1-1H10z" /> </svg> </button> <button class="bg-transparent text-gray-700 px-4 py-2 rounded-lg hover:bg-gray-100 transition flex items-center gap-1" id="nav-toggle"> Question 🧭 </button> <button class="bg-green-500 text-white px-6 py-3 w-44 h-14 rounded-lg hover:bg-green-600 transition w-full md:w-auto" id="submit-test">Submit Test</button> </div> </div> </section> <!-- Results Section --> <section class="container mx-auto px-4 md:px-6 pt-4 md:pt-6 pb-1 hidden section-transition" id="results"> <div class="bg-white rounded-lg shadow-md p-4 md:p-6"> <h2 class="text-2xl font-semibold mb-4">Anaesthesia Machine - Results</h2> <div class="grid grid-cols-1 md:grid-cols-2 gap-4 mb-6"> <p><strong>Correct:</strong> <span id="correct-count" class="text-[#000000]">0</span></p> <p><strong>Wrong:</strong> <span id="wrong-count" class="text-[#000000]">0</span></p> <p><strong>Unanswered:</strong> <span id="unanswered-count" class="text-[#000000]-500">0</span></p> <p><strong>Marked for Review:</strong> <span id="marked-count" class="text-[#000000]">0</span></p> </div> <h3 class="text-lg font-semibold mb-4" id="result-question-number">Question <span>1</span> of 4</h3> <div class="space-y-6" id="results-content"></div> <div class="result-nav"> <button aria-label="Previous question result" class="result-nav-btn bg-[#2c5281] text-white px-6 py-2 rounded-lg hover:bg-[#2c5281] transition" disabled="" id="prev-result">Previous</button> <button aria-label="Toggle results navigation panel" class="result-nav-btn bg-[#2c5281] text-white px-6 py-2 rounded-lg hover:bg-[#2c5281] transition" id="results-nav-toggle">Result 🧭</button> <button aria-label="Next question result" class="result-nav-btn bg-[#2c5281] text-white px-6 py-2 rounded-lg hover:bg-[#2c5281] transition" id="next-result">Next</button> </div> <div class="mt-6 flex space-x-4 button-group md:flex-row flex-col"> <button class="bg-green-500 text-white px-6 py-2 rounded-lg hover:bg-green-600 transition" id="take-again">Take Again</button> </div> </div> </section> <!-- Exit Confirmation Modal --> <div class="fixed inset-0 bg-black bg-opacity-50 flex items-center justify-center hidden" id="exit-modal"> <div class="bg-white rounded-lg p-6 max-w-sm w-full"> <h2 class="text-xl font-semibold mb-4">Leave Test?</h2> <p class="text-gray-700 mb-4">Your progress will be lost if you leave this page. Are you sure you want to exit?</p> <div class="flex justify-end space-x-4"> <button class="bg-gray-300 text-gray-700 px-4 py-2 rounded-lg hover:bg-gray-400 transition" id="continue-test">No, Continue</button> <button class="bg-red-500 text-white px-4 py-2 rounded-lg hover:bg-red-600 transition" id="exit-test">Yes, Exit</button> </div> </div> </div> <!-- Submit Confirmation Modal --> <div class="fixed inset-0 bg-black bg-opacity-50 flex items-center justify-center hidden" id="submit-modal"> <div class="bg-white rounded-lg p-6 max-w-sm w-full"> <h2 class="text-xl font-semibold mb-4">Confirm Submission</h2> <p class="text-gray-700 mb-2">You have attempted <span id="attempted-count">0</span> of 5 questions.</p> <p class="text-gray-700 mb-4"><span id="unattempted-count">0</span> questions are unattempted.</p> <div class="flex justify-end space-x-4"> <button class="bg-gray-300 text-gray-700 px-4 py-2 rounded-lg hover:bg-gray-400 transition" id="cancel-submit">Cancel</button> <button class="bg-green-500 text-white px-4 py-2 rounded-lg hover:bg-green-600 transition" id="confirm-submit">Submit Test</button> </div> </div> </div> <!-- Quiz Navigation Panel --> <div class="fixed inset-y-0 right-0 nav-panel bg-white shadow-lg p-4 hidden overflow-y-auto" id="nav-panel"> <h2 class="text-lg font-semibold mb-4">Questions Navigation</h2> <div class="mb-4"> <select class="w-full p-2 border rounded-lg text-gray-700" id="nav-filter"> <option value="all">All Questions</option> <option value="answered">Answered</option> <option value="unanswered">Unanswered</option> <option value="marked">Marked for Review</option> </select> </div> <div class="grid grid-cols-5 gap-2 md:gap-3" id="nav-grid"></div> <button class="mt-4 bg-gray-500 text-white px-4 py-2 rounded-lg hover:bg-gray-600 transition w-full" id="close-nav">Close</button> </div> <!-- Results Navigation Panel --> <div class="fixed inset-y-0 right-0 results-nav-panel bg-white shadow-lg p-4 hidden overflow-y-auto" id="results-nav-panel"> <h2 class="text-lg font-semibold mb-4">Results Navigation</h2> <div class="mb-4"> <select class="w-full p-2 border rounded-lg text-gray-700" id="results-nav-filter"> <option value="all">All Questions</option> <option value="answered">Answered</option> <option value="unanswered">Unanswered</option> <option value="marked">Marked for Review</option> </select> </div> <div class="grid grid-cols-5 gap-2 md:gap-3" id="results-nav-grid"></div> <button class="mt-4 bg-gray-500 text-white px-4 py-2 rounded-lg hover:bg-gray-600 transition w-full" id="close-results-nav">Close</button> </div> <!-- JavaScript Logic --> <script> // Enable debug mode for detailed logging const DEBUG_MODE = true; // Log debug messages function debugLog(message) { if (DEBUG_MODE) { console.log(`[DEBUG] ${message}`); } } // Initialize questions with error handling let questions = []; let currentResultQuestion = 0; // State for current question in results try { debugLog("Attempting to parse questions_json"); questions = [{"text": "A child presents with erythematous scaly patches in the perioral region, mucosal ulcers, and impaired epithelial wound healing. The most likely mineral deficiency associated with this condition is", "options": [{"label": "A", "text": "Iron deficiency", "correct": false}, {"label": "B", "text": "Zinc deficiency", "correct": true}, {"label": "C", "text": "Calcium deficiency", "correct": false}, {"label": "D", "text": "Copper deficiency", "correct": false}], "correct_answer": "B. Zinc deficiency", "question_images": [], "explanation_images": [], "explanation": "\n\n\n<p style='font-size: 10px; color: #808080; font-style: italic;'>@dams_new_robot</p>", "bot": "@dams_new_robot", "audio": "", "video": ""}, {"text": "Which of the following minerals is best known for insulin secretion stabilisation?", "options": [{"label": "A", "text": "Cadmium", "correct": false}, {"label": "B", "text": "Copper", "correct": false}, {"label": "C", "text": "Iron", "correct": false}, {"label": "D", "text": "Zinc", "correct": true}], "correct_answer": "D. Zinc", "question_images": [], "explanation_images": [], "explanation": "<table cellspacing=\"0\" style=\"border-collapse:collapse; width:615px\">\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid black; border-left:1px solid black; border-right:1px solid black; border-top:1px solid black; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Dietary Sources</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid black; border-left:none; border-right:1px solid black; border-top:1px solid black; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Grains, beans, nuts, cheese, meat, shellfish.</p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid black; border-left:1px solid black; border-right:1px solid black; border-top:none; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Therapeutic Use</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid black; border-left:none; border-right:1px solid black; border-top:none; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Zinc reduces <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"7b5fb2b56416927771858f02fd5508\">copper</span> <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"5fcb9396d1169277718069dd7fa788\">absorption</span> in Wilson’s disease.</p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid black; border-left:1px solid black; border-right:1px solid black; border-top:none; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Zinc-Dependent Enzymes</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid black; border-left:none; border-right:1px solid black; border-top:none; vertical-align:top\">\n<ul>\n<li>Carboxypeptidase</li>\n<li>Carbonic anhydrase</li>\n<li>Alkaline phosphatase</li>\n<li>Lactate dehydrogenase</li>\n<li>Ethanol dehydrogenase</li>\n<li>Glutamate dehydrogenase</li>\n<li>RNA <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"d419920a6616927771969805c3d65d\">polymerase</span> (required for protein biosynthesis)</li>\n</ul>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid black; border-left:1px solid black; border-right:1px solid black; border-top:none; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Functions</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid black; border-left:none; border-right:1px solid black; border-top:none; vertical-align:top\">\n<ul>\n<li>Antioxidant RoleExtracellular <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"7d51964ce51692777199dedcf19fc3\">superoxide</span> dismutase is zinc-dependent, contributing to zinc’s <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"1f3c08447d16927771819ccd566468\">antioxidant</span> properties.</li>\n<li>Insulin and ZincZinc stabilizes <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"b47c9c6144169277719010eaa1a0ee\">insulin</span> in <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"806eb8418c16927771822855b56695\">beta</span> cells of the <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"2e2fe8c6c116927771946fb9a8adb0\">pancreas</span> but is not present in released insulin.</li>\n<li>Taste Sensation Gusten, a zinc-containing protein in saliva, is important for taste sensation.</li>\n</ul>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid black; border-left:1px solid black; border-right:1px solid black; border-top:none; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Deficiency Manifestations</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid black; border-left:none; border-right:1px solid black; border-top:none; vertical-align:top\">\n<ul>\n<li>Poor wound healing</li>\n<li>Skin lesions, hyperkeratosis, dermatitis, alopecia</li>\n<li>Impaired spermatogenesis</li>\n<li>Reduced T and B <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"c605d4126116927771916c2002638e\">lymphocyte</span> numbers, impaired <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"2748357f451692777191377abbe2a6\">macrophage</span> function</li>\n<li>Psychiatric disorders: depression, dementia, and cognitive decline (e.g., Alzheimer's)</li>\n</ul>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid black; border-left:1px solid black; border-right:1px solid black; border-top:none; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Acrodermatitis Enteropathica</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid black; border-left:none; border-right:1px solid black; border-top:none; vertical-align:top\">\n<ul>\n<li>Acrodermatitis (inflammation around mouth, nose, fingers, etc.)</li>\n<li>Diarrhea, alopecia, ophthalmoplegia, hypogonadism</li>\n</ul>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid black; border-left:1px solid black; border-right:1px solid black; border-top:none; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Toxicity Manifestations</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid black; border-left:none; border-right:1px solid black; border-top:none; vertical-align:top\">\n<ul>\n<li>Chronic Toxicity: <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"12347b15191692777188bc86d226e1\">Gastric</span> ulcers, pancreatitis, anemia, nausea, vomiting, <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"10e2dee19e1692777196673db90c23\">pulmonary</span> fibrosis</li>\n<li>Acute Toxicity: Fever, excessive salivation, headache, anemia</li>\n</ul>\n</td>\n</tr>\n</tbody>\n\n\n<p style='font-size: 10px; color: #808080; font-style: italic;'>@dams_new_robot</p>", "bot": "@dams_new_robot", "audio": "", "video": ""}, {"text": "Menke's disease is due to a deficiency of:", "options": [{"label": "A", "text": "Zinc", "correct": false}, {"label": "B", "text": "Copper", "correct": true}, {"label": "C", "text": "Iron", "correct": false}, {"label": "D", "text": "Magnesium", "correct": false}], "correct_answer": "B. Copper", "question_images": [], "explanation_images": [], "explanation": "\n\n<p style='font-size: 10px; color: #808080; font-style: italic;'>@dams_new_robot</p>", "bot": "@dams_new_robot", "audio": "", "video": ""}, {"text": "The co-factor for glutathione peroxidase is:", "options": [{"label": "A", "text": "Manganese", "correct": false}, {"label": "B", "text": "Selenium", "correct": true}, {"label": "C", "text": "Copper", "correct": false}, {"label": "D", "text": "Magnesium", "correct": false}], "correct_answer": "B. Selenium", "question_images": [], "explanation_images": [], "explanation": "\n\n<p style='font-size: 10px; color: #808080; font-style: italic;'>@dams_new_robot</p>", "bot": "@dams_new_robot", "audio": "", "video": ""}, {"text": "Which one of the following is not classified as a micromineral?", "options": [{"label": "A", "text": "Calcium", "correct": true}, {"label": "B", "text": "Selenium", "correct": false}, {"label": "C", "text": "lodine", "correct": false}, {"label": "D", "text": "Copper", "correct": false}], "correct_answer": "A. Calcium", "question_images": [], "explanation_images": [], "explanation": "<table cellspacing=\"0\" style=\"border-collapse:collapse; width:NaN\">\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><strong>Macrominerals</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><strong>Microminerals (Trace elements)</strong></p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<ol>\n<li>Calcium <strong>(Option A)</strong></li>\n<li>Magnesium</li>\n<li>Phosphorus</li>\n<li>Sodium</li>\n<li>Potassium</li>\n<li>Chloride</li>\n<li>Sulfur</li>\n</ol>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<ol>\n<li>Iron</li>\n<li>Iodine <strong>(Option C ruled out)</strong></li>\n<li>Copper <strong>(Option D ruled out)</strong></li>\n<li>Manganese</li>\n<li>Zinc</li>\n<li>Molybdenum</li>\n<li>Selenium <strong>(Option B ruled out)</strong></li>\n<li>Fluoride</li>\n</ol>\n</td>\n</tr>\n</tbody>\n\n\n<p style='font-size: 10px; color: #808080; font-style: italic;'>@dams_new_robot</p>", "bot": "@dams_new_robot", "audio": "", "video": ""}]; if (!Array.isArray(questions) || questions.length === 0) { throw new Error("Questions data is empty or invalid"); } debugLog(`Successfully parsed ${questions.length} questions`); } catch (e) { console.error("Failed to parse questions_json:", e); document.getElementById('error-message').innerHTML = "Error loading quiz data. Please check the console for details or contact support."; document.getElementById('error-message').classList.remove('hidden'); document.getElementById('start-test').disabled = true; // Fallback to sample questions for testing questions = [ { text: "What is 2 + 2?", options: [ { label: "A", text: "3", correct: false }, { label: "B", text: "4", correct: true }, { label: "C", text: "5", correct: false }, { label: "D", text: "6", correct: false } ], correct_answer: "B. 4", question_images: [], explanation_images: [], explanation: "<p>2 + 2 = 4</p><p>@dams_new_robot</p>", bot: "@dams_new_robot", audio: "", video: "" } ]; debugLog("Loaded fallback questions"); } // Quiz state let currentQuestion = 0; let answers = new Array(questions.length).fill(null); let markedForReview = new Array(questions.length).fill(false); let timeRemaining = 15 * 60; // Duration in seconds let timerInterval = null; const quizId = `{title.replace(/\s+/g, '_').toLowerCase()}`; // Unique ID for local storage // Load saved progress function loadProgress() { try { debugLog("Loading progress from localStorage"); const saved = localStorage.getItem(`quiz_${quizId}`); if (saved) { const { savedAnswers, savedMarked, savedTime } = JSON.parse(saved); answers = savedAnswers || answers; markedForReview = savedMarked || markedForReview; timeRemaining = savedTime !== undefined ? savedTime : timeRemaining; debugLog("Progress loaded successfully"); } else { debugLog("No saved progress found"); } } catch (e) { console.error("Error loading progress:", e); debugLog("Failed to load progress: " + e.message); } } // Save progress function saveProgress() { try { debugLog("Saving progress to localStorage"); localStorage.setItem(`quiz_${quizId}`, JSON.stringify({ savedAnswers: answers, savedMarked: markedForReview, savedTime: timeRemaining })); debugLog("Progress saved successfully"); } catch (e) { console.error("Error saving progress:", e); debugLog("Failed to save progress: " + e.message); } } // Initialize quiz function initQuiz() { try { debugLog("Initializing quiz"); loadProgress(); const startButton = document.getElementById('start-test'); if (!startButton) { throw new Error("Start test button not found"); } startButton.addEventListener('click', startQuiz); debugLog("Start test button listener attached"); document.getElementById('previous-btn').addEventListener('click', showPreviousQuestion); document.getElementById('next-btn').addEventListener('click', showNextQuestion); document.getElementById('mark-review').addEventListener('click', toggleMarkForReview); document.getElementById('nav-toggle').addEventListener('click', toggleNavPanel); document.getElementById('submit-test').addEventListener('click', showSubmitModal); document.getElementById('continue-test').addEventListener('click', closeExitModal); document.getElementById('exit-test').addEventListener('click', () => { debugLog("Exiting test"); localStorage.removeItem(`quiz_${quizId}`); window.location.reload(); }); document.getElementById('cancel-submit').addEventListener('click', closeSubmitModal); document.getElementById('confirm-submit').addEventListener('click', submitTest); document.getElementById('take-again').addEventListener('click', () => { debugLog("Restarting test"); localStorage.removeItem(`quiz_${quizId}`); window.location.reload(); }); document.getElementById('review-test').addEventListener('click', () => showResults(currentResultQuestion)); document.getElementById('close-nav').addEventListener('click', toggleNavPanel); document.getElementById('theme-toggle').addEventListener('click', toggleTheme); document.getElementById('nav-filter').addEventListener('change', updateNavPanel); document.getElementById('prev-result').addEventListener('click', showPreviousResult); document.getElementById('next-result').addEventListener('click', showNextResult); document.getElementById('results-nav-toggle').addEventListener('click', toggleResultsNavPanel); document.getElementById('close-results-nav').addEventListener('click', toggleResultsNavPanel); document.getElementById('results-nav-filter').addEventListener('change', updateResultsNavPanel); debugLog("Quiz initialized successfully"); } catch (e) { console.error("Failed to initialize quiz:", e); debugLog("Failed to initialize quiz: " + e.message); document.getElementById('error-message').innerHTML = "Error initializing quiz. Please check the console for details or contact support."; document.getElementById('error-message').classList.remove('hidden'); document.getElementById('start-test').disabled = true; } } // Start quiz function startQuiz() { try { debugLog("Starting quiz"); document.getElementById('instructions').classList.add('hidden'); document.getElementById('quiz').classList.remove('hidden'); showQuestion(currentQuestion); startTimer(); updateNavPanel(); debugLog("Quiz started successfully"); } catch (e) { console.error("Error starting quiz:", e); debugLog("Failed to start quiz: " + e.message); document.getElementById('error-message').innerHTML = "Error starting quiz. Please check the console for details or contact support."; document.getElementById('error-message').classList.remove('hidden'); document.getElementById('quiz').classList.add('hidden'); document.getElementById('instructions').classList.remove('hidden'); } } // Show question function showQuestion(index) { try { debugLog(`Showing question ${index + 1}`); currentQuestion = index; const q = questions[index]; if (!q) { throw new Error(`Question ${index} is undefined`); } document.getElementById('question-number').innerHTML = `Question <span>${index + 1}</span> of ${questions.length}`; document.getElementById('question-text').innerHTML = q.text || "No question text available"; const imagesDiv = document.getElementById('question-images'); imagesDiv.innerHTML = q.question_images && q.question_images.length > 0 ? q.question_images.map(url => `<img src="${url}" alt="Question Image" class="max-w-full h-auto rounded-lg">`).join('') : ''; const optionsDiv = document.getElementById('options'); optionsDiv.innerHTML = q.options && q.options.length > 0 ? q.options.map(opt => ` <button class="option-btn w-full text-left p-3 border rounded-lg ${answers[index] === opt.label ? 'selected' : ''}" onclick="selectOption(${index}, '${opt.label}')" aria-label="Option ${opt.label}: ${opt.text}"> ${opt.label}. ${opt.text} </button> `).join('') : '<p class="text-red-500">No options available</p>'; document.getElementById('previous-btn').disabled = index === 0; document.getElementById('next-btn').disabled = index === questions.length - 1; document.getElementById('mark-review').classList.toggle('marked', markedForReview[index]); updateProgressBar(); saveProgress(); window.scrollTo({ top: 0, behavior: 'smooth' }); debugLog(`Question ${index + 1} displayed successfully`); } catch (e) { console.error("Error displaying question:", e); debugLog("Failed to display question: " + e.message); } } // Select option function selectOption(index, label) { try { debugLog(`Selecting option ${label} for question ${index + 1}`); answers[index] = label; const optionsDiv = document.getElementById('options'); const optionButtons = optionsDiv.querySelectorAll('.option-btn'); optionButtons.forEach(btn => { const btnLabel = btn.textContent.trim().split('.')[0]; btn.classList.toggle('selected', btnLabel === label); }); updateNavPanel(); saveProgress(); debugLog(`Option ${label} selected for question ${index + 1}`); } catch (e) { console.error("Error selecting option:", e); debugLog("Failed to select option: " + e.message); } } // Toggle mark for review function toggleMarkForReview() { try { debugLog(`Toggling mark for review on question ${currentQuestion + 1}`); markedForReview[currentQuestion] = !markedForReview[currentQuestion]; document.getElementById('mark-review').classList.toggle('marked', markedForReview[currentQuestion]); updateNavPanel(); saveProgress(); debugLog(`Mark for review toggled for question ${currentQuestion + 1}`); } catch (e) { console.error("Error marking for review:", e); debugLog("Failed to mark for review: " + e.message); } } // Navigate to previous question function showPreviousQuestion() { try { debugLog(`Navigating to previous question from ${currentQuestion + 1}`); if (currentQuestion > 0) { currentQuestion--; showQuestion(currentQuestion); } } catch (e) { console.error("Error navigating to previous question:", e); debugLog("Failed to navigate to previous question: " + e.message); } } // Navigate to next question function showNextQuestion() { try { debugLog(`Navigating to next question from ${currentQuestion + 1}`); if (currentQuestion < questions.length - 1) { currentQuestion++; showQuestion(currentQuestion); } } catch (e) { console.error("Error navigating to next question:", e); debugLog("Failed to navigate to next question: " + e.message); } } // Handle question navigation click function handleQuestionNavClick(index) { try { debugLog(`Navigating to question ${index + 1} via nav panel`); showQuestion(index); toggleNavPanel(); } catch (e) { console.error("Error handling navigation click:", e); debugLog("Failed to navigate via nav panel: " + e.message); } } // Start timer function startTimer() { try { debugLog("Starting timer"); timerInterval = setInterval(() => { if (timeRemaining <= 0) { debugLog("Timer expired, submitting test"); clearInterval(timerInterval); submitTest(); } else { timeRemaining--; const minutes = Math.floor(timeRemaining / 60); const seconds = timeRemaining % 60; document.getElementById('timer').innerHTML = `Time Remaining: <span>${minutes.toString().padStart(2, '0')}:${seconds.toString().padStart(2, '0')}</span>`; saveProgress(); } }, 1000); debugLog("Timer started successfully"); } catch (e) { console.error("Error starting timer:", e); debugLog("Failed to start timer: " + e.message); } } // Update progress bar function updateProgressBar() { try { debugLog("Updating progress bar"); const progress = ((currentQuestion + 1) / questions.length) * 100; document.getElementById('progress-bar').style.width = `${progress}%`; debugLog("Progress bar updated"); } catch (e) { console.error("Error updating progress bar:", e); debugLog("Failed to update progress bar: " + e.message); } } // Update quiz navigation panel function updateNavPanel() { try { debugLog("Updating quiz navigation panel"); const filter = document.getElementById('nav-filter').value; const navGrid = document.getElementById('nav-grid'); navGrid.innerHTML = questions.map((_, i) => { if (filter === 'answered' && !answers[i]) return ''; if (filter === 'unanswered' && answers[i]) return ''; if (filter === 'marked' && !markedForReview[i]) return ''; return ` <button class="question-nav-btn ${answers[i] ? 'answered' : 'unanswered'} ${markedForReview[i] ? 'marked-nav' : ''}" onclick="handleQuestionNavClick(${i})" aria-label="Go to Question ${i + 1}"> ${i + 1} </button> `; }).join(''); debugLog("Quiz navigation panel updated"); } catch (e) { console.error("Error updating quiz navigation panel:", e); debugLog("Failed to update quiz navigation panel: " + e.message); } } // Update results navigation panel function updateResultsNavPanel() { try { debugLog("Updating results navigation panel"); const filter = document.getElementById('results-nav-filter').value; const navGrid = document.getElementById('results-nav-grid'); navGrid.innerHTML = questions.map((_, i) => { if (filter === 'answered' && !answers[i]) return ''; if (filter === 'unanswered' && answers[i]) return ''; if (filter === 'marked' && !markedForReview[i]) return ''; return ` <button class="result-nav-btn-grid ${answers[i] ? 'answered' : 'unanswered'} ${markedForReview[i] ? 'marked-nav' : ''}" onclick="handleResultNavClick(${i})" aria-label="Go to Result for Question ${i + 1}"> ${i + 1} </button> `; }).join(''); debugLog("Results navigation panel updated"); } catch (e) { console.error("Error updating results navigation panel:", e); debugLog("Failed to update results navigation panel: " + e.message); } } // Toggle quiz navigation panel function toggleNavPanel() { try { debugLog("Toggling quiz navigation panel"); const navPanel = document.getElementById('nav-panel'); navPanel.classList.toggle('hidden'); debugLog("Quiz navigation panel toggled"); } catch (e) { console.error("Error toggling quiz navigation panel:", e); debugLog("Failed to toggle quiz navigation panel: " + e.message); } } // Toggle results navigation panel function toggleResultsNavPanel() { try { debugLog("Toggling results navigation panel"); const resultsNavPanel = document.getElementById('results-nav-panel'); resultsNavPanel.classList.toggle('hidden'); if (!resultsNavPanel.classList.contains('hidden')) { updateResultsNavPanel(); } debugLog("Results navigation panel toggled"); } catch (e) { console.error("Error toggling results navigation panel:", e); debugLog("Failed to toggle results navigation panel: " + e.message); } } // Handle result navigation click function handleResultNavClick(index) { try { debugLog(`Navigating to result for question ${index + 1} via nav panel`); showResults(index); toggleResultsNavPanel(); } catch (e) { console.error("Error handling result navigation click:", e); debugLog("Failed to navigate to result: " + e.message); } } // Show submit modal function showSubmitModal() { try { debugLog("Showing submit modal"); const attempted = answers.filter(a => a !== null).length; document.getElementById('attempted-count').textContent = attempted; document.getElementById('unattempted-count').textContent = questions.length - attempted; document.getElementById('submit-modal').classList.remove('hidden'); debugLog("Submit modal displayed"); } catch (e) { console.error("Error showing submit modal:", e); debugLog("Failed to show submit modal: " + e.message); } } // Close submit modal function closeSubmitModal() { try { debugLog("Closing submit modal"); document.getElementById('submit-modal').classList.add('hidden'); debugLog("Submit modal closed"); } catch (e) { console.error("Error closing submit modal:", e); debugLog("Failed to close submit modal: " + e.message); } } // Close exit modal function closeExitModal() { try { debugLog("Closing exit modal"); document.getElementById('exit-modal').classList.add('hidden'); debugLog("Exit modal closed"); } catch (e) { console.error("Error closing exit modal:", e); debugLog("Failed to close exit modal: " + e.message); } } // Submit test function submitTest() { try { debugLog("Submitting test"); clearInterval(timerInterval); document.getElementById('quiz').classList.add('hidden'); document.getElementById('submit-modal').classList.add('hidden'); document.getElementById('results').classList.remove('hidden'); showResults(0); // Start with first question // Trigger confetti animation confetti({ particleCount: 100, spread: 70, origin: { y: 0.6 } }); localStorage.removeItem(`quiz_${quizId}`); debugLog("Test submitted successfully"); } catch (e) { console.error("Error submitting test:", e); debugLog("Failed to submit test: " + e.message); } } // Show result for a single question function showResults(index) { try { debugLog(`Showing result for question ${index + 1}`); currentResultQuestion = index; let correct = 0, wrong = 0, unanswered = 0, marked = 0; answers.forEach((answer, i) => { const isCorrect = answer && questions[i].options.find(opt => opt.label === answer)?.correct; if (answer === null) unanswered++; else if (isCorrect) correct++; else wrong++; if (markedForReview[i]) marked++; }); const q = questions[index]; if (!q) { throw new Error(`Question ${index} is undefined`); } const userAnswer = answers[index]; const isCorrect = userAnswer && q.options.find(opt => opt.label === userAnswer)?.correct; const resultsContent = document.getElementById('results-content'); resultsContent.innerHTML = ` <div class="border p-4 rounded-lg ${isCorrect ? 'bg-green-50' : userAnswer ? 'bg-red-50' : 'bg-gray-50'}"> <p class="font-semibold">Question ${index + 1}: ${q.text || 'No question text'}</p> ${q.question_images && q.question_images.length > 0 ? q.question_images.map(url => `<img src="${url}" alt="Question Image" class="max-w-full h-auto rounded-lg my-2">`).join('') : ''} <p><strong>Your Answer:</strong> ${userAnswer ? `${userAnswer}. ${q.options.find(opt => opt.label === userAnswer)?.text || 'Invalid option'}` : 'Unanswered'}</p> <p><strong>Correct Answer:</strong> ${q.correct_answer || 'Unknown'}</p> <div class="mt-2">${q.explanation || 'No explanation available'}</div> ${q.explanation_images && q.explanation_images.length > 0 ? q.explanation_images.map(url => `<img src="${url}" alt="Explanation Image" class="max-w-full h-auto rounded-lg my-2">`).join('') : ''} ${q.video ? ` <button class="play-video bg-blue-500 text-white px-4 py-2 rounded-lg mt-2" onclick="loadVideo(this, '${q.video}', 'video-${index}')" aria-label="Play explanation video for Question ${index + 1}"> Play Video Explanation </button> <div id="video-${index}" class="video-container mt-2"></div> ` : '<p class="text-gray-500 mt-2">No video available</p>'} ${q.audio ? ` <button class="play-audio bg-blue-500 text-white px-4 py-2 rounded-lg mt-2" onclick="loadAudio(this, '${q.audio}', 'audio-${index}')" aria-label="Play audio explanation for Question ${index + 1}"> Play Audio Explanation </button> <div id="audio-${index}" class="audio-container mt-2"></div> ` : ''} </div> `; document.getElementById('correct-count').textContent = correct; document.getElementById('wrong-count').textContent = wrong; document.getElementById('unanswered-count').textContent = unanswered; document.getElementById('marked-count').textContent = marked; document.getElementById('result-question-number').innerHTML = `Question <span>${index + 1}</span> of ${questions.length}`; document.getElementById('prev-result').disabled = index === 0; document.getElementById('next-result').disabled = index === questions.length - 1; updateResultsNavPanel(); window.scrollTo({ top: 0, behavior: 'smooth' }); debugLog(`Result for question ${index + 1} displayed successfully`); } catch (e) { console.error("Error displaying result:", e); debugLog("Failed to display result: " + e.message); } } // Navigate to previous result function showPreviousResult() { try { debugLog(`Navigating to previous result from question ${currentResultQuestion + 1}`); if (currentResultQuestion > 0) { showResults(currentResultQuestion - 1); } } catch (e) { console.error("Error navigating to previous result:", e); debugLog("Failed to navigate to previous result: " + e.message); } } // Navigate to next result function showNextResult() { try { debugLog(`Navigating to next result from question ${currentResultQuestion + 1}`); if (currentResultQuestion < questions.length - 1) { showResults(currentResultQuestion + 1); } } catch (e) { console.error("Error navigating to next result:", e); debugLog("Failed to navigate to next result: " + e.message); } } // Lazy-load video function loadVideo(button, videoUrl, containerId) { try { debugLog(`Loading video for ${containerId}: ${videoUrl}`); if (!videoUrl) { const container = document.getElementById(containerId); container.innerHTML = `<p class="text-gray-500">No video available</p>`; button.remove(); debugLog("No video URL provided"); return; } const container = document.getElementById(containerId); container.innerHTML = ` <div class="video-loading"></div> <video controls class="w-full max-w-[600px] rounded-lg" preload="metadata" aria-label="Video explanation"> <source src="${videoUrl}" type="${videoUrl.endsWith('.m3u8') ? 'application/x-mpegURL' : 'video/mp4'}"> Your browser does not support the video tag. </video> `; container.classList.add('active'); button.remove(); // Initialize HLS.js for .m3u8 videos const video = container.querySelector('video'); if (videoUrl.endsWith('.m3u8') && Hls.isSupported()) { const hls = new Hls(); hls.loadSource(videoUrl); hls.attachMedia(video); hls.on(Hls.Events.ERROR, (event, data) => { console.error("HLS.js error:", data); container.innerHTML = `<p class="text-red-500">Error loading video. <a href="${videoUrl}" target="_blank" aria-label="Open video in new tab">Open video</a></p>`; debugLog("HLS.js error: " + JSON.stringify(data)); }); } else if (videoUrl.endsWith('.m3u8') && video.canPlayType('application/vnd.apple.mpegurl')) { video.src = videoUrl; } // Handle video load errors video.onerror = () => { console.error("Video load error for URL:", videoUrl); container.innerHTML = `<p class="text-red-500">Error loading video. <a href="${videoUrl}" target="_blank" aria-label="Open video in new tab">Open video</a></p>`; debugLog("Video load error for URL: " + videoUrl); }; // Remove loading spinner when video is ready video.onloadedmetadata = () => { container.querySelector('.video-loading').remove(); debugLog("Video loaded successfully"); }; } catch (e) { console.error("Error loading video:", e); debugLog("Failed to load video: " + e.message); const container = document.getElementById(containerId); container.innerHTML = `<p class="text-red-500">Error loading video. <a href="${videoUrl}" target="_blank" aria-label="Open video in new tab">Open video</a></p>`; } } // Lazy-load audio function loadAudio(button, audioUrl, containerId) { try { debugLog(`Loading audio for ${containerId}: ${audioUrl}`); if (!audioUrl) { const container = document.getElementById(containerId); container.innerHTML = `<p class="text-gray-500">No audio available</p>`; button.remove(); debugLog("No audio URL provided"); return; } const container = document.getElementById(containerId); container.innerHTML = ` <audio controls class="w-full max-w-[600px]" preload="metadata" aria-label="Audio explanation"> <source src="${audioUrl}" type="audio/mpeg"> Your browser does not support the audio tag. </audio> `; container.classList.add('active'); button.remove(); // Handle audio load errors const audio = container.querySelector('audio'); audio.onerror = () => { console.error("Audio load error for URL:", audioUrl); container.innerHTML = `<p class="text-red-500">Error loading audio. <a href="${audioUrl}" target="_blank" aria-label="Open audio in new tab">Open audio</a></p>`; debugLog("Audio load error for URL: " + audioUrl); }; debugLog("Audio loaded successfully"); } catch (e) { console.error("Error loading audio:", e); debugLog("Failed to load audio: " + e.message); const container = document.getElementById(containerId); container.innerHTML = `<p class="text-red-500">Error loading audio. <a href="${audioUrl}" target="_blank" aria-label="Open audio in new tab">Open audio</a></p>`; } } // Toggle dark mode function toggleTheme() { try { debugLog("Toggling theme"); document.documentElement.classList.toggle('dark'); localStorage.setItem('theme', document.documentElement.classList.contains('dark') ? 'dark' : 'light'); debugLog("Theme toggled successfully"); } catch (e) { console.error("Error toggling theme:", e); debugLog("Failed to toggle theme: " + e.message); } } // Load theme preference function loadTheme() { try { debugLog("Loading theme preference"); const theme = localStorage.getItem('theme'); if (theme === 'dark') { document.documentElement.classList.add('dark'); } debugLog("Theme loaded successfully"); } catch (e) { console.error("Error loading theme:", e); debugLog("Failed to load theme: " + e.message); } } // Initialize on DOM content loaded window.addEventListener('DOMContentLoaded', () => { try { debugLog("DOM content loaded, initializing quiz"); loadTheme(); initQuiz(); } catch (e) { console.error("Error during DOMContentLoaded:", e); debugLog("Failed to initialize on DOMContentLoaded: " + e.message); document.getElementById('error-message').innerHTML = "Error initializing quiz. Please check the console for details or contact support."; document.getElementById('error-message').classList.remove('hidden'); } }); </script> </body> </html>" frameborder="0" width="100%" height="2000px">
<div class="bg-white rounded-lg shadow-md p-4 md:p-6"> <h2 class="text-xl font-semibold mb-4">Instructions</h2> <h4 class="text-gray-800 text-lg font-semibold mt-6 mb-4">Test Features:</h4> <ul class="space-y-3"> <li class="flex items-center gap-3"> <i class="fa-solid fa-circle-check text-green-500"></i> Multiple choice questions with single correct answers </li> <li class="flex items-center gap-3"> <i class="fa-solid fa-circle-check text-green-500"></i> Timer-based testing for realistic exam conditions </li> <li class="flex items-center gap-3"> <i class="fa-solid fa-circle-check text-green-500"></i> Mark questions for review functionality </li> <li class="flex items-center gap-3"> <i class="fa-solid fa-circle-check text-green-500"></i> Comprehensive results and performance analysis </li> <li class="flex items-center gap-3"> <i class="fa-solid fa-circle-check text-green-500"></i> Mobile-optimized interface for learning on-the-go </li> </ul> <div class="mt-6 flex space-x-4 button-group md:flex-row flex-col"> <button class="bg-[#2c5281] text-white px-6 py-2 rounded-lg hover:bg-[#2c5281] transition" id="start-test">Start Test</button> </div> <div class="error-message hidden" id="error-message"></div> </div> </section> <!-- Quiz Section --> <section class="container mx-auto px-4 md:px-6 pt-4 md:pt-6 pb-1 hidden section-transition" id="quiz"> <div class="bg-white rounded-lg shadow-md p-4 md:p-6"> <!-- Progress Bar --> <div class="w-full bg-gray-200 rounded-full h-3 mb-4"> <div class="progress-bar h-3 rounded-full" id="progress-bar" style="width: 0%"></div> </div> <!-- Question Header --> <div class="flex flex-col md:flex-row justify-between items-center mb-4"> <h2 class="text-lg font-semibold" id="question-number">Question <span>1</span> of 4</h2> <p class="text-lg font-semibold mt-2 md:mt-0" id="timer">Time Remaining: <span>00:00</span></p> </div> <!-- Question Content --> <div class="mb-6" id="question-content"> <p class="text-gray-800 mb-4" id="question-text"></p> <div class="flex flex-wrap gap-4 mb-4" id="question-images"></div> <div class="space-y-3" id="options"></div> </div> <!-- Navigation Buttons --> <div class="flex flex-col md:flex-row justify-between items-center gap-2 md:gap-4"> <div class="flex gap-2 w-full md:w-auto"> <button class="bg-[#2c5281] text-white px-4 py-3 w-full md:w-32 h-14 rounded-lg hover:bg-[#2c5281] transition" disabled="" id="previous-btn">Previous</button> <button class="bg-[#2c5281] text-white px-4 py-3 w-full md:w-32 h-14 rounded-lg hover:bg-[#2c5281] transition" id="next-btn">Next</button> </div> <div class="flex items-center gap-2"> <button class="bg-transparent text-gray-700 px-4 py-2 rounded-lg hover:bg-gray-100 transition flex items-center gap-1" id="mark-review"> Review <svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" class="h-5 w-5" viewBox="0 0 20 20" fill="currentColor"> <path d="M10 2a1 1 0 00-1 1v14l3.293-3.293a1 1 0 011.414 0L17 17V3a1 1 0 00-1-1H10z" /> </svg> </button> <button class="bg-transparent text-gray-700 px-4 py-2 rounded-lg hover:bg-gray-100 transition flex items-center gap-1" id="nav-toggle"> Question 🧭 </button> <button class="bg-green-500 text-white px-6 py-3 w-44 h-14 rounded-lg hover:bg-green-600 transition w-full md:w-auto" id="submit-test">Submit Test</button> </div> </div> </section> <!-- Results Section --> <section class="container mx-auto px-4 md:px-6 pt-4 md:pt-6 pb-1 hidden section-transition" id="results"> <div class="bg-white rounded-lg shadow-md p-4 md:p-6"> <h2 class="text-2xl font-semibold mb-4">Anaesthesia Machine - Results</h2> <div class="grid grid-cols-1 md:grid-cols-2 gap-4 mb-6"> <p><strong>Correct:</strong> <span id="correct-count" class="text-[#000000]">0</span></p> <p><strong>Wrong:</strong> <span id="wrong-count" class="text-[#000000]">0</span></p> <p><strong>Unanswered:</strong> <span id="unanswered-count" class="text-[#000000]-500">0</span></p> <p><strong>Marked for Review:</strong> <span id="marked-count" class="text-[#000000]">0</span></p> </div> <h3 class="text-lg font-semibold mb-4" id="result-question-number">Question <span>1</span> of 4</h3> <div class="space-y-6" id="results-content"></div> <div class="result-nav"> <button aria-label="Previous question result" class="result-nav-btn bg-[#2c5281] text-white px-6 py-2 rounded-lg hover:bg-[#2c5281] transition" disabled="" id="prev-result">Previous</button> <button aria-label="Toggle results navigation panel" class="result-nav-btn bg-[#2c5281] text-white px-6 py-2 rounded-lg hover:bg-[#2c5281] transition" id="results-nav-toggle">Result 🧭</button> <button aria-label="Next question result" class="result-nav-btn bg-[#2c5281] text-white px-6 py-2 rounded-lg hover:bg-[#2c5281] transition" id="next-result">Next</button> </div> <div class="mt-6 flex space-x-4 button-group md:flex-row flex-col"> <button class="bg-green-500 text-white px-6 py-2 rounded-lg hover:bg-green-600 transition" id="take-again">Take Again</button> </div> </div> </section> <!-- Exit Confirmation Modal --> <div class="fixed inset-0 bg-black bg-opacity-50 flex items-center justify-center hidden" id="exit-modal"> <div class="bg-white rounded-lg p-6 max-w-sm w-full"> <h2 class="text-xl font-semibold mb-4">Leave Test?</h2> <p class="text-gray-700 mb-4">Your progress will be lost if you leave this page. Are you sure you want to exit?</p> <div class="flex justify-end space-x-4"> <button class="bg-gray-300 text-gray-700 px-4 py-2 rounded-lg hover:bg-gray-400 transition" id="continue-test">No, Continue</button> <button class="bg-red-500 text-white px-4 py-2 rounded-lg hover:bg-red-600 transition" id="exit-test">Yes, Exit</button> </div> </div> </div> <!-- Submit Confirmation Modal --> <div class="fixed inset-0 bg-black bg-opacity-50 flex items-center justify-center hidden" id="submit-modal"> <div class="bg-white rounded-lg p-6 max-w-sm w-full"> <h2 class="text-xl font-semibold mb-4">Confirm Submission</h2> <p class="text-gray-700 mb-2">You have attempted <span id="attempted-count">0</span> of 8 questions.</p> <p class="text-gray-700 mb-4"><span id="unattempted-count">0</span> questions are unattempted.</p> <div class="flex justify-end space-x-4"> <button class="bg-gray-300 text-gray-700 px-4 py-2 rounded-lg hover:bg-gray-400 transition" id="cancel-submit">Cancel</button> <button class="bg-green-500 text-white px-4 py-2 rounded-lg hover:bg-green-600 transition" id="confirm-submit">Submit Test</button> </div> </div> </div> <!-- Quiz Navigation Panel --> <div class="fixed inset-y-0 right-0 nav-panel bg-white shadow-lg p-4 hidden overflow-y-auto" id="nav-panel"> <h2 class="text-lg font-semibold mb-4">Questions Navigation</h2> <div class="mb-4"> <select class="w-full p-2 border rounded-lg text-gray-700" id="nav-filter"> <option value="all">All Questions</option> <option value="answered">Answered</option> <option value="unanswered">Unanswered</option> <option value="marked">Marked for Review</option> </select> </div> <div class="grid grid-cols-5 gap-2 md:gap-3" id="nav-grid"></div> <button class="mt-4 bg-gray-500 text-white px-4 py-2 rounded-lg hover:bg-gray-600 transition w-full" id="close-nav">Close</button> </div> <!-- Results Navigation Panel --> <div class="fixed inset-y-0 right-0 results-nav-panel bg-white shadow-lg p-4 hidden overflow-y-auto" id="results-nav-panel"> <h2 class="text-lg font-semibold mb-4">Results Navigation</h2> <div class="mb-4"> <select class="w-full p-2 border rounded-lg text-gray-700" id="results-nav-filter"> <option value="all">All Questions</option> <option value="answered">Answered</option> <option value="unanswered">Unanswered</option> <option value="marked">Marked for Review</option> </select> </div> <div class="grid grid-cols-5 gap-2 md:gap-3" id="results-nav-grid"></div> <button class="mt-4 bg-gray-500 text-white px-4 py-2 rounded-lg hover:bg-gray-600 transition w-full" id="close-results-nav">Close</button> </div> <!-- JavaScript Logic --> <script> // Enable debug mode for detailed logging const DEBUG_MODE = true; // Log debug messages function debugLog(message) { if (DEBUG_MODE) { console.log(`[DEBUG] ${message}`); } } // Initialize questions with error handling let questions = []; let currentResultQuestion = 0; // State for current question in results try { debugLog("Attempting to parse questions_json"); questions = [{"text": "Apart from the abdominal cavity, which body part is included in e-FAST?", "options": [{"label": "A", "text": "Pelvic Cavity", "correct": false}, {"label": "B", "text": "Peripheral vessels", "correct": false}, {"label": "C", "text": "Thoracic cavity", "correct": true}, {"label": "D", "text": "Dural and subdural spaces", "correct": false}], "correct_answer": "C. Thoracic cavity", "question_images": [], "explanation_images": [], "explanation": "\n\n<p style='font-size: 10px; color: #808080; font-style: italic;'>@dams_new_robot</p>", "bot": "@dams_new_robot", "audio": "", "video": ""}, {"text": "According to GCS, a verbal score of 1 indicates:", "options": [{"label": "A", "text": "No Verbal response", "correct": true}, {"label": "B", "text": "Inappropriate words", "correct": false}, {"label": "C", "text": "Incomprehensible sounds", "correct": false}, {"label": "D", "text": "Oriented response", "correct": false}], "correct_answer": "A. No Verbal response", "question_images": [], "explanation_images": [], "explanation": "<table cellspacing=\"0\" style=\"border-collapse:collapse; width:590px\">\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<td colspan=\"3\" style=\"border-bottom:1px solid black; border-left:1px solid black; border-right:1px solid black; border-top:1px solid black; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Simplified Glasgow <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"e39842f67b1692777184171cd1852a\">Coma</span> Scale (GCS) </strong></p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid black; border-left:1px solid black; border-right:1px solid black; border-top:none; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Category</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid black; border-left:none; border-right:1px solid black; border-top:none; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Response</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid black; border-left:none; border-right:1px solid black; border-top:none; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Score</strong></p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td rowspan=\"4\" style=\"border-bottom:1px solid black; border-left:1px solid black; border-right:1px solid black; border-top:none\">\n<p><strong>Eye Opening (E)</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid black; border-left:none; border-right:1px solid black; border-top:none; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Spontaneous</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid black; border-left:none; border-right:1px solid black; border-top:none; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>4</p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid black; border-left:none; border-right:1px solid black; border-top:none; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>To speech</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid black; border-left:none; border-right:1px solid black; border-top:none; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>3</p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid black; border-left:none; border-right:1px solid black; border-top:none; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>To pain</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid black; border-left:none; border-right:1px solid black; border-top:none; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>2</p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid black; border-left:none; border-right:1px solid black; border-top:none; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>None</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid black; border-left:none; border-right:1px solid black; border-top:none; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>1</p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td rowspan=\"5\" style=\"border-bottom:1px solid black; border-left:1px solid black; border-right:1px solid black; border-top:none\">\n<p><strong>Verbal Response (V)</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid black; border-left:none; border-right:1px solid black; border-top:none; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Oriented</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid black; border-left:none; border-right:1px solid black; border-top:none; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>5 <strong>(Option D ruled out)</strong></p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid black; border-left:none; border-right:1px solid black; border-top:none; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Confused conversation</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid black; border-left:none; border-right:1px solid black; border-top:none; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>4</p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid black; border-left:none; border-right:1px solid black; border-top:none; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Inappropriate words</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid black; border-left:none; border-right:1px solid black; border-top:none; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>3 <strong>(Option B ruled out)</strong></p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid black; border-left:none; border-right:1px solid black; border-top:none; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Incomprehensible sounds</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid black; border-left:none; border-right:1px solid black; border-top:none; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>2 <strong>(Option C ruled out)</strong></p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid black; border-left:none; border-right:1px solid black; border-top:none; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>None</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid black; border-left:none; border-right:1px solid black; border-top:none; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>1</p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td rowspan=\"6\" style=\"border-bottom:1px solid black; border-left:1px solid black; border-right:1px solid black; border-top:none\">\n<p><strong>Motor Response (M)</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid black; border-left:none; border-right:1px solid black; border-top:none; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Obeys commands</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid black; border-left:none; border-right:1px solid black; border-top:none; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>6</p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid black; border-left:none; border-right:1px solid black; border-top:none; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Localizes to pain</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid black; border-left:none; border-right:1px solid black; border-top:none; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>5</p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid black; border-left:none; border-right:1px solid black; border-top:none; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Withdraws from pain</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid black; border-left:none; border-right:1px solid black; border-top:none; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>4</p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid black; border-left:none; border-right:1px solid black; border-top:none; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Abnormal <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"85ff8a7ff81692777202a827961a5c\">flexion</span> (decorticate)</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid black; border-left:none; border-right:1px solid black; border-top:none; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>3</p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid black; border-left:none; border-right:1px solid black; border-top:none; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Abnormal extension (decerebrate)</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid black; border-left:none; border-right:1px solid black; border-top:none; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>2</p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid black; border-left:none; border-right:1px solid black; border-top:none; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>No response</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid black; border-left:none; border-right:1px solid black; border-top:none; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>1</p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n</tbody>\n\n\n<p style='font-size: 10px; color: #808080; font-style: italic;'>@dams_new_robot</p>", "bot": "@dams_new_robot", "audio": "", "video": ""}, {"text": "Most common site of peripheral aneurysm?", "options": [{"label": "A", "text": "Brachial artery", "correct": false}, {"label": "B", "text": "Popliteal artery", "correct": true}, {"label": "C", "text": "Radial artery", "correct": false}, {"label": "D", "text": "Femoral artery", "correct": false}], "correct_answer": "B. Popliteal artery", "question_images": [], "explanation_images": [], "explanation": "\n\n<p style='font-size: 10px; color: #808080; font-style: italic;'>@dams_new_robot</p>", "bot": "@dams_new_robot", "audio": "", "video": ""}, {"text": "Which one of the following is absent in cases of massive blood transfusion?", "options": [{"label": "A", "text": "DIC", "correct": false}, {"label": "B", "text": "Febrile transfusion reaction", "correct": false}, {"label": "C", "text": "Hypercalcemia", "correct": true}, {"label": "D", "text": "Thrombocytopenia", "correct": false}], "correct_answer": "C. Hypercalcemia", "question_images": [], "explanation_images": [], "explanation": "<table cellspacing=\"0\" style=\"border-collapse:collapse; width:682px\">\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<td colspan=\"3\" style=\"border-bottom:1px solid black; border-left:1px solid black; border-right:1px solid black; border-top:1px solid black; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Complications of massive blood transfusion</strong></p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid black; border-left:1px solid black; border-right:1px solid black; border-top:none; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Complication</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid black; border-left:none; border-right:1px solid black; border-top:none; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Cause</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid black; border-left:none; border-right:1px solid black; border-top:none; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Effect</strong></p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid black; border-left:1px solid black; border-right:1px solid black; border-top:none; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Hypothermia</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid black; border-left:none; border-right:1px solid black; border-top:none; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Transfusion of cold blood (stored at 4°C).</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid black; border-left:none; border-right:1px solid black; border-top:none; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Body temperature drops, leading to impaired <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"58c17961c71692777184ab55a9c4df\">clotting</span> mechanisms (coagulopathy), and worsening bleeding.</p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid black; border-left:1px solid black; border-right:1px solid black; border-top:none; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Coagulopathy</strong></p>\n<p> </p>\n<p> </p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid black; border-left:none; border-right:1px solid black; border-top:none; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Dilution of <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"58c17961c71692777184ab55a9c4df\">clotting</span> factors and platelets due to transfusion; consumption of <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"58c17961c71692777184ab55a9c4df\">clotting</span> factors by ongoing haemorrhage.</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid black; border-left:none; border-right:1px solid black; border-top:none; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Impaired blood clotting, prolonged <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"41e858bf2816927771836d46c619b9\">bleeding</span> time, thrombocytopenia, and increased risk of continued bleeding.</p>\n<p><strong>(Option D ruled out)</strong></p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid black; border-left:1px solid black; border-right:1px solid black; border-top:none; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>DIC</strong></p>\n<p><strong>(Option A ruled out)</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid black; border-left:none; border-right:1px solid black; border-top:none; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Due to the release of <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"ff2094828c1692777196941a65e6eb\">procoagulant</span> substances</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid black; border-left:none; border-right:1px solid black; border-top:none; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Leads to haemorrhage due to depleted <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"7414bd02f216927771889b3e159ef4\">hemostatic</span> components, tissue hypoxia, and <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"77aed446d2169277719007f42bf052\">infarction</span> due to microthrombi, or both.</p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid black; border-left:1px solid black; border-right:1px solid black; border-top:none; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Citrate Toxicity</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid black; border-left:none; border-right:1px solid black; border-top:none; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Large volumes of transfused blood contain citrate, which binds to calcium.</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid black; border-left:none; border-right:1px solid black; border-top:none; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Hypocalcemia leads to muscle cramps, seizures, and <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"e1fb96fd2416927771830dfed40e14\">cardiac</span> arrhythmias.</p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid black; border-left:1px solid black; border-right:1px solid black; border-top:none; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Hypocalcemia</strong></p>\n<p> </p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid black; border-left:none; border-right:1px solid black; border-top:none; vertical-align:top\">\n<ul>\n<li>Packed red blood cells (PRBCs) and other blood products are preserved with <strong>citrate</strong>, an anticoagulant.</li>\n<li>Citrate binds to <strong>ionised calcium</strong> (Ca²⁺) in the recipient's blood, reducing the free <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"54de8b79a91692777183e608bc0dd4\">calcium</span> level - <strong>hypocalcemia</strong></li>\n</ul>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid black; border-left:none; border-right:1px solid black; border-top:none; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Presents as muscle spasms, <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"e1fb96fd2416927771830dfed40e14\">cardiac</span> arrhythmias, and decreased myocardial contractility</p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid black; border-left:1px solid black; border-right:1px solid black; border-top:none; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Hyperkalemia</strong></p>\n<p> </p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid black; border-left:none; border-right:1px solid black; border-top:none; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Potassium leaks from stored red blood cells into <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"a0e40688fa169277719572bdb48c92\">plasma</span> during storage.</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid black; border-left:none; border-right:1px solid black; border-top:none; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Elevated <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"a995a613a016927771969d4395dc80\">potassium</span> levels (hyperkalemia) can cause <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"e1fb96fd2416927771830dfed40e14\">cardiac</span> arrhythmias, potentially leading to <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"e1fb96fd2416927771830dfed40e14\">cardiac</span> arrest.</p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid black; border-left:1px solid black; border-right:1px solid black; border-top:none; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Hypokalemia</strong></p>\n<p> </p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid black; border-left:none; border-right:1px solid black; border-top:none; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Potassium may shift intracellularly once transfused red blood cells are metabolically revived.</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid black; border-left:none; border-right:1px solid black; border-top:none; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Hypokalemia causes muscle weakness, paralysis, and <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"e1fb96fd2416927771830dfed40e14\">cardiac</span> arrhythmias.</p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid black; border-left:1px solid black; border-right:1px solid black; border-top:none; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Metabolic Alkalosis</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid black; border-left:none; border-right:1px solid black; border-top:none; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Rapid <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"5b1a045f5f169277719210c0ac7a1e\">metabolism</span> of <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"3569209ba41692777184f88db9316d\">citrate</span> into bicarbonate.</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid black; border-left:none; border-right:1px solid black; border-top:none; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Increased pH (alkalosis) can lead to muscle twitching, irritability, and impaired oxygen release from haemoglobin.</p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid black; border-left:1px solid black; border-right:1px solid black; border-top:none; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Metabolic Acidosis</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid black; border-left:none; border-right:1px solid black; border-top:none; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Inadequate tissue <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"33dfead74b1692777195931780bd9e\">perfusion</span> leads to <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"b82539c9ae1692777191a3f7ddd7bb\">lactic</span> acid accumulation.</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid black; border-left:none; border-right:1px solid black; border-top:none; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Lowered blood pH (acidosis) leads to confusion, fatigue, rapid breathing, and worsened <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"e2b5f013011692777183ea1b11ed9c\">cardiovascular</span> function.</p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid black; border-left:1px solid black; border-right:1px solid black; border-top:none; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Transfusion Related <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"4cdc8161f71692777180df58cafa93\">Acute</span> Lung Injury (TRALI)</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid black; border-left:none; border-right:1px solid black; border-top:none; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Antibodies in transfused blood <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"dddc752e1716927771807f985bb8bb\">activate</span> the recipient's immune response, causing <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"e747a47db616927771908bff4b8931\">inflammation</span> and fluid buildup in the lungs.</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid black; border-left:none; border-right:1px solid black; border-top:none; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Non-cardiogenic <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"10e2dee19e1692777196673db90c23\">pulmonary</span> oedema, presenting as <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"4cdc8161f71692777180df58cafa93\">acute</span> <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"cfad80a0f716927771979aae100f95\">respiratory</span> <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"afafb9026e1692777186e3dd168fa8\">distress</span> with <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"a249eeb5551692777189661d39c1b2\">hypoxia</span> within 6 hours of transfusion.</p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid black; border-left:1px solid black; border-right:1px solid black; border-top:none; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Transfusion Associated Circulatory <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"9d02a99d051692777194aa3375023b\">Overload</span> (TACO)</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid black; border-left:none; border-right:1px solid black; border-top:none; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Volume of transfused blood exceeds the patient’s capacity to manage, leading to fluid overload.</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid black; border-left:none; border-right:1px solid black; border-top:none; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Pulmonary oedema, shortness of breath, hypertension, and signs of heart failure.</p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid black; border-left:1px solid black; border-right:1px solid black; border-top:none; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Iron Overload</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid black; border-left:none; border-right:1px solid black; border-top:none; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Repeated transfusions lead to excessive accumulation of iron.</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid black; border-left:none; border-right:1px solid black; border-top:none; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Iron deposits in organs (e.g., liver, heart, pancreas), lead to organ damage and failure over time.</p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid black; border-left:1px solid black; border-right:1px solid black; border-top:none; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Hemolytic Reactions</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid black; border-left:none; border-right:1px solid black; border-top:none; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>ABO or Rh incompatibility.</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid black; border-left:none; border-right:1px solid black; border-top:none; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Rapid destruction of red blood cells (hemolysis), causes fever, chills, hemoglobinuria, and potentially <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"4cdc8161f71692777180df58cafa93\">acute</span> <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"b9356afdba16927771979d068c6587\">renal</span> failure or shock.</p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid black; border-left:1px solid black; border-right:1px solid black; border-top:none; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Allergic Reactions</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid black; border-left:none; border-right:1px solid black; border-top:none; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Reaction to proteins in transfused blood products.</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid black; border-left:none; border-right:1px solid black; border-top:none; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Symptoms range from mild itching, rash, or <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"14ccc7cf1c1692777189d4fb9d1fb5\">hives</span> to severe <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"d6d717efa216927771819fee139235\">anaphylaxis</span> (airway constriction, low blood pressure, shock).</p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid black; border-left:1px solid black; border-right:1px solid black; border-top:none; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Bacterial Contamination</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid black; border-left:none; border-right:1px solid black; border-top:none; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Blood products are contaminated during collection or storage.</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid black; border-left:none; border-right:1px solid black; border-top:none; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Sepsis, characterized by fever, chills, low blood pressure, and possibly <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"39f67d7dde16927771985d3952058d\">septic</span> shock.</p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid black; border-left:1px solid black; border-right:1px solid black; border-top:none; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Febrile <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"cbb73554631692777200444a9ea263\">transfusion</span> reaction</strong></p>\n<p><strong>(Option B ruled out)</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid black; border-left:none; border-right:1px solid black; border-top:none; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>It is a non-hemolytic condition that is not completely understood but is believed to be caused by <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"a459f313d9169277719789fdfb7ada\">residual</span> white blood cells in the blood unit or cytokines that accumulate during storage.</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid black; border-left:none; border-right:1px solid black; border-top:none; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Fever, rigour, chills</p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n</tbody>\n\n\n<p style='font-size: 10px; color: #808080; font-style: italic;'>@dams_new_robot</p>", "bot": "@dams_new_robot", "audio": "", "video": ""}, {"text": "Which of the following statements about ranula is FALSE?", "options": [{"label": "A", "text": "Mucus extravasation cyst", "correct": false}, {"label": "B", "text": "Arises from submandibular salivary gland", "correct": true}, {"label": "C", "text": "Bluish, translucent cystic swelling on the floor of the mouth", "correct": false}, {"label": "D", "text": "Marsupialization or excision is the treatment", "correct": false}], "correct_answer": "B. Arises from submandibular salivary gland", "question_images": [], "explanation_images": ["https://image.prepladder.com/content/akYmkU4Zg2U6E2ZO9wmY1747024988.png", "https://image.prepladder.com/content/GNogQfMmb7mub03r2GvM1747024988.png"], "explanation": "<table cellspacing=\"0\" style=\"border-collapse:collapse; width:622px\">\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<td colspan=\"2\" style=\"border-bottom:1px solid black; border-left:1px solid black; border-right:1px solid black; border-top:1px solid black\">\n<p><strong>Ranula</strong></p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid black; border-left:1px solid black; border-right:1px solid black; border-top:none\">\n<p><strong>Definition</strong></p>\n<p><strong>(Options A &amp; C ruled out)</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid black; border-left:none; border-right:1px solid black; border-top:none\">\n<ul>\n<li>Ranulas are a type of <strong>extravasation mucocele</strong>, caused by the <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"e73553a3a5169277719787fd5f4680\">rupture</span> of the main <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"6198b5f22b16927771867e4ef8108f\">duct</span> or obstructed <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"4e0948603216927771801829c2c085\">acini</span> of the <strong>sublingual gland</strong>.</li>\n<li>They appear as <strong>bluish, translucent, <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"38c41e122116927771859b63deb0ed\">cystic</span> <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"e3d212ebd316927771996e0c472d4a\">swelling</span> on the floor of the mouth</strong> and resemble the belly of a frog.</li>\n</ul>\n<figure class=\"caption_element\"><img alt=\"\" data-author=\"Ph0t0happy\" data-hash=\"\" data-license=\"CC-BY-SA-3.0\" data-source=\"https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Ranula_human_09.jpg\" data-tags=\"\" height=\"513\" src=\"https://image.prepladder.com/content/akYmkU4Zg2U6E2ZO9wmY1747024988.png\" width=\"573\"/>\n<figcaption>{{caption_text}}</figcaption>\n</figure>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid black; border-left:1px solid black; border-right:1px solid black; border-top:none\">\n<p><strong>Location</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid black; border-left:none; border-right:1px solid black; border-top:none\">\n<ul>\n<li>Commonly found in the <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"1ba6a9cfe11692777181950edd7a6d\">anterior</span> floor of the mouth.</li>\n<li>When it extends through the <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"d0922475bc1692777193d420470423\">mylohyoid</span> muscle, it presents as a <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"a94c9109b016927771997aa2985457\">submental</span> <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"e3d212ebd316927771996e0c472d4a\">swelling</span> known as a<strong> \"plunging ranula.\"</strong></li>\n</ul>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid black; border-left:1px solid black; border-right:1px solid black; border-top:none\">\n<p><strong>Symptoms</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid black; border-left:none; border-right:1px solid black; border-top:none\">\n<p>Typically soft, fluctuant, and painless unless infected.</p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid black; border-left:1px solid black; border-right:1px solid black; border-top:none\">\n<p><strong>Diagnosis</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid black; border-left:none; border-right:1px solid black; border-top:none\">\n<ul>\n<li>Confirmed through Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI)</li>\n<li>Ultrasound</li>\n<li>Aspiration of thick, sticky <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"6b0184a84d16927771981289924c2a\">saliva</span> differentiates it from a lymphangioma.</li>\n</ul>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid black; border-left:1px solid black; border-right:1px solid black; border-top:none\">\n<p><strong>Treatment</strong></p>\n<p><strong>(Option D ruled out)</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid black; border-left:none; border-right:1px solid black; border-top:none\">\n<ul>\n<li><strong>Excision of the <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"75089cc39e1692777199b8933bd249\">sublingual</span> <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"4744bb90c21692777188c8957f9faa\">gland</span> is preferred. </strong></li>\n<li>Incision, drainage, and marsupialisation have low success rates. Although <strong>marsupialisation</strong> is often adequate, it has a higher <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"1d849ebc9b1692777197d4af1fa8d2\">recurrence</span> rate compared to <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"75089cc39e1692777199b8933bd249\">sublingual</span> <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"4744bb90c21692777188c8957f9faa\">gland</span> excision.</li>\n<li>OK-432 injection</li>\n<li>Botulinum <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"41329dc9381692777200a9b6d57cf4\">toxin</span> injections</li>\n</ul>\n<figure class=\"caption_element\"><img alt=\"\" data-author=\"NA\" data-hash=\"\" data-license=\"NA\" data-source=\"NA\" data-tags=\"\" height=\"534\" src=\"https://image.prepladder.com/content/GNogQfMmb7mub03r2GvM1747024988.png\" width=\"534\"/>\n<figcaption>{{caption_text}}</figcaption>\n</figure>\n</td>\n</tr>\n</tbody>\n\n\n<p style='font-size: 10px; color: #808080; font-style: italic;'>@dams_new_robot</p>", "bot": "@dams_new_robot", "audio": "", "video": ""}, {"text": "What is the probable diagnosis for a patient who is taking steroids for psoriasis and is experiencing a low-grade fever only at night, weight loss, and an ulcer on her neck with undermined edges, as depicted in the provided image?", "options": [{"label": "A", "text": "Psoriasis flare-up", "correct": false}, {"label": "B", "text": "Tubercular lymphadenitis", "correct": true}, {"label": "C", "text": "Lymphosarcoma", "correct": false}, {"label": "D", "text": "Syphilis", "correct": false}], "correct_answer": "B. Tubercular lymphadenitis", "question_images": ["https://image.prepladder.com/notes/1TH1dju86skmeaqbBBxB1747998760.png"], "explanation_images": ["https://image.prepladder.com/content/fEc4u0perN8HZQL6yWkS1747025426.png"], "explanation": "<table cellspacing=\"0\" style=\"border-collapse:collapse; width:688px\">\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<td colspan=\"2\" style=\"border-bottom:1px solid black; border-left:1px solid black; border-right:1px solid black; border-top:1px solid black; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Lymph <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"b10ce4acbf169277719323ffd12306\">Node</span> TB (Tuberculous Lymphadenitis)</strong></p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td colspan=\"2\" style=\"border-bottom:1px solid black; border-left:1px solid black; border-right:1px solid black; border-top:none; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Most common</strong> <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"728e7607f31692777187291e007a0b\">extrapulmonary</span> TB presentation.</p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid black; border-left:1px solid black; border-right:1px solid black; border-top:none; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Risk Groups</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid black; border-left:none; border-right:1px solid black; border-top:none; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>HIV-positive individuals, Immunosuppressive individuals, children, and non-Caucasian women.</p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid black; border-left:1px solid black; border-right:1px solid black; border-top:none; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Causative Organism</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid black; border-left:none; border-right:1px solid black; border-top:none; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Previously M. bovis; now mainly M. tuberculosis.</p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid black; border-left:1px solid black; border-right:1px solid black; border-top:none; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Clinical Presentation</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid black; border-left:none; border-right:1px solid black; border-top:none; vertical-align:top\">\n<ul>\n<li><strong>Painless </strong>swelling in <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"4df97a6cbf169277719172fd1af767\">lymph</span> nodes, usually <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"a5c6cb079d16927771967e62ffee72\">posterior</span> <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"25c6ce766c1692777184ab9a40305c\">cervical</span> or <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"53765334f31692777199cf434360de\">supraclavicular</span> (historically called scrofula).</li>\n<li><strong>Early disease: Discrete nodes</strong></li>\n<li>Advanced disease: Matted, nontender mass, possible <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"10df63cea41692777203b470341d21\">fistula</span> draining <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"99368d5fef1692777183ea405bed67\">caseous</span> material.</li>\n<li>Pulmonary disease in &lt;50% of cases.</li>\n<li>Systemic symptoms are uncommon except in HIV-positive patients.</li>\n<li>Non-specific reaction → Matting → Cold <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"5618681fbe16927771804370383aaa\">Abscess</span> → Collar stud <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"5618681fbe16927771804370383aaa\">abscess</span> → Sinus formation</li>\n</ul>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid black; border-left:1px solid black; border-right:1px solid black; border-top:none; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Diagnosis</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid black; border-left:none; border-right:1px solid black; border-top:none; vertical-align:top\">\n<ul>\n<li><strong>Fine-needle <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"831d67ad8a1692777182763ca62e4b\">aspiration</span> <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"754ab07a2e1692777183ed178c883d\">biopsy</span> (80% yield) or <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"81d12f9cb01692777199e44ff3f3c1\">surgical</span> <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"20b3ce06c5169277718756ee95c1e9\">excision</span> biopsy.</strong></li>\n<li>Granulomatous lesions may or may not contain AFBs.</li>\n<li>Cultures are positive in 70–80% of cases.</li>\n<li>HIV-positive patients: Poorly organised or absent granulomas; higher bacterial loads increase <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"552e9ef8811692777186997018b858\">diagnostic</span> yield.</li>\n</ul>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid black; border-left:1px solid black; border-right:1px solid black; border-top:none; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Differential Diagnosis</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid black; border-left:none; border-right:1px solid black; border-top:none; vertical-align:top\">\n<ul>\n<li>Infectious diseases</li>\n<li>Lymphomas</li>\n<li>Metastatic carcinomas</li>\n<li>Rare disorders: Kikuchi’s disease, Kimura’s disease, Castleman’s disease.</li>\n</ul>\n</td>\n</tr>\n</tbody>\n\n\n<p style='font-size: 10px; color: #808080; font-style: italic;'>@dams_new_robot</p>", "bot": "@dams_new_robot", "audio": "", "video": ""}, {"text": "A 45-year-old woman comes to the OPD with a history of a lump in the left breast. On clinical examination, the size of the lump in the left breast is 9x10 cm with the following appearance and no axillary lymphadenopathy. The histopathology of the biopsy from the lump shows increased stromal cellularity and typical leaflike architecture. What is your likely diagnosis?", "options": [{"label": "A", "text": "Phyllodes tumour", "correct": true}, {"label": "B", "text": "Giant fibroadenoma", "correct": false}, {"label": "C", "text": "Inflammatory carcinoma", "correct": false}, {"label": "D", "text": "Ductal carcinoma", "correct": false}], "correct_answer": "A. Phyllodes tumour", "question_images": ["https://image.prepladder.com/content/d79JUMsTq9YVRORpAoQE1747116110.png"], "explanation_images": [], "explanation": "\n\n<p style='font-size: 10px; color: #808080; font-style: italic;'>@dams_new_robot</p>", "bot": "@dams_new_robot", "audio": "", "video": ""}, {"text": "What is the diagnosis from the given abdominal x-ray?", "options": [{"label": "A", "text": "Ureterocoele", "correct": false}, {"label": "B", "text": "Pelvic bone fracture", "correct": false}, {"label": "C", "text": "Rectal foreign body", "correct": true}, {"label": "D", "text": "Bladder stone", "correct": false}], "correct_answer": "C. Rectal foreign body", "question_images": ["https://image.prepladder.com/content/MyC6v9qsXI7vAK7gc0TR1748163282.png"], "explanation_images": [], "explanation": "\n\n<p style='font-size: 10px; color: #808080; font-style: italic;'>@dams_new_robot</p>", "bot": "@dams_new_robot", "audio": "", "video": ""}]; if (!Array.isArray(questions) || questions.length === 0) { throw new Error("Questions data is empty or invalid"); } debugLog(`Successfully parsed ${questions.length} questions`); } catch (e) { console.error("Failed to parse questions_json:", e); document.getElementById('error-message').innerHTML = "Error loading quiz data. Please check the console for details or contact support."; document.getElementById('error-message').classList.remove('hidden'); document.getElementById('start-test').disabled = true; // Fallback to sample questions for testing questions = [ { text: "What is 2 + 2?", options: [ { label: "A", text: "3", correct: false }, { label: "B", text: "4", correct: true }, { label: "C", text: "5", correct: false }, { label: "D", text: "6", correct: false } ], correct_answer: "B. 4", question_images: [], explanation_images: [], explanation: "<p>2 + 2 = 4</p><p>@dams_new_robot</p>", bot: "@dams_new_robot", audio: "", video: "" } ]; debugLog("Loaded fallback questions"); } // Quiz state let currentQuestion = 0; let answers = new Array(questions.length).fill(null); let markedForReview = new Array(questions.length).fill(false); let timeRemaining = 18 * 60; // Duration in seconds let timerInterval = null; const quizId = `{title.replace(/\s+/g, '_').toLowerCase()}`; // Unique ID for local storage // Load saved progress function loadProgress() { try { debugLog("Loading progress from localStorage"); const saved = localStorage.getItem(`quiz_${quizId}`); if (saved) { const { savedAnswers, savedMarked, savedTime } = JSON.parse(saved); answers = savedAnswers || answers; markedForReview = savedMarked || markedForReview; timeRemaining = savedTime !== undefined ? savedTime : timeRemaining; debugLog("Progress loaded successfully"); } else { debugLog("No saved progress found"); } } catch (e) { console.error("Error loading progress:", e); debugLog("Failed to load progress: " + e.message); } } // Save progress function saveProgress() { try { debugLog("Saving progress to localStorage"); localStorage.setItem(`quiz_${quizId}`, JSON.stringify({ savedAnswers: answers, savedMarked: markedForReview, savedTime: timeRemaining })); debugLog("Progress saved successfully"); } catch (e) { console.error("Error saving progress:", e); debugLog("Failed to save progress: " + e.message); } } // Initialize quiz function initQuiz() { try { debugLog("Initializing quiz"); loadProgress(); const startButton = document.getElementById('start-test'); if (!startButton) { throw new Error("Start test button not found"); } startButton.addEventListener('click', startQuiz); debugLog("Start test button listener attached"); document.getElementById('previous-btn').addEventListener('click', showPreviousQuestion); document.getElementById('next-btn').addEventListener('click', showNextQuestion); document.getElementById('mark-review').addEventListener('click', toggleMarkForReview); document.getElementById('nav-toggle').addEventListener('click', toggleNavPanel); document.getElementById('submit-test').addEventListener('click', showSubmitModal); document.getElementById('continue-test').addEventListener('click', closeExitModal); document.getElementById('exit-test').addEventListener('click', () => { debugLog("Exiting test"); localStorage.removeItem(`quiz_${quizId}`); window.location.reload(); }); document.getElementById('cancel-submit').addEventListener('click', closeSubmitModal); document.getElementById('confirm-submit').addEventListener('click', submitTest); document.getElementById('take-again').addEventListener('click', () => { debugLog("Restarting test"); localStorage.removeItem(`quiz_${quizId}`); window.location.reload(); }); document.getElementById('review-test').addEventListener('click', () => showResults(currentResultQuestion)); document.getElementById('close-nav').addEventListener('click', toggleNavPanel); document.getElementById('theme-toggle').addEventListener('click', toggleTheme); document.getElementById('nav-filter').addEventListener('change', updateNavPanel); document.getElementById('prev-result').addEventListener('click', showPreviousResult); document.getElementById('next-result').addEventListener('click', showNextResult); document.getElementById('results-nav-toggle').addEventListener('click', toggleResultsNavPanel); document.getElementById('close-results-nav').addEventListener('click', toggleResultsNavPanel); document.getElementById('results-nav-filter').addEventListener('change', updateResultsNavPanel); debugLog("Quiz initialized successfully"); } catch (e) { console.error("Failed to initialize quiz:", e); debugLog("Failed to initialize quiz: " + e.message); document.getElementById('error-message').innerHTML = "Error initializing quiz. Please check the console for details or contact support."; document.getElementById('error-message').classList.remove('hidden'); document.getElementById('start-test').disabled = true; } } // Start quiz function startQuiz() { try { debugLog("Starting quiz"); document.getElementById('instructions').classList.add('hidden'); document.getElementById('quiz').classList.remove('hidden'); showQuestion(currentQuestion); startTimer(); updateNavPanel(); debugLog("Quiz started successfully"); } catch (e) { console.error("Error starting quiz:", e); debugLog("Failed to start quiz: " + e.message); document.getElementById('error-message').innerHTML = "Error starting quiz. Please check the console for details or contact support."; document.getElementById('error-message').classList.remove('hidden'); document.getElementById('quiz').classList.add('hidden'); document.getElementById('instructions').classList.remove('hidden'); } } // Show question function showQuestion(index) { try { debugLog(`Showing question ${index + 1}`); currentQuestion = index; const q = questions[index]; if (!q) { throw new Error(`Question ${index} is undefined`); } document.getElementById('question-number').innerHTML = `Question <span>${index + 1}</span> of ${questions.length}`; document.getElementById('question-text').innerHTML = q.text || "No question text available"; const imagesDiv = document.getElementById('question-images'); imagesDiv.innerHTML = q.question_images && q.question_images.length > 0 ? q.question_images.map(url => `<img src="${url}" alt="Question Image" class="max-w-full h-auto rounded-lg">`).join('') : ''; const optionsDiv = document.getElementById('options'); optionsDiv.innerHTML = q.options && q.options.length > 0 ? q.options.map(opt => ` <button class="option-btn w-full text-left p-3 border rounded-lg ${answers[index] === opt.label ? 'selected' : ''}" onclick="selectOption(${index}, '${opt.label}')" aria-label="Option ${opt.label}: ${opt.text}"> ${opt.label}. ${opt.text} </button> `).join('') : '<p class="text-red-500">No options available</p>'; document.getElementById('previous-btn').disabled = index === 0; document.getElementById('next-btn').disabled = index === questions.length - 1; document.getElementById('mark-review').classList.toggle('marked', markedForReview[index]); updateProgressBar(); saveProgress(); window.scrollTo({ top: 0, behavior: 'smooth' }); debugLog(`Question ${index + 1} displayed successfully`); } catch (e) { console.error("Error displaying question:", e); debugLog("Failed to display question: " + e.message); } } // Select option function selectOption(index, label) { try { debugLog(`Selecting option ${label} for question ${index + 1}`); answers[index] = label; const optionsDiv = document.getElementById('options'); const optionButtons = optionsDiv.querySelectorAll('.option-btn'); optionButtons.forEach(btn => { const btnLabel = btn.textContent.trim().split('.')[0]; btn.classList.toggle('selected', btnLabel === label); }); updateNavPanel(); saveProgress(); debugLog(`Option ${label} selected for question ${index + 1}`); } catch (e) { console.error("Error selecting option:", e); debugLog("Failed to select option: " + e.message); } } // Toggle mark for review function toggleMarkForReview() { try { debugLog(`Toggling mark for review on question ${currentQuestion + 1}`); markedForReview[currentQuestion] = !markedForReview[currentQuestion]; document.getElementById('mark-review').classList.toggle('marked', markedForReview[currentQuestion]); updateNavPanel(); saveProgress(); debugLog(`Mark for review toggled for question ${currentQuestion + 1}`); } catch (e) { console.error("Error marking for review:", e); debugLog("Failed to mark for review: " + e.message); } } // Navigate to previous question function showPreviousQuestion() { try { debugLog(`Navigating to previous question from ${currentQuestion + 1}`); if (currentQuestion > 0) { currentQuestion--; showQuestion(currentQuestion); } } catch (e) { console.error("Error navigating to previous question:", e); debugLog("Failed to navigate to previous question: " + e.message); } } // Navigate to next question function showNextQuestion() { try { debugLog(`Navigating to next question from ${currentQuestion + 1}`); if (currentQuestion < questions.length - 1) { currentQuestion++; showQuestion(currentQuestion); } } catch (e) { console.error("Error navigating to next question:", e); debugLog("Failed to navigate to next question: " + e.message); } } // Handle question navigation click function handleQuestionNavClick(index) { try { debugLog(`Navigating to question ${index + 1} via nav panel`); showQuestion(index); toggleNavPanel(); } catch (e) { console.error("Error handling navigation click:", e); debugLog("Failed to navigate via nav panel: " + e.message); } } // Start timer function startTimer() { try { debugLog("Starting timer"); timerInterval = setInterval(() => { if (timeRemaining <= 0) { debugLog("Timer expired, submitting test"); clearInterval(timerInterval); submitTest(); } else { timeRemaining--; const minutes = Math.floor(timeRemaining / 60); const seconds = timeRemaining % 60; document.getElementById('timer').innerHTML = `Time Remaining: <span>${minutes.toString().padStart(2, '0')}:${seconds.toString().padStart(2, '0')}</span>`; saveProgress(); } }, 1000); debugLog("Timer started successfully"); } catch (e) { console.error("Error starting timer:", e); debugLog("Failed to start timer: " + e.message); } } // Update progress bar function updateProgressBar() { try { debugLog("Updating progress bar"); const progress = ((currentQuestion + 1) / questions.length) * 100; document.getElementById('progress-bar').style.width = `${progress}%`; debugLog("Progress bar updated"); } catch (e) { console.error("Error updating progress bar:", e); debugLog("Failed to update progress bar: " + e.message); } } // Update quiz navigation panel function updateNavPanel() { try { debugLog("Updating quiz navigation panel"); const filter = document.getElementById('nav-filter').value; const navGrid = document.getElementById('nav-grid'); navGrid.innerHTML = questions.map((_, i) => { if (filter === 'answered' && !answers[i]) return ''; if (filter === 'unanswered' && answers[i]) return ''; if (filter === 'marked' && !markedForReview[i]) return ''; return ` <button class="question-nav-btn ${answers[i] ? 'answered' : 'unanswered'} ${markedForReview[i] ? 'marked-nav' : ''}" onclick="handleQuestionNavClick(${i})" aria-label="Go to Question ${i + 1}"> ${i + 1} </button> `; }).join(''); debugLog("Quiz navigation panel updated"); } catch (e) { console.error("Error updating quiz navigation panel:", e); debugLog("Failed to update quiz navigation panel: " + e.message); } } // Update results navigation panel function updateResultsNavPanel() { try { debugLog("Updating results navigation panel"); const filter = document.getElementById('results-nav-filter').value; const navGrid = document.getElementById('results-nav-grid'); navGrid.innerHTML = questions.map((_, i) => { if (filter === 'answered' && !answers[i]) return ''; if (filter === 'unanswered' && answers[i]) return ''; if (filter === 'marked' && !markedForReview[i]) return ''; return ` <button class="result-nav-btn-grid ${answers[i] ? 'answered' : 'unanswered'} ${markedForReview[i] ? 'marked-nav' : ''}" onclick="handleResultNavClick(${i})" aria-label="Go to Result for Question ${i + 1}"> ${i + 1} </button> `; }).join(''); debugLog("Results navigation panel updated"); } catch (e) { console.error("Error updating results navigation panel:", e); debugLog("Failed to update results navigation panel: " + e.message); } } // Toggle quiz navigation panel function toggleNavPanel() { try { debugLog("Toggling quiz navigation panel"); const navPanel = document.getElementById('nav-panel'); navPanel.classList.toggle('hidden'); debugLog("Quiz navigation panel toggled"); } catch (e) { console.error("Error toggling quiz navigation panel:", e); debugLog("Failed to toggle quiz navigation panel: " + e.message); } } // Toggle results navigation panel function toggleResultsNavPanel() { try { debugLog("Toggling results navigation panel"); const resultsNavPanel = document.getElementById('results-nav-panel'); resultsNavPanel.classList.toggle('hidden'); if (!resultsNavPanel.classList.contains('hidden')) { updateResultsNavPanel(); } debugLog("Results navigation panel toggled"); } catch (e) { console.error("Error toggling results navigation panel:", e); debugLog("Failed to toggle results navigation panel: " + e.message); } } // Handle result navigation click function handleResultNavClick(index) { try { debugLog(`Navigating to result for question ${index + 1} via nav panel`); showResults(index); toggleResultsNavPanel(); } catch (e) { console.error("Error handling result navigation click:", e); debugLog("Failed to navigate to result: " + e.message); } } // Show submit modal function showSubmitModal() { try { debugLog("Showing submit modal"); const attempted = answers.filter(a => a !== null).length; document.getElementById('attempted-count').textContent = attempted; document.getElementById('unattempted-count').textContent = questions.length - attempted; document.getElementById('submit-modal').classList.remove('hidden'); debugLog("Submit modal displayed"); } catch (e) { console.error("Error showing submit modal:", e); debugLog("Failed to show submit modal: " + e.message); } } // Close submit modal function closeSubmitModal() { try { debugLog("Closing submit modal"); document.getElementById('submit-modal').classList.add('hidden'); debugLog("Submit modal closed"); } catch (e) { console.error("Error closing submit modal:", e); debugLog("Failed to close submit modal: " + e.message); } } // Close exit modal function closeExitModal() { try { debugLog("Closing exit modal"); document.getElementById('exit-modal').classList.add('hidden'); debugLog("Exit modal closed"); } catch (e) { console.error("Error closing exit modal:", e); debugLog("Failed to close exit modal: " + e.message); } } // Submit test function submitTest() { try { debugLog("Submitting test"); clearInterval(timerInterval); document.getElementById('quiz').classList.add('hidden'); document.getElementById('submit-modal').classList.add('hidden'); document.getElementById('results').classList.remove('hidden'); showResults(0); // Start with first question // Trigger confetti animation confetti({ particleCount: 100, spread: 70, origin: { y: 0.6 } }); localStorage.removeItem(`quiz_${quizId}`); debugLog("Test submitted successfully"); } catch (e) { console.error("Error submitting test:", e); debugLog("Failed to submit test: " + e.message); } } // Show result for a single question function showResults(index) { try { debugLog(`Showing result for question ${index + 1}`); currentResultQuestion = index; let correct = 0, wrong = 0, unanswered = 0, marked = 0; answers.forEach((answer, i) => { const isCorrect = answer && questions[i].options.find(opt => opt.label === answer)?.correct; if (answer === null) unanswered++; else if (isCorrect) correct++; else wrong++; if (markedForReview[i]) marked++; }); const q = questions[index]; if (!q) { throw new Error(`Question ${index} is undefined`); } const userAnswer = answers[index]; const isCorrect = userAnswer && q.options.find(opt => opt.label === userAnswer)?.correct; const resultsContent = document.getElementById('results-content'); resultsContent.innerHTML = ` <div class="border p-4 rounded-lg ${isCorrect ? 'bg-green-50' : userAnswer ? 'bg-red-50' : 'bg-gray-50'}"> <p class="font-semibold">Question ${index + 1}: ${q.text || 'No question text'}</p> ${q.question_images && q.question_images.length > 0 ? q.question_images.map(url => `<img src="${url}" alt="Question Image" class="max-w-full h-auto rounded-lg my-2">`).join('') : ''} <p><strong>Your Answer:</strong> ${userAnswer ? `${userAnswer}. ${q.options.find(opt => opt.label === userAnswer)?.text || 'Invalid option'}` : 'Unanswered'}</p> <p><strong>Correct Answer:</strong> ${q.correct_answer || 'Unknown'}</p> <div class="mt-2">${q.explanation || 'No explanation available'}</div> ${q.explanation_images && q.explanation_images.length > 0 ? q.explanation_images.map(url => `<img src="${url}" alt="Explanation Image" class="max-w-full h-auto rounded-lg my-2">`).join('') : ''} ${q.video ? ` <button class="play-video bg-blue-500 text-white px-4 py-2 rounded-lg mt-2" onclick="loadVideo(this, '${q.video}', 'video-${index}')" aria-label="Play explanation video for Question ${index + 1}"> Play Video Explanation </button> <div id="video-${index}" class="video-container mt-2"></div> ` : '<p class="text-gray-500 mt-2">No video available</p>'} ${q.audio ? ` <button class="play-audio bg-blue-500 text-white px-4 py-2 rounded-lg mt-2" onclick="loadAudio(this, '${q.audio}', 'audio-${index}')" aria-label="Play audio explanation for Question ${index + 1}"> Play Audio Explanation </button> <div id="audio-${index}" class="audio-container mt-2"></div> ` : ''} </div> `; document.getElementById('correct-count').textContent = correct; document.getElementById('wrong-count').textContent = wrong; document.getElementById('unanswered-count').textContent = unanswered; document.getElementById('marked-count').textContent = marked; document.getElementById('result-question-number').innerHTML = `Question <span>${index + 1}</span> of ${questions.length}`; document.getElementById('prev-result').disabled = index === 0; document.getElementById('next-result').disabled = index === questions.length - 1; updateResultsNavPanel(); window.scrollTo({ top: 0, behavior: 'smooth' }); debugLog(`Result for question ${index + 1} displayed successfully`); } catch (e) { console.error("Error displaying result:", e); debugLog("Failed to display result: " + e.message); } } // Navigate to previous result function showPreviousResult() { try { debugLog(`Navigating to previous result from question ${currentResultQuestion + 1}`); if (currentResultQuestion > 0) { showResults(currentResultQuestion - 1); } } catch (e) { console.error("Error navigating to previous result:", e); debugLog("Failed to navigate to previous result: " + e.message); } } // Navigate to next result function showNextResult() { try { debugLog(`Navigating to next result from question ${currentResultQuestion + 1}`); if (currentResultQuestion < questions.length - 1) { showResults(currentResultQuestion + 1); } } catch (e) { console.error("Error navigating to next result:", e); debugLog("Failed to navigate to next result: " + e.message); } } // Lazy-load video function loadVideo(button, videoUrl, containerId) { try { debugLog(`Loading video for ${containerId}: ${videoUrl}`); if (!videoUrl) { const container = document.getElementById(containerId); container.innerHTML = `<p class="text-gray-500">No video available</p>`; button.remove(); debugLog("No video URL provided"); return; } const container = document.getElementById(containerId); container.innerHTML = ` <div class="video-loading"></div> <video controls class="w-full max-w-[600px] rounded-lg" preload="metadata" aria-label="Video explanation"> <source src="${videoUrl}" type="${videoUrl.endsWith('.m3u8') ? 'application/x-mpegURL' : 'video/mp4'}"> Your browser does not support the video tag. </video> `; container.classList.add('active'); button.remove(); // Initialize HLS.js for .m3u8 videos const video = container.querySelector('video'); if (videoUrl.endsWith('.m3u8') && Hls.isSupported()) { const hls = new Hls(); hls.loadSource(videoUrl); hls.attachMedia(video); hls.on(Hls.Events.ERROR, (event, data) => { console.error("HLS.js error:", data); container.innerHTML = `<p class="text-red-500">Error loading video. <a href="${videoUrl}" target="_blank" aria-label="Open video in new tab">Open video</a></p>`; debugLog("HLS.js error: " + JSON.stringify(data)); }); } else if (videoUrl.endsWith('.m3u8') && video.canPlayType('application/vnd.apple.mpegurl')) { video.src = videoUrl; } // Handle video load errors video.onerror = () => { console.error("Video load error for URL:", videoUrl); container.innerHTML = `<p class="text-red-500">Error loading video. <a href="${videoUrl}" target="_blank" aria-label="Open video in new tab">Open video</a></p>`; debugLog("Video load error for URL: " + videoUrl); }; // Remove loading spinner when video is ready video.onloadedmetadata = () => { container.querySelector('.video-loading').remove(); debugLog("Video loaded successfully"); }; } catch (e) { console.error("Error loading video:", e); debugLog("Failed to load video: " + e.message); const container = document.getElementById(containerId); container.innerHTML = `<p class="text-red-500">Error loading video. <a href="${videoUrl}" target="_blank" aria-label="Open video in new tab">Open video</a></p>`; } } // Lazy-load audio function loadAudio(button, audioUrl, containerId) { try { debugLog(`Loading audio for ${containerId}: ${audioUrl}`); if (!audioUrl) { const container = document.getElementById(containerId); container.innerHTML = `<p class="text-gray-500">No audio available</p>`; button.remove(); debugLog("No audio URL provided"); return; } const container = document.getElementById(containerId); container.innerHTML = ` <audio controls class="w-full max-w-[600px]" preload="metadata" aria-label="Audio explanation"> <source src="${audioUrl}" type="audio/mpeg"> Your browser does not support the audio tag. </audio> `; container.classList.add('active'); button.remove(); // Handle audio load errors const audio = container.querySelector('audio'); audio.onerror = () => { console.error("Audio load error for URL:", audioUrl); container.innerHTML = `<p class="text-red-500">Error loading audio. <a href="${audioUrl}" target="_blank" aria-label="Open audio in new tab">Open audio</a></p>`; debugLog("Audio load error for URL: " + audioUrl); }; debugLog("Audio loaded successfully"); } catch (e) { console.error("Error loading audio:", e); debugLog("Failed to load audio: " + e.message); const container = document.getElementById(containerId); container.innerHTML = `<p class="text-red-500">Error loading audio. <a href="${audioUrl}" target="_blank" aria-label="Open audio in new tab">Open audio</a></p>`; } } // Toggle dark mode function toggleTheme() { try { debugLog("Toggling theme"); document.documentElement.classList.toggle('dark'); localStorage.setItem('theme', document.documentElement.classList.contains('dark') ? 'dark' : 'light'); debugLog("Theme toggled successfully"); } catch (e) { console.error("Error toggling theme:", e); debugLog("Failed to toggle theme: " + e.message); } } // Load theme preference function loadTheme() { try { debugLog("Loading theme preference"); const theme = localStorage.getItem('theme'); if (theme === 'dark') { document.documentElement.classList.add('dark'); } debugLog("Theme loaded successfully"); } catch (e) { console.error("Error loading theme:", e); debugLog("Failed to load theme: " + e.message); } } // Initialize on DOM content loaded window.addEventListener('DOMContentLoaded', () => { try { debugLog("DOM content loaded, initializing quiz"); loadTheme(); initQuiz(); } catch (e) { console.error("Error during DOMContentLoaded:", e); debugLog("Failed to initialize on DOMContentLoaded: " + e.message); document.getElementById('error-message').innerHTML = "Error initializing quiz. Please check the console for details or contact support."; document.getElementById('error-message').classList.remove('hidden'); } }); </script> </body> </html>" frameborder="0" width="100%" height="2000px">
<div class="bg-white rounded-lg shadow-md p-4 md:p-6"> <h2 class="text-xl font-semibold mb-4">Instructions</h2> <h4 class="text-gray-800 text-lg font-semibold mt-6 mb-4">Test Features:</h4> <ul class="space-y-3"> <li class="flex items-center gap-3"> <i class="fa-solid fa-circle-check text-green-500"></i> Multiple choice questions with single correct answers </li> <li class="flex items-center gap-3"> <i class="fa-solid fa-circle-check text-green-500"></i> Timer-based testing for realistic exam conditions </li> <li class="flex items-center gap-3"> <i class="fa-solid fa-circle-check text-green-500"></i> Mark questions for review functionality </li> <li class="flex items-center gap-3"> <i class="fa-solid fa-circle-check text-green-500"></i> Comprehensive results and performance analysis </li> <li class="flex items-center gap-3"> <i class="fa-solid fa-circle-check text-green-500"></i> Mobile-optimized interface for learning on-the-go </li> </ul> <div class="mt-6 flex space-x-4 button-group md:flex-row flex-col"> <button class="bg-[#2c5281] text-white px-6 py-2 rounded-lg hover:bg-[#2c5281] transition" id="start-test">Start Test</button> </div> <div class="error-message hidden" id="error-message"></div> </div> </section> <!-- Quiz Section --> <section class="container mx-auto px-4 md:px-6 pt-4 md:pt-6 pb-1 hidden section-transition" id="quiz"> <div class="bg-white rounded-lg shadow-md p-4 md:p-6"> <!-- Progress Bar --> <div class="w-full bg-gray-200 rounded-full h-3 mb-4"> <div class="progress-bar h-3 rounded-full" id="progress-bar" style="width: 0%"></div> </div> <!-- Question Header --> <div class="flex flex-col md:flex-row justify-between items-center mb-4"> <h2 class="text-lg font-semibold" id="question-number">Question <span>1</span> of 4</h2> <p class="text-lg font-semibold mt-2 md:mt-0" id="timer">Time Remaining: <span>00:00</span></p> </div> <!-- Question Content --> <div class="mb-6" id="question-content"> <p class="text-gray-800 mb-4" id="question-text"></p> <div class="flex flex-wrap gap-4 mb-4" id="question-images"></div> <div class="space-y-3" id="options"></div> </div> <!-- Navigation Buttons --> <div class="flex flex-col md:flex-row justify-between items-center gap-2 md:gap-4"> <div class="flex gap-2 w-full md:w-auto"> <button class="bg-[#2c5281] text-white px-4 py-3 w-full md:w-32 h-14 rounded-lg hover:bg-[#2c5281] transition" disabled="" id="previous-btn">Previous</button> <button class="bg-[#2c5281] text-white px-4 py-3 w-full md:w-32 h-14 rounded-lg hover:bg-[#2c5281] transition" id="next-btn">Next</button> </div> <div class="flex items-center gap-2"> <button class="bg-transparent text-gray-700 px-4 py-2 rounded-lg hover:bg-gray-100 transition flex items-center gap-1" id="mark-review"> Review <svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" class="h-5 w-5" viewBox="0 0 20 20" fill="currentColor"> <path d="M10 2a1 1 0 00-1 1v14l3.293-3.293a1 1 0 011.414 0L17 17V3a1 1 0 00-1-1H10z" /> </svg> </button> <button class="bg-transparent text-gray-700 px-4 py-2 rounded-lg hover:bg-gray-100 transition flex items-center gap-1" id="nav-toggle"> Question 🧭 </button> <button class="bg-green-500 text-white px-6 py-3 w-44 h-14 rounded-lg hover:bg-green-600 transition w-full md:w-auto" id="submit-test">Submit Test</button> </div> </div> </section> <!-- Results Section --> <section class="container mx-auto px-4 md:px-6 pt-4 md:pt-6 pb-1 hidden section-transition" id="results"> <div class="bg-white rounded-lg shadow-md p-4 md:p-6"> <h2 class="text-2xl font-semibold mb-4">Anaesthesia Machine - Results</h2> <div class="grid grid-cols-1 md:grid-cols-2 gap-4 mb-6"> <p><strong>Correct:</strong> <span id="correct-count" class="text-[#000000]">0</span></p> <p><strong>Wrong:</strong> <span id="wrong-count" class="text-[#000000]">0</span></p> <p><strong>Unanswered:</strong> <span id="unanswered-count" class="text-[#000000]-500">0</span></p> <p><strong>Marked for Review:</strong> <span id="marked-count" class="text-[#000000]">0</span></p> </div> <h3 class="text-lg font-semibold mb-4" id="result-question-number">Question <span>1</span> of 4</h3> <div class="space-y-6" id="results-content"></div> <div class="result-nav"> <button aria-label="Previous question result" class="result-nav-btn bg-[#2c5281] text-white px-6 py-2 rounded-lg hover:bg-[#2c5281] transition" disabled="" id="prev-result">Previous</button> <button aria-label="Toggle results navigation panel" class="result-nav-btn bg-[#2c5281] text-white px-6 py-2 rounded-lg hover:bg-[#2c5281] transition" id="results-nav-toggle">Result 🧭</button> <button aria-label="Next question result" class="result-nav-btn bg-[#2c5281] text-white px-6 py-2 rounded-lg hover:bg-[#2c5281] transition" id="next-result">Next</button> </div> <div class="mt-6 flex space-x-4 button-group md:flex-row flex-col"> <button class="bg-green-500 text-white px-6 py-2 rounded-lg hover:bg-green-600 transition" id="take-again">Take Again</button> </div> </div> </section> <!-- Exit Confirmation Modal --> <div class="fixed inset-0 bg-black bg-opacity-50 flex items-center justify-center hidden" id="exit-modal"> <div class="bg-white rounded-lg p-6 max-w-sm w-full"> <h2 class="text-xl font-semibold mb-4">Leave Test?</h2> <p class="text-gray-700 mb-4">Your progress will be lost if you leave this page. Are you sure you want to exit?</p> <div class="flex justify-end space-x-4"> <button class="bg-gray-300 text-gray-700 px-4 py-2 rounded-lg hover:bg-gray-400 transition" id="continue-test">No, Continue</button> <button class="bg-red-500 text-white px-4 py-2 rounded-lg hover:bg-red-600 transition" id="exit-test">Yes, Exit</button> </div> </div> </div> <!-- Submit Confirmation Modal --> <div class="fixed inset-0 bg-black bg-opacity-50 flex items-center justify-center hidden" id="submit-modal"> <div class="bg-white rounded-lg p-6 max-w-sm w-full"> <h2 class="text-xl font-semibold mb-4">Confirm Submission</h2> <p class="text-gray-700 mb-2">You have attempted <span id="attempted-count">0</span> of 2 questions.</p> <p class="text-gray-700 mb-4"><span id="unattempted-count">0</span> questions are unattempted.</p> <div class="flex justify-end space-x-4"> <button class="bg-gray-300 text-gray-700 px-4 py-2 rounded-lg hover:bg-gray-400 transition" id="cancel-submit">Cancel</button> <button class="bg-green-500 text-white px-4 py-2 rounded-lg hover:bg-green-600 transition" id="confirm-submit">Submit Test</button> </div> </div> </div> <!-- Quiz Navigation Panel --> <div class="fixed inset-y-0 right-0 nav-panel bg-white shadow-lg p-4 hidden overflow-y-auto" id="nav-panel"> <h2 class="text-lg font-semibold mb-4">Questions Navigation</h2> <div class="mb-4"> <select class="w-full p-2 border rounded-lg text-gray-700" id="nav-filter"> <option value="all">All Questions</option> <option value="answered">Answered</option> <option value="unanswered">Unanswered</option> <option value="marked">Marked for Review</option> </select> </div> <div class="grid grid-cols-5 gap-2 md:gap-3" id="nav-grid"></div> <button class="mt-4 bg-gray-500 text-white px-4 py-2 rounded-lg hover:bg-gray-600 transition w-full" id="close-nav">Close</button> </div> <!-- Results Navigation Panel --> <div class="fixed inset-y-0 right-0 results-nav-panel bg-white shadow-lg p-4 hidden overflow-y-auto" id="results-nav-panel"> <h2 class="text-lg font-semibold mb-4">Results Navigation</h2> <div class="mb-4"> <select class="w-full p-2 border rounded-lg text-gray-700" id="results-nav-filter"> <option value="all">All Questions</option> <option value="answered">Answered</option> <option value="unanswered">Unanswered</option> <option value="marked">Marked for Review</option> </select> </div> <div class="grid grid-cols-5 gap-2 md:gap-3" id="results-nav-grid"></div> <button class="mt-4 bg-gray-500 text-white px-4 py-2 rounded-lg hover:bg-gray-600 transition w-full" id="close-results-nav">Close</button> </div> <!-- JavaScript Logic --> <script> // Enable debug mode for detailed logging const DEBUG_MODE = true; // Log debug messages function debugLog(message) { if (DEBUG_MODE) { console.log(`[DEBUG] ${message}`); } } // Initialize questions with error handling let questions = []; let currentResultQuestion = 0; // State for current question in results try { debugLog("Attempting to parse questions_json"); questions = [{"text": "Which of the following doesn't inhibit Cytochrome?", "options": [{"label": "A", "text": "Nitric oxide", "correct": true}, {"label": "B", "text": "CO", "correct": false}, {"label": "C", "text": "H2S", "correct": false}, {"label": "D", "text": "Cyanide", "correct": false}], "correct_answer": "A. Nitric oxide", "question_images": [], "explanation_images": [], "explanation": "\n\n<p style='font-size: 10px; color: #808080; font-style: italic;'>@dams_new_robot</p>", "bot": "@dams_new_robot", "audio": "", "video": ""}, {"text": "A 5-year-old girl was washing her doll with shampoo containing rotenone. Her mother noticed her in unconscious state. Which is inhibited by the above chemical?", "options": [{"label": "A", "text": "NADH dehydrogenase", "correct": true}, {"label": "B", "text": "Succinate dehydrogenase", "correct": false}, {"label": "C", "text": "Cytochrome C", "correct": false}, {"label": "D", "text": "Cytochrome oxidase", "correct": false}], "correct_answer": "A. NADH dehydrogenase", "question_images": [], "explanation_images": ["https://image.prepladder.com/content/W1MFyHVqR2X7TSUNG0KB1724848525.png"], "explanation": "<p>Correct Option A - &lt;span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"70e624dfd41692777193efc364d5b4\"&gt;NADH&lt;/span&gt; dehydrog\n\n<p style='font-size: 10px; color: #808080; font-style: italic;'>@dams_new_robot</p>", "bot": "@dams_new_robot", "audio": "", "video": ""}]; if (!Array.isArray(questions) || questions.length === 0) { throw new Error("Questions data is empty or invalid"); } debugLog(`Successfully parsed ${questions.length} questions`); } catch (e) { console.error("Failed to parse questions_json:", e); document.getElementById('error-message').innerHTML = "Error loading quiz data. Please check the console for details or contact support."; document.getElementById('error-message').classList.remove('hidden'); document.getElementById('start-test').disabled = true; // Fallback to sample questions for testing questions = [ { text: "What is 2 + 2?", options: [ { label: "A", text: "3", correct: false }, { label: "B", text: "4", correct: true }, { label: "C", text: "5", correct: false }, { label: "D", text: "6", correct: false } ], correct_answer: "B. 4", question_images: [], explanation_images: [], explanation: "<p>2 + 2 = 4</p><p>@dams_new_robot</p>", bot: "@dams_new_robot", audio: "", video: "" } ]; debugLog("Loaded fallback questions"); } // Quiz state let currentQuestion = 0; let answers = new Array(questions.length).fill(null); let markedForReview = new Array(questions.length).fill(false); let timeRemaining = 12 * 60; // Duration in seconds let timerInterval = null; const quizId = `{title.replace(/\s+/g, '_').toLowerCase()}`; // Unique ID for local storage // Load saved progress function loadProgress() { try { debugLog("Loading progress from localStorage"); const saved = localStorage.getItem(`quiz_${quizId}`); if (saved) { const { savedAnswers, savedMarked, savedTime } = JSON.parse(saved); answers = savedAnswers || answers; markedForReview = savedMarked || markedForReview; timeRemaining = savedTime !== undefined ? savedTime : timeRemaining; debugLog("Progress loaded successfully"); } else { debugLog("No saved progress found"); } } catch (e) { console.error("Error loading progress:", e); debugLog("Failed to load progress: " + e.message); } } // Save progress function saveProgress() { try { debugLog("Saving progress to localStorage"); localStorage.setItem(`quiz_${quizId}`, JSON.stringify({ savedAnswers: answers, savedMarked: markedForReview, savedTime: timeRemaining })); debugLog("Progress saved successfully"); } catch (e) { console.error("Error saving progress:", e); debugLog("Failed to save progress: " + e.message); } } // Initialize quiz function initQuiz() { try { debugLog("Initializing quiz"); loadProgress(); const startButton = document.getElementById('start-test'); if (!startButton) { throw new Error("Start test button not found"); } startButton.addEventListener('click', startQuiz); debugLog("Start test button listener attached"); document.getElementById('previous-btn').addEventListener('click', showPreviousQuestion); document.getElementById('next-btn').addEventListener('click', showNextQuestion); document.getElementById('mark-review').addEventListener('click', toggleMarkForReview); document.getElementById('nav-toggle').addEventListener('click', toggleNavPanel); document.getElementById('submit-test').addEventListener('click', showSubmitModal); document.getElementById('continue-test').addEventListener('click', closeExitModal); document.getElementById('exit-test').addEventListener('click', () => { debugLog("Exiting test"); localStorage.removeItem(`quiz_${quizId}`); window.location.reload(); }); document.getElementById('cancel-submit').addEventListener('click', closeSubmitModal); document.getElementById('confirm-submit').addEventListener('click', submitTest); document.getElementById('take-again').addEventListener('click', () => { debugLog("Restarting test"); localStorage.removeItem(`quiz_${quizId}`); window.location.reload(); }); document.getElementById('review-test').addEventListener('click', () => showResults(currentResultQuestion)); document.getElementById('close-nav').addEventListener('click', toggleNavPanel); document.getElementById('theme-toggle').addEventListener('click', toggleTheme); document.getElementById('nav-filter').addEventListener('change', updateNavPanel); document.getElementById('prev-result').addEventListener('click', showPreviousResult); document.getElementById('next-result').addEventListener('click', showNextResult); document.getElementById('results-nav-toggle').addEventListener('click', toggleResultsNavPanel); document.getElementById('close-results-nav').addEventListener('click', toggleResultsNavPanel); document.getElementById('results-nav-filter').addEventListener('change', updateResultsNavPanel); debugLog("Quiz initialized successfully"); } catch (e) { console.error("Failed to initialize quiz:", e); debugLog("Failed to initialize quiz: " + e.message); document.getElementById('error-message').innerHTML = "Error initializing quiz. Please check the console for details or contact support."; document.getElementById('error-message').classList.remove('hidden'); document.getElementById('start-test').disabled = true; } } // Start quiz function startQuiz() { try { debugLog("Starting quiz"); document.getElementById('instructions').classList.add('hidden'); document.getElementById('quiz').classList.remove('hidden'); showQuestion(currentQuestion); startTimer(); updateNavPanel(); debugLog("Quiz started successfully"); } catch (e) { console.error("Error starting quiz:", e); debugLog("Failed to start quiz: " + e.message); document.getElementById('error-message').innerHTML = "Error starting quiz. Please check the console for details or contact support."; document.getElementById('error-message').classList.remove('hidden'); document.getElementById('quiz').classList.add('hidden'); document.getElementById('instructions').classList.remove('hidden'); } } // Show question function showQuestion(index) { try { debugLog(`Showing question ${index + 1}`); currentQuestion = index; const q = questions[index]; if (!q) { throw new Error(`Question ${index} is undefined`); } document.getElementById('question-number').innerHTML = `Question <span>${index + 1}</span> of ${questions.length}`; document.getElementById('question-text').innerHTML = q.text || "No question text available"; const imagesDiv = document.getElementById('question-images'); imagesDiv.innerHTML = q.question_images && q.question_images.length > 0 ? q.question_images.map(url => `<img src="${url}" alt="Question Image" class="max-w-full h-auto rounded-lg">`).join('') : ''; const optionsDiv = document.getElementById('options'); optionsDiv.innerHTML = q.options && q.options.length > 0 ? q.options.map(opt => ` <button class="option-btn w-full text-left p-3 border rounded-lg ${answers[index] === opt.label ? 'selected' : ''}" onclick="selectOption(${index}, '${opt.label}')" aria-label="Option ${opt.label}: ${opt.text}"> ${opt.label}. ${opt.text} </button> `).join('') : '<p class="text-red-500">No options available</p>'; document.getElementById('previous-btn').disabled = index === 0; document.getElementById('next-btn').disabled = index === questions.length - 1; document.getElementById('mark-review').classList.toggle('marked', markedForReview[index]); updateProgressBar(); saveProgress(); window.scrollTo({ top: 0, behavior: 'smooth' }); debugLog(`Question ${index + 1} displayed successfully`); } catch (e) { console.error("Error displaying question:", e); debugLog("Failed to display question: " + e.message); } } // Select option function selectOption(index, label) { try { debugLog(`Selecting option ${label} for question ${index + 1}`); answers[index] = label; const optionsDiv = document.getElementById('options'); const optionButtons = optionsDiv.querySelectorAll('.option-btn'); optionButtons.forEach(btn => { const btnLabel = btn.textContent.trim().split('.')[0]; btn.classList.toggle('selected', btnLabel === label); }); updateNavPanel(); saveProgress(); debugLog(`Option ${label} selected for question ${index + 1}`); } catch (e) { console.error("Error selecting option:", e); debugLog("Failed to select option: " + e.message); } } // Toggle mark for review function toggleMarkForReview() { try { debugLog(`Toggling mark for review on question ${currentQuestion + 1}`); markedForReview[currentQuestion] = !markedForReview[currentQuestion]; document.getElementById('mark-review').classList.toggle('marked', markedForReview[currentQuestion]); updateNavPanel(); saveProgress(); debugLog(`Mark for review toggled for question ${currentQuestion + 1}`); } catch (e) { console.error("Error marking for review:", e); debugLog("Failed to mark for review: " + e.message); } } // Navigate to previous question function showPreviousQuestion() { try { debugLog(`Navigating to previous question from ${currentQuestion + 1}`); if (currentQuestion > 0) { currentQuestion--; showQuestion(currentQuestion); } } catch (e) { console.error("Error navigating to previous question:", e); debugLog("Failed to navigate to previous question: " + e.message); } } // Navigate to next question function showNextQuestion() { try { debugLog(`Navigating to next question from ${currentQuestion + 1}`); if (currentQuestion < questions.length - 1) { currentQuestion++; showQuestion(currentQuestion); } } catch (e) { console.error("Error navigating to next question:", e); debugLog("Failed to navigate to next question: " + e.message); } } // Handle question navigation click function handleQuestionNavClick(index) { try { debugLog(`Navigating to question ${index + 1} via nav panel`); showQuestion(index); toggleNavPanel(); } catch (e) { console.error("Error handling navigation click:", e); debugLog("Failed to navigate via nav panel: " + e.message); } } // Start timer function startTimer() { try { debugLog("Starting timer"); timerInterval = setInterval(() => { if (timeRemaining <= 0) { debugLog("Timer expired, submitting test"); clearInterval(timerInterval); submitTest(); } else { timeRemaining--; const minutes = Math.floor(timeRemaining / 60); const seconds = timeRemaining % 60; document.getElementById('timer').innerHTML = `Time Remaining: <span>${minutes.toString().padStart(2, '0')}:${seconds.toString().padStart(2, '0')}</span>`; saveProgress(); } }, 1000); debugLog("Timer started successfully"); } catch (e) { console.error("Error starting timer:", e); debugLog("Failed to start timer: " + e.message); } } // Update progress bar function updateProgressBar() { try { debugLog("Updating progress bar"); const progress = ((currentQuestion + 1) / questions.length) * 100; document.getElementById('progress-bar').style.width = `${progress}%`; debugLog("Progress bar updated"); } catch (e) { console.error("Error updating progress bar:", e); debugLog("Failed to update progress bar: " + e.message); } } // Update quiz navigation panel function updateNavPanel() { try { debugLog("Updating quiz navigation panel"); const filter = document.getElementById('nav-filter').value; const navGrid = document.getElementById('nav-grid'); navGrid.innerHTML = questions.map((_, i) => { if (filter === 'answered' && !answers[i]) return ''; if (filter === 'unanswered' && answers[i]) return ''; if (filter === 'marked' && !markedForReview[i]) return ''; return ` <button class="question-nav-btn ${answers[i] ? 'answered' : 'unanswered'} ${markedForReview[i] ? 'marked-nav' : ''}" onclick="handleQuestionNavClick(${i})" aria-label="Go to Question ${i + 1}"> ${i + 1} </button> `; }).join(''); debugLog("Quiz navigation panel updated"); } catch (e) { console.error("Error updating quiz navigation panel:", e); debugLog("Failed to update quiz navigation panel: " + e.message); } } // Update results navigation panel function updateResultsNavPanel() { try { debugLog("Updating results navigation panel"); const filter = document.getElementById('results-nav-filter').value; const navGrid = document.getElementById('results-nav-grid'); navGrid.innerHTML = questions.map((_, i) => { if (filter === 'answered' && !answers[i]) return ''; if (filter === 'unanswered' && answers[i]) return ''; if (filter === 'marked' && !markedForReview[i]) return ''; return ` <button class="result-nav-btn-grid ${answers[i] ? 'answered' : 'unanswered'} ${markedForReview[i] ? 'marked-nav' : ''}" onclick="handleResultNavClick(${i})" aria-label="Go to Result for Question ${i + 1}"> ${i + 1} </button> `; }).join(''); debugLog("Results navigation panel updated"); } catch (e) { console.error("Error updating results navigation panel:", e); debugLog("Failed to update results navigation panel: " + e.message); } } // Toggle quiz navigation panel function toggleNavPanel() { try { debugLog("Toggling quiz navigation panel"); const navPanel = document.getElementById('nav-panel'); navPanel.classList.toggle('hidden'); debugLog("Quiz navigation panel toggled"); } catch (e) { console.error("Error toggling quiz navigation panel:", e); debugLog("Failed to toggle quiz navigation panel: " + e.message); } } // Toggle results navigation panel function toggleResultsNavPanel() { try { debugLog("Toggling results navigation panel"); const resultsNavPanel = document.getElementById('results-nav-panel'); resultsNavPanel.classList.toggle('hidden'); if (!resultsNavPanel.classList.contains('hidden')) { updateResultsNavPanel(); } debugLog("Results navigation panel toggled"); } catch (e) { console.error("Error toggling results navigation panel:", e); debugLog("Failed to toggle results navigation panel: " + e.message); } } // Handle result navigation click function handleResultNavClick(index) { try { debugLog(`Navigating to result for question ${index + 1} via nav panel`); showResults(index); toggleResultsNavPanel(); } catch (e) { console.error("Error handling result navigation click:", e); debugLog("Failed to navigate to result: " + e.message); } } // Show submit modal function showSubmitModal() { try { debugLog("Showing submit modal"); const attempted = answers.filter(a => a !== null).length; document.getElementById('attempted-count').textContent = attempted; document.getElementById('unattempted-count').textContent = questions.length - attempted; document.getElementById('submit-modal').classList.remove('hidden'); debugLog("Submit modal displayed"); } catch (e) { console.error("Error showing submit modal:", e); debugLog("Failed to show submit modal: " + e.message); } } // Close submit modal function closeSubmitModal() { try { debugLog("Closing submit modal"); document.getElementById('submit-modal').classList.add('hidden'); debugLog("Submit modal closed"); } catch (e) { console.error("Error closing submit modal:", e); debugLog("Failed to close submit modal: " + e.message); } } // Close exit modal function closeExitModal() { try { debugLog("Closing exit modal"); document.getElementById('exit-modal').classList.add('hidden'); debugLog("Exit modal closed"); } catch (e) { console.error("Error closing exit modal:", e); debugLog("Failed to close exit modal: " + e.message); } } // Submit test function submitTest() { try { debugLog("Submitting test"); clearInterval(timerInterval); document.getElementById('quiz').classList.add('hidden'); document.getElementById('submit-modal').classList.add('hidden'); document.getElementById('results').classList.remove('hidden'); showResults(0); // Start with first question // Trigger confetti animation confetti({ particleCount: 100, spread: 70, origin: { y: 0.6 } }); localStorage.removeItem(`quiz_${quizId}`); debugLog("Test submitted successfully"); } catch (e) { console.error("Error submitting test:", e); debugLog("Failed to submit test: " + e.message); } } // Show result for a single question function showResults(index) { try { debugLog(`Showing result for question ${index + 1}`); currentResultQuestion = index; let correct = 0, wrong = 0, unanswered = 0, marked = 0; answers.forEach((answer, i) => { const isCorrect = answer && questions[i].options.find(opt => opt.label === answer)?.correct; if (answer === null) unanswered++; else if (isCorrect) correct++; else wrong++; if (markedForReview[i]) marked++; }); const q = questions[index]; if (!q) { throw new Error(`Question ${index} is undefined`); } const userAnswer = answers[index]; const isCorrect = userAnswer && q.options.find(opt => opt.label === userAnswer)?.correct; const resultsContent = document.getElementById('results-content'); resultsContent.innerHTML = ` <div class="border p-4 rounded-lg ${isCorrect ? 'bg-green-50' : userAnswer ? 'bg-red-50' : 'bg-gray-50'}"> <p class="font-semibold">Question ${index + 1}: ${q.text || 'No question text'}</p> ${q.question_images && q.question_images.length > 0 ? q.question_images.map(url => `<img src="${url}" alt="Question Image" class="max-w-full h-auto rounded-lg my-2">`).join('') : ''} <p><strong>Your Answer:</strong> ${userAnswer ? `${userAnswer}. ${q.options.find(opt => opt.label === userAnswer)?.text || 'Invalid option'}` : 'Unanswered'}</p> <p><strong>Correct Answer:</strong> ${q.correct_answer || 'Unknown'}</p> <div class="mt-2">${q.explanation || 'No explanation available'}</div> ${q.explanation_images && q.explanation_images.length > 0 ? q.explanation_images.map(url => `<img src="${url}" alt="Explanation Image" class="max-w-full h-auto rounded-lg my-2">`).join('') : ''} ${q.video ? ` <button class="play-video bg-blue-500 text-white px-4 py-2 rounded-lg mt-2" onclick="loadVideo(this, '${q.video}', 'video-${index}')" aria-label="Play explanation video for Question ${index + 1}"> Play Video Explanation </button> <div id="video-${index}" class="video-container mt-2"></div> ` : '<p class="text-gray-500 mt-2">No video available</p>'} ${q.audio ? ` <button class="play-audio bg-blue-500 text-white px-4 py-2 rounded-lg mt-2" onclick="loadAudio(this, '${q.audio}', 'audio-${index}')" aria-label="Play audio explanation for Question ${index + 1}"> Play Audio Explanation </button> <div id="audio-${index}" class="audio-container mt-2"></div> ` : ''} </div> `; document.getElementById('correct-count').textContent = correct; document.getElementById('wrong-count').textContent = wrong; document.getElementById('unanswered-count').textContent = unanswered; document.getElementById('marked-count').textContent = marked; document.getElementById('result-question-number').innerHTML = `Question <span>${index + 1}</span> of ${questions.length}`; document.getElementById('prev-result').disabled = index === 0; document.getElementById('next-result').disabled = index === questions.length - 1; updateResultsNavPanel(); window.scrollTo({ top: 0, behavior: 'smooth' }); debugLog(`Result for question ${index + 1} displayed successfully`); } catch (e) { console.error("Error displaying result:", e); debugLog("Failed to display result: " + e.message); } } // Navigate to previous result function showPreviousResult() { try { debugLog(`Navigating to previous result from question ${currentResultQuestion + 1}`); if (currentResultQuestion > 0) { showResults(currentResultQuestion - 1); } } catch (e) { console.error("Error navigating to previous result:", e); debugLog("Failed to navigate to previous result: " + e.message); } } // Navigate to next result function showNextResult() { try { debugLog(`Navigating to next result from question ${currentResultQuestion + 1}`); if (currentResultQuestion < questions.length - 1) { showResults(currentResultQuestion + 1); } } catch (e) { console.error("Error navigating to next result:", e); debugLog("Failed to navigate to next result: " + e.message); } } // Lazy-load video function loadVideo(button, videoUrl, containerId) { try { debugLog(`Loading video for ${containerId}: ${videoUrl}`); if (!videoUrl) { const container = document.getElementById(containerId); container.innerHTML = `<p class="text-gray-500">No video available</p>`; button.remove(); debugLog("No video URL provided"); return; } const container = document.getElementById(containerId); container.innerHTML = ` <div class="video-loading"></div> <video controls class="w-full max-w-[600px] rounded-lg" preload="metadata" aria-label="Video explanation"> <source src="${videoUrl}" type="${videoUrl.endsWith('.m3u8') ? 'application/x-mpegURL' : 'video/mp4'}"> Your browser does not support the video tag. </video> `; container.classList.add('active'); button.remove(); // Initialize HLS.js for .m3u8 videos const video = container.querySelector('video'); if (videoUrl.endsWith('.m3u8') && Hls.isSupported()) { const hls = new Hls(); hls.loadSource(videoUrl); hls.attachMedia(video); hls.on(Hls.Events.ERROR, (event, data) => { console.error("HLS.js error:", data); container.innerHTML = `<p class="text-red-500">Error loading video. <a href="${videoUrl}" target="_blank" aria-label="Open video in new tab">Open video</a></p>`; debugLog("HLS.js error: " + JSON.stringify(data)); }); } else if (videoUrl.endsWith('.m3u8') && video.canPlayType('application/vnd.apple.mpegurl')) { video.src = videoUrl; } // Handle video load errors video.onerror = () => { console.error("Video load error for URL:", videoUrl); container.innerHTML = `<p class="text-red-500">Error loading video. <a href="${videoUrl}" target="_blank" aria-label="Open video in new tab">Open video</a></p>`; debugLog("Video load error for URL: " + videoUrl); }; // Remove loading spinner when video is ready video.onloadedmetadata = () => { container.querySelector('.video-loading').remove(); debugLog("Video loaded successfully"); }; } catch (e) { console.error("Error loading video:", e); debugLog("Failed to load video: " + e.message); const container = document.getElementById(containerId); container.innerHTML = `<p class="text-red-500">Error loading video. <a href="${videoUrl}" target="_blank" aria-label="Open video in new tab">Open video</a></p>`; } } // Lazy-load audio function loadAudio(button, audioUrl, containerId) { try { debugLog(`Loading audio for ${containerId}: ${audioUrl}`); if (!audioUrl) { const container = document.getElementById(containerId); container.innerHTML = `<p class="text-gray-500">No audio available</p>`; button.remove(); debugLog("No audio URL provided"); return; } const container = document.getElementById(containerId); container.innerHTML = ` <audio controls class="w-full max-w-[600px]" preload="metadata" aria-label="Audio explanation"> <source src="${audioUrl}" type="audio/mpeg"> Your browser does not support the audio tag. </audio> `; container.classList.add('active'); button.remove(); // Handle audio load errors const audio = container.querySelector('audio'); audio.onerror = () => { console.error("Audio load error for URL:", audioUrl); container.innerHTML = `<p class="text-red-500">Error loading audio. <a href="${audioUrl}" target="_blank" aria-label="Open audio in new tab">Open audio</a></p>`; debugLog("Audio load error for URL: " + audioUrl); }; debugLog("Audio loaded successfully"); } catch (e) { console.error("Error loading audio:", e); debugLog("Failed to load audio: " + e.message); const container = document.getElementById(containerId); container.innerHTML = `<p class="text-red-500">Error loading audio. <a href="${audioUrl}" target="_blank" aria-label="Open audio in new tab">Open audio</a></p>`; } } // Toggle dark mode function toggleTheme() { try { debugLog("Toggling theme"); document.documentElement.classList.toggle('dark'); localStorage.setItem('theme', document.documentElement.classList.contains('dark') ? 'dark' : 'light'); debugLog("Theme toggled successfully"); } catch (e) { console.error("Error toggling theme:", e); debugLog("Failed to toggle theme: " + e.message); } } // Load theme preference function loadTheme() { try { debugLog("Loading theme preference"); const theme = localStorage.getItem('theme'); if (theme === 'dark') { document.documentElement.classList.add('dark'); } debugLog("Theme loaded successfully"); } catch (e) { console.error("Error loading theme:", e); debugLog("Failed to load theme: " + e.message); } } // Initialize on DOM content loaded window.addEventListener('DOMContentLoaded', () => { try { debugLog("DOM content loaded, initializing quiz"); loadTheme(); initQuiz(); } catch (e) { console.error("Error during DOMContentLoaded:", e); debugLog("Failed to initialize on DOMContentLoaded: " + e.message); document.getElementById('error-message').innerHTML = "Error initializing quiz. Please check the console for details or contact support."; document.getElementById('error-message').classList.remove('hidden'); } }); </script> </body> </html>" frameborder="0" width="100%" height="2000px">
<div class="bg-white rounded-lg shadow-md p-4 md:p-6"> <h2 class="text-xl font-semibold mb-4">Instructions</h2> <h4 class="text-gray-800 text-lg font-semibold mt-6 mb-4">Test Features:</h4> <ul class="space-y-3"> <li class="flex items-center gap-3"> <i class="fa-solid fa-circle-check text-green-500"></i> Multiple choice questions with single correct answers </li> <li class="flex items-center gap-3"> <i class="fa-solid fa-circle-check text-green-500"></i> Timer-based testing for realistic exam conditions </li> <li class="flex items-center gap-3"> <i class="fa-solid fa-circle-check text-green-500"></i> Mark questions for review functionality </li> <li class="flex items-center gap-3"> <i class="fa-solid fa-circle-check text-green-500"></i> Comprehensive results and performance analysis </li> <li class="flex items-center gap-3"> <i class="fa-solid fa-circle-check text-green-500"></i> Mobile-optimized interface for learning on-the-go </li> </ul> <div class="mt-6 flex space-x-4 button-group md:flex-row flex-col"> <button class="bg-[#2c5281] text-white px-6 py-2 rounded-lg hover:bg-[#2c5281] transition" id="start-test">Start Test</button> </div> <div class="error-message hidden" id="error-message"></div> </div> </section> <!-- Quiz Section --> <section class="container mx-auto px-4 md:px-6 pt-4 md:pt-6 pb-1 hidden section-transition" id="quiz"> <div class="bg-white rounded-lg shadow-md p-4 md:p-6"> <!-- Progress Bar --> <div class="w-full bg-gray-200 rounded-full h-3 mb-4"> <div class="progress-bar h-3 rounded-full" id="progress-bar" style="width: 0%"></div> </div> <!-- Question Header --> <div class="flex flex-col md:flex-row justify-between items-center mb-4"> <h2 class="text-lg font-semibold" id="question-number">Question <span>1</span> of 4</h2> <p class="text-lg font-semibold mt-2 md:mt-0" id="timer">Time Remaining: <span>00:00</span></p> </div> <!-- Question Content --> <div class="mb-6" id="question-content"> <p class="text-gray-800 mb-4" id="question-text"></p> <div class="flex flex-wrap gap-4 mb-4" id="question-images"></div> <div class="space-y-3" id="options"></div> </div> <!-- Navigation Buttons --> <div class="flex flex-col md:flex-row justify-between items-center gap-2 md:gap-4"> <div class="flex gap-2 w-full md:w-auto"> <button class="bg-[#2c5281] text-white px-4 py-3 w-full md:w-32 h-14 rounded-lg hover:bg-[#2c5281] transition" disabled="" id="previous-btn">Previous</button> <button class="bg-[#2c5281] text-white px-4 py-3 w-full md:w-32 h-14 rounded-lg hover:bg-[#2c5281] transition" id="next-btn">Next</button> </div> <div class="flex items-center gap-2"> <button class="bg-transparent text-gray-700 px-4 py-2 rounded-lg hover:bg-gray-100 transition flex items-center gap-1" id="mark-review"> Review <svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" class="h-5 w-5" viewBox="0 0 20 20" fill="currentColor"> <path d="M10 2a1 1 0 00-1 1v14l3.293-3.293a1 1 0 011.414 0L17 17V3a1 1 0 00-1-1H10z" /> </svg> </button> <button class="bg-transparent text-gray-700 px-4 py-2 rounded-lg hover:bg-gray-100 transition flex items-center gap-1" id="nav-toggle"> Question 🧭 </button> <button class="bg-green-500 text-white px-6 py-3 w-44 h-14 rounded-lg hover:bg-green-600 transition w-full md:w-auto" id="submit-test">Submit Test</button> </div> </div> </section> <!-- Results Section --> <section class="container mx-auto px-4 md:px-6 pt-4 md:pt-6 pb-1 hidden section-transition" id="results"> <div class="bg-white rounded-lg shadow-md p-4 md:p-6"> <h2 class="text-2xl font-semibold mb-4">Anaesthesia Machine - Results</h2> <div class="grid grid-cols-1 md:grid-cols-2 gap-4 mb-6"> <p><strong>Correct:</strong> <span id="correct-count" class="text-[#000000]">0</span></p> <p><strong>Wrong:</strong> <span id="wrong-count" class="text-[#000000]">0</span></p> <p><strong>Unanswered:</strong> <span id="unanswered-count" class="text-[#000000]-500">0</span></p> <p><strong>Marked for Review:</strong> <span id="marked-count" class="text-[#000000]">0</span></p> </div> <h3 class="text-lg font-semibold mb-4" id="result-question-number">Question <span>1</span> of 4</h3> <div class="space-y-6" id="results-content"></div> <div class="result-nav"> <button aria-label="Previous question result" class="result-nav-btn bg-[#2c5281] text-white px-6 py-2 rounded-lg hover:bg-[#2c5281] transition" disabled="" id="prev-result">Previous</button> <button aria-label="Toggle results navigation panel" class="result-nav-btn bg-[#2c5281] text-white px-6 py-2 rounded-lg hover:bg-[#2c5281] transition" id="results-nav-toggle">Result 🧭</button> <button aria-label="Next question result" class="result-nav-btn bg-[#2c5281] text-white px-6 py-2 rounded-lg hover:bg-[#2c5281] transition" id="next-result">Next</button> </div> <div class="mt-6 flex space-x-4 button-group md:flex-row flex-col"> <button class="bg-green-500 text-white px-6 py-2 rounded-lg hover:bg-green-600 transition" id="take-again">Take Again</button> </div> </div> </section> <!-- Exit Confirmation Modal --> <div class="fixed inset-0 bg-black bg-opacity-50 flex items-center justify-center hidden" id="exit-modal"> <div class="bg-white rounded-lg p-6 max-w-sm w-full"> <h2 class="text-xl font-semibold mb-4">Leave Test?</h2> <p class="text-gray-700 mb-4">Your progress will be lost if you leave this page. Are you sure you want to exit?</p> <div class="flex justify-end space-x-4"> <button class="bg-gray-300 text-gray-700 px-4 py-2 rounded-lg hover:bg-gray-400 transition" id="continue-test">No, Continue</button> <button class="bg-red-500 text-white px-4 py-2 rounded-lg hover:bg-red-600 transition" id="exit-test">Yes, Exit</button> </div> </div> </div> <!-- Submit Confirmation Modal --> <div class="fixed inset-0 bg-black bg-opacity-50 flex items-center justify-center hidden" id="submit-modal"> <div class="bg-white rounded-lg p-6 max-w-sm w-full"> <h2 class="text-xl font-semibold mb-4">Confirm Submission</h2> <p class="text-gray-700 mb-2">You have attempted <span id="attempted-count">0</span> of 21 questions.</p> <p class="text-gray-700 mb-4"><span id="unattempted-count">0</span> questions are unattempted.</p> <div class="flex justify-end space-x-4"> <button class="bg-gray-300 text-gray-700 px-4 py-2 rounded-lg hover:bg-gray-400 transition" id="cancel-submit">Cancel</button> <button class="bg-green-500 text-white px-4 py-2 rounded-lg hover:bg-green-600 transition" id="confirm-submit">Submit Test</button> </div> </div> </div> <!-- Quiz Navigation Panel --> <div class="fixed inset-y-0 right-0 nav-panel bg-white shadow-lg p-4 hidden overflow-y-auto" id="nav-panel"> <h2 class="text-lg font-semibold mb-4">Questions Navigation</h2> <div class="mb-4"> <select class="w-full p-2 border rounded-lg text-gray-700" id="nav-filter"> <option value="all">All Questions</option> <option value="answered">Answered</option> <option value="unanswered">Unanswered</option> <option value="marked">Marked for Review</option> </select> </div> <div class="grid grid-cols-5 gap-2 md:gap-3" id="nav-grid"></div> <button class="mt-4 bg-gray-500 text-white px-4 py-2 rounded-lg hover:bg-gray-600 transition w-full" id="close-nav">Close</button> </div> <!-- Results Navigation Panel --> <div class="fixed inset-y-0 right-0 results-nav-panel bg-white shadow-lg p-4 hidden overflow-y-auto" id="results-nav-panel"> <h2 class="text-lg font-semibold mb-4">Results Navigation</h2> <div class="mb-4"> <select class="w-full p-2 border rounded-lg text-gray-700" id="results-nav-filter"> <option value="all">All Questions</option> <option value="answered">Answered</option> <option value="unanswered">Unanswered</option> <option value="marked">Marked for Review</option> </select> </div> <div class="grid grid-cols-5 gap-2 md:gap-3" id="results-nav-grid"></div> <button class="mt-4 bg-gray-500 text-white px-4 py-2 rounded-lg hover:bg-gray-600 transition w-full" id="close-results-nav">Close</button> </div> <!-- JavaScript Logic --> <script> // Enable debug mode for detailed logging const DEBUG_MODE = true; // Log debug messages function debugLog(message) { if (DEBUG_MODE) { console.log(`[DEBUG] ${message}`); } } // Initialize questions with error handling let questions = []; let currentResultQuestion = 0; // State for current question in results try { debugLog("Attempting to parse questions_json"); questions = [{"text": "A 62-year-old male on warfarin therapy for atrial fibrillation presents with uncontrolled bleeding. Laboratory tests show prolonged PT and INR. Which of the following mechanisms best explains the effect of warfarin on coagulation?", "options": [{"label": "A", "text": "Inhibition of Vitamin K epoxide reductase", "correct": true}, {"label": "B", "text": "Inhibition of thrombin activity directly", "correct": false}, {"label": "C", "text": "Binding to calcium ions", "correct": false}, {"label": "D", "text": "Direct inhibition of clotting factors", "correct": false}], "correct_answer": "A. Inhibition of Vitamin K epoxide reductase", "question_images": [], "explanation_images": ["https://image.prepladder.com/content/vUVQf40IsYqYCaYj2Ozp1728122219.png"], "explanation": "\n\n<p style='font-size: 10px; color: #808080; font-style: italic;'>@dams_new_robot</p>", "bot": "@dams_new_robot", "audio": "https://image.prepladder.com/content/S1q2WFdLRpPPchhakqXb1744074405.mp3", "video": ""}, {"text": "A 40 year old woman presents with complaints of persistent nausea, vomiting, and frequent urination over the past few weeks. She has a history of osteomalacia and has been taking supplements for several months without proper medical supervision. Her blood tests reveal elevated serum calcium levels. What is the most likely diagnosis?", "options": [{"label": "A", "text": "Hyperparathyroidism", "correct": false}, {"label": "B", "text": "Vitamin D deficiency", "correct": false}, {"label": "C", "text": "Vitamin D toxicity", "correct": true}, {"label": "D", "text": "Hypercalcemia of malignancy", "correct": false}], "correct_answer": "C. Vitamin D toxicity", "question_images": [], "explanation_images": [], "explanation": "<table cellspacing=\"0\" style=\"border-collapse:collapse; width:624px\">\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Aspect</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Vitamin D Deficiency</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Vitamin D Toxicity</strong></p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Causes</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Inadequate dietary intake, insufficient sun exposure, <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"819ebcc6691692777191f968d41a03\">malabsorption</span> syndromes, and certain medical conditions affecting metabolism.</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Excessive supplementation.</p>\n<p>Dietary <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"6cdcd39cf2169277719068e247e38d\">intake</span> and sun exposure rarely cause toxicity.</p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Symptoms</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Bone pain, muscle weakness, and increased risk of fractures; in children, it leads to rickets; in adults, it leads to <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"fc9f873eb21692777194d3feb4e68d\">osteomalacia</span> or osteoporosis.</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Nausea, vomiting, weakness, frequent urination, and hypercalcemia; can lead to <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"4aa6035df41692777190b41d4a1583\">kidney</span> stones and <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"4aa6035df41692777190b41d4a1583\">kidney</span> damage.</p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Serum Levels</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Defined as <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"657f979e4b1692777188d0d78073ca\">25-hydroxyvitamin D</span> (25(OH)D) <strong>&lt; 30 ng/mL</strong>, indicating insufficient levels.</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Occurs when 25(OH)D <strong>&gt; 150 ng/mL</strong>, leading to adverse health effects.</p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Treatment</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Managed with dietary supplementation via food or medications and increased sun exposure.</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Requires discontinuation of <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"77a4f731501692777202a03bfca9b4\">vitamin D</span> intake, <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"27b78a96071692777190f4dfb93430\">intravenous</span> fluids, and medications, such as corticosteroids or bisphosphonates.</p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n</tbody>\n\n\n<p style='font-size: 10px; color: #808080; font-style: italic;'>@dams_new_robot</p>", "bot": "@dams_new_robot", "audio": "https://image.prepladder.com/content/jzqZjn5hCxHFg8bAjyXn1744077290.mp3", "video": ""}, {"text": "Which of the following is not a commonly associated symptom with vitamin E deficiency?", "options": [{"label": "A", "text": "Spinocerebellar ataxia", "correct": false}, {"label": "B", "text": "Megaloblastic anemia", "correct": true}, {"label": "C", "text": "Peripheral neuropathy", "correct": false}, {"label": "D", "text": "Hemolytic anemia", "correct": false}], "correct_answer": "B. Megaloblastic anemia", "question_images": [], "explanation_images": [], "explanation": "\n\n<p style='font-size: 10px; color: #808080; font-style: italic;'>@dams_new_robot</p>", "bot": "@dams_new_robot", "audio": "https://image.prepladder.com/content/BgjIeCGHiUF5hfNyrOiy1744077368.mp3", "video": ""}, {"text": "A 45-year-old man presents with fatigue, frequent urination, constipation, and confusion. His laboratory results show hypercalcemia and low serum parathyroid hormone level. He reports taking high-dose, over-the-counter vitamin D supplements for the past year. Which of the following conditions is most likely associated with his current presentation?", "options": [{"label": "A", "text": "Increased risk of hypertension", "correct": true}, {"label": "B", "text": "Increased risk of colon cancer", "correct": false}, {"label": "C", "text": "Increased risk of breast cancer", "correct": false}, {"label": "D", "text": "Increased risk of insulin resistance", "correct": false}], "correct_answer": "A. Increased risk of hypertension", "question_images": [], "explanation_images": [], "explanation": "\n\n<p style='font-size: 10px; color: #808080; font-style: italic;'>@dams_new_robot</p>", "bot": "@dams_new_robot", "audio": "https://image.prepladder.com/content/39CvyFJ6sFE2rwI2dlxl1744078215.mp3", "video": ""}, {"text": "A 38-year-old female with a history of chronic kidney disease presents with persistent fatigue, bone pain, and muscle weakness. Blood work reveals elevated alkaline phosphatase (ALP), high serum phosphorus, and low serum calcium. What will the result of 1,25 dihydroxy vitamin D likely reveal?", "options": [{"label": "A", "text": "Elevated 1, 25 dihydroxy vitamin D levels.", "correct": false}, {"label": "B", "text": "Estimating 1, 25 dihydroxy vitamin D is unnecessary.", "correct": false}, {"label": "C", "text": "Decreased 1, 25 dihydroxy vitamin D.", "correct": true}, {"label": "D", "text": "Normal 1, 25 dihydroxy vitamin D.", "correct": false}], "correct_answer": "C. Decreased 1, 25 dihydroxy vitamin D.", "question_images": [], "explanation_images": ["https://image.prepladder.com/content/aLv9vOlwWsegcU3irSHN1735149690.png"], "explanation": "\n\n<p style='font-size: 10px; color: #808080; font-style: italic;'>@dams_new_robot</p>", "bot": "@dams_new_robot", "audio": "https://image.prepladder.com/content/7PWCSoQmlmvrQfgIYIuy1744078437.mp3", "video": ""}, {"text": "A 2-year-old child presents with progressive bowing of the legs and tenderness in the lower limbs. The child has a history of limited outdoor play and a diet low in dairy products. Which of the following limb deformities is most likely present in this child?", "options": [{"label": "A", "text": "Rickets", "correct": true}, {"label": "B", "text": "Blount’s disease", "correct": false}, {"label": "C", "text": "Osteomalacia", "correct": false}, {"label": "D", "text": "Osteogenesis imperfecta", "correct": false}], "correct_answer": "A. Rickets", "question_images": [], "explanation_images": ["https://image.prepladder.com/content/82C9teInGJrJmjd88Rom1728122549.png", "https://image.prepladder.com/content/dHsCcexOAgIxdXu74JRs1728122571.png"], "explanation": "<table cellspacing=\"0\" style=\"border-collapse:collapse; width:747px\">\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<td colspan=\"2\" style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Clinical manifestations of <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"77a4f731501692777202a03bfca9b4\">Vitamin D</span> <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"209b85faf71692777185767d43e3bd\">deficiency</span> </strong></p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Rickets (Option A)</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<ul>\n<li>Occurs in children.</li>\n<li>Inadequate bone mineralization due to poor <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"54de8b79a91692777183e608bc0dd4\">calcium</span> absorption.</li>\n<li>Bones become soft and weak, leading to deformities under pressure.</li>\n<li><strong>Clinical signs</strong>:\n\t\t\t\t<ul>\n<li>Muscle weakness</li>\n<li>Delayed walking</li>\n<li>Skeletal deformities - \"pigeon chest\" (pectus carinatum) and <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"7e0d837a391692777188b2820de5f4\">genu</span> <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"5cdf29eaf516927772012b4a16cde1\">varus</span> (bowed legs), <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"7e0d837a391692777188b2820de5f4\">Genu</span> valgum, windswept deformity.</li>\n<li>Rickety rosary</li>\n</ul>\n</li>\n</ul>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Osteomalacia (Option C ruled out)</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<ul>\n<li>Occurs in adults.</li>\n<li>Demineralization of bone, making them weak and <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"607476ab371692777196d0cb2f13bc\">prone</span> to fractures.</li>\n<li>Risk factors: limited sun exposure, women after multiple pregnancies.</li>\n</ul>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Renal osteodystrophy</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Long-standing secondary <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"a21c150dc716927771893624a49628\">hyperparathyroidism</span> can result in <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"b9356afdba16927771979d068c6587\">renal</span> osteodystrophy, increasing the risk of <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"c0c247b89916927771948bc5e6d39c\">pathological</span> fractures.</p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n</tbody>\n\n\n<p style='font-size: 10px; color: #808080; font-style: italic;'>@dams_new_robot</p>", "bot": "@dams_new_robot", "audio": "https://image.prepladder.com/content/63i1WpHVTw9BDvhrB8g21744077010.mp3", "video": ""}, {"text": "A 35-year-old woman presents with fatigue, muscle weakness, and bone pain for the past several months. She has a history of hypothyroidism and is currently taking levothyroxine. She lives in North India and avoids dairy products. Physical examination reveals mild tenderness over her shins. Laboratory tests reveal: Serum calcium 8.2 mg/dL (normal range: 8.5-10.5 mg/dL) Serum phosphorus 2.0 mg/dL (normal range: 2.5-4.5 mg/dL) Parathyroid hormone (PTH) Elevated Which of the following is the most likely diagnosis?", "options": [{"label": "A", "text": "Vitamin D deficiency", "correct": true}, {"label": "B", "text": "Primary hyperparathyroidism", "correct": false}, {"label": "C", "text": "Hypoparathyroidism", "correct": false}, {"label": "D", "text": "Chronic kidney disease", "correct": false}], "correct_answer": "A. Vitamin D deficiency", "question_images": [], "explanation_images": ["https://image.prepladder.com/content/S5UhW1sC9GFmCxjWO9Yk1728029027.png"], "explanation": "<table cellspacing=\"0\" style=\"border-collapse:collapse; width:686px\">\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Biochemical Feature</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Explanation</strong></p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Hypocalcemia</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Due to decreased <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"54de8b79a91692777183e608bc0dd4\">calcium</span> <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"5fcb9396d1169277718069dd7fa788\">absorption</span> in the intestine.</p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Hypophosphatemia</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Due to decreased <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"189b6fc834169277719580eb39bb4c\">phosphate</span> <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"5fcb9396d1169277718069dd7fa788\">absorption</span> in the <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"7840cca3ed16927771901d2f6cb32b\">intestine</span> and decreased <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"3086fd09371692777197a351ddde07\">reabsorption</span> of <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"189b6fc834169277719580eb39bb4c\">phosphate</span> in the kidneys.</p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Secondary Hyperparathyroidism</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>In response to low <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"54de8b79a91692777183e608bc0dd4\">calcium</span> levels, the <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"3bcd005ca116927771941ae5bca4a8\">parathyroid</span> hormone (PTH) increases, which increases <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"54de8b79a91692777183e608bc0dd4\">calcium</span> <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"3086fd09371692777197a351ddde07\">reabsorption</span> from bone and the kidneys.</p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Elevated <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"b95c7f7b821692777181df660ee7ff\">Alkaline</span> <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"65f1c4f3d4169277719505249503e0\">Phosphatase</span> (ALP)</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Due to Increased <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"259c7d2f221692777183ec47febc61\">bone turnover</span> as a result of increased PTH.</p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>25-hydroxy cholecalciferol</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Decreased.</p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n</tbody>\n\n\n\n<p style='font-size: 10px; color: #808080; font-style: italic;'>@dams_new_robot</p>", "bot": "@dams_new_robot", "audio": "https://image.prepladder.com/content/FMp04s9L6ZgqCjrIxW7d1744076751.mp3", "video": ""}, {"text": "A 52-year-old woman presents with muscle cramps and tingling in her hands and feet. She follows a strict vegetarian diet high in whole grains and has a history of fat malabsorption due to IBS. Lab tests reveal hypocalcemia and low vitamin D levels. What is the most likely cause of her hypocalcemia?", "options": [{"label": "A", "text": "Low intake of oxalate", "correct": false}, {"label": "B", "text": "Low fatty acid in intestine", "correct": false}, {"label": "C", "text": "High phytate intake from cereals", "correct": true}, {"label": "D", "text": "Increased calbindin level", "correct": false}], "correct_answer": "C. High phytate intake from cereals", "question_images": [], "explanation_images": ["https://image.prepladder.com/content/Tb4WlwlNEddn8vhmvgAD1728122491.png"], "explanation": "<table cellspacing=\"0\" style=\"border-collapse:collapse; width:574px\">\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Intestine</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<ul>\n<li>Enterocytes directly absorb <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"54de8b79a91692777183e608bc0dd4\">calcium</span> by <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"74c9c0942a1692777180b936bbbfcc\">active transport</span> <strong>(Option B ruled out)</strong></li>\n<li>Upregulates calbindin <strong>(Option C)</strong></li>\n</ul>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Bone</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<ul>\n<li>Osteoblasts get activated directly and help in the mineralization of the bone</li>\n<li>Indirectly activates osteoclasts</li>\n</ul>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Kidney</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<ul>\n<li>Increases <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"54de8b79a91692777183e608bc0dd4\">calcium</span> and <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"189b6fc834169277719580eb39bb4c\">phosphate</span> reabsorption</li>\n</ul>\n</td>\n</tr>\n</tbody>\n\n\n<p style='font-size: 10px; color: #808080; font-style: italic;'>@dams_new_robot</p>", "bot": "@dams_new_robot", "audio": "https://image.prepladder.com/content/pILCANBVGT8ZKGXArwra1744076099.mp3", "video": ""}, {"text": "Which of the following factors does not inhibit 1α-hydroxylase activity?", "options": [{"label": "A", "text": "Hyperphosphatemia", "correct": false}, {"label": "B", "text": "Hypercalcemia", "correct": false}, {"label": "C", "text": "High parathormone", "correct": true}, {"label": "D", "text": "1,25-dihydroxycholecalciferol", "correct": false}], "correct_answer": "C. High parathormone", "question_images": [], "explanation_images": ["https://image.prepladder.com/content/ZyPriuEbMkjOwwx60duM1728122434.png"], "explanation": "\n\n<p style='font-size: 10px; color: #808080; font-style: italic;'>@dams_new_robot</p>", "bot": "@dams_new_robot", "audio": "https://image.prepladder.com/content/pDs3dkl9tYhGHg2i1sQZ1744075613.mp3", "video": ""}, {"text": "Identify the enzymes marked as a and b respectively in the flow chart, as related to vitamin D synthesis:", "options": [{"label": "A", "text": "α-25 alpha hydroxylase, liver; β-1 alpha hydroxylase, kidney", "correct": true}, {"label": "B", "text": "α-1 alpha hydroxylase, kidney ; β-25 alpha hydroxylase, liver", "correct": false}, {"label": "C", "text": "α-1 alpha hydroxylase, liver; β-25 alpha hydroxylase, kidney", "correct": false}, {"label": "D", "text": "α-25 alpha hydroxylase, kidney; β-1 alpha-hydroxylase, liver", "correct": false}], "correct_answer": "A. α-25 alpha hydroxylase, liver; β-1 alpha hydroxylase, kidney", "question_images": ["https://image.prepladder.com/content/89NwxMMNMMkQBqYEvwNf1735149411.png"], "explanation_images": ["https://image.prepladder.com/content/B7xIjXk9hMzaVb13WxMz1735149479.png"], "explanation": "\n\n<p style='font-size: 10px; color: #808080; font-style: italic;'>@dams_new_robot</p>", "bot": "@dams_new_robot", "audio": "https://image.prepladder.com/content/dNZVDpUSlxXTpjDQoJOb1744075538.mp3", "video": ""}, {"text": "Which of the following features is NOT associated with a deficiency of Vitamin K?", "options": [{"label": "A", "text": "Hemorrhagic disease of the newborn", "correct": false}, {"label": "B", "text": "Prolonged prothrombin time", "correct": false}, {"label": "C", "text": "Hyperbilirubinemia", "correct": true}, {"label": "D", "text": "Mucous membrane hemorrhage", "correct": false}], "correct_answer": "C. Hyperbilirubinemia", "question_images": [], "explanation_images": [], "explanation": "<table cellspacing=\"0\" style=\"border-collapse:collapse; width:587px\">\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Vitamin K Deficiency</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Vitamin K Toxicity</strong></p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td rowspan=\"3\" style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Causes:</strong></p>\n<ul>\n<li>Fat <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"819ebcc6691692777191f968d41a03\">malabsorption</span> (e.g., <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"38c41e122116927771859b63deb0ed\">cystic</span> fibrosis)</li>\n<li>Pancreatic insufficiency</li>\n</ul>\n</td>\n<td rowspan=\"3\" style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Causes:</strong></p>\n<ul>\n<li>High doses of vitamin K</li>\n<li>Vitamin E deficiency</li>\n</ul>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td rowspan=\"3\" style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Manifestations:</strong></p>\n<ul>\n<li>Bleeding <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"26080f047a169277719334625cadef\">mucous</span> <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"34cd707428169277719272942b7905\">membrane</span> <strong>(Option D ruled out)</strong></li>\n<li>Increased PT and Bleeding time. <strong>(Option B ruled out)</strong></li>\n<li>Hemorrhagic disease of the <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"04df903fe8169277719383126b1b02\">newborn</span> <strong>(Option A ruled out)</strong></li>\n</ul>\n</td>\n<td rowspan=\"3\" style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Manifestations:</strong></p>\n<ul>\n<li>Hemolytic <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"53bee2a41216927771814d7ec3a67f\">anemia</span> similar to Vitamin E deficiency</li>\n<li>Hemolytic <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"53bee2a41216927771814d7ec3a67f\">anemia</span> ➜ Hemolytic <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"029f7520711692777190fd7d70c220\">jaundice</span> ➜ <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"34fea2624516927771905a0047f439\">Kernicterus</span> and brain damage.</li>\n</ul>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n</tr>\n</tbody>\n\n\n\n<p style='font-size: 10px; color: #808080; font-style: italic;'>@dams_new_robot</p>", "bot": "@dams_new_robot", "audio": "https://image.prepladder.com/content/vhy71NWHEsoNuSozPIdi1744074571.mp3", "video": ""}, {"text": "Which vitamins are least likely to accumulate in the body's adipose tissue due to its solubility characteristics?", "options": [{"label": "A", "text": "Retinol", "correct": false}, {"label": "B", "text": "Ergocalciferol", "correct": false}, {"label": "C", "text": "Tocopherol", "correct": false}, {"label": "D", "text": "Pantothenic acid", "correct": true}], "correct_answer": "D. Pantothenic acid", "question_images": [], "explanation_images": [], "explanation": "<table cellspacing=\"0\" style=\"border-collapse:collapse; width:524px\">\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Vitamin</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Sources</strong></p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:middle\">\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><strong>A</strong></p>\n<ul>\n<li>Retinol</li>\n<li>Retinal</li>\n<li>Retinoic acid</li>\n<li>Beta-carotene</li>\n</ul>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:middle\">\n<p>Milk, butter, cream, cheese, egg yolk, <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"806eb8418c16927771822855b56695\">Beta</span> carotene, carrots, papaya</p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:middle\">\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><strong>D</strong></p>\n<ul>\n<li>Ergocalciferol (Vitamin D2)</li>\n<li>Cholecalciferol (Vitamin D3)</li>\n</ul>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:middle\">\n<p>Fish liver oil, fish, egg yolk, milk</p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:middle\">\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><strong>E</strong></p>\n<ul>\n<li>Tocopherol (specifically, alpha-tocopherol)</li>\n</ul>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:middle\">\n<p>Vegetable oil, Wheat <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"b3623bc67216927771889eb144d9ed\">germ</span> oil, sunflower oil, <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"8fefa52ce51692777198705c9c6884\">safflower</span> oil, <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"f852255a7f1692777185be613ba705\">cottonseed</span> oil</p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:middle\">\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><strong>K</strong></p>\n<ul>\n<li>Phylloquinone (Vitamin K1)</li>\n<li>Menaquinone (Vitamin K2)</li>\n<li>Menadione (Vitamin K3, a <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"61fbe2173416927771998e7aa0b432\">synthetic</span> form)</li>\n</ul>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:middle\">\n<p><strong>Phylloquinone:</strong> Green vegetables</p>\n<p><strong>Menaquinones:</strong> Synthesized by intestinal bacteria</p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n</tbody>\n\n\n<p style='font-size: 10px; color: #808080; font-style: italic;'>@dams_new_robot</p>", "bot": "@dams_new_robot", "audio": "https://image.prepladder.com/content/r1QEZc4oT12EFOD1A2tS1744044147.mp3", "video": ""}, {"text": "Which of the following statements about Vitamin K is incorrect?", "options": [{"label": "A", "text": "Vitamin K is crucial for the synthesis of blood clotting factors.", "correct": false}, {"label": "B", "text": "Vitamin K2 is a lipid-soluble form produced by intestinal bacteria.", "correct": false}, {"label": "C", "text": "Menadione is a natural water-soluble form of Vitamin K.", "correct": true}, {"label": "D", "text": "Vitamin K aids in the carboxylation of bone proteins.", "correct": false}], "correct_answer": "C. Menadione is a natural water-soluble form of Vitamin K.", "question_images": [], "explanation_images": [], "explanation": "\n\n<p style='font-size: 10px; color: #808080; font-style: italic;'>@dams_new_robot</p>", "bot": "@dams_new_robot", "audio": "https://image.prepladder.com/content/2TYnGq2bJVFQcdkYXqna1744073845.mp3", "video": ""}, {"text": "All of the following are deficiency manifestations of Vitamin E except:", "options": [{"label": "A", "text": "Spinocerebellar ataxia", "correct": false}, {"label": "B", "text": "Ophthalmoplegia", "correct": false}, {"label": "C", "text": "Hemorrhagic tendency", "correct": true}, {"label": "D", "text": "Peripheral neuropathy", "correct": false}], "correct_answer": "C. Hemorrhagic tendency", "question_images": [], "explanation_images": [], "explanation": "<table cellspacing=\"0\" style=\"border-collapse:collapse; width:617px\">\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Vitamin E Deficiency</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\"> </td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>1. <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"d30ae941d516927771889351160b00\">Hemolytic</span> anemia<br/>\n\t\t\t </p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<ul>\n<li>Due to the destruction of red blood cells by <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"60d563fe241692777194203742bf5b\">oxidative</span> stress.</li>\n<li>Vitamin E acts as an <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"1f3c08447d16927771819ccd566468\">antioxidant</span> that protects cell membranes from damage by free radicals.</li>\n</ul>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>2. <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"1b023a99c41692777199f0afcc23f6\">Spinocerebellar</span> ataxia <strong>(Option A ruled out)</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<ul>\n<li>Degeneration of the <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"a9c41a58d816927771847775d63d96\">cerebellum</span> and <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"d816ba952f1692777199fc69bd7c56\">spinal</span> cord leading to imbalance, <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"4762fe14581692777190889bb49176\">incoordination</span> and ataxia.</li>\n</ul>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>3. <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"255674f3271692777195c172d86daf\">Peripheral</span> Neuropathy <strong>(Option D ruled out)</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<ul>\n<li>Insufficient <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"1f3c08447d16927771819ccd566468\">antioxidant</span> protection damages <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"255674f3271692777195c172d86daf\">peripheral</span> nerves, leading to symptoms such as numbness, tingling, and muscle weakness.</li>\n</ul>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>4. Eyes</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<ul>\n<li>Pigment retinopathy</li>\n<li>Ophthalmoplegia <strong>(Option B ruled out)</strong></li>\n<li>Nystagmus</li>\n</ul>\n</td>\n</tr>\n</tbody>\n\n\n\n<p style='font-size: 10px; color: #808080; font-style: italic;'>@dams_new_robot</p>", "bot": "@dams_new_robot", "audio": "https://image.prepladder.com/content/Yy97w1HNIk1qYu7weFVS1744073603.mp3", "video": ""}, {"text": "Which of the following is NOT a chain-breaking antioxidant?", "options": [{"label": "A", "text": "α-Tocopherol", "correct": false}, {"label": "B", "text": "β-Carotene", "correct": false}, {"label": "C", "text": "Superoxide dismutase", "correct": false}, {"label": "D", "text": "Glutathione Peroxidase", "correct": true}], "correct_answer": "D. Glutathione Peroxidase", "question_images": [], "explanation_images": [], "explanation": "<table cellspacing=\"0\" style=\"border-collapse:collapse; width:584px\">\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>1. <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"e684325d851692777196af9e64013b\">Preventive</span> Antioxidants:</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<ul>\n<li>Reduce the rate of chain initiation.</li>\n<li>Examples:\n\t\t\t\t<ul>\n<li>Glutathione <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"b3434346d71692777195b113bbab37\">Peroxidase</span> <strong>(Option D) </strong></li>\n<li>Catalase</li>\n<li>Selenium</li>\n</ul>\n</li>\n</ul>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>2. Chain-Breaking Antioxidants (Option A, B and C ruled out):</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<ul>\n<li>Interfere with chain <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"bface068bb16927771964819228c66\">propagation</span> by stabilizing free radicals.</li>\n<li>Examples:\n\t\t\t\t<ul>\n<li>α-Tocopherol (Vitamin E)</li>\n<li>β-Carotene (Vitamin A)</li>\n<li>Vitamin C</li>\n<li>Superoxide Dismutase (SOD)</li>\n</ul>\n</li>\n</ul>\n</td>\n</tr>\n</tbody>\n\n\n\n<p style='font-size: 10px; color: #808080; font-style: italic;'>@dams_new_robot</p>", "bot": "@dams_new_robot", "audio": "https://image.prepladder.com/content/mJLNxOZv7Sr5ovutdLwR1744073388.mp3", "video": ""}, {"text": "A 17-year-old girl presents with severe acne on her face and back. She was previously treated with benzoyl peroxide and oral doxycycline and found no improvement. Physical examination shows comedones, pustules, inflammatory papules, and facial scarring. Which of the following is the next best treatment?", "options": [{"label": "A", "text": "All trans-retinoic acid", "correct": false}, {"label": "B", "text": "Tocopherol", "correct": false}, {"label": "C", "text": "Phylloquinone", "correct": false}, {"label": "D", "text": "13 cis-retinoic acid", "correct": true}], "correct_answer": "D. 13 cis-retinoic acid", "question_images": [], "explanation_images": [], "explanation": "<table cellspacing=\"0\" style=\"border-collapse:collapse; width:624px\">\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Mechanism</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<ul>\n<li>Inhibits <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"add57598af169277719845e7c30916\">sebum</span> production</li>\n<li>Inhibit <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"bd91556e6316927771902afa1c1ece\">keratinocyte</span> proliferation</li>\n</ul>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Use </strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Nodulocystic acne</p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Adverse effects</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<ul>\n<li>Dry skin</li>\n<li>Headache</li>\n<li>Alopecia</li>\n<li>Idiopathic <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"cd42e0ddad1692777190d18c595ec5\">intracranial</span> hypertension</li>\n<li>Teratogenic</li>\n</ul>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Contraindications</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<ul>\n<li>Pregnancy</li>\n<li>Liver disease</li>\n</ul>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Precautions </strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<ul>\n<li>Negative pregnancy test</li>\n<li>Two <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"ec56ec0a50169277718538a912cf18\">contraception</span> methods</li>\n</ul>\n</td>\n</tr>\n</tbody>\n\n\n<p style='font-size: 10px; color: #808080; font-style: italic;'>@dams_new_robot</p>", "bot": "@dams_new_robot", "audio": "https://image.prepladder.com/content/F7y2cv6iEt1bhkTB9SQa1744073315.mp3", "video": ""}, {"text": "Which of the following is most likely observed in patients with vitamin A toxicity?", "options": [{"label": "A", "text": "Decreased CSF pressure", "correct": false}, {"label": "B", "text": "Decreased bone mineral density", "correct": true}, {"label": "C", "text": "Thinning of long bones", "correct": false}, {"label": "D", "text": "Increased appetite", "correct": false}], "correct_answer": "B. Decreased bone mineral density", "question_images": [], "explanation_images": [], "explanation": "\n\n<p style='font-size: 10px; color: #808080; font-style: italic;'>@dams_new_robot</p>", "bot": "@dams_new_robot", "audio": "https://image.prepladder.com/content/nHehF1LkdwU9RBIZ4Xl21744073259.mp3", "video": ""}, {"text": "Which of the following statements about Vitamin A deficiency is not correct?", "options": [{"label": "A", "text": "Causes rough skin and atrophy of epithelial tissues.", "correct": false}, {"label": "B", "text": "Prolonged deficiency causes keratomalacia.", "correct": false}, {"label": "C", "text": "Preventable cause of blindness in children under 5.", "correct": false}, {"label": "D", "text": "Increased retinol-binding protein synthesis is a cause", "correct": true}], "correct_answer": "D. Increased retinol-binding protein synthesis is a cause", "question_images": [], "explanation_images": [], "explanation": "<table cellspacing=\"0\" style=\"border-collapse:collapse; width:476px\">\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>XN</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<ul>\n<li>Night blindness.</li>\n</ul>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>X1</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<ul>\n<li>X1A: Conjunctival xerosis.</li>\n<li>X1B: Bitot spots.</li>\n</ul>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>X2</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<ul>\n<li>Corneal xerosis.</li>\n</ul>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>X3</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<ul>\n<li>X3A: Corneal ulceration, less than one-third.</li>\n<li>X3B: Corneal ulceration, more than one-third.</li>\n</ul>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>XS</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<ul>\n<li>Corneal scar.</li>\n</ul>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>XF</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<ul>\n<li>Xerophthalmic fundus.</li>\n</ul>\n</td>\n</tr>\n</tbody>\n\n\n<p style='font-size: 10px; color: #808080; font-style: italic;'>@dams_new_robot</p>", "bot": "@dams_new_robot", "audio": "https://image.prepladder.com/content/ZXtAXV2jaqqjB8dQEBeg1744072983.mp3", "video": ""}, {"text": "A 35-year-old woman reports difficulty seeing in low light. She has a poor diet, lacking in fruits and vegetables. Dark adaptation is delayed on testing. What is the most likely cause of her symptoms?", "options": [{"label": "A", "text": "Impaired retinol storage", "correct": false}, {"label": "B", "text": "Reduced 11-cis-retinal regeneration", "correct": true}, {"label": "C", "text": "Defective retinoic acid transport", "correct": false}, {"label": "D", "text": "Accumulation of all-trans-retinal", "correct": false}], "correct_answer": "B. Reduced 11-cis-retinal regeneration", "question_images": [], "explanation_images": [], "explanation": "\n<table cellspacing=\"0\" style=\"border-collapse:collapse; width:624px\">\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Adequate Vitamin A</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<ul>\n<li>↑ Recycling of All-trans-Retinal</li>\n<li>↑ 11-cis-Retinal &amp; <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"0c4bf414c31692777197a344e28bb0\">Rhodopsin</span> Formation</li>\n<li>↓ Rapid Dark Adaptation</li>\n<li>↓ Night blindness</li>\n</ul>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Vitamin A Deficiency</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<ul>\n<li>↓ Recycling of All-trans-Retinal</li>\n<li>↓ <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"91229d427e169277719753f25af9f0\">Regeneration</span> of 11-cis-Retinal</li>\n<li>↑ Prolonged Dark Adaptation</li>\n<li>↑ Night Blindness</li>\n</ul>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Excess Vitamin A</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<ul>\n<li>No specific effect on the visual cycle; only causes toxicity.</li>\n</ul>\n</td>\n</tr>\n</tbody>\n\n\n<p style='font-size: 10px; color: #808080; font-style: italic;'>@dams_new_robot</p>", "bot": "@dams_new_robot", "audio": "https://image.prepladder.com/content/11g8FBTredWvEzyQWKmh1744045310.mp3", "video": ""}, {"text": "Which enzyme is responsible for the isomerization of all-trans retinyl ester to 11-cis retinol in the retinal pigment epithelium (RPE)?", "options": [{"label": "A", "text": "Lecithin-retinol acyltransferase", "correct": false}, {"label": "B", "text": "All-trans-retinol dehydrogenase", "correct": false}, {"label": "C", "text": "Retinoid isomerohydrolase", "correct": true}, {"label": "D", "text": "11-cis-retinol dehydrogenase", "correct": false}], "correct_answer": "C. Retinoid isomerohydrolase", "question_images": [], "explanation_images": ["https://image.prepladder.com/content/mrmpNX6pjvvEbz1Fx4Eb1735146623.png"], "explanation": "<table cellspacing=\"0\" style=\"border-collapse:collapse; width:719px\">\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<td colspan=\"4\" style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:middle\">\n<p><strong>Phototransduction Process/ Photobleaching</strong></p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td colspan=\"4\" style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:middle\">\n<ul>\n<li>Light photons are absorbed by <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"6b4aa9d29016927772029e9cfc7637\">visual pigments</span> (rhodopsin in rods, opsins in cones) in the retina.</li>\n<li>The <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"5fcb9396d1169277718069dd7fa788\">absorption</span> of a <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"8da14408b216927771952175d1d0b0\">photon</span> causes the 11-cis-retinal (a <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"621396390716927771843631994a58\">chromophore</span> <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"d82fcb9d1f16927771836a9f6ccf14\">bound</span> to opsin) to isomerize to all-trans-retinal.</li>\n<li>The <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"28490098541692777190e4fea6ce63\">isomerization</span> induces a conformational change in the <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"46d20dce3e169277719482ba097a6d\">opsin</span> protein, activating it (metarhodopsin II).</li>\n<li>Activated <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"46d20dce3e169277719482ba097a6d\">opsin</span> (metarhodopsin II) ➜ Activates the G-protein <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"fa159706c61692777200ef737cbc83\">transducin</span> ➜ Activates PDE, which hydrolyzes <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"1d84248e9f16927771850f8b75c26a\">cyclic</span> <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"20fced1d1f1692777188cf8c607e50\">GMP</span> (cGMP) to GMP.</li>\n<li>Decreased <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"a5a4a70213169277718461b8cf22a6\">cGMP</span> levels ➜ Leads to the <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"2b4569285f1692777184282b1ca3f1\">closure</span> of Na<sup>+</sup> channels in the <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"61b0f28598169277719523480b9ee4\">photoreceptor</span> cell <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"34cd707428169277719272942b7905\">membrane</span> ➜ <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"d21c7386221692777189879c2a5f9d\">Hyperpolarization</span> ➜ Generation of an electrical signal ➜ Visual <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"3aa5abc2fa169277719488e088076d\">pathway</span> ➜ Vision occurs</li>\n</ul>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td colspan=\"4\" style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:middle\">\n<p><strong>Visual Cycle <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"91229d427e169277719753f25af9f0\">Regeneration</span> - Regenerated 11 <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"784435f0221692777184a9c45f03ac\">cis</span> <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"fb7a2c30e416927771972f7df6f8c0\">retinal</span> from All-trans retinal</strong></p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:middle\">\n<p><strong>Step</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:middle\">\n<p><strong>Site</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:middle\">\n<p><strong>Reaction</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:middle\">\n<p><strong>Enzyme/Mechanism</strong></p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:middle\">\n<p>1</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:middle\">\n<p>Photoreceptor outer segment</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:middle\">\n<p>All-trans-Retinal + <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"7c9e482521169277719313219f1bbe\">NADPH</span> → All-trans-Retinol + NADP+</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:middle\">\n<p>All-trans-Retinol Dehydrogenase <strong>(Option B)</strong></p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:middle\">\n<p>2</p>\n</td>\n<td rowspan=\"4\" style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:middle\">\n<p>Retinal <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"05e2e2617c16927771952bcbeea08b\">pigment</span> <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"53782f88d31692777187177cb73b24\">epithelium</span> (RPE) cells.</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:middle\">\n<p>Transport to <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"fb7a2c30e416927771972f7df6f8c0\">retinal</span> <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"05e2e2617c16927771952bcbeea08b\">pigment</span> <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"53782f88d31692777187177cb73b24\">epithelium</span> (RPE) cells.</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:middle\">\n<p>Cellular <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"ebf660fa3f1692777197b6409242af\">Retinoid</span> Binding Proteins</p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:middle\">\n<p>3</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:middle\">\n<p>Esterification : All-trans-Retinol + <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"bc6cd9a9f9169277720261812ea113\">Fatty</span> <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"3b8aef18d61692777180ef1b21619a\">Acyl</span> <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"fdf03479ad16927771847526907130\">CoA</span> → All-trans-Retinyl <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"4a769f1fa91692777187e17d7ed73a\">Ester</span> + CoA</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:middle\">\n<p>Lecithin-Retinol <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"394527e2b9169277718016f0251204\">Acyltransferase</span> (LRAT) <strong>(Option A)</strong></p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:middle\">\n<p>4</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:middle\">\n<p>Isomerization and Hydrolysis: All-trans-Retinyl <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"4a769f1fa91692777187e17d7ed73a\">Ester</span> → 11-cis-Retinol</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:middle\">\n<p>RPE65 (retinoid isomerohydrolase) <strong>(Option C)</strong></p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:middle\">\n<p>5</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:middle\">\n<p>Oxidation: 11-cis-Retinol + NAD+ → 11-cis-Retinal + <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"70e624dfd41692777193efc364d5b4\">NADH</span> + H+</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:middle\">\n<p>11-cis-Retinol Dehydrogenase <strong>(Option D)</strong></p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:middle\">\n<p>6</p>\n</td>\n<td rowspan=\"2\" style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:middle\">\n<p>Photoreceptor outer segment</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:middle\">\n<p>Transport Back to Photoreceptors</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:middle\">\n<p>Cellular <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"ebf660fa3f1692777197b6409242af\">Retinoid</span> Binding Proteins</p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:middle\">\n<p>7</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:middle\">\n<p>11-cis-Retinal + <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"46d20dce3e169277719482ba097a6d\">Opsin</span> → <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"0c4bf414c31692777197a344e28bb0\">Rhodopsin</span> (or <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"1c42c9fe83169277718486ee5a82e9\">Cone</span> Opsin)</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:middle\">\n<p style=\"text-align:center\">-</p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n</tbody>\n\n\n<p style='font-size: 10px; color: #808080; font-style: italic;'>@dams_new_robot</p>", "bot": "@dams_new_robot", "audio": "https://image.prepladder.com/content/XylmZUdGicf5qEQWn78E1744044788.mp3", "video": ""}, {"text": "Which form of vitamin A is stored in the liver and must bind to retinol-binding protein (RBP) for transport to other tissues?", "options": [{"label": "A", "text": "Retinoic acid", "correct": false}, {"label": "B", "text": "Retinal", "correct": false}, {"label": "C", "text": "Retinol", "correct": true}, {"label": "D", "text": "β-carotene", "correct": false}], "correct_answer": "C. Retinol", "question_images": [], "explanation_images": ["https://image.prepladder.com/content/5F5Zra0l9EjQJKDAvgMk1735135911.png", "https://image.prepladder.com/content/byBeK3MqTKLkHQWsaQM31735136042.png"], "explanation": "<table cellspacing=\"0\" style=\"border-collapse:collapse; width:694px\">\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:middle\">\n<p><strong>Retinoids</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:middle\">\n<p>Structurally related molecules with vitamin A activity.</p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:middle\">\n<p><strong>Functions</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:middle\">\n<p>Vision, reproduction, growth, epithelial tissue maintenance, immune function.</p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td colspan=\"2\" style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:middle\">\n<p><strong>Types of Retinoids</strong></p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td rowspan=\"3\" style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:middle\">\n<p><strong>Retinol</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td rowspan=\"3\" style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:middle\">\n<ul>\n<li>Primary alcohol containing a ß-ionone ring with an <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"343a7df1d41692777201bd5c0cdc59\">unsaturated</span> side chain</li>\n<li>Storage <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"a1b06f401f1692777203a53393ba98\">form</span> of vitamin A as <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"4b05a8b93816927771970ff037f313\">retinyl</span> <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"4a769f1fa91692777187e17d7ed73a\">ester</span> with long-chain <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"bc6cd9a9f9169277720261812ea113\">fatty</span> acid.</li>\n</ul>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td rowspan=\"2\" style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:middle\">\n<p><strong>Retinal</strong></p>\n<p><strong>(Option B)</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td rowspan=\"2\" style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:middle\">\n<ul>\n<li>Aldehyde derived from <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"224ea8a9e41692777194e81be113d8\">oxidation</span> of retinol.</li>\n<li>Retinal and <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"5287cd41101692777197bccd484635\">retinol</span> can readily be interconnected.</li>\n</ul>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td rowspan=\"3\" style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:middle\">\n<p><strong>Retinoic Acid</strong></p>\n<p><strong>(Option C)</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td rowspan=\"3\" style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:middle\">\n<ul>\n<li>Acid <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"a1b06f401f1692777203a53393ba98\">form</span> derived from <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"224ea8a9e41692777194e81be113d8\">oxidation</span> of the retinal.</li>\n<li>Cannot be <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"10c83adb331692777197f775bec1aa\">reduced</span> in body, so can't give rise to <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"fb7a2c30e416927771972f7df6f8c0\">retinal</span> or retinol.</li>\n<li>Binds to <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"ca82227ce61692777197ab9d330931\">retinoic acid</span> receptors (RARs) in target tissue nuclei.</li>\n<li>Regulates <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"e90d7fdd7316927771880df273d8ef\">gene expression</span> by modulating RNA <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"3fda45538a1692777199ec2a5478a5\">synthesis</span> and protein production.</li>\n<li><strong>2 Forms: ATRA &amp; Isotretinoin</strong></li>\n<li><strong>All-trans <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"ca82227ce61692777197ab9d330931\">Retinoic Acid</span> (ATRA)</strong></li>\n<li>Promotes growth and <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"55a682d72e16927771865bb4855ba3\">differentiation</span> of epithelial cells.</li>\n<li>Mild <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"8b61bc6e361692777180695ac33e91\">acne</span> treated with <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"9c5b45e3b916927772000167f2669a\">topical</span> <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"4eed4da0d5169277720060d9582ae7\">tretinoin</span> (all-trans retinoic acid).</li>\n<li>Treatment in <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"4cdc8161f71692777180df58cafa93\">acute</span> promyelocytic <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"4521dbf4b91692777191a73002bf98\">leukemia</span> (APL), a subtype of <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"4cdc8161f71692777180df58cafa93\">acute</span> <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"da88d7f2211692777193037caba514\">myeloid</span> <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"4521dbf4b91692777191a73002bf98\">leukemia</span> (AML).</li>\n<li><strong>13-cis <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"ca82227ce61692777197ab9d330931\">Retinoic Acid</span> (Isotretinoin)</strong></li>\n<li>Suppresses keratinization; used to treat resistant <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"8b61bc6e361692777180695ac33e91\">acne</span> and Harlequin ichthyosis.</li>\n<li>Induces <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"4bfa3e6f2c1692777181c53b124cf7\">apoptosis</span> in <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"359edf0778169277719886070af9db\">sebaceous</span> glands, reducing <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"add57598af169277719845e7c30916\">sebum</span> production.</li>\n</ul>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td colspan=\"2\" style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:middle\">\n<p><strong>Functions of Retinoids</strong></p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:middle\">\n<p>Vision</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:middle\">\n<p>Essential for <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"6b4aa9d29016927772029e9cfc7637\">visual pigments</span> in rod and <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"1c42c9fe83169277718486ee5a82e9\">cone</span> cells.</p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:middle\">\n<p>Epithelial Cell Maintenance</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:middle\">\n<p>Supports healthy <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"55a682d72e16927771865bb4855ba3\">differentiation</span> and <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"ab75ea330616927771938a64f8ebd6\">mucus</span> secretion.</p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:middle\">\n<p>Reproduction</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:middle\">\n<p>Crucial for <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"a3b0e644a6169277719912525dffae\">spermatogenesis</span> and preventing <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"f375a3584316927772020efa386e3e\">fetal</span> resorption.</p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td colspan=\"2\" style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:middle\">\n<p><strong>Vitamin A Deficiency</strong></p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:middle\">\n<p>Phrynoderma (Follicular Hyperkeratosis)</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:middle\">\n<p>Small, <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"62b9af909d1692777194cd004f10f4\">papillary</span> lesions with <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"d0e68b82ed1692777190fa10f7d4ba\">keratin</span> plugs on the limbs; impaired <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"7b7c55fbdd16927771990b50bda606\">suppression</span> of keratinization.</p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:middle\">\n<p>Conjunctival Xerosis</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:middle\">\n<p>Dry and keratinized conjunctiva; manifests as Bitot's spots (triangular, foamy white or yellowish spots on the sides of the eyes).</p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n</tbody>\n\n\n<p style='font-size: 10px; color: #808080; font-style: italic;'>@dams_new_robot</p>", "bot": "@dams_new_robot", "audio": "https://image.prepladder.com/content/nRleLPb9IO9r3v0OPnmz1744044224.mp3", "video": ""}]; if (!Array.isArray(questions) || questions.length === 0) { throw new Error("Questions data is empty or invalid"); } debugLog(`Successfully parsed ${questions.length} questions`); } catch (e) { console.error("Failed to parse questions_json:", e); document.getElementById('error-message').innerHTML = "Error loading quiz data. Please check the console for details or contact support."; document.getElementById('error-message').classList.remove('hidden'); document.getElementById('start-test').disabled = true; // Fallback to sample questions for testing questions = [ { text: "What is 2 + 2?", options: [ { label: "A", text: "3", correct: false }, { label: "B", text: "4", correct: true }, { label: "C", text: "5", correct: false }, { label: "D", text: "6", correct: false } ], correct_answer: "B. 4", question_images: [], explanation_images: [], explanation: "<p>2 + 2 = 4</p><p>@dams_new_robot</p>", bot: "@dams_new_robot", audio: "", video: "" } ]; debugLog("Loaded fallback questions"); } // Quiz state let currentQuestion = 0; let answers = new Array(questions.length).fill(null); let markedForReview = new Array(questions.length).fill(false); let timeRemaining = 31 * 60; // Duration in seconds let timerInterval = null; const quizId = `{title.replace(/\s+/g, '_').toLowerCase()}`; // Unique ID for local storage // Load saved progress function loadProgress() { try { debugLog("Loading progress from localStorage"); const saved = localStorage.getItem(`quiz_${quizId}`); if (saved) { const { savedAnswers, savedMarked, savedTime } = JSON.parse(saved); answers = savedAnswers || answers; markedForReview = savedMarked || markedForReview; timeRemaining = savedTime !== undefined ? savedTime : timeRemaining; debugLog("Progress loaded successfully"); } else { debugLog("No saved progress found"); } } catch (e) { console.error("Error loading progress:", e); debugLog("Failed to load progress: " + e.message); } } // Save progress function saveProgress() { try { debugLog("Saving progress to localStorage"); localStorage.setItem(`quiz_${quizId}`, JSON.stringify({ savedAnswers: answers, savedMarked: markedForReview, savedTime: timeRemaining })); debugLog("Progress saved successfully"); } catch (e) { console.error("Error saving progress:", e); debugLog("Failed to save progress: " + e.message); } } // Initialize quiz function initQuiz() { try { debugLog("Initializing quiz"); loadProgress(); const startButton = document.getElementById('start-test'); if (!startButton) { throw new Error("Start test button not found"); } startButton.addEventListener('click', startQuiz); debugLog("Start test button listener attached"); document.getElementById('previous-btn').addEventListener('click', showPreviousQuestion); document.getElementById('next-btn').addEventListener('click', showNextQuestion); document.getElementById('mark-review').addEventListener('click', toggleMarkForReview); document.getElementById('nav-toggle').addEventListener('click', toggleNavPanel); document.getElementById('submit-test').addEventListener('click', showSubmitModal); document.getElementById('continue-test').addEventListener('click', closeExitModal); document.getElementById('exit-test').addEventListener('click', () => { debugLog("Exiting test"); localStorage.removeItem(`quiz_${quizId}`); window.location.reload(); }); document.getElementById('cancel-submit').addEventListener('click', closeSubmitModal); document.getElementById('confirm-submit').addEventListener('click', submitTest); document.getElementById('take-again').addEventListener('click', () => { debugLog("Restarting test"); localStorage.removeItem(`quiz_${quizId}`); window.location.reload(); }); document.getElementById('review-test').addEventListener('click', () => showResults(currentResultQuestion)); document.getElementById('close-nav').addEventListener('click', toggleNavPanel); document.getElementById('theme-toggle').addEventListener('click', toggleTheme); document.getElementById('nav-filter').addEventListener('change', updateNavPanel); document.getElementById('prev-result').addEventListener('click', showPreviousResult); document.getElementById('next-result').addEventListener('click', showNextResult); document.getElementById('results-nav-toggle').addEventListener('click', toggleResultsNavPanel); document.getElementById('close-results-nav').addEventListener('click', toggleResultsNavPanel); document.getElementById('results-nav-filter').addEventListener('change', updateResultsNavPanel); debugLog("Quiz initialized successfully"); } catch (e) { console.error("Failed to initialize quiz:", e); debugLog("Failed to initialize quiz: " + e.message); document.getElementById('error-message').innerHTML = "Error initializing quiz. Please check the console for details or contact support."; document.getElementById('error-message').classList.remove('hidden'); document.getElementById('start-test').disabled = true; } } // Start quiz function startQuiz() { try { debugLog("Starting quiz"); document.getElementById('instructions').classList.add('hidden'); document.getElementById('quiz').classList.remove('hidden'); showQuestion(currentQuestion); startTimer(); updateNavPanel(); debugLog("Quiz started successfully"); } catch (e) { console.error("Error starting quiz:", e); debugLog("Failed to start quiz: " + e.message); document.getElementById('error-message').innerHTML = "Error starting quiz. Please check the console for details or contact support."; document.getElementById('error-message').classList.remove('hidden'); document.getElementById('quiz').classList.add('hidden'); document.getElementById('instructions').classList.remove('hidden'); } } // Show question function showQuestion(index) { try { debugLog(`Showing question ${index + 1}`); currentQuestion = index; const q = questions[index]; if (!q) { throw new Error(`Question ${index} is undefined`); } document.getElementById('question-number').innerHTML = `Question <span>${index + 1}</span> of ${questions.length}`; document.getElementById('question-text').innerHTML = q.text || "No question text available"; const imagesDiv = document.getElementById('question-images'); imagesDiv.innerHTML = q.question_images && q.question_images.length > 0 ? q.question_images.map(url => `<img src="${url}" alt="Question Image" class="max-w-full h-auto rounded-lg">`).join('') : ''; const optionsDiv = document.getElementById('options'); optionsDiv.innerHTML = q.options && q.options.length > 0 ? q.options.map(opt => ` <button class="option-btn w-full text-left p-3 border rounded-lg ${answers[index] === opt.label ? 'selected' : ''}" onclick="selectOption(${index}, '${opt.label}')" aria-label="Option ${opt.label}: ${opt.text}"> ${opt.label}. ${opt.text} </button> `).join('') : '<p class="text-red-500">No options available</p>'; document.getElementById('previous-btn').disabled = index === 0; document.getElementById('next-btn').disabled = index === questions.length - 1; document.getElementById('mark-review').classList.toggle('marked', markedForReview[index]); updateProgressBar(); saveProgress(); window.scrollTo({ top: 0, behavior: 'smooth' }); debugLog(`Question ${index + 1} displayed successfully`); } catch (e) { console.error("Error displaying question:", e); debugLog("Failed to display question: " + e.message); } } // Select option function selectOption(index, label) { try { debugLog(`Selecting option ${label} for question ${index + 1}`); answers[index] = label; const optionsDiv = document.getElementById('options'); const optionButtons = optionsDiv.querySelectorAll('.option-btn'); optionButtons.forEach(btn => { const btnLabel = btn.textContent.trim().split('.')[0]; btn.classList.toggle('selected', btnLabel === label); }); updateNavPanel(); saveProgress(); debugLog(`Option ${label} selected for question ${index + 1}`); } catch (e) { console.error("Error selecting option:", e); debugLog("Failed to select option: " + e.message); } } // Toggle mark for review function toggleMarkForReview() { try { debugLog(`Toggling mark for review on question ${currentQuestion + 1}`); markedForReview[currentQuestion] = !markedForReview[currentQuestion]; document.getElementById('mark-review').classList.toggle('marked', markedForReview[currentQuestion]); updateNavPanel(); saveProgress(); debugLog(`Mark for review toggled for question ${currentQuestion + 1}`); } catch (e) { console.error("Error marking for review:", e); debugLog("Failed to mark for review: " + e.message); } } // Navigate to previous question function showPreviousQuestion() { try { debugLog(`Navigating to previous question from ${currentQuestion + 1}`); if (currentQuestion > 0) { currentQuestion--; showQuestion(currentQuestion); } } catch (e) { console.error("Error navigating to previous question:", e); debugLog("Failed to navigate to previous question: " + e.message); } } // Navigate to next question function showNextQuestion() { try { debugLog(`Navigating to next question from ${currentQuestion + 1}`); if (currentQuestion < questions.length - 1) { currentQuestion++; showQuestion(currentQuestion); } } catch (e) { console.error("Error navigating to next question:", e); debugLog("Failed to navigate to next question: " + e.message); } } // Handle question navigation click function handleQuestionNavClick(index) { try { debugLog(`Navigating to question ${index + 1} via nav panel`); showQuestion(index); toggleNavPanel(); } catch (e) { console.error("Error handling navigation click:", e); debugLog("Failed to navigate via nav panel: " + e.message); } } // Start timer function startTimer() { try { debugLog("Starting timer"); timerInterval = setInterval(() => { if (timeRemaining <= 0) { debugLog("Timer expired, submitting test"); clearInterval(timerInterval); submitTest(); } else { timeRemaining--; const minutes = Math.floor(timeRemaining / 60); const seconds = timeRemaining % 60; document.getElementById('timer').innerHTML = `Time Remaining: <span>${minutes.toString().padStart(2, '0')}:${seconds.toString().padStart(2, '0')}</span>`; saveProgress(); } }, 1000); debugLog("Timer started successfully"); } catch (e) { console.error("Error starting timer:", e); debugLog("Failed to start timer: " + e.message); } } // Update progress bar function updateProgressBar() { try { debugLog("Updating progress bar"); const progress = ((currentQuestion + 1) / questions.length) * 100; document.getElementById('progress-bar').style.width = `${progress}%`; debugLog("Progress bar updated"); } catch (e) { console.error("Error updating progress bar:", e); debugLog("Failed to update progress bar: " + e.message); } } // Update quiz navigation panel function updateNavPanel() { try { debugLog("Updating quiz navigation panel"); const filter = document.getElementById('nav-filter').value; const navGrid = document.getElementById('nav-grid'); navGrid.innerHTML = questions.map((_, i) => { if (filter === 'answered' && !answers[i]) return ''; if (filter === 'unanswered' && answers[i]) return ''; if (filter === 'marked' && !markedForReview[i]) return ''; return ` <button class="question-nav-btn ${answers[i] ? 'answered' : 'unanswered'} ${markedForReview[i] ? 'marked-nav' : ''}" onclick="handleQuestionNavClick(${i})" aria-label="Go to Question ${i + 1}"> ${i + 1} </button> `; }).join(''); debugLog("Quiz navigation panel updated"); } catch (e) { console.error("Error updating quiz navigation panel:", e); debugLog("Failed to update quiz navigation panel: " + e.message); } } // Update results navigation panel function updateResultsNavPanel() { try { debugLog("Updating results navigation panel"); const filter = document.getElementById('results-nav-filter').value; const navGrid = document.getElementById('results-nav-grid'); navGrid.innerHTML = questions.map((_, i) => { if (filter === 'answered' && !answers[i]) return ''; if (filter === 'unanswered' && answers[i]) return ''; if (filter === 'marked' && !markedForReview[i]) return ''; return ` <button class="result-nav-btn-grid ${answers[i] ? 'answered' : 'unanswered'} ${markedForReview[i] ? 'marked-nav' : ''}" onclick="handleResultNavClick(${i})" aria-label="Go to Result for Question ${i + 1}"> ${i + 1} </button> `; }).join(''); debugLog("Results navigation panel updated"); } catch (e) { console.error("Error updating results navigation panel:", e); debugLog("Failed to update results navigation panel: " + e.message); } } // Toggle quiz navigation panel function toggleNavPanel() { try { debugLog("Toggling quiz navigation panel"); const navPanel = document.getElementById('nav-panel'); navPanel.classList.toggle('hidden'); debugLog("Quiz navigation panel toggled"); } catch (e) { console.error("Error toggling quiz navigation panel:", e); debugLog("Failed to toggle quiz navigation panel: " + e.message); } } // Toggle results navigation panel function toggleResultsNavPanel() { try { debugLog("Toggling results navigation panel"); const resultsNavPanel = document.getElementById('results-nav-panel'); resultsNavPanel.classList.toggle('hidden'); if (!resultsNavPanel.classList.contains('hidden')) { updateResultsNavPanel(); } debugLog("Results navigation panel toggled"); } catch (e) { console.error("Error toggling results navigation panel:", e); debugLog("Failed to toggle results navigation panel: " + e.message); } } // Handle result navigation click function handleResultNavClick(index) { try { debugLog(`Navigating to result for question ${index + 1} via nav panel`); showResults(index); toggleResultsNavPanel(); } catch (e) { console.error("Error handling result navigation click:", e); debugLog("Failed to navigate to result: " + e.message); } } // Show submit modal function showSubmitModal() { try { debugLog("Showing submit modal"); const attempted = answers.filter(a => a !== null).length; document.getElementById('attempted-count').textContent = attempted; document.getElementById('unattempted-count').textContent = questions.length - attempted; document.getElementById('submit-modal').classList.remove('hidden'); debugLog("Submit modal displayed"); } catch (e) { console.error("Error showing submit modal:", e); debugLog("Failed to show submit modal: " + e.message); } } // Close submit modal function closeSubmitModal() { try { debugLog("Closing submit modal"); document.getElementById('submit-modal').classList.add('hidden'); debugLog("Submit modal closed"); } catch (e) { console.error("Error closing submit modal:", e); debugLog("Failed to close submit modal: " + e.message); } } // Close exit modal function closeExitModal() { try { debugLog("Closing exit modal"); document.getElementById('exit-modal').classList.add('hidden'); debugLog("Exit modal closed"); } catch (e) { console.error("Error closing exit modal:", e); debugLog("Failed to close exit modal: " + e.message); } } // Submit test function submitTest() { try { debugLog("Submitting test"); clearInterval(timerInterval); document.getElementById('quiz').classList.add('hidden'); document.getElementById('submit-modal').classList.add('hidden'); document.getElementById('results').classList.remove('hidden'); showResults(0); // Start with first question // Trigger confetti animation confetti({ particleCount: 100, spread: 70, origin: { y: 0.6 } }); localStorage.removeItem(`quiz_${quizId}`); debugLog("Test submitted successfully"); } catch (e) { console.error("Error submitting test:", e); debugLog("Failed to submit test: " + e.message); } } // Show result for a single question function showResults(index) { try { debugLog(`Showing result for question ${index + 1}`); currentResultQuestion = index; let correct = 0, wrong = 0, unanswered = 0, marked = 0; answers.forEach((answer, i) => { const isCorrect = answer && questions[i].options.find(opt => opt.label === answer)?.correct; if (answer === null) unanswered++; else if (isCorrect) correct++; else wrong++; if (markedForReview[i]) marked++; }); const q = questions[index]; if (!q) { throw new Error(`Question ${index} is undefined`); } const userAnswer = answers[index]; const isCorrect = userAnswer && q.options.find(opt => opt.label === userAnswer)?.correct; const resultsContent = document.getElementById('results-content'); resultsContent.innerHTML = ` <div class="border p-4 rounded-lg ${isCorrect ? 'bg-green-50' : userAnswer ? 'bg-red-50' : 'bg-gray-50'}"> <p class="font-semibold">Question ${index + 1}: ${q.text || 'No question text'}</p> ${q.question_images && q.question_images.length > 0 ? q.question_images.map(url => `<img src="${url}" alt="Question Image" class="max-w-full h-auto rounded-lg my-2">`).join('') : ''} <p><strong>Your Answer:</strong> ${userAnswer ? `${userAnswer}. ${q.options.find(opt => opt.label === userAnswer)?.text || 'Invalid option'}` : 'Unanswered'}</p> <p><strong>Correct Answer:</strong> ${q.correct_answer || 'Unknown'}</p> <div class="mt-2">${q.explanation || 'No explanation available'}</div> ${q.explanation_images && q.explanation_images.length > 0 ? q.explanation_images.map(url => `<img src="${url}" alt="Explanation Image" class="max-w-full h-auto rounded-lg my-2">`).join('') : ''} ${q.video ? ` <button class="play-video bg-blue-500 text-white px-4 py-2 rounded-lg mt-2" onclick="loadVideo(this, '${q.video}', 'video-${index}')" aria-label="Play explanation video for Question ${index + 1}"> Play Video Explanation </button> <div id="video-${index}" class="video-container mt-2"></div> ` : '<p class="text-gray-500 mt-2">No video available</p>'} ${q.audio ? ` <button class="play-audio bg-blue-500 text-white px-4 py-2 rounded-lg mt-2" onclick="loadAudio(this, '${q.audio}', 'audio-${index}')" aria-label="Play audio explanation for Question ${index + 1}"> Play Audio Explanation </button> <div id="audio-${index}" class="audio-container mt-2"></div> ` : ''} </div> `; document.getElementById('correct-count').textContent = correct; document.getElementById('wrong-count').textContent = wrong; document.getElementById('unanswered-count').textContent = unanswered; document.getElementById('marked-count').textContent = marked; document.getElementById('result-question-number').innerHTML = `Question <span>${index + 1}</span> of ${questions.length}`; document.getElementById('prev-result').disabled = index === 0; document.getElementById('next-result').disabled = index === questions.length - 1; updateResultsNavPanel(); window.scrollTo({ top: 0, behavior: 'smooth' }); debugLog(`Result for question ${index + 1} displayed successfully`); } catch (e) { console.error("Error displaying result:", e); debugLog("Failed to display result: " + e.message); } } // Navigate to previous result function showPreviousResult() { try { debugLog(`Navigating to previous result from question ${currentResultQuestion + 1}`); if (currentResultQuestion > 0) { showResults(currentResultQuestion - 1); } } catch (e) { console.error("Error navigating to previous result:", e); debugLog("Failed to navigate to previous result: " + e.message); } } // Navigate to next result function showNextResult() { try { debugLog(`Navigating to next result from question ${currentResultQuestion + 1}`); if (currentResultQuestion < questions.length - 1) { showResults(currentResultQuestion + 1); } } catch (e) { console.error("Error navigating to next result:", e); debugLog("Failed to navigate to next result: " + e.message); } } // Lazy-load video function loadVideo(button, videoUrl, containerId) { try { debugLog(`Loading video for ${containerId}: ${videoUrl}`); if (!videoUrl) { const container = document.getElementById(containerId); container.innerHTML = `<p class="text-gray-500">No video available</p>`; button.remove(); debugLog("No video URL provided"); return; } const container = document.getElementById(containerId); container.innerHTML = ` <div class="video-loading"></div> <video controls class="w-full max-w-[600px] rounded-lg" preload="metadata" aria-label="Video explanation"> <source src="${videoUrl}" type="${videoUrl.endsWith('.m3u8') ? 'application/x-mpegURL' : 'video/mp4'}"> Your browser does not support the video tag. </video> `; container.classList.add('active'); button.remove(); // Initialize HLS.js for .m3u8 videos const video = container.querySelector('video'); if (videoUrl.endsWith('.m3u8') && Hls.isSupported()) { const hls = new Hls(); hls.loadSource(videoUrl); hls.attachMedia(video); hls.on(Hls.Events.ERROR, (event, data) => { console.error("HLS.js error:", data); container.innerHTML = `<p class="text-red-500">Error loading video. <a href="${videoUrl}" target="_blank" aria-label="Open video in new tab">Open video</a></p>`; debugLog("HLS.js error: " + JSON.stringify(data)); }); } else if (videoUrl.endsWith('.m3u8') && video.canPlayType('application/vnd.apple.mpegurl')) { video.src = videoUrl; } // Handle video load errors video.onerror = () => { console.error("Video load error for URL:", videoUrl); container.innerHTML = `<p class="text-red-500">Error loading video. <a href="${videoUrl}" target="_blank" aria-label="Open video in new tab">Open video</a></p>`; debugLog("Video load error for URL: " + videoUrl); }; // Remove loading spinner when video is ready video.onloadedmetadata = () => { container.querySelector('.video-loading').remove(); debugLog("Video loaded successfully"); }; } catch (e) { console.error("Error loading video:", e); debugLog("Failed to load video: " + e.message); const container = document.getElementById(containerId); container.innerHTML = `<p class="text-red-500">Error loading video. <a href="${videoUrl}" target="_blank" aria-label="Open video in new tab">Open video</a></p>`; } } // Lazy-load audio function loadAudio(button, audioUrl, containerId) { try { debugLog(`Loading audio for ${containerId}: ${audioUrl}`); if (!audioUrl) { const container = document.getElementById(containerId); container.innerHTML = `<p class="text-gray-500">No audio available</p>`; button.remove(); debugLog("No audio URL provided"); return; } const container = document.getElementById(containerId); container.innerHTML = ` <audio controls class="w-full max-w-[600px]" preload="metadata" aria-label="Audio explanation"> <source src="${audioUrl}" type="audio/mpeg"> Your browser does not support the audio tag. </audio> `; container.classList.add('active'); button.remove(); // Handle audio load errors const audio = container.querySelector('audio'); audio.onerror = () => { console.error("Audio load error for URL:", audioUrl); container.innerHTML = `<p class="text-red-500">Error loading audio. <a href="${audioUrl}" target="_blank" aria-label="Open audio in new tab">Open audio</a></p>`; debugLog("Audio load error for URL: " + audioUrl); }; debugLog("Audio loaded successfully"); } catch (e) { console.error("Error loading audio:", e); debugLog("Failed to load audio: " + e.message); const container = document.getElementById(containerId); container.innerHTML = `<p class="text-red-500">Error loading audio. <a href="${audioUrl}" target="_blank" aria-label="Open audio in new tab">Open audio</a></p>`; } } // Toggle dark mode function toggleTheme() { try { debugLog("Toggling theme"); document.documentElement.classList.toggle('dark'); localStorage.setItem('theme', document.documentElement.classList.contains('dark') ? 'dark' : 'light'); debugLog("Theme toggled successfully"); } catch (e) { console.error("Error toggling theme:", e); debugLog("Failed to toggle theme: " + e.message); } } // Load theme preference function loadTheme() { try { debugLog("Loading theme preference"); const theme = localStorage.getItem('theme'); if (theme === 'dark') { document.documentElement.classList.add('dark'); } debugLog("Theme loaded successfully"); } catch (e) { console.error("Error loading theme:", e); debugLog("Failed to load theme: " + e.message); } } // Initialize on DOM content loaded window.addEventListener('DOMContentLoaded', () => { try { debugLog("DOM content loaded, initializing quiz"); loadTheme(); initQuiz(); } catch (e) { console.error("Error during DOMContentLoaded:", e); debugLog("Failed to initialize on DOMContentLoaded: " + e.message); document.getElementById('error-message').innerHTML = "Error initializing quiz. Please check the console for details or contact support."; document.getElementById('error-message').classList.remove('hidden'); } }); </script> </body> </html>" frameborder="0" width="100%" height="2000px">
<div class="bg-white rounded-lg shadow-md p-4 md:p-6"> <h2 class="text-xl font-semibold mb-4">Instructions</h2> <h4 class="text-gray-800 text-lg font-semibold mt-6 mb-4">Test Features:</h4> <ul class="space-y-3"> <li class="flex items-center gap-3"> <i class="fa-solid fa-circle-check text-green-500"></i> Multiple choice questions with single correct answers </li> <li class="flex items-center gap-3"> <i class="fa-solid fa-circle-check text-green-500"></i> Timer-based testing for realistic exam conditions </li> <li class="flex items-center gap-3"> <i class="fa-solid fa-circle-check text-green-500"></i> Mark questions for review functionality </li> <li class="flex items-center gap-3"> <i class="fa-solid fa-circle-check text-green-500"></i> Comprehensive results and performance analysis </li> <li class="flex items-center gap-3"> <i class="fa-solid fa-circle-check text-green-500"></i> Mobile-optimized interface for learning on-the-go </li> </ul> <div class="mt-6 flex space-x-4 button-group md:flex-row flex-col"> <button class="bg-[#2c5281] text-white px-6 py-2 rounded-lg hover:bg-[#2c5281] transition" id="start-test">Start Test</button> </div> <div class="error-message hidden" id="error-message"></div> </div> </section> <!-- Quiz Section --> <section class="container mx-auto px-4 md:px-6 pt-4 md:pt-6 pb-1 hidden section-transition" id="quiz"> <div class="bg-white rounded-lg shadow-md p-4 md:p-6"> <!-- Progress Bar --> <div class="w-full bg-gray-200 rounded-full h-3 mb-4"> <div class="progress-bar h-3 rounded-full" id="progress-bar" style="width: 0%"></div> </div> <!-- Question Header --> <div class="flex flex-col md:flex-row justify-between items-center mb-4"> <h2 class="text-lg font-semibold" id="question-number">Question <span>1</span> of 4</h2> <p class="text-lg font-semibold mt-2 md:mt-0" id="timer">Time Remaining: <span>00:00</span></p> </div> <!-- Question Content --> <div class="mb-6" id="question-content"> <p class="text-gray-800 mb-4" id="question-text"></p> <div class="flex flex-wrap gap-4 mb-4" id="question-images"></div> <div class="space-y-3" id="options"></div> </div> <!-- Navigation Buttons --> <div class="flex flex-col md:flex-row justify-between items-center gap-2 md:gap-4"> <div class="flex gap-2 w-full md:w-auto"> <button class="bg-[#2c5281] text-white px-4 py-3 w-full md:w-32 h-14 rounded-lg hover:bg-[#2c5281] transition" disabled="" id="previous-btn">Previous</button> <button class="bg-[#2c5281] text-white px-4 py-3 w-full md:w-32 h-14 rounded-lg hover:bg-[#2c5281] transition" id="next-btn">Next</button> </div> <div class="flex items-center gap-2"> <button class="bg-transparent text-gray-700 px-4 py-2 rounded-lg hover:bg-gray-100 transition flex items-center gap-1" id="mark-review"> Review <svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" class="h-5 w-5" viewBox="0 0 20 20" fill="currentColor"> <path d="M10 2a1 1 0 00-1 1v14l3.293-3.293a1 1 0 011.414 0L17 17V3a1 1 0 00-1-1H10z" /> </svg> </button> <button class="bg-transparent text-gray-700 px-4 py-2 rounded-lg hover:bg-gray-100 transition flex items-center gap-1" id="nav-toggle"> Question 🧭 </button> <button class="bg-green-500 text-white px-6 py-3 w-44 h-14 rounded-lg hover:bg-green-600 transition w-full md:w-auto" id="submit-test">Submit Test</button> </div> </div> </section> <!-- Results Section --> <section class="container mx-auto px-4 md:px-6 pt-4 md:pt-6 pb-1 hidden section-transition" id="results"> <div class="bg-white rounded-lg shadow-md p-4 md:p-6"> <h2 class="text-2xl font-semibold mb-4">Anaesthesia Machine - Results</h2> <div class="grid grid-cols-1 md:grid-cols-2 gap-4 mb-6"> <p><strong>Correct:</strong> <span id="correct-count" class="text-[#000000]">0</span></p> <p><strong>Wrong:</strong> <span id="wrong-count" class="text-[#000000]">0</span></p> <p><strong>Unanswered:</strong> <span id="unanswered-count" class="text-[#000000]-500">0</span></p> <p><strong>Marked for Review:</strong> <span id="marked-count" class="text-[#000000]">0</span></p> </div> <h3 class="text-lg font-semibold mb-4" id="result-question-number">Question <span>1</span> of 4</h3> <div class="space-y-6" id="results-content"></div> <div class="result-nav"> <button aria-label="Previous question result" class="result-nav-btn bg-[#2c5281] text-white px-6 py-2 rounded-lg hover:bg-[#2c5281] transition" disabled="" id="prev-result">Previous</button> <button aria-label="Toggle results navigation panel" class="result-nav-btn bg-[#2c5281] text-white px-6 py-2 rounded-lg hover:bg-[#2c5281] transition" id="results-nav-toggle">Result 🧭</button> <button aria-label="Next question result" class="result-nav-btn bg-[#2c5281] text-white px-6 py-2 rounded-lg hover:bg-[#2c5281] transition" id="next-result">Next</button> </div> <div class="mt-6 flex space-x-4 button-group md:flex-row flex-col"> <button class="bg-green-500 text-white px-6 py-2 rounded-lg hover:bg-green-600 transition" id="take-again">Take Again</button> </div> </div> </section> <!-- Exit Confirmation Modal --> <div class="fixed inset-0 bg-black bg-opacity-50 flex items-center justify-center hidden" id="exit-modal"> <div class="bg-white rounded-lg p-6 max-w-sm w-full"> <h2 class="text-xl font-semibold mb-4">Leave Test?</h2> <p class="text-gray-700 mb-4">Your progress will be lost if you leave this page. Are you sure you want to exit?</p> <div class="flex justify-end space-x-4"> <button class="bg-gray-300 text-gray-700 px-4 py-2 rounded-lg hover:bg-gray-400 transition" id="continue-test">No, Continue</button> <button class="bg-red-500 text-white px-4 py-2 rounded-lg hover:bg-red-600 transition" id="exit-test">Yes, Exit</button> </div> </div> </div> <!-- Submit Confirmation Modal --> <div class="fixed inset-0 bg-black bg-opacity-50 flex items-center justify-center hidden" id="submit-modal"> <div class="bg-white rounded-lg p-6 max-w-sm w-full"> <h2 class="text-xl font-semibold mb-4">Confirm Submission</h2> <p class="text-gray-700 mb-2">You have attempted <span id="attempted-count">0</span> of 59 questions.</p> <p class="text-gray-700 mb-4"><span id="unattempted-count">0</span> questions are unattempted.</p> <div class="flex justify-end space-x-4"> <button class="bg-gray-300 text-gray-700 px-4 py-2 rounded-lg hover:bg-gray-400 transition" id="cancel-submit">Cancel</button> <button class="bg-green-500 text-white px-4 py-2 rounded-lg hover:bg-green-600 transition" id="confirm-submit">Submit Test</button> </div> </div> </div> <!-- Quiz Navigation Panel --> <div class="fixed inset-y-0 right-0 nav-panel bg-white shadow-lg p-4 hidden overflow-y-auto" id="nav-panel"> <h2 class="text-lg font-semibold mb-4">Questions Navigation</h2> <div class="mb-4"> <select class="w-full p-2 border rounded-lg text-gray-700" id="nav-filter"> <option value="all">All Questions</option> <option value="answered">Answered</option> <option value="unanswered">Unanswered</option> <option value="marked">Marked for Review</option> </select> </div> <div class="grid grid-cols-5 gap-2 md:gap-3" id="nav-grid"></div> <button class="mt-4 bg-gray-500 text-white px-4 py-2 rounded-lg hover:bg-gray-600 transition w-full" id="close-nav">Close</button> </div> <!-- Results Navigation Panel --> <div class="fixed inset-y-0 right-0 results-nav-panel bg-white shadow-lg p-4 hidden overflow-y-auto" id="results-nav-panel"> <h2 class="text-lg font-semibold mb-4">Results Navigation</h2> <div class="mb-4"> <select class="w-full p-2 border rounded-lg text-gray-700" id="results-nav-filter"> <option value="all">All Questions</option> <option value="answered">Answered</option> <option value="unanswered">Unanswered</option> <option value="marked">Marked for Review</option> </select> </div> <div class="grid grid-cols-5 gap-2 md:gap-3" id="results-nav-grid"></div> <button class="mt-4 bg-gray-500 text-white px-4 py-2 rounded-lg hover:bg-gray-600 transition w-full" id="close-results-nav">Close</button> </div> <!-- JavaScript Logic --> <script> // Enable debug mode for detailed logging const DEBUG_MODE = true; // Log debug messages function debugLog(message) { if (DEBUG_MODE) { console.log(`[DEBUG] ${message}`); } } // Initialize questions with error handling let questions = []; let currentResultQuestion = 0; // State for current question in results try { debugLog("Attempting to parse questions_json"); questions = [{"text": "An alcoholic patient presented with itchy lesions as shown in the image. He also has a red-colored beefy tongue. Which of the following histories would you like to ask/elicit in this patient additionally?", "options": [{"label": "A", "text": "Ask for diarrhea and a history of memory loss", "correct": true}, {"label": "B", "text": "Ask for diarrhea, thiamine deficiency features, and detailed dietary history", "correct": false}, {"label": "C", "text": "History of allergy", "correct": false}, {"label": "D", "text": "Ask for diarrhea and conjunctivitis", "correct": false}], "correct_answer": "A. Ask for diarrhea and a history of memory loss", "question_images": ["https://image.prepladder.com/notes/Qa9nxqZKktPRg3zBu8Ew1746432182.png"], "explanation_images": ["https://image.prepladder.com/content/NjT4fho3XgWKbxdnnN2Y1745395802.png"], "explanation": "\n\n<p style='font-size: 10px; color: #808080; font-style: italic;'>@dams_new_robot</p>", "bot": "@dams_new_robot", "audio": "", "video": ""}, {"text": "A 42-year-old female came to the emergency department with a bleeding condition and dental caries. Which vitamin supplementation from the list below would be best for treating this condition?", "options": [{"label": "A", "text": "Vitamin B1", "correct": false}, {"label": "B", "text": "Vitamin B9", "correct": false}, {"label": "C", "text": "Vitamin D", "correct": false}, {"label": "D", "text": "Vitamin K", "correct": true}], "correct_answer": "D. Vitamin K", "question_images": [], "explanation_images": [], "explanation": "\n\n<p style='font-size: 10px; color: #808080; font-style: italic;'>@dams_new_robot</p>", "bot": "@dams_new_robot", "audio": "", "video": ""}, {"text": "Which of the following vitamins is incorrectly paired with their respective enzymes?", "options": [{"label": "A", "text": "Vitamin B1 (Thiamine): RBC Trans-ketolase", "correct": false}, {"label": "B", "text": "Vitamin B2 (Riboflavin): RBC glutathione reductase", "correct": false}, {"label": "C", "text": "Vitamin B9 (Folic acid): FIGLU excretion/Histidine load test", "correct": false}, {"label": "D", "text": "Vitamin C: Serum methylmalonate level", "correct": true}], "correct_answer": "D. Vitamin C: Serum methylmalonate level", "question_images": [], "explanation_images": [], "explanation": "\n\n<p style='font-size: 10px; color: #808080; font-style: italic;'>@dams_new_robot</p>", "bot": "@dams_new_robot", "audio": "", "video": ""}, {"text": "What could be the potential diagnosis for a 34-year-old male who has been consuming maize as his main diet for an extended period and is now experiencing symptoms such as abdominal pain, decreased appetite, and diarrhea? Additionally, upon examination, glossitis (inflammation of the tongue) and a pigmented rash in sun-exposed areas were observed, along with a lesion on his neck.", "options": [{"label": "A", "text": "Pellagra", "correct": true}, {"label": "B", "text": "Scurvy", "correct": false}, {"label": "C", "text": "Megaloblastic anemia", "correct": false}, {"label": "D", "text": "Beriberi", "correct": false}], "correct_answer": "A. Pellagra", "question_images": [], "explanation_images": ["https://image.prepladder.com/content/pRnZX0AyUyG0AmDl9H6B1745843605.png"], "explanation": "\n\n<p style='font-size: 10px; color: #808080; font-style: italic;'>@dams_new_robot</p>", "bot": "@dams_new_robot", "audio": "", "video": ""}, {"text": "Which of the subsequent stages in the vitamin D metabolism necessitates exposure to sunlight?", "options": [{"label": "A", "text": "1,25 dihydroxy cholecalciferol to 7-dehydrocholesterol", "correct": false}, {"label": "B", "text": "Cholecalciferol to 25-hydroxycholecalciferol", "correct": false}, {"label": "C", "text": "7-dehydrocholesterol to cholecalciferol", "correct": true}, {"label": "D", "text": "25-hydroxycholecalciferol to 1,25 dihydroxycholecalciferol", "correct": false}], "correct_answer": "C. 7-dehydrocholesterol to cholecalciferol", "question_images": [], "explanation_images": ["https://image.prepladder.com/notes/eEHzxO598R03PIm7HOH61748236707.png", "https://image.prepladder.com/content/O21p24JJ3X9K5lAtVu3k1745844238.png"], "explanation": "\n\n<p style='font-size: 10px; color: #808080; font-style: italic;'>@dams_new_robot</p>", "bot": "@dams_new_robot", "audio": "", "video": ""}, {"text": "Which of the following substance, facilitate the absorption of dietary iron?", "options": [{"label": "A", "text": "Calcium", "correct": false}, {"label": "B", "text": "Vitamin C", "correct": true}, {"label": "C", "text": "Vitamin D", "correct": false}, {"label": "D", "text": "Vitamin K", "correct": false}], "correct_answer": "B. Vitamin C", "question_images": [], "explanation_images": ["https://image.prepladder.com/content/RREVSjzkDVzn2vF9gPiN1748241013.png"], "explanation": "\n\n<p style='font-size: 10px; color: #808080; font-style: italic;'>@dams_new_robot</p>", "bot": "@dams_new_robot", "audio": "", "video": ""}, {"text": "A young boy presented with fissured tongue, lips, and lesions in the angle of the mouth.On investigation, he had low RBC glutathione reductase activity. Which vitamin is deficient here?", "options": [{"label": "A", "text": "Vitamin B12", "correct": false}, {"label": "B", "text": "Vitamin B3", "correct": false}, {"label": "C", "text": "Biotin", "correct": false}, {"label": "D", "text": "Riboflavin", "correct": true}], "correct_answer": "D. Riboflavin", "question_images": [], "explanation_images": [], "explanation": "\n\n<p style='font-size: 10px; color: #808080; font-style: italic;'>@dams_new_robot</p>", "bot": "@dams_new_robot", "audio": "", "video": ""}, {"text": "What is the underlying cause of the presenting symptoms in a 21-year-old individual with chronic alcoholism who is admitted to the emergency department with confusion, tremors, ataxia, and ophthalmoplegia?", "options": [{"label": "A", "text": "Vitamin B12", "correct": false}, {"label": "B", "text": "Vitamin B9", "correct": false}, {"label": "C", "text": "Vitamin B1", "correct": true}, {"label": "D", "text": "Vitamin B3", "correct": false}], "correct_answer": "C. Vitamin B1", "question_images": [], "explanation_images": [], "explanation": "<table cellspacing=\"0\" style=\"border-collapse:collapse\">\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<td colspan=\"2\" style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><strong>WERNICKE-KORSAKOFF SYNDROME (CEREBRAL BERI-BERI)</strong></p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td rowspan=\"2\" style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Clinical Manifestations</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Wernicke Encephalopathy:</strong></p>\n<p>Symptoms: Ophthalmoplegia, nystagmus, cerebellar ataxia, global confusion.</p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Korsakoff Psychosis:</strong></p>\n<p>Symptoms: <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"6f04a43a8c16927771816dd61a4f17\">Anterograde</span> and <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"e38ca8e6931692777197ee6a68ac56\">retrograde</span> amnesia, <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"408bcde7f01692777198acadb8e1c6\">sensory</span> agnosia, and confabulation.</p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Causes of <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"b70d1dbde516927772000d7774d2a5\">Thiamine</span> <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"209b85faf71692777185767d43e3bd\">Deficiency</span> in Alcoholics</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<ul>\n<li>Increased <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"b70d1dbde516927772000d7774d2a5\">thiamine</span> requirements due to alcohol consumption. Alcohol is a source of empty calories.</li>\n<li>Inhibition of intestinal <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"b70d1dbde516927772000d7774d2a5\">thiamine</span> <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"5fcb9396d1169277718069dd7fa788\">absorption</span> by alcohol.</li>\n</ul>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Metabolic Implications</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<ul>\n<li>Impaired conversion of <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"f9129e152d16927771960c4ccc40bc\">pyruvate</span> to acetyl-CoA.</li>\n<li>Accumulation of <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"f9129e152d16927771960c4ccc40bc\">pyruvate</span> and <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"5a751dc161169277719123aae1b764\">lactate</span> in the blood.</li>\n<li>Potential for life-threatening <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"b82539c9ae1692777191a3f7ddd7bb\">lactic</span> acidosis.</li>\n</ul>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Progression and Risk Factors</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<ul>\n<li>Progression from Wernicke <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"b37b211cbc169277718725f07b5473\">encephalopathy</span> to <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"a01c754c6916927771907990bfb979\">Korsakoff psychosis</span> if untreated.</li>\n<li>Associated with severely compromised nutritional status, often due to chronic alcoholism.</li>\n</ul>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>MRI findings</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Symmetrical T2/FLAIR signal increase in the <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"06d33302e016927771911f7ef71255\">mammillary</span> bodies, dorsomedial thalami, tectal plate, <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"c51baf41771692777195b4b3432d4b\">periaqueductal</span> area, and around the third ventricle.</p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n</tbody>\n\n\n<p style='font-size: 10px; color: #808080; font-style: italic;'>@dams_new_robot</p>", "bot": "@dams_new_robot", "audio": "", "video": ""}, {"text": "Which antioxidant deficiency can cause the symptoms of iron-deficiency anemia, painful and tender joints, and bleeding manifestations in a 34-year-old woman who primarily consumes packaged and reheated meals?", "options": [{"label": "A", "text": "Glutathione", "correct": false}, {"label": "B", "text": "ß-carotene", "correct": false}, {"label": "C", "text": "Vitamin C", "correct": true}, {"label": "D", "text": "Zinc", "correct": false}], "correct_answer": "C. Vitamin C", "question_images": [], "explanation_images": [], "explanation": "\n\n<p style='font-size: 10px; color: #808080; font-style: italic;'>@dams_new_robot</p>", "bot": "@dams_new_robot", "audio": "", "video": ""}, {"text": "To evaluate a deficiency of vitamin B2 (riboflavin), one can assess the activity of:", "options": [{"label": "A", "text": "Transketolase", "correct": false}, {"label": "B", "text": "Pyruvate dehydrogenase", "correct": false}, {"label": "C", "text": "Glutathione reductase", "correct": true}, {"label": "D", "text": "Isocitrate dehydrogenase", "correct": false}], "correct_answer": "C. Glutathione reductase", "question_images": [], "explanation_images": [], "explanation": "\n\n<p style='font-size: 10px; color: #808080; font-style: italic;'>@dams_new_robot</p>", "bot": "@dams_new_robot", "audio": "", "video": ""}, {"text": "A patient presented with symptoms of delayed adaptation to vision in dark places, gritty sensation in the eyes, dry eyes, and softening of the cornea. What is the likely deficiency in this case?", "options": [{"label": "A", "text": "Retinoic acid", "correct": true}, {"label": "B", "text": "Riboflavin", "correct": false}, {"label": "C", "text": "Niacin", "correct": false}, {"label": "D", "text": "Pantothenic acid", "correct": false}], "correct_answer": "A. Retinoic acid", "question_images": [], "explanation_images": [], "explanation": "<table cellspacing=\"0\" style=\"border-collapse:collapse\">\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>XN</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<ul>\n<li>Night blindness.</li>\n</ul>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>X1</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<ul>\n<li>X1A: Conjunctival xerosis.</li>\n<li>X1B: Bitot spots.</li>\n</ul>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>X2</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<ul>\n<li>Corneal xerosis.</li>\n</ul>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>X3</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<ul>\n<li>X3A: Corneal ulceration, less than one-third.</li>\n<li>X3B: Corneal ulceration, more than one-third.</li>\n</ul>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>XS</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<ul>\n<li>Corneal scar.</li>\n</ul>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>XF</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<ul>\n<li>Xerophthalmic fundus.</li>\n</ul>\n</td>\n</tr>\n</tbody>\n\n\n<p style='font-size: 10px; color: #808080; font-style: italic;'>@dams_new_robot</p>", "bot": "@dams_new_robot", "audio": "", "video": ""}, {"text": "A farmer presented with loose stools and rashes over the sun-exposed areas. Careful diet history reveals a diet rich in maize. Which of the following deficiencies would you suspect?", "options": [{"label": "A", "text": "Niacin", "correct": true}, {"label": "B", "text": "Pyridoxine", "correct": false}, {"label": "C", "text": "Thiamine", "correct": false}, {"label": "D", "text": "Biotin", "correct": false}], "correct_answer": "A. Niacin", "question_images": [], "explanation_images": ["https://image.prepladder.com/content/moKGIIbP9C1O0GzTA3hz1745395354.png"], "explanation": "\n\n\n<p style='font-size: 10px; color: #808080; font-style: italic;'>@dams_new_robot</p>", "bot": "@dams_new_robot", "audio": "", "video": ""}, {"text": "A patient presents with gum bleeding, petechiae, poor wound healing, and other related symptoms. Which of the following vitamin deficiencies is most likely responsible for this presentation?", "options": [{"label": "A", "text": "Vitamin A", "correct": false}, {"label": "B", "text": "Vitamin B6", "correct": false}, {"label": "C", "text": "Vitamin B3", "correct": false}, {"label": "D", "text": "Vitamin C", "correct": true}], "correct_answer": "D. Vitamin C", "question_images": [], "explanation_images": [], "explanation": "<table cellspacing=\"0\" style=\"border-collapse:collapse; width:614px\">\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Feature</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Vitamin C <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"209b85faf71692777185767d43e3bd\">Deficiency</span> (Scurvy)</strong></p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Cause</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Poor dietary <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"6cdcd39cf2169277719068e247e38d\">intake</span> (malnutrition, alcoholism, elderly, infants on cow's milk)</p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Key Symptoms</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Bleeding gums, petechiae, bruising, corkscrew hairs, poor wound healing</p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Other Signs</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Subperiosteal hemorrhage, joint pain, anemia, weakness</p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Diagnosis</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Clinical features, low <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"a0e40688fa169277719572bdb48c92\">plasma</span> <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"964b8993a1169277720279c9c96cd1\">vitamin C</span> levels</p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Treatment</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Vitamin C supplementation</p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n</tbody>\n\n\n<p style='font-size: 10px; color: #808080; font-style: italic;'>@dams_new_robot</p>", "bot": "@dams_new_robot", "audio": "", "video": ""}, {"text": "Which of the following are vitamin B12-dependent enzymes? Methyl malonyl CoA isomerase Homocysteine synthase Folate reductase Methionine synthase", "options": [{"label": "A", "text": "1,2,3 and 4", "correct": false}, {"label": "B", "text": "1 and 4 only", "correct": true}, {"label": "C", "text": "1 and 3 only", "correct": false}, {"label": "D", "text": "1,2 and 3", "correct": false}], "correct_answer": "B. 1 and 4 only", "question_images": [], "explanation_images": [], "explanation": "\n\n<p style='font-size: 10px; color: #808080; font-style: italic;'>@dams_new_robot</p>", "bot": "@dams_new_robot", "audio": "", "video": ""}, {"text": "The sequence of vitamin D synthesis is?", "options": [{"label": "A", "text": "Liver-skin-kidney", "correct": false}, {"label": "B", "text": "Skin-liver-kidney", "correct": true}, {"label": "C", "text": "Skin-kidney-liver", "correct": false}, {"label": "D", "text": "Liver-kidney-skin", "correct": false}], "correct_answer": "B. Skin-liver-kidney", "question_images": [], "explanation_images": ["https://image.prepladder.com/content/OJDpse5htExiLsL132NZ1745496336.png"], "explanation": "<p>Correct Answer B - Skin-liver-k\n\n<p style='font-size: 10px; color: #808080; font-style: italic;'>@dams_new_robot</p>", "bot": "@dams_new_robot", "audio": "", "video": ""}, {"text": "Dicoumarol inhibits the action of vitamin K by?", "options": [{"label": "A", "text": "Suicide inhibition", "correct": false}, {"label": "B", "text": "Competitive inhibition", "correct": true}, {"label": "C", "text": "Non-competitive inhibition", "correct": false}, {"label": "D", "text": "Uncompetitive inhibition", "correct": false}], "correct_answer": "B. Competitive inhibition", "question_images": [], "explanation_images": ["https://image.prepladder.com/notes/RtceCzhXcOmCmieWvCoN1746556716.jpg"], "explanation": "<p>Correct Answer B - Competitive inh\n\n<p style='font-size: 10px; color: #808080; font-style: italic;'>@dams_new_robot</p>", "bot": "@dams_new_robot", "audio": "", "video": ""}, {"text": "Which vitamin, when infused in supraphysiological doses, causes macular edema and macular cysts?", "options": [{"label": "A", "text": "Vitamin A", "correct": false}, {"label": "B", "text": "Vitamin D", "correct": false}, {"label": "C", "text": "Vitamin E", "correct": false}, {"label": "D", "text": "Vitamin B3", "correct": true}], "correct_answer": "D. Vitamin B3", "question_images": [], "explanation_images": [], "explanation": "\n\n<p style='font-size: 10px; color: #808080; font-style: italic;'>@dams_new_robot</p>", "bot": "@dams_new_robot", "audio": "", "video": ""}, {"text": "A 34-year-old male was on maize as a staple diet for a prolonged period. He presented with diarrhea and lesion over his neck as shown in the image below. The condition occurs due to deficiency of:", "options": [{"label": "A", "text": "Niacin", "correct": true}, {"label": "B", "text": "Vitamin B12", "correct": false}, {"label": "C", "text": "Vitamin D", "correct": false}, {"label": "D", "text": "Iron", "correct": false}], "correct_answer": "A. Niacin", "question_images": ["https://image.prepladder.com/content/opfLp93v3RbH3qirkyj31745221425.png"], "explanation_images": ["https://image.prepladder.com/content/e4Fxawd9AOCaytmVf1q71745221478.png"], "explanation": "\n\n<p style='font-size: 10px; color: #808080; font-style: italic;'>@dams_new_robot</p>", "bot": "@dams_new_robot", "audio": "", "video": ""}, {"text": "What is the most likely cause of the worsening neurological symptoms in a 30-year-old woman who presented with complaints of fatigue, difficulty breathing during exertion, weight loss, and frequent falls, and was found to have bilateral decrease in vibration sense, a hemoglobin level of 8.2 g% with high MCV, and was initially treated with folate which improved her anemia?", "options": [{"label": "A", "text": "Folate is not well absorbed", "correct": false}, {"label": "B", "text": "Folic acid therapy unmasked pyridoxine deficiency.", "correct": false}, {"label": "C", "text": "Deficiency of folate reductase in CNS.", "correct": false}, {"label": "D", "text": "Folate therapy caused rapid use of vitamin B12 stores aggravating symptoms.", "correct": true}], "correct_answer": "D. Folate therapy caused rapid use of vitamin B12 stores aggravating symptoms.", "question_images": [], "explanation_images": ["https://image.prepladder.com/content/1zQciakscj2viNwCPcwG1745221669.png"], "explanation": "\n\n<p style='font-size: 10px; color: #808080; font-style: italic;'>@dams_new_robot</p>", "bot": "@dams_new_robot", "audio": "", "video": ""}, {"text": "Which of the following contains the maximum amount of vitamin B12?", "options": [{"label": "A", "text": "Animal products", "correct": true}, {"label": "B", "text": "Green leafy vegetables", "correct": false}, {"label": "C", "text": "Roots and tubers", "correct": false}, {"label": "D", "text": "Vegetarian diet", "correct": false}], "correct_answer": "A. Animal products", "question_images": [], "explanation_images": [], "explanation": "\n\n<p style='font-size: 10px; color: #808080; font-style: italic;'>@dams_new_robot</p>", "bot": "@dams_new_robot", "audio": "", "video": ""}, {"text": "What is the probable reason for the worsening of neurologic symptoms in a patient who initially showed improvement in blood picture after receiving a dose of 5mg folate for peripheral neuropathy and macrocytic anemia?", "options": [{"label": "A", "text": "Malabsorption of folate", "correct": false}, {"label": "B", "text": "Treatment with folate unmasking pyridoxine deficiency", "correct": false}, {"label": "C", "text": "Deficiency of folate reductase in CNS", "correct": false}, {"label": "D", "text": "Folate therapy using the B12 stores", "correct": true}], "correct_answer": "D. Folate therapy using the B12 stores", "question_images": [], "explanation_images": ["https://image.prepladder.com/content/7zMVAE9v6GdzR8IhGVPE1746512910.png"], "explanation": "\n\n<p style='font-size: 10px; color: #808080; font-style: italic;'>@dams_new_robot</p>", "bot": "@dams_new_robot", "audio": "", "video": ""}, {"text": "What is the recommended treatment for a 45-year-old male patient with a history of chronic alcoholism, who is currently experiencing symptoms of confusion, ataxia, and diplopia?", "options": [{"label": "A", "text": "Vitamin B1 injection followed by glucose infusion", "correct": true}, {"label": "B", "text": "Glucose infusion followed thiamine injection", "correct": false}, {"label": "C", "text": "Glucose infusion alone", "correct": false}, {"label": "D", "text": "Thiamine infusion alone", "correct": false}], "correct_answer": "A. Vitamin B1 injection followed by glucose infusion", "question_images": [], "explanation_images": [], "explanation": "<table cellspacing=\"0\" style=\"border-collapse:collapse\">\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<td colspan=\"2\" style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><strong>WERNICKE-KORSAKOFF SYNDROME (CEREBRAL BERI-BERI)</strong></p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td rowspan=\"2\" style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Clinical Manifestations</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Wernicke Encephalopathy:</strong></p>\n<p>Symptoms: Ophthalmoplegia, nystagmus, cerebellar ataxia, global confusion.</p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Korsakoff Psychosis:</strong></p>\n<p>Symptoms: Anterograde and <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"e38ca8e6931692777197ee6a68ac56\">retrograde</span> amnesia, <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"408bcde7f01692777198acadb8e1c6\">sensory</span> agnosia, and confabulation. <strong>(Option B)</strong></p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Causes of <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"b70d1dbde516927772000d7774d2a5\">Thiamine</span> <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"209b85faf71692777185767d43e3bd\">Deficiency</span> in Alcoholics</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<ul>\n<li>Increased <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"b70d1dbde516927772000d7774d2a5\">thiamine</span> requirements due to alcohol consumption. Alcohol is a source of empty calories.</li>\n<li>Inhibition of intestinal <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"b70d1dbde516927772000d7774d2a5\">thiamine</span> <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"5fcb9396d1169277718069dd7fa788\">absorption</span> by alcohol.</li>\n</ul>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Metabolic Implications</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<ul>\n<li>Impaired conversion of <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"f9129e152d16927771960c4ccc40bc\">pyruvate</span> to acetyl-CoA.</li>\n<li>Accumulation of <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"f9129e152d16927771960c4ccc40bc\">pyruvate</span> and <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"5a751dc161169277719123aae1b764\">lactate</span> in the blood.</li>\n<li>Potential for life-threatening <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"b82539c9ae1692777191a3f7ddd7bb\">lactic</span> acidosis.</li>\n</ul>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Progression and Risk Factors</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<ul>\n<li>Progression from Wernicke <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"b37b211cbc169277718725f07b5473\">encephalopathy</span> to Korsakoff <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"1cb2d1482916927771964c2890313e\">psychosis</span> if untreated.</li>\n<li>Associated with severely compromised nutritional status, often due to chronic alcoholism.</li>\n</ul>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>MRI findings</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Symmetrical T2/FLAIR signal increase in the <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"06d33302e016927771911f7ef71255\">mammillary</span> bodies, dorsomedial thalami, tectal plate, <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"c51baf41771692777195b4b3432d4b\">periaqueductal</span> area, and around the third ventricle.</p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Treatment</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Acute Phase (Wernicke Encephalopathy)</strong>:</p>\n<ul>\n<li><strong>Intravenous thiamine</strong> (100 mg) for <strong>3-7 days</strong> is standard; however, <strong>higher doses (500 mg TID)</strong> may be required if symptoms persist.</li>\n<li><strong>Glucose</strong> should be administered <strong>after</strong> <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"b70d1dbde516927772000d7774d2a5\">thiamine</span> to prevent exacerbating symptoms.</li>\n</ul>\n<p><strong>Chronic Phase (Korsakoff’s Psychosis)</strong>:</p>\n<ul>\n<li>Continue <strong>oral thiamine</strong> indefinitely, especially in alcohol-dependent patients.</li>\n<li>Address <strong>co-occurring deficiencies</strong>, provide <strong>nutritional support</strong>, and consider <strong>rehabilitation</strong> or <strong>residential care</strong> if needed.</li>\n</ul>\n</td>\n</tr>\n</tbody>\n\n\n<p style='font-size: 10px; color: #808080; font-style: italic;'>@dams_new_robot</p>", "bot": "@dams_new_robot", "audio": "", "video": ""}, {"text": "A patient has come in with bleeding gums and the examination results are as follows. This particular condition can be observed in the case of a deficiency in", "options": [{"label": "A", "text": "Vitamin A", "correct": false}, {"label": "B", "text": "Vitamin B12", "correct": false}, {"label": "C", "text": "Vitamin C", "correct": true}, {"label": "D", "text": "Vitamin D", "correct": false}], "correct_answer": "C. Vitamin C", "question_images": ["https://image.prepladder.com/notes/PSn1ysqQItdy14tSwTXQ1747982775.png"], "explanation_images": [], "explanation": "\n\n<p style='font-size: 10px; color: #808080; font-style: italic;'>@dams_new_robot</p>", "bot": "@dams_new_robot", "audio": "", "video": ""}, {"text": "What is the probable vitamin deficiency in a patient who displays symptoms of diarrhea, memory impairment, and a distinctive rash as described?", "options": [{"label": "A", "text": "Thiamine", "correct": false}, {"label": "B", "text": "Niacin", "correct": true}, {"label": "C", "text": "Cyanocobalamin", "correct": false}, {"label": "D", "text": "Ascorbic acid", "correct": false}], "correct_answer": "B. Niacin", "question_images": ["https://image.prepladder.com/content/mii1zLHMT50DyrlytsuK1747032840.png"], "explanation_images": ["https://image.prepladder.com/content/byqvPD2crpBBHuwimO1l1747032906.png"], "explanation": "\n\n<p style='font-size: 10px; color: #808080; font-style: italic;'>@dams_new_robot</p>", "bot": "@dams_new_robot", "audio": "", "video": ""}, {"text": "A child presents with thinning of hair and scaling of the scalp. On taking further history, it is found that she consumes raw eggs in her diet regularly. The given manifestations are due to the deficiency of which of the following vitamins?", "options": [{"label": "A", "text": "Niacin", "correct": false}, {"label": "B", "text": "Pyridoxine", "correct": false}, {"label": "C", "text": "Biotin", "correct": true}, {"label": "D", "text": "Thiamine", "correct": false}], "correct_answer": "C. Biotin", "question_images": [], "explanation_images": [], "explanation": "\n\n<p style='font-size: 10px; color: #808080; font-style: italic;'>@dams_new_robot</p>", "bot": "@dams_new_robot", "audio": "", "video": ""}, {"text": "A baby presents with the clinical features shown in the image, including characteristic perioral and perianal rash along with a history of diarrhea. Which of the following is the most likely deficiency responsible for this condition?", "options": [{"label": "A", "text": "Zinc Deficiency", "correct": true}, {"label": "B", "text": "Niacin Deficiency", "correct": false}, {"label": "C", "text": "Selenium Deficiency", "correct": false}, {"label": "D", "text": "Magnesium Deficiency", "correct": false}], "correct_answer": "A. Zinc Deficiency", "question_images": ["https://image.prepladder.com/content/WIdfU4lhyCPE8giN92XV1747645788.png"], "explanation_images": ["https://image.prepladder.com/content/YLA12nZCwzsPVV4Gaemo1747645519.png"], "explanation": "<table cellspacing=\"0\" style=\"border-collapse:collapse; width:614px\">\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Feature</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Zinc Deficiency</strong></p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Cause</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Congenital (SLC39A4 mutation) or <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"0f0b2969921692777180de24f0b0c0\">acquired</span> (malnutrition, chronic diarrhea)</p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Key Skin Features</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Perioral, perianal, and <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"b01b22718a169277718096920a80e7\">acral</span> <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"fedc53b3161692777186553c8f8d7d\">dermatitis</span> with erythematous, <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"a37fd1603c1692777198f87a4a51dc\">scaly</span> plaques</p>\n<p style=\";\"><img alt=\"\" data-author=\"\" data-hash=\"\" data-license=\"\" data-source=\"\" data-tags=\"\" height=\"2333\" src=\"https://image.prepladder.com/content/YLA12nZCwzsPVV4Gaemo1747645519.png\" width=\"4167\"/></p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Other Symptoms</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Growth retardation, diarrhea, alopecia, immune dysfunction</p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Diagnosis</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Low <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"1ffaec13de169277719828374cfda0\">serum</span> <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"39ecb6e07416927772029550b7e74a\">zinc</span> levels</p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Treatment</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Zinc supplementation</p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n</tbody>\n\n\n<p style='font-size: 10px; color: #808080; font-style: italic;'>@dams_new_robot</p>", "bot": "@dams_new_robot", "audio": "", "video": ""}, {"text": "Which deficiency is most likely in a patient with delayed wound healing and alopecia?", "options": [{"label": "A", "text": "Zinc", "correct": true}, {"label": "B", "text": "Copper", "correct": false}, {"label": "C", "text": "Calcium", "correct": false}, {"label": "D", "text": "Vitamin D", "correct": false}], "correct_answer": "A. Zinc", "question_images": [], "explanation_images": [], "explanation": "<table cellspacing=\"0\" style=\"border-collapse:collapse; width:661px\">\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<td colspan=\"2\" style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Zinc</strong></p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Function</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<ul>\n<li>Component of metalloenzymes</li>\n<li>Involved in protein, DNA, and <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"cc65bdc03f169277719726a675e8a7\">RNA</span> synthesis</li>\n<li>Necessary for <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"a48ce797cd1692777199efc43b3e4c\">steroid</span> hormone receptors</li>\n<li>Essential for <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"a3b0e644a6169277719912525dffae\">spermatogenesis</span> and <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"f375a3584316927772020efa386e3e\">fetal</span> growth</li>\n</ul>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Clinical Features of <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"39ecb6e07416927772029550b7e74a\">Zinc</span> Deficiency</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<ul>\n<li>Diarrhea</li>\n<li><strong>Alopecia</strong></li>\n<li>Muscle wasting</li>\n<li>Depression</li>\n<li>Irritability</li>\n<li>Rash</li>\n<li><strong>Delayed wound healing</strong></li>\n<li>Scaly dermatitis</li>\n</ul>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Diagnostic Level of <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"39ecb6e07416927772029550b7e74a\">Zinc</span> Deficiency</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Serum <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"39ecb6e07416927772029550b7e74a\">zinc</span> level &lt;12 μmol/L (70 μg/dL)</p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n</tbody>\n\n\n<p style='font-size: 10px; color: #808080; font-style: italic;'>@dams_new_robot</p>", "bot": "@dams_new_robot", "audio": "", "video": ""}, {"text": "A 45-year-old patient with a known case of homocystinuria presents with joint pain and weakness. Which vitamin is required for the treatment?", "options": [{"label": "A", "text": "Vitamin B6", "correct": true}, {"label": "B", "text": "Vitamin B12", "correct": false}, {"label": "C", "text": "Vitamin B1", "correct": false}, {"label": "D", "text": "Vitamin B7", "correct": false}], "correct_answer": "A. Vitamin B6", "question_images": [], "explanation_images": [], "explanation": "<p>Correct Option A - Vitamin B6\n\n<p style='font-size: 10px; color: #808080; font-style: italic;'>@dams_new_robot</p>", "bot": "@dams_new_robot", "audio": "", "video": ""}, {"text": "Which micronutrient deficiency causes anemia, bleeding gums, and Frenkel’s white line on X-ray?", "options": [{"label": "A", "text": "Vitamin K", "correct": false}, {"label": "B", "text": "Vitamin A", "correct": false}, {"label": "C", "text": "Vitamin C", "correct": true}, {"label": "D", "text": "Vitamin E", "correct": false}], "correct_answer": "C. Vitamin C", "question_images": [], "explanation_images": [], "explanation": "<p>Correct Option C - Vitamin C\n\n<p style='font-size: 10px; color: #808080; font-style: italic;'>@dams_new_robot</p>", "bot": "@dams_new_robot", "audio": "", "video": ""}, {"text": "A patient presents with follicular hyperkeratosis on the extensor aspect of the forearm and has a dietary history of Vitamin A and C deficiency. What is the diagnosis?", "options": [{"label": "A", "text": "Phrynoderma", "correct": true}, {"label": "B", "text": "Scurvy", "correct": false}, {"label": "C", "text": "Pellagra", "correct": false}, {"label": "D", "text": "Keratosis pilaris", "correct": false}], "correct_answer": "A. Phrynoderma", "question_images": [], "explanation_images": [], "explanation": "<p>Correct Option A – Ph\n\n<p style='font-size: 10px; color: #808080; font-style: italic;'>@dams_new_robot</p>", "bot": "@dams_new_robot", "audio": "", "video": ""}, {"text": "A patient presents with anemia, neutropenia, and hypopigmentation of skin and hair. Which micronutrient deficiency is most likely?", "options": [{"label": "A", "text": "Zinc", "correct": false}, {"label": "B", "text": "Fluoride", "correct": false}, {"label": "C", "text": "Copper", "correct": true}, {"label": "D", "text": "Selenium", "correct": false}], "correct_answer": "C. Copper", "question_images": [], "explanation_images": [], "explanation": "<p>Correct Option C – C\n\n<p style='font-size: 10px; color: #808080; font-style: italic;'>@dams_new_robot</p>", "bot": "@dams_new_robot", "audio": "", "video": ""}, {"text": "A child presents with deformities, normal serum calcium, normal PTH, low phosphate, and elevated ALP. Which is the most likely diagnosis?", "options": [{"label": "A", "text": "Hypophosphatemic rickets", "correct": true}, {"label": "B", "text": "Vitamin D Dependent Rickets Type 1 (VDDR type 1)", "correct": false}, {"label": "C", "text": "Vitamin D Dependent Rickets Type 2 (VDDR type 2)", "correct": false}, {"label": "D", "text": "Renal osteodystrophy", "correct": false}], "correct_answer": "A. Hypophosphatemic rickets", "question_images": [], "explanation_images": [], "explanation": "<p>Correct Option A - Hypophosphatemic rick\n<table border=\"1\" cellpadding=\"1\" cellspacing=\"1\" style=\"width:100%\">\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<td><strong>Calcipenic rickets/Nutritional rickets </strong></td>\n<td><strong>Phosphoenic rickets/renal rickets</strong></td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td>\n<ul>\n<li>Cause: <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"209b85faf71692777185767d43e3bd\">Deficiency</span> of <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"54de8b79a91692777183e608bc0dd4\">calcium</span> due to <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"144d78fe4816927771852de984c62f\">defective</span> <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"5fcb9396d1169277718069dd7fa788\">absorption</span> absorption and improper supply of calcium.</li>\n<li>Low <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"54de8b79a91692777183e608bc0dd4\">calcium</span> levels are present.</li>\n</ul>\n</td>\n<td>\n<ul>\n<li> It is due to low <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"189b6fc834169277719580eb39bb4c\">phosphate</span> levels.</li>\n<li>It is caused by excessive <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"0f7653c9ef1692777187deaa35f749\">excretion</span> in the kidney.</li>\n</ul>\n</td>\n</tr>\n</tbody>\n\n<p style='font-size: 10px; color: #808080; font-style: italic;'>@dams_new_robot</p>", "bot": "@dams_new_robot", "audio": "", "video": ""}, {"text": "Which of the following are metabolites of methanol poisoning?", "options": [{"label": "A", "text": "Formic acid + Oxalic acid", "correct": false}, {"label": "B", "text": "Formic acid + Lactic acid", "correct": true}, {"label": "C", "text": "Glycolic acid + Oxalic acid", "correct": false}, {"label": "D", "text": "Lactic acid + Glycolic acid", "correct": false}], "correct_answer": "B. Formic acid + Lactic acid", "question_images": [], "explanation_images": [], "explanation": "\n\n<p style='font-size: 10px; color: #808080; font-style: italic;'>@dams_new_robot</p>", "bot": "@dams_new_robot", "audio": "", "video": ""}, {"text": "Which vitamin acts as a coenzyme required for Glucose-6-Phosphate Dehydrogenase (G6PD)?", "options": [{"label": "A", "text": "Riboflavin", "correct": false}, {"label": "B", "text": "Thiamine", "correct": false}, {"label": "C", "text": "Niacin", "correct": true}, {"label": "D", "text": "Biotin", "correct": false}], "correct_answer": "C. Niacin", "question_images": [], "explanation_images": [], "explanation": "<table cellspacing=\"0\" style=\"border-collapse:collapse\">\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<td colspan=\"2\" style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><strong>Niacin (Vitamin B3)</strong></p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td rowspan=\"2\" style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Chemical Structure</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td rowspan=\"2\" style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<ul>\n<li><strong>Niacin</strong>: Pyridine-3-carboxylic acid.</li>\n<li><strong>Niacinamide</strong>: Acid <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"893810d3d51692777181098ec45a2b\">amide</span> derivative.</li>\n<li>Active tissue form: Niacinamide</li>\n</ul>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td rowspan=\"3\" style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Coenzyme Forms and Functions</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td rowspan=\"3\" style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<ul>\n<li><strong>NAD+</strong>: Generates 2.5 ATPs in <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"60d563fe241692777194203742bf5b\">oxidative</span> phosphorylation.</li>\n<li><strong>NADPH</strong>: Used in reductive <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"859a34e1061692777183872a5e4441\">biosynthesis</span> (e.g., <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"bc6cd9a9f9169277720261812ea113\">fatty</span> acid synthesis).</li>\n<li>Provides ADP-ribose for protein <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"e480da93a016927771925dd2d9c43a\">modification</span> (ADP-ribosylation).</li>\n</ul>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td rowspan=\"2\" style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Synthesis and Metabolism</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td rowspan=\"2\" style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<ul>\n<li><strong>60 mg of <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"059bdf5c031692777200fedbf3ef66\">tryptophan</span> = 1 mg niacin</strong> (requires <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"ad5806d5ad1692777196f1158adc4e\">pyridoxal</span> phosphate-dependent kynureninase).</li>\n<li>Niacin attaches to <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"387285772b16927771979217d6cd30\">ribose</span> phosphate, forming a mononucleotide, then combines with AMP to <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"a1b06f401f1692777203a53393ba98\">form</span> dinucleotides.</li>\n</ul>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Deficiency Causes</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<ul>\n<li><strong>Dietary Deficiency: </strong>Staple diets like <strong>maize </strong>(bound niacin) or <strong>sorghum </strong>(leucine inhibits <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"acad87464816927771937783e41318\">niacin</span> conversion).</li>\n<li><strong>Enzyme Defects: <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"ad5806d5ad1692777196f1158adc4e\">Pyridoxal</span> deficiency</strong> inhibits <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"97a025c2cc16927771915cf0fb9618\">kynureninase</span> activity.</li>\n<li><strong>Drugs: Isoniazid </strong>inhibits <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"ad5806d5ad1692777196f1158adc4e\">pyridoxal</span> <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"189b6fc834169277719580eb39bb4c\">phosphate</span> formation.</li>\n<li><strong>Congenital Disorders: Hartnup disease</strong> (impaired <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"059bdf5c031692777200fedbf3ef66\">tryptophan</span> <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"5fcb9396d1169277718069dd7fa788\">absorption</span> and increased <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"0b72f5e96b16927772018dec8a87e2\">urinary</span> excretion).</li>\n<li><strong>Carcinoid Syndrome</strong>: Excess <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"059bdf5c031692777200fedbf3ef66\">tryptophan</span> used for <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"06eba971ce169277719884f8c62937\">serotonin</span> synthesis.</li>\n</ul>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td rowspan=\"2\" style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Clinical Condition</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td rowspan=\"2\" style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<ul>\n<li><strong>Pellagra</strong>: <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"acad87464816927771937783e41318\">Niacin</span> or <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"059bdf5c031692777200fedbf3ef66\">tryptophan</span> <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"209b85faf71692777185767d43e3bd\">deficiency</span> causing<strong> \"rough skin\".</strong></li>\n<li><strong>Symptoms (3 Ds): Dermatitis (Casal’s necklace), Diarrhea (may involve blood/mucus), Dementia (irritability, poor memory, delirium).</strong></li>\n</ul>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td rowspan=\"2\" style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Sources</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td rowspan=\"2\" style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<ul>\n<li><strong>Richest: Dried yeast, rice </strong></li>\n<li><strong>, liver, peanuts, cereals, legumes, meat, fish.</strong></li>\n<li>50% requirement <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"fffe8d8cdd169277719212053c343d\">met</span> by <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"059bdf5c031692777200fedbf3ef66\">tryptophan</span> conversion.</li>\n</ul>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>RDA</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<ul>\n<li>Adults<strong>: 20 mg/day</strong>; Additional 5 mg during lactation.</li>\n</ul>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Therapeutic Uses</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<ul>\n<li>Lowers <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"1ffaec13de169277719828374cfda0\">serum</span> cholesterol and Lp(a) by reducing free <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"bc6cd9a9f9169277720261812ea113\">fatty</span> acid <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"d44646a1d3169277720326043cef85\">flux</span> from <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"5c2a4a949d16927771802ba54640cc\">adipose</span> tissue.</li>\n</ul>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Toxicity</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<ul>\n<li>Excess (&gt;50 mg/day): Vasodilation, itching, liver damage.</li>\n</ul>\n</td>\n</tr>\n</tbody>\n\n\n<p style='font-size: 10px; color: #808080; font-style: italic;'>@dams_new_robot</p>", "bot": "@dams_new_robot", "audio": "", "video": ""}, {"text": "Which of the following is a mitochondrial matrix enzyme?", "options": [{"label": "A", "text": "Citrate synthase", "correct": true}, {"label": "B", "text": "Monoamine oxidase", "correct": false}, {"label": "C", "text": "ATP synthase", "correct": false}, {"label": "D", "text": "Catalase", "correct": false}], "correct_answer": "A. Citrate synthase", "question_images": [], "explanation_images": ["https://image.prepladder.com/content/nfKKfJTTFIZiS50Z1M3s1747292108.png"], "explanation": "\n\n<p style='font-size: 10px; color: #808080; font-style: italic;'>@dams_new_robot</p>", "bot": "@dams_new_robot", "audio": "", "video": ""}, {"text": "Features of Korsakoff Psychosis are all except Amnesia Confabulation Opthalmoplegia Polyneuropathy", "options": [{"label": "A", "text": "1, 2,3", "correct": false}, {"label": "B", "text": "2,3,4", "correct": false}, {"label": "C", "text": "1,3", "correct": false}, {"label": "D", "text": "3,4", "correct": true}], "correct_answer": "D. 3,4", "question_images": [], "explanation_images": [], "explanation": "<p>Correct Option D - 3, 4\n\n\n<p style='font-size: 10px; color: #808080; font-style: italic;'>@dams_new_robot</p>", "bot": "@dams_new_robot", "audio": "", "video": ""}, {"text": "Which of the following statements is not true regarding folate deficiency?", "options": [{"label": "A", "text": "Folate supplementation in pregnancy prevents NTD", "correct": false}, {"label": "B", "text": "High Homocysteine and Normal Methylmalonic acid", "correct": false}, {"label": "C", "text": "Hemolytic anemia is a feature", "correct": true}, {"label": "D", "text": "Treat coexisting B12 deficiency before initiating folate therapy", "correct": false}], "correct_answer": "C. Hemolytic anemia is a feature", "question_images": [], "explanation_images": [], "explanation": "<p>Correct Option C - &lt;span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"d30ae941d516927771889351160b00\"&gt;Hemolytic&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"53bee2a41216927771814d7ec3a67f\"&gt;anemia&lt;/span&gt; is a featu\n\n\n<p style='font-size: 10px; color: #808080; font-style: italic;'>@dams_new_robot</p>", "bot": "@dams_new_robot", "audio": "", "video": ""}, {"text": "A chronic alcoholic patient presents with agitation, confusion, and gait abnormalities. What vitamin deficiency is most likely responsible for these symptoms?", "options": [{"label": "A", "text": "Nicotinamide (Vitamin B3) deficiency", "correct": false}, {"label": "B", "text": "Folate (Vitamin B9) deficiency", "correct": false}, {"label": "C", "text": "Methylcobalamin (Vitamin B12) deficiency", "correct": true}, {"label": "D", "text": "Tyrosinase", "correct": false}], "correct_answer": "C. Methylcobalamin (Vitamin B12) deficiency", "question_images": [], "explanation_images": [], "explanation": "<table cellspacing=\"0\" style=\"border-collapse:collapse; width:749px\">\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<td colspan=\"2\" style=\"border-bottom:1px solid black; border-left:1px solid black; border-right:1px solid black; border-top:1px solid black; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Features of Chronic Alcoholism</strong></p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid black; border-left:1px solid black; border-right:1px solid black; border-top:none\">\n<p><strong>Vit. B12 Deficiency</strong></p>\n<p><strong>(Option C)</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid black; border-left:none; border-right:1px solid black; border-top:none; vertical-align:top\">\n<ul>\n<li>Chronic alcohol use can lead to functional vitamin B12 deficiency, even if blood tests show normal levels.</li>\n<li>Alcohol interferes with vitamin B12 <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"5fcb9396d1169277718069dd7fa788\">absorption</span> and metabolism.</li>\n<li>Vitamin B12 is essential for DNA <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"3fda45538a1692777199ec2a5478a5\">synthesis</span> and maintaining healthy nerves and red blood cells.</li>\n<li>Symptoms of B12 <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"209b85faf71692777185767d43e3bd\">deficiency</span> include fatigue, weakness, numbness, and balance problems.</li>\n<li>Alcohol can damage the liver, which might cause falsely high B12 levels in blood tests, making diagnosis challenging.</li>\n</ul>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid black; border-left:1px solid black; border-right:1px solid black; border-top:none\">\n<p><strong>Folate Deficiency</strong></p>\n<p><strong>(Option B ruled out)</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid black; border-left:none; border-right:1px solid black; border-top:none; vertical-align:top\">\n<ul>\n<li>Folate (vitamin B9) <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"209b85faf71692777185767d43e3bd\">deficiency</span> is common in chronic alcoholics, affecting 6-80% of them.</li>\n<li>Alcohol disrupts <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"c66705291e1692777203ed3498a606\">folate</span> by impairing its absorption, transport, and liver storage.</li>\n<li>Poor diet in alcoholics worsens <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"c66705291e1692777203ed3498a606\">folate</span> deficiency.</li>\n<li>Folate is crucial for making red blood cells and DNA.</li>\n<li>Deficiency can cause<strong> megaloblastic anaemia </strong>and neurological issues like <strong>peripheral <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"2d9476094c16927771933bcb162f19\">neuropathy</span> and cognitive problems.</strong></li>\n</ul>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid black; border-left:1px solid black; border-right:1px solid black; border-top:none\">\n<p><strong>Hypoglycemia</strong></p>\n<p> </p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid black; border-left:none; border-right:1px solid black; border-top:none; vertical-align:top\">\n<ul>\n<li>Chronic alcohol consumption can cause low <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"88b48cf7241692777183e5f5b8adf1\">blood sugar</span> (hypoglycemia), especially if not eating enough.</li>\n<li>Alcohol produces a high NADH/NAD+ ratio in the cytoplasm, the high NADH level favours the conversion of <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"f9129e152d16927771960c4ccc40bc\">pyruvate</span> to lactate, leading to <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"b82539c9ae1692777191a3f7ddd7bb\">lactic</span> acidosis.</li>\n<li>Deficiency of <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"f9129e152d16927771960c4ccc40bc\">pyruvate</span> leads to inadequate formationof <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"0aa20d5343169277719438bfdae95f\">oxaloacetate</span> which blocks gluconeogenesis</li>\n<li>This results in low <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"88b48cf7241692777183e5f5b8adf1\">blood sugar</span> levels.</li>\n<li>Symptoms of alcohol-induced <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"78c658d4ed1692777189098c7544b9\">hypoglycemia</span> include confusion, irritability, and, in severe cases, loss of consciousness.</li>\n</ul>\n</td>\n</tr>\n</tbody>\n\n\n<p style='font-size: 10px; color: #808080; font-style: italic;'>@dams_new_robot</p>", "bot": "@dams_new_robot", "audio": "", "video": ""}, {"text": "What are the consequences of a deficiency in Vitamin A?", "options": [{"label": "A", "text": "Beriberi", "correct": false}, {"label": "B", "text": "Pellagra", "correct": false}, {"label": "C", "text": "Xerophthalmia", "correct": true}, {"label": "D", "text": "Neuropathy", "correct": false}], "correct_answer": "C. Xerophthalmia", "question_images": [], "explanation_images": [], "explanation": "<table cellspacing=\"0\" style=\"border-collapse:collapse; width:476px\">\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid black; border-left:1px solid black; border-right:1px solid black; border-top:1px solid black; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>XN</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid black; border-left:none; border-right:1px solid black; border-top:1px solid black; vertical-align:top\">\n<ul>\n<li>Night blindness.</li>\n</ul>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid black; border-left:1px solid black; border-right:1px solid black; border-top:none; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>X1</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid black; border-left:none; border-right:1px solid black; border-top:none; vertical-align:top\">\n<ul>\n<li>X1A: Conjunctival xerosis.</li>\n<li>X1B: Bitot spots.</li>\n</ul>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid black; border-left:1px solid black; border-right:1px solid black; border-top:none; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>X2</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid black; border-left:none; border-right:1px solid black; border-top:none; vertical-align:top\">\n<ul>\n<li>Corneal xerosis.</li>\n</ul>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid black; border-left:1px solid black; border-right:1px solid black; border-top:none; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>X3</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid black; border-left:none; border-right:1px solid black; border-top:none; vertical-align:top\">\n<ul>\n<li>X3A: Corneal ulceration, less than one-third.</li>\n<li>X3B: Corneal ulceration, more than one-third.</li>\n</ul>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid black; border-left:1px solid black; border-right:1px solid black; border-top:none; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>XS</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid black; border-left:none; border-right:1px solid black; border-top:none; vertical-align:top\">\n<ul>\n<li>Corneal scar.</li>\n</ul>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid black; border-left:1px solid black; border-right:1px solid black; border-top:none; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>XF</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid black; border-left:none; border-right:1px solid black; border-top:none; vertical-align:top\">\n<ul>\n<li>Xerophthalmic fundus.</li>\n</ul>\n</td>\n</tr>\n</tbody>\n\n\n<p style='font-size: 10px; color: #808080; font-style: italic;'>@dams_new_robot</p>", "bot": "@dams_new_robot", "audio": "", "video": ""}, {"text": "A patient presenting with bleeding gums and easy bruisability was diagnosed with scurvy. This is due to", "options": [{"label": "A", "text": "Low calcium", "correct": false}, {"label": "B", "text": "Defective collagen formation", "correct": true}, {"label": "C", "text": "Inhibition of clotting factors", "correct": false}, {"label": "D", "text": "Increased keratinization of epithelium", "correct": false}], "correct_answer": "B. Defective collagen formation", "question_images": [], "explanation_images": [], "explanation": "\n\n<p style='font-size: 10px; color: #808080; font-style: italic;'>@dams_new_robot</p>", "bot": "@dams_new_robot", "audio": "", "video": ""}, {"text": "A child was brought with pedal edema and cheilosis.Cardiomegaly was present. What is the vitamin deficiency associated with this clinical presentation?", "options": [{"label": "A", "text": "Riboflavin", "correct": false}, {"label": "B", "text": "Thiamine", "correct": true}, {"label": "C", "text": "Pyridoxine", "correct": false}, {"label": "D", "text": "Niacin", "correct": false}], "correct_answer": "B. Thiamine", "question_images": [], "explanation_images": [], "explanation": "<table cellspacing=\"0\" style=\"border-collapse:collapse; width:629px\">\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid black; border-left:1px solid black; border-right:1px solid black; border-top:1px solid black\">\n<p><strong>Conditions</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid black; border-left:none; border-right:1px solid black; border-top:1px solid black\">\n<p><strong>Biochemical Role of Thiamine</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid black; border-left:none; border-right:1px solid black; border-top:1px solid black\">\n<p><strong>Deficiency Manifestations</strong></p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid black; border-left:1px solid black; border-right:1px solid black; border-top:none\">\n<p><strong>Dry Beriberi</strong></p>\n<p> </p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid black; border-left:none; border-right:1px solid black; border-top:none\">\n<p>Essential for carbohydrate <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"5b1a045f5f169277719210c0ac7a1e\">metabolism</span> and nerve function</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid black; border-left:none; border-right:1px solid black; border-top:none\">\n<p>CNS manifestations such as <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"255674f3271692777195c172d86daf\">peripheral</span> neuritis, <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"408bcde7f01692777198acadb8e1c6\">sensory</span> disturbances, difficulty walking, and <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"72fa9105b916927771945aef35e8ed\">paralysis</span> due to <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"e1a4a12fb416927771841c46faf6fb\">CNS</span> manifestations.</p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid black; border-left:1px solid black; border-right:1px solid black; border-top:none\">\n<p><strong>Wet Beriberi</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid black; border-left:none; border-right:1px solid black; border-top:none\">\n<p>Thiamine is necessary for the PDH complex and low activity causes <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"b82539c9ae1692777191a3f7ddd7bb\">Lactic</span> acidosis. <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"b82539c9ae1692777191a3f7ddd7bb\">Lactic</span> <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"6caf3a39f416927771807e122b9032\">acidosis</span> causes <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"5a54975e76169277720193e665d9ad\">vasodilatation</span> and hence <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"e2b5f013011692777183ea1b11ed9c\">cardiovascular</span> manifestations.</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid black; border-left:none; border-right:1px solid black; border-top:none\">\n<p>Cardiovascular manifestations such as oedema, palpitations, breathlessness, and heart failure.</p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid black; border-left:1px solid black; border-right:1px solid black; border-top:none\">\n<p><strong>Maple <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"7cab9109cd16927771994c3125bd23\">Syrup</span> <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"0096f2a7631692777201eb9f21d5a7\">Urine</span> Disease</strong></p>\n<p> </p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid black; border-left:none; border-right:1px solid black; border-top:none\">\n<p>Cofactor for <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"52adc3ebf01692777185395a8b1e8c\">decarboxylation</span> of branched-chain keto acids</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid black; border-left:none; border-right:1px solid black; border-top:none\">\n<p>Accumulation of branched-chain keto acids leads to convulsions, severe mental retardation, vomiting, acidosis, coma, and death.</p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid black; border-left:1px solid black; border-right:1px solid black; border-top:none\">\n<p><strong>Lactic Acidosis</strong></p>\n<p> </p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid black; border-left:none; border-right:1px solid black; border-top:none\">\n<p>Cofactor for <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"f9129e152d16927771960c4ccc40bc\">pyruvate</span> dehydrogenase, converting <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"f9129e152d16927771960c4ccc40bc\">pyruvate</span> to acetyl-CoA</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid black; border-left:none; border-right:1px solid black; border-top:none\">\n<p>Impaired conversion leads to increased <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"5a751dc161169277719123aae1b764\">lactate</span> and <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"f9129e152d16927771960c4ccc40bc\">pyruvate</span> levels, causing <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"b82539c9ae1692777191a3f7ddd7bb\">lactic</span> acidosis.</p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n</tbody>\n\n\n<p style='font-size: 10px; color: #808080; font-style: italic;'>@dams_new_robot</p>", "bot": "@dams_new_robot", "audio": "", "video": ""}, {"text": "A family consumes only polished rice. Which of the following combinations of vitamin deficiency and enzymatic defect will be present in this family?", "options": [{"label": "A", "text": "Riboflavin-glutathione reductase", "correct": false}, {"label": "B", "text": "Thiamine-transketolase", "correct": true}, {"label": "C", "text": "Thiamine-transaminase", "correct": false}, {"label": "D", "text": "Riboflavin-transketolase", "correct": false}], "correct_answer": "B. Thiamine-transketolase", "question_images": [], "explanation_images": ["https://image.prepladder.com/notes/R4PxCvp4vYBVU8pnn8Oa1745906710.jpg"], "explanation": "\n<table cellspacing=\"0\" style=\"border-collapse:collapse; width:624px\">\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid black; border-left:1px solid black; border-right:1px solid black; border-top:1px solid black; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>VITAMINS</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid black; border-left:none; border-right:1px solid black; border-top:1px solid black; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>ASSAYS TO DETECT DEFICIENCY</strong></p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid black; border-left:1px solid black; border-right:1px solid black; border-top:none; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Vitamin B1</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid black; border-left:none; border-right:1px solid black; border-top:none; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Transketolase</p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid black; border-left:1px solid black; border-right:1px solid black; border-top:none; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Vitamin B2</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid black; border-left:none; border-right:1px solid black; border-top:none; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Glutathione reductase</p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid black; border-left:1px solid black; border-right:1px solid black; border-top:none; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Vitamin B3</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid black; border-left:none; border-right:1px solid black; border-top:none; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Xanthenuric acid/ Tryptophan load test</p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid black; border-left:1px solid black; border-right:1px solid black; border-top:none; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Vitamin B6</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid black; border-left:none; border-right:1px solid black; border-top:none; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>FIGLU/ Histidine load test</p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid black; border-left:1px solid black; border-right:1px solid black; border-top:none; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Vitamin B12</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid black; border-left:none; border-right:1px solid black; border-top:none; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Methyl malonate</p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n</tbody>\n\n\n<p style='font-size: 10px; color: #808080; font-style: italic;'>@dams_new_robot</p>", "bot": "@dams_new_robot", "audio": "", "video": ""}, {"text": "A patient presented with diarrhea, dermatitis, and dementia. Which of the following vitamin deficiencies would you suspect in this patient?", "options": [{"label": "A", "text": "Vitamin B3 deficiency", "correct": true}, {"label": "B", "text": "Vitamin B1 deficiency", "correct": false}, {"label": "C", "text": "Vitamin B6 deficiency", "correct": false}, {"label": "D", "text": "Vitamin B12 deficiency", "correct": false}], "correct_answer": "A. Vitamin B3 deficiency", "question_images": [], "explanation_images": ["https://image.prepladder.com/notes/e39wk8sSRAJ9FsxStTFh1745906631.jpg"], "explanation": "\n\n<p style='font-size: 10px; color: #808080; font-style: italic;'>@dams_new_robot</p>", "bot": "@dams_new_robot", "audio": "", "video": ""}, {"text": "Which of the following zymogens requires gamma-glutamyl carboxylase?", "options": [{"label": "A", "text": "Factors II, VIII, IX, X", "correct": false}, {"label": "B", "text": "Factors II, VII, IX, and X", "correct": true}, {"label": "C", "text": "Factors II, VII, IX, XI", "correct": false}, {"label": "D", "text": "Factors II, VIII, X, XI", "correct": false}], "correct_answer": "B. Factors II, VII, IX, and X", "question_images": [], "explanation_images": [], "explanation": "\n<table cellspacing=\"0\" style=\"border-collapse:collapse; width:456px\">\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid black; border-left:1px solid black; border-right:1px solid black; border-top:1px solid black; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Factors </strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid black; border-left:none; border-right:1px solid black; border-top:1px solid black; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Names </strong></p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid black; border-left:1px solid black; border-right:1px solid black; border-top:none; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>I</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid black; border-left:none; border-right:1px solid black; border-top:none; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Fibrinogen</p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid black; border-left:1px solid black; border-right:1px solid black; border-top:none; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>II</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid black; border-left:none; border-right:1px solid black; border-top:none; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Prothrombin</p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid black; border-left:1px solid black; border-right:1px solid black; border-top:none; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>III</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid black; border-left:none; border-right:1px solid black; border-top:none; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Tissue thromboplastin</p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid black; border-left:1px solid black; border-right:1px solid black; border-top:none; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>IV</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid black; border-left:none; border-right:1px solid black; border-top:none; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Ca2+</p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid black; border-left:1px solid black; border-right:1px solid black; border-top:none; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>V</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid black; border-left:none; border-right:1px solid black; border-top:none; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Labile factor</p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid black; border-left:1px solid black; border-right:1px solid black; border-top:none; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>VII</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid black; border-left:none; border-right:1px solid black; border-top:none; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Stable factor</p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid black; border-left:1px solid black; border-right:1px solid black; border-top:none; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>VIII</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid black; border-left:none; border-right:1px solid black; border-top:none; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Antihemophilic factor A</p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid black; border-left:1px solid black; border-right:1px solid black; border-top:none; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>IX</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid black; border-left:none; border-right:1px solid black; border-top:none; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Christmas factor (Antihemophilic factor B)</p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid black; border-left:1px solid black; border-right:1px solid black; border-top:none; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>X</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid black; border-left:none; border-right:1px solid black; border-top:none; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Stuart-Prower factor</p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid black; border-left:1px solid black; border-right:1px solid black; border-top:none; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>XI</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid black; border-left:none; border-right:1px solid black; border-top:none; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Plasma <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"9b51982d06169277720063c9420fbb\">thromboplastin</span> <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"401e45366416927771815b9706c778\">antecedent</span> (PTA)</p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid black; border-left:1px solid black; border-right:1px solid black; border-top:none; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>XII</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid black; border-left:none; border-right:1px solid black; border-top:none; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Hageman factor</p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid black; border-left:1px solid black; border-right:1px solid black; border-top:none; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>XIII</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid black; border-left:none; border-right:1px solid black; border-top:none; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Fibrin stabilizing factor</p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n</tbody>\n\n\n<p style='font-size: 10px; color: #808080; font-style: italic;'>@dams_new_robot</p>", "bot": "@dams_new_robot", "audio": "", "video": ""}, {"text": "A 50-year-old man with a history of chronic alcoholism presents with skin lesions. His diet primarily consists of polished rice. Based on his symptoms and dietary history, what is the most likely diagnosis?", "options": [{"label": "A", "text": "Phrynoderma", "correct": false}, {"label": "B", "text": "Beriberi", "correct": true}, {"label": "C", "text": "Psoriasis", "correct": false}, {"label": "D", "text": "Eczema", "correct": false}], "correct_answer": "B. Beriberi", "question_images": [], "explanation_images": [], "explanation": "\n\n<p style='font-size: 10px; color: #808080; font-style: italic;'>@dams_new_robot</p>", "bot": "@dams_new_robot", "audio": "", "video": ""}, {"text": "Which of the following manifestations is associated with Vitamin A deficiency?", "options": [{"label": "A", "text": "Vogt's striae", "correct": false}, {"label": "B", "text": "Bitot's spots", "correct": true}, {"label": "C", "text": "Arlt's line", "correct": false}, {"label": "D", "text": "Horner's dots", "correct": false}], "correct_answer": "B. Bitot's spots", "question_images": [], "explanation_images": ["https://image.prepladder.com/content/ImVnuRGyewKLVNHwXhKw1747374436.png"], "explanation": "<table cellspacing=\"0\" style=\"border-collapse:collapse; width:476px\">\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid black; border-left:1px solid black; border-right:1px solid black; border-top:1px solid black; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>XN</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid black; border-left:none; border-right:1px solid black; border-top:1px solid black; vertical-align:top\">\n<ul>\n<li>Night blindness.</li>\n</ul>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid black; border-left:1px solid black; border-right:1px solid black; border-top:none; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>X1</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid black; border-left:none; border-right:1px solid black; border-top:none; vertical-align:top\">\n<ul>\n<li>X1A: Conjunctival xerosis.</li>\n<li>X1B: Bitot spots.</li>\n</ul>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid black; border-left:1px solid black; border-right:1px solid black; border-top:none; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>X2</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid black; border-left:none; border-right:1px solid black; border-top:none; vertical-align:top\">\n<ul>\n<li>Corneal xerosis.</li>\n</ul>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid black; border-left:1px solid black; border-right:1px solid black; border-top:none; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>X3</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid black; border-left:none; border-right:1px solid black; border-top:none; vertical-align:top\">\n<ul>\n<li>X3A: Corneal ulceration, less than one-third.</li>\n<li>X3B: Corneal ulceration, more than one-third.</li>\n</ul>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid black; border-left:1px solid black; border-right:1px solid black; border-top:none; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>XS</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid black; border-left:none; border-right:1px solid black; border-top:none; vertical-align:top\">\n<ul>\n<li>Corneal scar.</li>\n</ul>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid black; border-left:1px solid black; border-right:1px solid black; border-top:none; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>XF</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid black; border-left:none; border-right:1px solid black; border-top:none; vertical-align:top\">\n<ul>\n<li>Xerophthalmic fundus.</li>\n</ul>\n</td>\n</tr>\n</tbody>\n\n\n<p style='font-size: 10px; color: #808080; font-style: italic;'>@dams_new_robot</p>", "bot": "@dams_new_robot", "audio": "", "video": ""}, {"text": "The image illustrates which vitamin deficiency?", "options": [{"label": "A", "text": "Vitamin A", "correct": false}, {"label": "B", "text": "Vitamin E", "correct": false}, {"label": "C", "text": "Vitamin C", "correct": false}, {"label": "D", "text": "Niacin (Vitamin B3) Deficiency", "correct": true}], "correct_answer": "D. Niacin (Vitamin B3) Deficiency", "question_images": ["https://image.prepladder.com/content/wMev1F02CIym3xqARRj61747374416.png"], "explanation_images": [], "explanation": "<table border=\"1\" cellpadding=\"1\" cellspacing=\"1\" style=\"width:100%\">\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<td colspan=\"2\" style=\"text-align:center\"><strong>Niacin (Vitamin B3)</strong></td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td><strong>Chemical Structure</strong></td>\n<td>\n<ul>\n<li><strong>Niacin</strong>: Pyridine-3-carboxylic acid.</li>\n<li><strong>Niacinamide</strong>: Acid <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"893810d3d51692777181098ec45a2b\">amide</span> derivative.</li>\n<li>Active tissue form: Niacinamide</li>\n</ul>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td><strong>Coenzyme Forms and Functions</strong></td>\n<td>\n<ul>\n<li><strong>NAD+</strong>: Generates 2.5 ATPs in <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"60d563fe241692777194203742bf5b\">oxidative</span> phosphorylation.</li>\n<li><strong>NADPH</strong>: Used in reductive <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"859a34e1061692777183872a5e4441\">biosynthesis</span> (e.g., <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"bc6cd9a9f9169277720261812ea113\">fatty</span> acid synthesis).</li>\n<li>Provides ADP-ribose for protein <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"e480da93a016927771925dd2d9c43a\">modification</span> (ADP-ribosylation).</li>\n</ul>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td><strong>Synthesis and Metabolism</strong></td>\n<td>\n<ul>\n<li><strong>60 mg of <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"059bdf5c031692777200fedbf3ef66\">tryptophan</span> = 1 mg niacin</strong> (requires <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"ad5806d5ad1692777196f1158adc4e\">pyridoxal</span> phosphate-dependent kynureninase).</li>\n<li>Niacin attaches to <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"387285772b16927771979217d6cd30\">ribose</span> phosphate, forming a mononucleotide, then combines with AMP to <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"a1b06f401f1692777203a53393ba98\">form</span> dinucleotides.</li>\n</ul>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td><strong>Deficiency Causes</strong></td>\n<td>\n<ul>\n<li><strong>Dietary Deficiency: </strong>Staple diets like <strong>maize </strong>(bound niacin) or <strong>sorghum </strong>(leucine inhibits <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"acad87464816927771937783e41318\">niacin</span> conversion).</li>\n<li><strong>Enzyme Defects: <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"ad5806d5ad1692777196f1158adc4e\">Pyridoxal</span> deficiency</strong> inhibits <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"97a025c2cc16927771915cf0fb9618\">kynureninase</span> activity.</li>\n<li><strong>Drugs: Isoniazid </strong>inhibits <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"ad5806d5ad1692777196f1158adc4e\">pyridoxal</span> <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"189b6fc834169277719580eb39bb4c\">phosphate</span> formation.</li>\n<li><strong>Congenital Disorders: Hartnup disease</strong> (impaired <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"059bdf5c031692777200fedbf3ef66\">tryptophan</span> <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"5fcb9396d1169277718069dd7fa788\">absorption</span> and increased <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"0b72f5e96b16927772018dec8a87e2\">urinary</span> excretion).</li>\n<li><strong>Carcinoid Syndrome</strong>: Excess <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"059bdf5c031692777200fedbf3ef66\">tryptophan</span> used for <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"06eba971ce169277719884f8c62937\">serotonin</span> synthesis.</li>\n</ul>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td><strong>Clinical Condition</strong></td>\n<td>\n<ul>\n<li><strong>Pellagra</strong>: <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"acad87464816927771937783e41318\">Niacin</span> or <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"059bdf5c031692777200fedbf3ef66\">tryptophan</span> <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"209b85faf71692777185767d43e3bd\">deficiency</span> causing<strong> \"rough skin\".</strong></li>\n<li><strong>Symptoms (3 Ds): <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"fedc53b3161692777186553c8f8d7d\">Dermatitis</span> (Casal’s necklace), <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"aaabe672c51692777186a829ebdc0c\">Diarrhea</span> (may involve blood/mucus), <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"41cc5ad93c169277718553c6b948a3\">Dementia</span> (irritability, poor memory, delirium).</strong></li>\n</ul>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td><strong>Sources</strong></td>\n<td>\n<ul>\n<li><strong>Richest: Dried yeast, rice polishing, liver, peanuts, cereals, legumes, meat, fish.</strong></li>\n<li>50% requirement <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"fffe8d8cdd169277719212053c343d\">met</span> by <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"059bdf5c031692777200fedbf3ef66\">tryptophan</span> conversion.</li>\n</ul>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td><strong>RDA</strong></td>\n<td>\n<ul>\n<li>Adults<strong>: 20 mg/day</strong>; Additional 5 mg during lactation.</li>\n</ul>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td><strong>Therapeutic Uses</strong></td>\n<td>\n<ul>\n<li>Lowers <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"1ffaec13de169277719828374cfda0\">serum</span> cholesterol and Lp(a) by reducing free <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"bc6cd9a9f9169277720261812ea113\">fatty</span> acid <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"d44646a1d3169277720326043cef85\">flux</span> from <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"5c2a4a949d16927771802ba54640cc\">adipose</span> tissue.</li>\n</ul>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td><strong>Toxicity</strong></td>\n<td>\n<ul>\n<li>Excess (&gt;50 mg/day): Vasodilation, itching, liver damage.</li>\n</ul>\n</td>\n</tr>\n</tbody>\n\n\n<p style='font-size: 10px; color: #808080; font-style: italic;'>@dams_new_robot</p>", "bot": "@dams_new_robot", "audio": "", "video": ""}, {"text": "A 42-year-old female came to the emergency department with a bleeding condition and dental caries. Which vitamin supplementation from the list below would be best for treating this condition?", "options": [{"label": "A", "text": "Vitamin B1", "correct": false}, {"label": "B", "text": "Vitamin B9", "correct": false}, {"label": "C", "text": "Vitamin D", "correct": false}, {"label": "D", "text": "Vitamin K", "correct": true}], "correct_answer": "D. Vitamin K", "question_images": [], "explanation_images": [], "explanation": "<p>Correct Option D\n\n<p style='font-size: 10px; color: #808080; font-style: italic;'>@dams_new_robot</p>", "bot": "@dams_new_robot", "audio": "", "video": ""}, {"text": "Due to a prolonged period of consuming maize as a main food source, a 34-year-old man developed diarrhoea and exhibited lesions on his neck, as depicted in the accompanying image. This condition is caused by a deficiency in:", "options": [{"label": "A", "text": "Niacin", "correct": true}, {"label": "B", "text": "Zinc", "correct": false}, {"label": "C", "text": "Thiamine", "correct": false}, {"label": "D", "text": "Iron", "correct": false}], "correct_answer": "A. Niacin", "question_images": ["https://image.prepladder.com/content/PlWsjkmV19Txpbj0zGqS1691234770.png"], "explanation_images": [], "explanation": "<p>Correct Option A\n\n\n<p style='font-size: 10px; color: #808080; font-style: italic;'>@dams_new_robot</p>", "bot": "@dams_new_robot", "audio": "", "video": ""}, {"text": "What is the deficiency in a patient who exhibits the following features: -", "options": [{"label": "A", "text": "Phenylalanine", "correct": false}, {"label": "B", "text": "Tryptophan", "correct": true}, {"label": "C", "text": "Glutamine", "correct": false}, {"label": "D", "text": "Arginine", "correct": false}], "correct_answer": "B. Tryptophan", "question_images": ["https://image.prepladder.com/content/4T1tZJJz8IfoaR7kURA01694612333.png"], "explanation_images": [], "explanation": "\n\n\n<p style='font-size: 10px; color: #808080; font-style: italic;'>@dams_new_robot</p>", "bot": "@dams_new_robot", "audio": "", "video": ""}, {"text": "Wernicke encephalopathy caused by deficiency of which vitamin?", "options": [{"label": "A", "text": "Vit B1", "correct": true}, {"label": "B", "text": "Vit B2", "correct": false}, {"label": "C", "text": "Vit B7", "correct": false}, {"label": "D", "text": "Vit B12", "correct": false}], "correct_answer": "A. Vit B1", "question_images": [], "explanation_images": [], "explanation": "<p>Correct option A\n\n<p style='font-size: 10px; color: #808080; font-style: italic;'>@dams_new_robot</p>", "bot": "@dams_new_robot", "audio": "", "video": ""}, {"text": "Which statement regarding vitamin K is accurate?", "options": [{"label": "A", "text": "A deficiency of vitamin K leads to hypercoagulability", "correct": false}, {"label": "B", "text": "It is a water-soluble vitamin", "correct": false}, {"label": "C", "text": "Prolonged use of antibiotics leads to vitamin K deficiency", "correct": true}, {"label": "D", "text": "Menaquinone is the dietary source of vitamin K found in green vegetables.", "correct": false}], "correct_answer": "C. Prolonged use of antibiotics leads to vitamin K deficiency", "question_images": [], "explanation_images": [], "explanation": "<p>Correct Option C: Prolonged use of antibiotics leads to &lt;span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"71c2092f15169277720243eb1590b0\"&gt;vitamin K&lt;/span&g\n\n<p style='font-size: 10px; color: #808080; font-style: italic;'>@dams_new_robot</p>", "bot": "@dams_new_robot", "audio": "", "video": ""}, {"text": "What is the role of zinc in the treatment of diarrhea?", "options": [{"label": "A", "text": "Reduces the risk, duration and severity of diarrheal episodes", "correct": false}, {"label": "B", "text": "Enhances immune response", "correct": false}, {"label": "C", "text": "Regulates intestinal transport &amp;amp; absorption of water and electrolytes", "correct": false}, {"label": "D", "text": "All", "correct": true}], "correct_answer": "D. All", "question_images": [], "explanation_images": [], "explanation": "<p>Correct Option D\n\n\n<p style='font-size: 10px; color: #808080; font-style: italic;'>@dams_new_robot</p>", "bot": "@dams_new_robot", "audio": "", "video": ""}, {"text": "Which of the following shows functional assessment of B1 deficiency?", "options": [{"label": "A", "text": "RBC Transketolase", "correct": true}, {"label": "B", "text": "RBC glutathione reductase", "correct": false}, {"label": "C", "text": "Serum thiamine levels", "correct": false}, {"label": "D", "text": "RBC glutathione peroxidase", "correct": false}], "correct_answer": "A. RBC Transketolase", "question_images": [], "explanation_images": [], "explanation": "\n<table>\n<thead>\n<tr>\n<td>\n<p><strong>B-Complex Vitamin</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td>\n<p><strong>Deficiency Disease</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td>\n<p><strong>Diagnostic Test</strong></p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n</thead>\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<td>\n<p>Vitamin B1 (Thiamine)</p>\n</td>\n<td>\n<p>Beriberi (wet and dry types)</p>\n</td>\n<td>\n<p>Blood <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"b70d1dbde516927772000d7774d2a5\">thiamine</span> level, <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"c26dbc27621692777200e8790d9792\">transketolase</span> activity test</p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td>\n<p>Vitamin B2 (Riboflavin)</p>\n</td>\n<td>\n<p>Ariboflavinosis</p>\n</td>\n<td>\n<p>Blood <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"8e7e2a872f16927771978090ad9505\">riboflavin</span> level</p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td>\n<p>Vitamin B3 (Niacin)</p>\n</td>\n<td>\n<p>Pellagra</p>\n</td>\n<td>\n<p>Urinary <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"0f7653c9ef1692777187deaa35f749\">excretion</span> of N-methylnicotinamide, <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"059bdf5c031692777200fedbf3ef66\">tryptophan</span> load test</p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td>\n<p>Vitamin B5 (Pantothenic Acid)</p>\n</td>\n<td>\n<p>Pantothenic Acid Deficiency</p>\n</td>\n<td>\n<p>Dietary assessment, symptoms evaluation</p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td>\n<p>Vitamin B6 (Pyridoxine)</p>\n</td>\n<td>\n<p>Pyridoxine Deficiency</p>\n</td>\n<td>\n<p>Blood <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"ad5806d5ad1692777196f1158adc4e\">pyridoxal</span> <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"189b6fc834169277719580eb39bb4c\">phosphate</span> level</p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td>\n<p>Vitamin B7 (Biotin)</p>\n</td>\n<td>\n<p>Biotin Deficiency</p>\n</td>\n<td>\n<p>Urinary <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"0f7653c9ef1692777187deaa35f749\">excretion</span> of 3-hydroxyisovaleric acid</p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td>\n<p>Vitamin B9 (Folate)</p>\n</td>\n<td>\n<p>Folate Deficiency</p>\n</td>\n<td>\n<p>Blood <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"c66705291e1692777203ed3498a606\">folate</span> level, <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"248111ded81692777197946454db52\">red blood cell</span> <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"c66705291e1692777203ed3498a606\">folate</span> level</p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td>\n<p>Vitamin B12 (Cobalamin)</p>\n</td>\n<td>\n<p>Vitamin B12 Deficiency</p>\n</td>\n<td>\n<p>Serum vitamin B12 level, <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"f23c46fe971692777192d5402daf55\">methylmalonic acid</span> level, <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"00472d632e1692777189a71b99d4a9\">homocysteine</span> level</p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n</tbody>\n\n\n<p style='font-size: 10px; color: #808080; font-style: italic;'>@dams_new_robot</p>", "bot": "@dams_new_robot", "audio": "", "video": ""}, {"text": "Which mineral in excess causes alkali disease in livestock?", "options": [{"label": "A", "text": "Selenium", "correct": true}, {"label": "B", "text": "Manganese", "correct": false}, {"label": "C", "text": "Molybdenum", "correct": false}, {"label": "D", "text": "Iron", "correct": false}], "correct_answer": "A. Selenium", "question_images": [], "explanation_images": [], "explanation": "<p>Correct Option A\n<table>\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<td>\n<p><strong>Mineral</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td>\n<p><strong>Toxicity Symptoms</strong></p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td>\n<p>Iron</p>\n</td>\n<td>\n<p>Nausea, vomiting, <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"1665a40f1016927771801899eaed5d\">abdominal</span> pain, organ damage</p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td>\n<p>Copper</p>\n</td>\n<td>\n<p>Abdominal pain, jaundice, liver and <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"4aa6035df41692777190b41d4a1583\">kidney</span> damage</p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td>\n<p>Zinc</p>\n</td>\n<td>\n<p>Nausea, vomiting, diarrhea, stomach cramps</p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td>\n<p>Selenium</p>\n</td>\n<td>\n<p>Hair loss, <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"e30073048816927771830d431eabfe\">brittle</span> hooves, <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"1e7a15285e1692777198023b252c8c\">sloughing</span> of hooves</p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td>\n<p>Manganese</p>\n</td>\n<td>\n<p>Nervous system disorders, tremors, muscle spasms</p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td>\n<p>Fluoride</p>\n</td>\n<td>\n<p>Dental fluorosis, skeletal fluorosis</p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td>\n<p>Lead</p>\n</td>\n<td>\n<p>Anemia, neurological damage, developmental issues</p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td>\n<p>Cadmium</p>\n</td>\n<td>\n<p>Kidney damage, lung damage, <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"154b939f8d1692777183f9cba9ad6d\">carcinogenic</span> effects</p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td>\n<p>Mercury</p>\n</td>\n<td>\n<p>Neurological damage, cognitive impairments</p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td>\n<p>Aluminum</p>\n</td>\n<td>\n<p>Neurological disorders, bone disorders</p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td>\n<p>Arsenic</p>\n</td>\n<td>\n<p>Skin lesions, cancer, <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"e2b5f013011692777183ea1b11ed9c\">cardiovascular</span> and <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"cfad80a0f716927771979aae100f95\">respiratory</span> issues</p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n</tbody>\n\n\n<p style='font-size: 10px; color: #808080; font-style: italic;'>@dams_new_robot</p>", "bot": "@dams_new_robot", "audio": "", "video": ""}, {"text": "Which of the options below promotes the uptake of iron in the body?", "options": [{"label": "A", "text": "Vitamin A", "correct": false}, {"label": "B", "text": "Vitamin C", "correct": true}, {"label": "C", "text": "Thiamine", "correct": false}, {"label": "D", "text": "Riboflavin", "correct": false}], "correct_answer": "B. Vitamin C", "question_images": [], "explanation_images": [], "explanation": "<p>Correct Option B\n\n<p style='font-size: 10px; color: #808080; font-style: italic;'>@dams_new_robot</p>", "bot": "@dams_new_robot", "audio": "", "video": ""}, {"text": "The enzyme responsible for regenerating Vitamin K in its coenzyme form is:", "options": [{"label": "A", "text": "Glutathione reductase", "correct": false}, {"label": "B", "text": "Quinone reductase", "correct": false}, {"label": "C", "text": "Vitamin K reductase", "correct": false}, {"label": "D", "text": "Epoxide reductase", "correct": true}], "correct_answer": "D. Epoxide reductase", "question_images": [], "explanation_images": [], "explanation": "<p>Correct Option D: \n\n\n<p style='font-size: 10px; color: #808080; font-style: italic;'>@dams_new_robot</p>", "bot": "@dams_new_robot", "audio": "", "video": ""}, {"text": "A middle-aged woman presents with fissured tongue and peripheral neuropathy. Investigations showed reduced glutathione reductase activity. Which vitamin deficiency is the likely cause of this?", "options": [{"label": "A", "text": "Vitamin B1", "correct": false}, {"label": "B", "text": "Vitamin B2", "correct": true}, {"label": "C", "text": "Vitamin B6", "correct": false}, {"label": "D", "text": "Vitamin B12", "correct": false}], "correct_answer": "B. Vitamin B2", "question_images": [], "explanation_images": [], "explanation": "<p>Correct Option B - \n\n\n<p style='font-size: 10px; color: #808080; font-style: italic;'>@dams_new_robot</p>", "bot": "@dams_new_robot", "audio": "", "video": ""}, {"text": "Vitamin C cannot be synthesized by the human body due to a deficiency in", "options": [{"label": "A", "text": "L-gulonolactone oxidase", "correct": true}, {"label": "B", "text": "Xylitol reductase", "correct": false}, {"label": "C", "text": "Pyruvate dehydrogenase", "correct": false}, {"label": "D", "text": "UDP glucose dehydrogenase", "correct": false}], "correct_answer": "A. L-gulonolactone oxidase", "question_images": [], "explanation_images": [], "explanation": "<p>Correct Option A\n\n\n<p style='font-size: 10px; color: #808080; font-style: italic;'>@dams_new_robot</p>", "bot": "@dams_new_robot", "audio": "", "video": ""}]; if (!Array.isArray(questions) || questions.length === 0) { throw new Error("Questions data is empty or invalid"); } debugLog(`Successfully parsed ${questions.length} questions`); } catch (e) { console.error("Failed to parse questions_json:", e); document.getElementById('error-message').innerHTML = "Error loading quiz data. Please check the console for details or contact support."; document.getElementById('error-message').classList.remove('hidden'); document.getElementById('start-test').disabled = true; // Fallback to sample questions for testing questions = [ { text: "What is 2 + 2?", options: [ { label: "A", text: "3", correct: false }, { label: "B", text: "4", correct: true }, { label: "C", text: "5", correct: false }, { label: "D", text: "6", correct: false } ], correct_answer: "B. 4", question_images: [], explanation_images: [], explanation: "<p>2 + 2 = 4</p><p>@dams_new_robot</p>", bot: "@dams_new_robot", audio: "", video: "" } ]; debugLog("Loaded fallback questions"); } // Quiz state let currentQuestion = 0; let answers = new Array(questions.length).fill(null); let markedForReview = new Array(questions.length).fill(false); let timeRemaining = 69 * 60; // Duration in seconds let timerInterval = null; const quizId = `{title.replace(/\s+/g, '_').toLowerCase()}`; // Unique ID for local storage // Load saved progress function loadProgress() { try { debugLog("Loading progress from localStorage"); const saved = localStorage.getItem(`quiz_${quizId}`); if (saved) { const { savedAnswers, savedMarked, savedTime } = JSON.parse(saved); answers = savedAnswers || answers; markedForReview = savedMarked || markedForReview; timeRemaining = savedTime !== undefined ? savedTime : timeRemaining; debugLog("Progress loaded successfully"); } else { debugLog("No saved progress found"); } } catch (e) { console.error("Error loading progress:", e); debugLog("Failed to load progress: " + e.message); } } // Save progress function saveProgress() { try { debugLog("Saving progress to localStorage"); localStorage.setItem(`quiz_${quizId}`, JSON.stringify({ savedAnswers: answers, savedMarked: markedForReview, savedTime: timeRemaining })); debugLog("Progress saved successfully"); } catch (e) { console.error("Error saving progress:", e); debugLog("Failed to save progress: " + e.message); } } // Initialize quiz function initQuiz() { try { debugLog("Initializing quiz"); loadProgress(); const startButton = document.getElementById('start-test'); if (!startButton) { throw new Error("Start test button not found"); } startButton.addEventListener('click', startQuiz); debugLog("Start test button listener attached"); document.getElementById('previous-btn').addEventListener('click', showPreviousQuestion); document.getElementById('next-btn').addEventListener('click', showNextQuestion); document.getElementById('mark-review').addEventListener('click', toggleMarkForReview); document.getElementById('nav-toggle').addEventListener('click', toggleNavPanel); document.getElementById('submit-test').addEventListener('click', showSubmitModal); document.getElementById('continue-test').addEventListener('click', closeExitModal); document.getElementById('exit-test').addEventListener('click', () => { debugLog("Exiting test"); localStorage.removeItem(`quiz_${quizId}`); window.location.reload(); }); document.getElementById('cancel-submit').addEventListener('click', closeSubmitModal); document.getElementById('confirm-submit').addEventListener('click', submitTest); document.getElementById('take-again').addEventListener('click', () => { debugLog("Restarting test"); localStorage.removeItem(`quiz_${quizId}`); window.location.reload(); }); document.getElementById('review-test').addEventListener('click', () => showResults(currentResultQuestion)); document.getElementById('close-nav').addEventListener('click', toggleNavPanel); document.getElementById('theme-toggle').addEventListener('click', toggleTheme); document.getElementById('nav-filter').addEventListener('change', updateNavPanel); document.getElementById('prev-result').addEventListener('click', showPreviousResult); document.getElementById('next-result').addEventListener('click', showNextResult); document.getElementById('results-nav-toggle').addEventListener('click', toggleResultsNavPanel); document.getElementById('close-results-nav').addEventListener('click', toggleResultsNavPanel); document.getElementById('results-nav-filter').addEventListener('change', updateResultsNavPanel); debugLog("Quiz initialized successfully"); } catch (e) { console.error("Failed to initialize quiz:", e); debugLog("Failed to initialize quiz: " + e.message); document.getElementById('error-message').innerHTML = "Error initializing quiz. Please check the console for details or contact support."; document.getElementById('error-message').classList.remove('hidden'); document.getElementById('start-test').disabled = true; } } // Start quiz function startQuiz() { try { debugLog("Starting quiz"); document.getElementById('instructions').classList.add('hidden'); document.getElementById('quiz').classList.remove('hidden'); showQuestion(currentQuestion); startTimer(); updateNavPanel(); debugLog("Quiz started successfully"); } catch (e) { console.error("Error starting quiz:", e); debugLog("Failed to start quiz: " + e.message); document.getElementById('error-message').innerHTML = "Error starting quiz. Please check the console for details or contact support."; document.getElementById('error-message').classList.remove('hidden'); document.getElementById('quiz').classList.add('hidden'); document.getElementById('instructions').classList.remove('hidden'); } } // Show question function showQuestion(index) { try { debugLog(`Showing question ${index + 1}`); currentQuestion = index; const q = questions[index]; if (!q) { throw new Error(`Question ${index} is undefined`); } document.getElementById('question-number').innerHTML = `Question <span>${index + 1}</span> of ${questions.length}`; document.getElementById('question-text').innerHTML = q.text || "No question text available"; const imagesDiv = document.getElementById('question-images'); imagesDiv.innerHTML = q.question_images && q.question_images.length > 0 ? q.question_images.map(url => `<img src="${url}" alt="Question Image" class="max-w-full h-auto rounded-lg">`).join('') : ''; const optionsDiv = document.getElementById('options'); optionsDiv.innerHTML = q.options && q.options.length > 0 ? q.options.map(opt => ` <button class="option-btn w-full text-left p-3 border rounded-lg ${answers[index] === opt.label ? 'selected' : ''}" onclick="selectOption(${index}, '${opt.label}')" aria-label="Option ${opt.label}: ${opt.text}"> ${opt.label}. ${opt.text} </button> `).join('') : '<p class="text-red-500">No options available</p>'; document.getElementById('previous-btn').disabled = index === 0; document.getElementById('next-btn').disabled = index === questions.length - 1; document.getElementById('mark-review').classList.toggle('marked', markedForReview[index]); updateProgressBar(); saveProgress(); window.scrollTo({ top: 0, behavior: 'smooth' }); debugLog(`Question ${index + 1} displayed successfully`); } catch (e) { console.error("Error displaying question:", e); debugLog("Failed to display question: " + e.message); } } // Select option function selectOption(index, label) { try { debugLog(`Selecting option ${label} for question ${index + 1}`); answers[index] = label; const optionsDiv = document.getElementById('options'); const optionButtons = optionsDiv.querySelectorAll('.option-btn'); optionButtons.forEach(btn => { const btnLabel = btn.textContent.trim().split('.')[0]; btn.classList.toggle('selected', btnLabel === label); }); updateNavPanel(); saveProgress(); debugLog(`Option ${label} selected for question ${index + 1}`); } catch (e) { console.error("Error selecting option:", e); debugLog("Failed to select option: " + e.message); } } // Toggle mark for review function toggleMarkForReview() { try { debugLog(`Toggling mark for review on question ${currentQuestion + 1}`); markedForReview[currentQuestion] = !markedForReview[currentQuestion]; document.getElementById('mark-review').classList.toggle('marked', markedForReview[currentQuestion]); updateNavPanel(); saveProgress(); debugLog(`Mark for review toggled for question ${currentQuestion + 1}`); } catch (e) { console.error("Error marking for review:", e); debugLog("Failed to mark for review: " + e.message); } } // Navigate to previous question function showPreviousQuestion() { try { debugLog(`Navigating to previous question from ${currentQuestion + 1}`); if (currentQuestion > 0) { currentQuestion--; showQuestion(currentQuestion); } } catch (e) { console.error("Error navigating to previous question:", e); debugLog("Failed to navigate to previous question: " + e.message); } } // Navigate to next question function showNextQuestion() { try { debugLog(`Navigating to next question from ${currentQuestion + 1}`); if (currentQuestion < questions.length - 1) { currentQuestion++; showQuestion(currentQuestion); } } catch (e) { console.error("Error navigating to next question:", e); debugLog("Failed to navigate to next question: " + e.message); } } // Handle question navigation click function handleQuestionNavClick(index) { try { debugLog(`Navigating to question ${index + 1} via nav panel`); showQuestion(index); toggleNavPanel(); } catch (e) { console.error("Error handling navigation click:", e); debugLog("Failed to navigate via nav panel: " + e.message); } } // Start timer function startTimer() { try { debugLog("Starting timer"); timerInterval = setInterval(() => { if (timeRemaining <= 0) { debugLog("Timer expired, submitting test"); clearInterval(timerInterval); submitTest(); } else { timeRemaining--; const minutes = Math.floor(timeRemaining / 60); const seconds = timeRemaining % 60; document.getElementById('timer').innerHTML = `Time Remaining: <span>${minutes.toString().padStart(2, '0')}:${seconds.toString().padStart(2, '0')}</span>`; saveProgress(); } }, 1000); debugLog("Timer started successfully"); } catch (e) { console.error("Error starting timer:", e); debugLog("Failed to start timer: " + e.message); } } // Update progress bar function updateProgressBar() { try { debugLog("Updating progress bar"); const progress = ((currentQuestion + 1) / questions.length) * 100; document.getElementById('progress-bar').style.width = `${progress}%`; debugLog("Progress bar updated"); } catch (e) { console.error("Error updating progress bar:", e); debugLog("Failed to update progress bar: " + e.message); } } // Update quiz navigation panel function updateNavPanel() { try { debugLog("Updating quiz navigation panel"); const filter = document.getElementById('nav-filter').value; const navGrid = document.getElementById('nav-grid'); navGrid.innerHTML = questions.map((_, i) => { if (filter === 'answered' && !answers[i]) return ''; if (filter === 'unanswered' && answers[i]) return ''; if (filter === 'marked' && !markedForReview[i]) return ''; return ` <button class="question-nav-btn ${answers[i] ? 'answered' : 'unanswered'} ${markedForReview[i] ? 'marked-nav' : ''}" onclick="handleQuestionNavClick(${i})" aria-label="Go to Question ${i + 1}"> ${i + 1} </button> `; }).join(''); debugLog("Quiz navigation panel updated"); } catch (e) { console.error("Error updating quiz navigation panel:", e); debugLog("Failed to update quiz navigation panel: " + e.message); } } // Update results navigation panel function updateResultsNavPanel() { try { debugLog("Updating results navigation panel"); const filter = document.getElementById('results-nav-filter').value; const navGrid = document.getElementById('results-nav-grid'); navGrid.innerHTML = questions.map((_, i) => { if (filter === 'answered' && !answers[i]) return ''; if (filter === 'unanswered' && answers[i]) return ''; if (filter === 'marked' && !markedForReview[i]) return ''; return ` <button class="result-nav-btn-grid ${answers[i] ? 'answered' : 'unanswered'} ${markedForReview[i] ? 'marked-nav' : ''}" onclick="handleResultNavClick(${i})" aria-label="Go to Result for Question ${i + 1}"> ${i + 1} </button> `; }).join(''); debugLog("Results navigation panel updated"); } catch (e) { console.error("Error updating results navigation panel:", e); debugLog("Failed to update results navigation panel: " + e.message); } } // Toggle quiz navigation panel function toggleNavPanel() { try { debugLog("Toggling quiz navigation panel"); const navPanel = document.getElementById('nav-panel'); navPanel.classList.toggle('hidden'); debugLog("Quiz navigation panel toggled"); } catch (e) { console.error("Error toggling quiz navigation panel:", e); debugLog("Failed to toggle quiz navigation panel: " + e.message); } } // Toggle results navigation panel function toggleResultsNavPanel() { try { debugLog("Toggling results navigation panel"); const resultsNavPanel = document.getElementById('results-nav-panel'); resultsNavPanel.classList.toggle('hidden'); if (!resultsNavPanel.classList.contains('hidden')) { updateResultsNavPanel(); } debugLog("Results navigation panel toggled"); } catch (e) { console.error("Error toggling results navigation panel:", e); debugLog("Failed to toggle results navigation panel: " + e.message); } } // Handle result navigation click function handleResultNavClick(index) { try { debugLog(`Navigating to result for question ${index + 1} via nav panel`); showResults(index); toggleResultsNavPanel(); } catch (e) { console.error("Error handling result navigation click:", e); debugLog("Failed to navigate to result: " + e.message); } } // Show submit modal function showSubmitModal() { try { debugLog("Showing submit modal"); const attempted = answers.filter(a => a !== null).length; document.getElementById('attempted-count').textContent = attempted; document.getElementById('unattempted-count').textContent = questions.length - attempted; document.getElementById('submit-modal').classList.remove('hidden'); debugLog("Submit modal displayed"); } catch (e) { console.error("Error showing submit modal:", e); debugLog("Failed to show submit modal: " + e.message); } } // Close submit modal function closeSubmitModal() { try { debugLog("Closing submit modal"); document.getElementById('submit-modal').classList.add('hidden'); debugLog("Submit modal closed"); } catch (e) { console.error("Error closing submit modal:", e); debugLog("Failed to close submit modal: " + e.message); } } // Close exit modal function closeExitModal() { try { debugLog("Closing exit modal"); document.getElementById('exit-modal').classList.add('hidden'); debugLog("Exit modal closed"); } catch (e) { console.error("Error closing exit modal:", e); debugLog("Failed to close exit modal: " + e.message); } } // Submit test function submitTest() { try { debugLog("Submitting test"); clearInterval(timerInterval); document.getElementById('quiz').classList.add('hidden'); document.getElementById('submit-modal').classList.add('hidden'); document.getElementById('results').classList.remove('hidden'); showResults(0); // Start with first question // Trigger confetti animation confetti({ particleCount: 100, spread: 70, origin: { y: 0.6 } }); localStorage.removeItem(`quiz_${quizId}`); debugLog("Test submitted successfully"); } catch (e) { console.error("Error submitting test:", e); debugLog("Failed to submit test: " + e.message); } } // Show result for a single question function showResults(index) { try { debugLog(`Showing result for question ${index + 1}`); currentResultQuestion = index; let correct = 0, wrong = 0, unanswered = 0, marked = 0; answers.forEach((answer, i) => { const isCorrect = answer && questions[i].options.find(opt => opt.label === answer)?.correct; if (answer === null) unanswered++; else if (isCorrect) correct++; else wrong++; if (markedForReview[i]) marked++; }); const q = questions[index]; if (!q) { throw new Error(`Question ${index} is undefined`); } const userAnswer = answers[index]; const isCorrect = userAnswer && q.options.find(opt => opt.label === userAnswer)?.correct; const resultsContent = document.getElementById('results-content'); resultsContent.innerHTML = ` <div class="border p-4 rounded-lg ${isCorrect ? 'bg-green-50' : userAnswer ? 'bg-red-50' : 'bg-gray-50'}"> <p class="font-semibold">Question ${index + 1}: ${q.text || 'No question text'}</p> ${q.question_images && q.question_images.length > 0 ? q.question_images.map(url => `<img src="${url}" alt="Question Image" class="max-w-full h-auto rounded-lg my-2">`).join('') : ''} <p><strong>Your Answer:</strong> ${userAnswer ? `${userAnswer}. ${q.options.find(opt => opt.label === userAnswer)?.text || 'Invalid option'}` : 'Unanswered'}</p> <p><strong>Correct Answer:</strong> ${q.correct_answer || 'Unknown'}</p> <div class="mt-2">${q.explanation || 'No explanation available'}</div> ${q.explanation_images && q.explanation_images.length > 0 ? q.explanation_images.map(url => `<img src="${url}" alt="Explanation Image" class="max-w-full h-auto rounded-lg my-2">`).join('') : ''} ${q.video ? ` <button class="play-video bg-blue-500 text-white px-4 py-2 rounded-lg mt-2" onclick="loadVideo(this, '${q.video}', 'video-${index}')" aria-label="Play explanation video for Question ${index + 1}"> Play Video Explanation </button> <div id="video-${index}" class="video-container mt-2"></div> ` : '<p class="text-gray-500 mt-2">No video available</p>'} ${q.audio ? ` <button class="play-audio bg-blue-500 text-white px-4 py-2 rounded-lg mt-2" onclick="loadAudio(this, '${q.audio}', 'audio-${index}')" aria-label="Play audio explanation for Question ${index + 1}"> Play Audio Explanation </button> <div id="audio-${index}" class="audio-container mt-2"></div> ` : ''} </div> `; document.getElementById('correct-count').textContent = correct; document.getElementById('wrong-count').textContent = wrong; document.getElementById('unanswered-count').textContent = unanswered; document.getElementById('marked-count').textContent = marked; document.getElementById('result-question-number').innerHTML = `Question <span>${index + 1}</span> of ${questions.length}`; document.getElementById('prev-result').disabled = index === 0; document.getElementById('next-result').disabled = index === questions.length - 1; updateResultsNavPanel(); window.scrollTo({ top: 0, behavior: 'smooth' }); debugLog(`Result for question ${index + 1} displayed successfully`); } catch (e) { console.error("Error displaying result:", e); debugLog("Failed to display result: " + e.message); } } // Navigate to previous result function showPreviousResult() { try { debugLog(`Navigating to previous result from question ${currentResultQuestion + 1}`); if (currentResultQuestion > 0) { showResults(currentResultQuestion - 1); } } catch (e) { console.error("Error navigating to previous result:", e); debugLog("Failed to navigate to previous result: " + e.message); } } // Navigate to next result function showNextResult() { try { debugLog(`Navigating to next result from question ${currentResultQuestion + 1}`); if (currentResultQuestion < questions.length - 1) { showResults(currentResultQuestion + 1); } } catch (e) { console.error("Error navigating to next result:", e); debugLog("Failed to navigate to next result: " + e.message); } } // Lazy-load video function loadVideo(button, videoUrl, containerId) { try { debugLog(`Loading video for ${containerId}: ${videoUrl}`); if (!videoUrl) { const container = document.getElementById(containerId); container.innerHTML = `<p class="text-gray-500">No video available</p>`; button.remove(); debugLog("No video URL provided"); return; } const container = document.getElementById(containerId); container.innerHTML = ` <div class="video-loading"></div> <video controls class="w-full max-w-[600px] rounded-lg" preload="metadata" aria-label="Video explanation"> <source src="${videoUrl}" type="${videoUrl.endsWith('.m3u8') ? 'application/x-mpegURL' : 'video/mp4'}"> Your browser does not support the video tag. </video> `; container.classList.add('active'); button.remove(); // Initialize HLS.js for .m3u8 videos const video = container.querySelector('video'); if (videoUrl.endsWith('.m3u8') && Hls.isSupported()) { const hls = new Hls(); hls.loadSource(videoUrl); hls.attachMedia(video); hls.on(Hls.Events.ERROR, (event, data) => { console.error("HLS.js error:", data); container.innerHTML = `<p class="text-red-500">Error loading video. <a href="${videoUrl}" target="_blank" aria-label="Open video in new tab">Open video</a></p>`; debugLog("HLS.js error: " + JSON.stringify(data)); }); } else if (videoUrl.endsWith('.m3u8') && video.canPlayType('application/vnd.apple.mpegurl')) { video.src = videoUrl; } // Handle video load errors video.onerror = () => { console.error("Video load error for URL:", videoUrl); container.innerHTML = `<p class="text-red-500">Error loading video. <a href="${videoUrl}" target="_blank" aria-label="Open video in new tab">Open video</a></p>`; debugLog("Video load error for URL: " + videoUrl); }; // Remove loading spinner when video is ready video.onloadedmetadata = () => { container.querySelector('.video-loading').remove(); debugLog("Video loaded successfully"); }; } catch (e) { console.error("Error loading video:", e); debugLog("Failed to load video: " + e.message); const container = document.getElementById(containerId); container.innerHTML = `<p class="text-red-500">Error loading video. <a href="${videoUrl}" target="_blank" aria-label="Open video in new tab">Open video</a></p>`; } } // Lazy-load audio function loadAudio(button, audioUrl, containerId) { try { debugLog(`Loading audio for ${containerId}: ${audioUrl}`); if (!audioUrl) { const container = document.getElementById(containerId); container.innerHTML = `<p class="text-gray-500">No audio available</p>`; button.remove(); debugLog("No audio URL provided"); return; } const container = document.getElementById(containerId); container.innerHTML = ` <audio controls class="w-full max-w-[600px]" preload="metadata" aria-label="Audio explanation"> <source src="${audioUrl}" type="audio/mpeg"> Your browser does not support the audio tag. </audio> `; container.classList.add('active'); button.remove(); // Handle audio load errors const audio = container.querySelector('audio'); audio.onerror = () => { console.error("Audio load error for URL:", audioUrl); container.innerHTML = `<p class="text-red-500">Error loading audio. <a href="${audioUrl}" target="_blank" aria-label="Open audio in new tab">Open audio</a></p>`; debugLog("Audio load error for URL: " + audioUrl); }; debugLog("Audio loaded successfully"); } catch (e) { console.error("Error loading audio:", e); debugLog("Failed to load audio: " + e.message); const container = document.getElementById(containerId); container.innerHTML = `<p class="text-red-500">Error loading audio. <a href="${audioUrl}" target="_blank" aria-label="Open audio in new tab">Open audio</a></p>`; } } // Toggle dark mode function toggleTheme() { try { debugLog("Toggling theme"); document.documentElement.classList.toggle('dark'); localStorage.setItem('theme', document.documentElement.classList.contains('dark') ? 'dark' : 'light'); debugLog("Theme toggled successfully"); } catch (e) { console.error("Error toggling theme:", e); debugLog("Failed to toggle theme: " + e.message); } } // Load theme preference function loadTheme() { try { debugLog("Loading theme preference"); const theme = localStorage.getItem('theme'); if (theme === 'dark') { document.documentElement.classList.add('dark'); } debugLog("Theme loaded successfully"); } catch (e) { console.error("Error loading theme:", e); debugLog("Failed to load theme: " + e.message); } } // Initialize on DOM content loaded window.addEventListener('DOMContentLoaded', () => { try { debugLog("DOM content loaded, initializing quiz"); loadTheme(); initQuiz(); } catch (e) { console.error("Error during DOMContentLoaded:", e); debugLog("Failed to initialize on DOMContentLoaded: " + e.message); document.getElementById('error-message').innerHTML = "Error initializing quiz. Please check the console for details or contact support."; document.getElementById('error-message').classList.remove('hidden'); } }); </script> </body> </html>" frameborder="0" width="100%" height="2000px">
<div class="bg-white rounded-lg shadow-md p-4 md:p-6"> <h2 class="text-xl font-semibold mb-4">Instructions</h2> <h4 class="text-gray-800 text-lg font-semibold mt-6 mb-4">Test Features:</h4> <ul class="space-y-3"> <li class="flex items-center gap-3"> <i class="fa-solid fa-circle-check text-green-500"></i> Multiple choice questions with single correct answers </li> <li class="flex items-center gap-3"> <i class="fa-solid fa-circle-check text-green-500"></i> Timer-based testing for realistic exam conditions </li> <li class="flex items-center gap-3"> <i class="fa-solid fa-circle-check text-green-500"></i> Mark questions for review functionality </li> <li class="flex items-center gap-3"> <i class="fa-solid fa-circle-check text-green-500"></i> Comprehensive results and performance analysis </li> <li class="flex items-center gap-3"> <i class="fa-solid fa-circle-check text-green-500"></i> Mobile-optimized interface for learning on-the-go </li> </ul> <div class="mt-6 flex space-x-4 button-group md:flex-row flex-col"> <button class="bg-[#2c5281] text-white px-6 py-2 rounded-lg hover:bg-[#2c5281] transition" id="start-test">Start Test</button> </div> <div class="error-message hidden" id="error-message"></div> </div> </section> <!-- Quiz Section --> <section class="container mx-auto px-4 md:px-6 pt-4 md:pt-6 pb-1 hidden section-transition" id="quiz"> <div class="bg-white rounded-lg shadow-md p-4 md:p-6"> <!-- Progress Bar --> <div class="w-full bg-gray-200 rounded-full h-3 mb-4"> <div class="progress-bar h-3 rounded-full" id="progress-bar" style="width: 0%"></div> </div> <!-- Question Header --> <div class="flex flex-col md:flex-row justify-between items-center mb-4"> <h2 class="text-lg font-semibold" id="question-number">Question <span>1</span> of 4</h2> <p class="text-lg font-semibold mt-2 md:mt-0" id="timer">Time Remaining: <span>00:00</span></p> </div> <!-- Question Content --> <div class="mb-6" id="question-content"> <p class="text-gray-800 mb-4" id="question-text"></p> <div class="flex flex-wrap gap-4 mb-4" id="question-images"></div> <div class="space-y-3" id="options"></div> </div> <!-- Navigation Buttons --> <div class="flex flex-col md:flex-row justify-between items-center gap-2 md:gap-4"> <div class="flex gap-2 w-full md:w-auto"> <button class="bg-[#2c5281] text-white px-4 py-3 w-full md:w-32 h-14 rounded-lg hover:bg-[#2c5281] transition" disabled="" id="previous-btn">Previous</button> <button class="bg-[#2c5281] text-white px-4 py-3 w-full md:w-32 h-14 rounded-lg hover:bg-[#2c5281] transition" id="next-btn">Next</button> </div> <div class="flex items-center gap-2"> <button class="bg-transparent text-gray-700 px-4 py-2 rounded-lg hover:bg-gray-100 transition flex items-center gap-1" id="mark-review"> Review <svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" class="h-5 w-5" viewBox="0 0 20 20" fill="currentColor"> <path d="M10 2a1 1 0 00-1 1v14l3.293-3.293a1 1 0 011.414 0L17 17V3a1 1 0 00-1-1H10z" /> </svg> </button> <button class="bg-transparent text-gray-700 px-4 py-2 rounded-lg hover:bg-gray-100 transition flex items-center gap-1" id="nav-toggle"> Question 🧭 </button> <button class="bg-green-500 text-white px-6 py-3 w-44 h-14 rounded-lg hover:bg-green-600 transition w-full md:w-auto" id="submit-test">Submit Test</button> </div> </div> </section> <!-- Results Section --> <section class="container mx-auto px-4 md:px-6 pt-4 md:pt-6 pb-1 hidden section-transition" id="results"> <div class="bg-white rounded-lg shadow-md p-4 md:p-6"> <h2 class="text-2xl font-semibold mb-4">Anaesthesia Machine - Results</h2> <div class="grid grid-cols-1 md:grid-cols-2 gap-4 mb-6"> <p><strong>Correct:</strong> <span id="correct-count" class="text-[#000000]">0</span></p> <p><strong>Wrong:</strong> <span id="wrong-count" class="text-[#000000]">0</span></p> <p><strong>Unanswered:</strong> <span id="unanswered-count" class="text-[#000000]-500">0</span></p> <p><strong>Marked for Review:</strong> <span id="marked-count" class="text-[#000000]">0</span></p> </div> <h3 class="text-lg font-semibold mb-4" id="result-question-number">Question <span>1</span> of 4</h3> <div class="space-y-6" id="results-content"></div> <div class="result-nav"> <button aria-label="Previous question result" class="result-nav-btn bg-[#2c5281] text-white px-6 py-2 rounded-lg hover:bg-[#2c5281] transition" disabled="" id="prev-result">Previous</button> <button aria-label="Toggle results navigation panel" class="result-nav-btn bg-[#2c5281] text-white px-6 py-2 rounded-lg hover:bg-[#2c5281] transition" id="results-nav-toggle">Result 🧭</button> <button aria-label="Next question result" class="result-nav-btn bg-[#2c5281] text-white px-6 py-2 rounded-lg hover:bg-[#2c5281] transition" id="next-result">Next</button> </div> <div class="mt-6 flex space-x-4 button-group md:flex-row flex-col"> <button class="bg-green-500 text-white px-6 py-2 rounded-lg hover:bg-green-600 transition" id="take-again">Take Again</button> </div> </div> </section> <!-- Exit Confirmation Modal --> <div class="fixed inset-0 bg-black bg-opacity-50 flex items-center justify-center hidden" id="exit-modal"> <div class="bg-white rounded-lg p-6 max-w-sm w-full"> <h2 class="text-xl font-semibold mb-4">Leave Test?</h2> <p class="text-gray-700 mb-4">Your progress will be lost if you leave this page. Are you sure you want to exit?</p> <div class="flex justify-end space-x-4"> <button class="bg-gray-300 text-gray-700 px-4 py-2 rounded-lg hover:bg-gray-400 transition" id="continue-test">No, Continue</button> <button class="bg-red-500 text-white px-4 py-2 rounded-lg hover:bg-red-600 transition" id="exit-test">Yes, Exit</button> </div> </div> </div> <!-- Submit Confirmation Modal --> <div class="fixed inset-0 bg-black bg-opacity-50 flex items-center justify-center hidden" id="submit-modal"> <div class="bg-white rounded-lg p-6 max-w-sm w-full"> <h2 class="text-xl font-semibold mb-4">Confirm Submission</h2> <p class="text-gray-700 mb-2">You have attempted <span id="attempted-count">0</span> of 21 questions.</p> <p class="text-gray-700 mb-4"><span id="unattempted-count">0</span> questions are unattempted.</p> <div class="flex justify-end space-x-4"> <button class="bg-gray-300 text-gray-700 px-4 py-2 rounded-lg hover:bg-gray-400 transition" id="cancel-submit">Cancel</button> <button class="bg-green-500 text-white px-4 py-2 rounded-lg hover:bg-green-600 transition" id="confirm-submit">Submit Test</button> </div> </div> </div> <!-- Quiz Navigation Panel --> <div class="fixed inset-y-0 right-0 nav-panel bg-white shadow-lg p-4 hidden overflow-y-auto" id="nav-panel"> <h2 class="text-lg font-semibold mb-4">Questions Navigation</h2> <div class="mb-4"> <select class="w-full p-2 border rounded-lg text-gray-700" id="nav-filter"> <option value="all">All Questions</option> <option value="answered">Answered</option> <option value="unanswered">Unanswered</option> <option value="marked">Marked for Review</option> </select> </div> <div class="grid grid-cols-5 gap-2 md:gap-3" id="nav-grid"></div> <button class="mt-4 bg-gray-500 text-white px-4 py-2 rounded-lg hover:bg-gray-600 transition w-full" id="close-nav">Close</button> </div> <!-- Results Navigation Panel --> <div class="fixed inset-y-0 right-0 results-nav-panel bg-white shadow-lg p-4 hidden overflow-y-auto" id="results-nav-panel"> <h2 class="text-lg font-semibold mb-4">Results Navigation</h2> <div class="mb-4"> <select class="w-full p-2 border rounded-lg text-gray-700" id="results-nav-filter"> <option value="all">All Questions</option> <option value="answered">Answered</option> <option value="unanswered">Unanswered</option> <option value="marked">Marked for Review</option> </select> </div> <div class="grid grid-cols-5 gap-2 md:gap-3" id="results-nav-grid"></div> <button class="mt-4 bg-gray-500 text-white px-4 py-2 rounded-lg hover:bg-gray-600 transition w-full" id="close-results-nav">Close</button> </div> <!-- JavaScript Logic --> <script> // Enable debug mode for detailed logging const DEBUG_MODE = true; // Log debug messages function debugLog(message) { if (DEBUG_MODE) { console.log(`[DEBUG] ${message}`); } } // Initialize questions with error handling let questions = []; let currentResultQuestion = 0; // State for current question in results try { debugLog("Attempting to parse questions_json"); questions = [{"text": "Which of the following statements about vitamin B12 absorption is true?", "options": [{"label": "A", "text": "Intrinsic factor is secreted by the pancreas and binds to inactive forms of vitamin B12.", "correct": false}, {"label": "B", "text": "Cobalophilin in the saliva binds vitamin B12 initially and is hydrolyzed in the duodenum.", "correct": true}, {"label": "C", "text": "Gastric acid and pepsin are not necessary for Vitamin B12 absorption", "correct": false}, {"label": "D", "text": "Ileal receptors bind directly to vitamin B12 without the need for intrinsic factors.", "correct": false}], "correct_answer": "B. Cobalophilin in the saliva binds vitamin B12 initially and is hydrolyzed in the duodenum.", "question_images": [], "explanation_images": ["https://image.prepladder.com/content/XCq2GZroT3Nprn3Pf1uO1735151490.png"], "explanation": "<table>\n<thead>\n<tr>\n<th><strong>Step</strong></th>\n<th><strong>Description</strong></th>\n</tr>\n</thead>\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<td><strong>1. Release in Stomach</strong></td>\n<td>Gastric acid and <strong>pepsin</strong> release vitamin B12 from dietary proteins.</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td><strong>2. Binding to <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"69c23907651692777184a72e50a2bc\">Cobalophilin</span> (Haptocorrin)</strong></td>\n<td>Salivary <strong>cobalophilin</strong> (R-protein) binds vitamin B12 for protection from <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"3a983e569716927771805ed22b90d7\">acidic</span> degradation.</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td><strong>3. Release in Duodenum</strong></td>\n<td>Pancreatic enzymes <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"e8b0f32bea1692777189564bb6678f\">hydrolyze</span> cobalophilin, releasing vitamin B12.</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td><strong>4. Binding to <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"a6795c876e169277719057a1099465\">Intrinsic</span> Factor (IF)</strong></td>\n<td><strong>Intrinsic factor (IF)</strong> secreted by <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"12347b15191692777188bc86d226e1\">gastric</span> <strong>parietal cells</strong> binds vitamin B12.</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td><strong>5. Ileal Absorption</strong></td>\n<td>The <strong>IF-B12 complex</strong> binds to specific receptors in the <strong>terminal ileum</strong> for absorption.</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td><strong>6. Transport in Blood</strong></td>\n<td>Vitamin B12 binds to <strong>transcobalamin II</strong> for <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"8f2e7fd96116927771995b451b5c90\">systemic</span> distribution.</td>\n</tr>\n</tbody>\n\n\n<p style='font-size: 10px; color: #808080; font-style: italic;'>@dams_new_robot</p>", "bot": "@dams_new_robot", "audio": "https://image.prepladder.com/content/4ncDJgpqRxJa2cgYeiaP1739707411.mp3", "video": ""}, {"text": "A 35-year-old woman comes to the clinic complaining of delayed wound healing, frequent infections, and loss of taste. She also reports fatigue and swollen, bleeding gums. Her diet is low in fruits, vegetables, and protein sources. Laboratory tests confirm a diagnosis of vitamin C deficiency (scurvy). Given that certain nutritional deficiencies can cause similar symptoms, which of the following should also be considered as a possible issue?", "options": [{"label": "A", "text": "Iron Deficiency", "correct": false}, {"label": "B", "text": "Zinc Deficiency", "correct": true}, {"label": "C", "text": "Folate Deficiency", "correct": false}, {"label": "D", "text": "Vitamin B12 Deficiency", "correct": false}], "correct_answer": "B. Zinc Deficiency", "question_images": [], "explanation_images": [], "explanation": "<table>\n<thead>\n<tr>\n<th><strong>Aspect</strong></th>\n<th><strong>Vitamin C <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"209b85faf71692777185767d43e3bd\">Deficiency</span> (Scurvy)</strong></th>\n<th><strong>Zinc Deficiency</strong></th>\n</tr>\n</thead>\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<td><strong>Wound Healing</strong></td>\n<td>Impaired <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"d215f4a56c16927771842f34a24156\">collagen</span> synthesis</td>\n<td>Impaired epithelial and tissue repair</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td><strong>Immune Function</strong></td>\n<td>Increased infections, weak immune response</td>\n<td>Frequent infections, impaired immunity</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td><strong>Gum Symptoms</strong></td>\n<td>Swollen, <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"41e858bf2816927771836d46c619b9\">bleeding</span> gums (scurvy)</td>\n<td>Less common but can cause oral lesions</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td><strong>Taste Perception</strong></td>\n<td>Not a primary feature</td>\n<td>Hypogeusia (loss of taste)</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td><strong>Skin Changes</strong></td>\n<td>Petechiae, <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"8ae06fb05116927771863f729ea53c\">ecchymoses</span> (bleeding under skin)</td>\n<td>Dermatitis, rough skin</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td><strong>Common Risk Factors</strong></td>\n<td>Low fruit/vegetable intake</td>\n<td>Low protein/zinc <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"6cdcd39cf2169277719068e247e38d\">intake</span> (meat, dairy, legumes)</td>\n</tr>\n</tbody>\n\n\n<p style='font-size: 10px; color: #808080; font-style: italic;'>@dams_new_robot</p>", "bot": "@dams_new_robot", "audio": "https://image.prepladder.com/content/3q0CBaFQFOWa9nDXRwjr1739707588.mp3", "video": ""}, {"text": "Which of the following statements regarding the avidin-biotin system is not true?", "options": [{"label": "A", "text": "Avidin has a higher affinity for biotin than typical antigen-antibody interactions.", "correct": false}, {"label": "B", "text": "Avidin can bind up to four molecules of biotin, enhancing assay sensitivity.", "correct": false}, {"label": "C", "text": "Consumption of raw egg whites may lead to biotin deficiency due to avidin-binding biotin.", "correct": false}, {"label": "D", "text": "Avidin is heat-stable and retains its binding capacity after boiling eggs.", "correct": true}], "correct_answer": "D. Avidin is heat-stable and retains its binding capacity after boiling eggs.", "question_images": [], "explanation_images": [], "explanation": "<table>\n<thead>\n<tr>\n<th><strong>Aspect</strong></th>\n<th><strong>Details</strong></th>\n</tr>\n</thead>\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<td><strong>Avidin</strong></td>\n<td>Glycoprotein found in egg whites; binds <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"e1db3c99df1692777183eed598c784\">biotin</span> with high affinity.</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td><strong>Biotin</strong></td>\n<td>Water-soluble vitamin (B7) essential for <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"932c90683216927771833ff878c33a\">carboxylation</span> reactions in metabolism.</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td><strong>Affinity (Option A ruled out)</strong></td>\n<td>Avidin-biotin binding is among the strongest non-covalent interactions (Kd ~10⁻¹⁵ M).</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td><strong>Binding Sites (Option B ruled out)</strong></td>\n<td>Each <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"0b6e9313b61692777182a491ba8598\">avidin</span> molecule has four binding sites, making it useful in high-sensitivity biochemical assays.</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td><strong>Biotin Deficiency (Option C ruled out)</strong></td>\n<td>Chronic raw egg consumption can lead to deficiency, causing dermatitis, alopecia, and neurological symptoms. </td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td><strong>Heat Stability</strong></td>\n<td>Avidin is heat-labile and <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"a1c488290216927771859de5b86416\">denatured</span> by cooking, preventing it from binding biotin.</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td><strong>Applications</strong></td>\n<td>Used in biochemical assays like ELISA, immunohistochemistry, and <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"227269f3ec1692777180d76a7898dd\">affinity</span> chromatography.</td>\n</tr>\n</tbody>\n\n\n<p style='font-size: 10px; color: #808080; font-style: italic;'>@dams_new_robot</p>", "bot": "@dams_new_robot", "audio": "https://image.prepladder.com/content/JZNmajahowelsyPZUb4M1739707762.mp3", "video": ""}, {"text": "Which of the following enzymes is not classified as a biotin-dependent carboxylase?", "options": [{"label": "A", "text": "Acetyl CoA carboxylase", "correct": false}, {"label": "B", "text": "Pyruvate carboxylase", "correct": false}, {"label": "C", "text": "Propionyl CoA carboxylase", "correct": false}, {"label": "D", "text": "Malic enzyme", "correct": true}], "correct_answer": "D. Malic enzyme", "question_images": [], "explanation_images": [], "explanation": "<table>\n<thead>\n<tr>\n<th><strong>Enzyme</strong></th>\n<th><strong>Function</strong></th>\n<th><strong>Pathway</strong></th>\n</tr>\n</thead>\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<td><strong>Acetyl CoA <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"0991be8b0016927771839a46b6bbd3\">carboxylase</span> (Option A ruled out)</strong></td>\n<td>Converts <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"6ade0969281692777180216b0c3d76\">acetyl</span> CoA → <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"baf30e27a01692777191f1dd535957\">malonyl</span> CoA</td>\n<td>Fatty acid synthesis</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td><strong>Pyruvate carboxylase (Option B ruled out)</strong></td>\n<td>Converts <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"f9129e152d16927771960c4ccc40bc\">pyruvate</span> → oxaloacetate</td>\n<td>Gluconeogenesis</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td><strong>Propionyl CoA carboxylase (Option C ruled out)</strong></td>\n<td>Converts <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"74ec0594e016927771963c29e1acf4\">propionyl</span> CoA → <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"661d365f2b169277719238d348d2b7\">methylmalonyl</span> CoA</td>\n<td>Odd-chain <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"bc6cd9a9f9169277720261812ea113\">fatty</span> acid metabolism</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td><strong>Malic enzyme</strong> (<strong>Not biotin-dependent</strong>)</td>\n<td>Converts <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"4864ab36e7169277719104321f281f\">malate</span> → <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"f9129e152d16927771960c4ccc40bc\">pyruvate</span> (<strong>Decarboxylation</strong>)</td>\n<td>NADPH generation</td>\n</tr>\n</tbody>\n\n\n<p style='font-size: 10px; color: #808080; font-style: italic;'>@dams_new_robot</p>", "bot": "@dams_new_robot", "audio": "https://image.prepladder.com/content/8XpneWHiw4gRYFC0jZY31739707852.mp3", "video": ""}, {"text": "A 55-year-old man with a history of hyperlipidemia was started on high-dose niacin (vitamin B3) to improve his lipid profile. After several weeks, he reports experiencing blurred vision and discomfort in his eyes. Upon examination, retinal imaging reveals macular oedema. Which of the following best describes the mechanism by which niacin toxicity can lead to macular oedema?", "options": [{"label": "A", "text": "Increased prostaglandin synthesis", "correct": true}, {"label": "B", "text": "Inhibition of retinal blood flow", "correct": false}, {"label": "C", "text": "Direct toxicity to retinal pigment epithelium", "correct": false}, {"label": "D", "text": "Enhanced inflammation in the retina", "correct": false}], "correct_answer": "A. Increased prostaglandin synthesis", "question_images": [], "explanation_images": [], "explanation": "<table>\n<thead>\n<tr>\n<th><strong>Effect</strong></th>\n<th><strong>Mechanism</strong></th>\n<th><strong>Clinical Manifestations</strong></th>\n</tr>\n</thead>\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<td><strong>Flushing</strong></td>\n<td>Increased <strong>prostaglandins</strong> → Vasodilation</td>\n<td>Redness, warmth, tingling</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td><strong>Macular Edema</strong></td>\n<td>Increased <strong>vascular permeability</strong> due to prostaglandins</td>\n<td>Blurred vision, <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"01f54c5c291692777184570c298c6d\">central vision</span> loss</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td><strong>Hepatotoxicity</strong></td>\n<td>Disrupted <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"a99114a6c216927771916f45ffc66c\">lipid</span> metabolism</td>\n<td>Elevated liver enzymes, jaundice</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td><strong>Hyperglycemia</strong></td>\n<td>Insulin resistance</td>\n<td>Increased blood <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"af3ae60c0c16927771889b84ca41c0\">glucose</span> levels</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td><strong>Hyperuricemia</strong></td>\n<td>Reduced <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"b9356afdba16927771979d068c6587\">renal</span> <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"0f7653c9ef1692777187deaa35f749\">excretion</span> of <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"ffa20262931692777201caef35de16\">uric</span> acid</td>\n<td>Increased risk of gout</td>\n</tr>\n</tbody>\n\n\n<p style='font-size: 10px; color: #808080; font-style: italic;'>@dams_new_robot</p>", "bot": "@dams_new_robot", "audio": "https://image.prepladder.com/content/WW7IUWaugWa7uSJXUFo81739708129.mp3", "video": ""}, {"text": "A 28 year old pregnant woman presents with complaints of fatigue and weakness. Her dietary history reveals she follows a strict vegetarian diet. Blood tests reveal megaloblastic anaemia. Which of the following complications is most likely associated with her condition if left untreated?", "options": [{"label": "A", "text": "Increased risk of gestational diabetes", "correct": false}, {"label": "B", "text": "Neurological problems in the mother and cognitive impairments in the foetus", "correct": true}, {"label": "C", "text": "Higher incidence of hypertension during pregnancy", "correct": false}, {"label": "D", "text": "Increased risk of maternal infections", "correct": false}], "correct_answer": "B. Neurological problems in the mother and cognitive impairments in the foetus", "question_images": [], "explanation_images": [], "explanation": "<table>\n<thead>\n<tr>\n<th><strong>Aspect</strong></th>\n<th><strong>Details</strong></th>\n</tr>\n</thead>\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<td><strong>Importance</strong></td>\n<td>Essential for <strong>DNA synthesis, <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"248111ded81692777197946454db52\">red blood cell</span> formation, and neurological function</strong>.</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td><strong>Increased Demand</strong></td>\n<td>Higher requirement due to <strong>fetal development and <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"a191a950d7169277719148e72a75e2\">maternal</span> <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"b9b690b70c16927771833aae799b33\">blood volume</span> expansion</strong>.</td>\n</tr>\n</tbody>\n</table>\n<table>\n<thead>\n<tr>\n<th><strong>Category</strong></th>\n<th><strong>Effects</strong></th>\n</tr>\n</thead>\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<td><strong>Maternal Neurological Problems</strong></td>\n<td>Peripheral <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"2d9476094c16927771933bcb162f19\">neuropathy</span> (numbness, tingling, weakness)<br/>\n\t\t\tMemory disturbances<br/>\n\t\t\tDepression and cognitive decline</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td><strong>Fetal Cognitive Impairments</strong></td>\n<td>Poor brain development<br/>\n\t\t\tIncreased risk of <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"b00388be25169277719369b3ab059f\">neural</span> tube defects (NTDs)<br/>\n\t\t\tDevelopmental delay</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td><strong>Hematological Effects</strong></td>\n<td>Megaloblastic anemia<br/>\n\t\t\tIncreased risk of <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"ac9f7287191692777196e8c02d1f3d\">preterm</span> birth</td>\n</tr>\n</tbody>\n\n\n<p style='font-size: 10px; color: #808080; font-style: italic;'>@dams_new_robot</p>", "bot": "@dams_new_robot", "audio": "https://image.prepladder.com/content/DyxaCJfo74vQ8BI3fffv1739709078.mp3", "video": ""}, {"text": "After consuming illicit homemade alcohol at a local event, numerous individuals were hospitalized with severe abdominal pain, vomiting, malaise and vision changes. Which of the following cannot be used as an antidote for methanol poisoning?", "options": [{"label": "A", "text": "Ethanol", "correct": false}, {"label": "B", "text": "Fomepizole", "correct": false}, {"label": "C", "text": "Folinic acid", "correct": false}, {"label": "D", "text": "Formic acid", "correct": true}], "correct_answer": "D. Formic acid", "question_images": [], "explanation_images": [], "explanation": "<table>\n<thead>\n<tr>\n<th><strong>Antidote</strong></th>\n<th><strong>Mechanism of Action</strong></th>\n</tr>\n</thead>\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<td><strong>Ethanol (Option A ruled out)</strong></td>\n<td>Competitive <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"f03ca2d2a716927771901227bc175a\">inhibition</span> of <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"4c1279cdf1169277718118b18c10ab\">alcohol dehydrogenase</span> (prevents <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"c578fa95fe16927771927ea57020f0\">methanol</span> metabolism).</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td><strong>Fomepizole (Option B ruled out)</strong></td>\n<td>Direct <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"b5fb56a28b1692777190396ae8b625\">inhibitor</span> of <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"4c1279cdf1169277718118b18c10ab\">alcohol dehydrogenase</span> (preferred treatment).</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td><strong>Folinic acid (Leucovorin) (Option D ruled out)</strong></td>\n<td>Enhances <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"8723cfd7d21692777203cc8312c239\">formate</span> <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"5b1a045f5f169277719210c0ac7a1e\">metabolism</span> into non-toxic byproducts.</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td><strong>Hemodialysis</strong></td>\n<td>Used in severe cases to remove <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"c578fa95fe16927771927ea57020f0\">methanol</span> and formate.</td>\n</tr>\n</tbody>\n\n\n<p style='font-size: 10px; color: #808080; font-style: italic;'>@dams_new_robot</p>", "bot": "@dams_new_robot", "audio": "https://image.prepladder.com/content/3kyYyfz81y24SVPnaYeP1739709710.mp3", "video": ""}, {"text": "A 50 year old male with a history of chronic alcohol dependence presents with severe agitation, visual hallucinations, tremors of the tongue and eyelids, and sweating. He reports that he stopped drinking alcohol abruptly three days ago. His vital signs show tachycardia and hypertension. Which of the following management strategies is the most appropriate for his condition?", "options": [{"label": "A", "text": "Initiate antipsychotic medication", "correct": false}, {"label": "B", "text": "Prescribe selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs)", "correct": false}, {"label": "C", "text": "Administer benzodiazepines for sedation", "correct": true}, {"label": "D", "text": "Begin opioid replacement therapy", "correct": false}], "correct_answer": "C. Administer benzodiazepines for sedation", "question_images": [], "explanation_images": [], "explanation": "<table>\n<thead>\n<tr>\n<th><strong>Severity</strong></th>\n<th><strong>Symptoms</strong></th>\n<th><strong>Treatment</strong></th>\n</tr>\n</thead>\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<td><strong>Mild</strong></td>\n<td>Anxiety, insomnia, tremors</td>\n<td>Supportive care, thiamine, hydration</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td><strong>Moderate</strong></td>\n<td>Tachycardia, hypertension, diaphoresis, hallucinations</td>\n<td><strong>Benzodiazepines (e.g., lorazepam, diazepam)</strong></td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td><strong>Severe (Delirium Tremens)</strong></td>\n<td>Confusion, hallucinations, seizures, <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"bd1c98736616927771820954b0a744\">autonomic</span> instability</td>\n<td><strong>High-dose benzodiazepines, <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"dcf52bc6051692777189bc6d95b5e5\">ICU</span> monitoring</strong></td>\n</tr>\n</tbody>\n\n\n<p style='font-size: 10px; color: #808080; font-style: italic;'>@dams_new_robot</p>", "bot": "@dams_new_robot", "audio": "https://image.prepladder.com/content/q52B6DeCfeuxewkoC6fA1739709565.mp3", "video": ""}, {"text": "A 45-year-old man with a history of heavy alcohol consumption for the past 10 years, presents with fatigue, abdominal discomfort, weight gain, and hepatomegaly. Laboratory tests show elevated liver enzymes and a liver ultrasound reveals fatty liver. What commonly causes fatty liver in chronic alcohol consumption?", "options": [{"label": "A", "text": "Decreased acetyl CoA levels", "correct": false}, {"label": "B", "text": "Increased pyruvate oxidation", "correct": false}, {"label": "C", "text": "Accumulation of acetaldehyde", "correct": true}, {"label": "D", "text": "Increased fatty acid oxidation", "correct": false}], "correct_answer": "C. Accumulation of acetaldehyde", "question_images": [], "explanation_images": [], "explanation": "<table>\n<thead>\n<tr>\n<th><strong>Effect</strong></th>\n<th><strong>Mechanism</strong></th>\n</tr>\n</thead>\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<td><strong>Increased <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"d99bb03060169277718069cdeef0d8\">Acetaldehyde</span> (Option A ruled out)</strong></td>\n<td>Alcohol <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"5b1a045f5f169277719210c0ac7a1e\">metabolism</span> (via alcohol dehydrogenase) generates toxic acetaldehyde, which disrupts liver function.</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td><strong>Inhibition of <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"bc6cd9a9f9169277720261812ea113\">Fatty</span> Acid Oxidation (Option D ruled out)</strong></td>\n<td>High NADH/NAD+ ratio inhibits beta-oxidation, leading to fat accumulation in hepatocytes.</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td><strong>Increased Lipogenesis</strong></td>\n<td>Excess <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"70e624dfd41692777193efc364d5b4\">NADH</span> promotes <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"482f0bd5841692777200af07c2766c\">triglyceride</span> synthesis, worsening <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"3268e86ce01692777188f249c64d6e\">hepatic</span> steatosis.</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td><strong>Mitochondrial Dysfunction</strong></td>\n<td>Acetaldehyde causes <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"60d563fe241692777194203742bf5b\">oxidative</span> stress and mitochondrial damage, impairing <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"a99114a6c216927771916f45ffc66c\">lipid</span> metabolism.</td>\n</tr>\n</tbody>\n\n\n<p style='font-size: 10px; color: #808080; font-style: italic;'>@dams_new_robot</p>", "bot": "@dams_new_robot", "audio": "https://image.prepladder.com/content/KFMhzuB6xPddDsD54XqM1739709442.mp3", "video": ""}, {"text": "A 45-year-old male presents to the emergency department with confusion, tremors, and diaphoresis. He has a long history of chronic alcohol use and has been drinking heavily for the past week. His family reports that he has not eaten well during this time. Upon examination, you note signs of malnutrition and his blood glucose level is found to be 50 mg/dL. Which of the following statements regarding the effects of chronic alcoholism on nutritional deficiencies and blood glucose levels is FALSE?", "options": [{"label": "A", "text": "Chronic alcohol use can cause vitamin B12 deficiency despite normal blood levels.", "correct": false}, {"label": "B", "text": "Folate deficiency in alcoholics leads to megaloblastic anemia.", "correct": false}, {"label": "C", "text": "Chronic alcohol use causes hypoglycemia by increasing the NADH/NAD+ ratio.", "correct": false}, {"label": "D", "text": "Chronic alcohol use causes hypoglycemia by decreasing the NADH/NAD+ ratio.", "correct": true}], "correct_answer": "D. Chronic alcohol use causes hypoglycemia by decreasing the NADH/NAD+ ratio.", "question_images": [], "explanation_images": [], "explanation": "<table>\n<thead>\n<tr>\n<th><strong>Effect</strong></th>\n<th><strong>Mechanism</strong></th>\n</tr>\n</thead>\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<td>Increased NADH/NAD+ Ratio <strong>(Option C ruled out)</strong></td>\n<td>Alcohol <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"5b1a045f5f169277719210c0ac7a1e\">metabolism</span> (via <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"4c1279cdf1169277718118b18c10ab\">alcohol dehydrogenase</span> and <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"126202981a1692777181f2970b8c7f\">aldehyde</span> dehydrogenase) generates <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"7a1ae24f701692777187a7f60bbd9f\">excess</span> NADH, disrupting <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"d92cbff33316927771927b4de10a5b\">metabolic</span> pathways.</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td>Hypoglycemia <strong>(Option C ruled out)</strong></td>\n<td>Excess NADH inhibits gluconeogenesis, contributing to hypoglycemia. <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"f9129e152d16927771960c4ccc40bc\">Pyruvate</span> and <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"0aa20d5343169277719438bfdae95f\">oxaloacetate</span> are diverted to <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"5a751dc161169277719123aae1b764\">lactate</span> and malate, depleting gluconeogenic substrates.</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td>Lactic Acidosis</td>\n<td>Excess NADH promotes <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"f9129e152d16927771960c4ccc40bc\">pyruvate</span> to <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"5a751dc161169277719123aae1b764\">lactate</span> conversion.</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td>Vitamin B12 Deficiency <strong>(Option A ruled out)</strong></td>\n<td>Alcohol impairs B12 <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"5fcb9396d1169277718069dd7fa788\">absorption</span> despite normal blood levels.</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td>Folate Deficiency <strong>(Option B ruled out)</strong></td>\n<td>Alcohol interferes with <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"c66705291e1692777203ed3498a606\">folate</span> <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"5fcb9396d1169277718069dd7fa788\">absorption</span> and storage, leading to megaloblastic anemia.</td>\n</tr>\n</tbody>\n\n\n<p style='font-size: 10px; color: #808080; font-style: italic;'>@dams_new_robot</p>", "bot": "@dams_new_robot", "audio": "https://image.prepladder.com/content/yly052BzwrQbJepjAMiM1739709336.mp3", "video": ""}, {"text": "A 50-year-old patient presents with symptoms of fatigue and pallor. The physician suspects a vitamin B12 absorption issue and decides to perform the Schilling test. Which of the following statements about the Schilling test is correct?", "options": [{"label": "A", "text": "The Schilling test involves administering one dose of vitamin B12 to assess absorption.", "correct": false}, {"label": "B", "text": "An abnormal result in stage 1 and a normal result in Stage 2 of the Schilling test typically suggests a lack of intrinsic factor.", "correct": true}, {"label": "C", "text": "Radioactive vitamin B12 injection is given to saturate body stores.", "correct": false}, {"label": "D", "text": "Abnormal Stage 2 suggests intrinsic factor deficiency.", "correct": false}], "correct_answer": "B. An abnormal result in stage 1 and a normal result in Stage 2 of the Schilling test typically suggests a lack of intrinsic factor.", "question_images": [], "explanation_images": ["https://image.prepladder.com/content/pq2fZNMIsabdpVQN4pCD1735151683.png"], "explanation": "<table>\n<thead>\n<tr>\n<th><strong>Stage</strong></th>\n<th><strong>Procedure</strong></th>\n<th><strong>Normal Interpretation</strong></th>\n<th><strong>Abnormal Interpretation</strong></th>\n<th><strong>Possible Cause of <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"458e050fdc16927771809854c9fd53\">Abnormal</span> Result</strong></th>\n</tr>\n</thead>\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<td><strong>Stage 1</strong></td>\n<td>Oral <strong>radioactive vitamin B12</strong> + 24-hour <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"0096f2a7631692777201eb9f21d5a7\">urine</span> collection</td>\n<td><strong>≥8% excretion</strong> of B12 in <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"0096f2a7631692777201eb9f21d5a7\">urine</span> (Normal absorption)</td>\n<td><strong>&lt;8% excretion</strong> of B12 in <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"0096f2a7631692777201eb9f21d5a7\">urine</span> (Malabsorption)</td>\n<td>General <strong>B12 malabsorption</strong> (cause unknown)</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td><strong>Stage 2</strong></td>\n<td>Oral <strong>radioactive vitamin B12 + <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"a6795c876e169277719057a1099465\">intrinsic</span> factor</strong></td>\n<td><strong>Excretion normalizes</strong> (suggests <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"5fcb9396d1169277718069dd7fa788\">absorption</span> issue due to IF deficiency)</td>\n<td><strong>Still <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"458e050fdc16927771809854c9fd53\">abnormal</span> (no improvement)</strong></td>\n<td><strong>Intrinsic factor <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"209b85faf71692777185767d43e3bd\">deficiency</span> (pernicious anemia)</strong></td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td><strong>Stage 3</strong></td>\n<td>Oral <strong>radioactive vitamin B12</strong> after <strong>antibiotics</strong></td>\n<td><strong>Excretion normalizes</strong></td>\n<td><strong>Still abnormal</strong></td>\n<td><strong>Bacterial <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"2840cd55771692777194448139206d\">overgrowth</span> syndrome</strong></td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td><strong>Stage 4</strong></td>\n<td>Oral <strong>radioactive vitamin B12</strong> after <strong>pancreatic enzymes</strong></td>\n<td><strong>Excretion normalizes</strong></td>\n<td><strong>Still abnormal</strong></td>\n<td><strong>Pancreatic insufficiency</strong></td>\n</tr>\n</tbody>\n\n\n<p style='font-size: 10px; color: #808080; font-style: italic;'>@dams_new_robot</p>", "bot": "@dams_new_robot", "audio": "https://image.prepladder.com/content/2Bc3zskQkht8xmts7rid1739708862.mp3", "video": ""}, {"text": "A 35 year old woman presents with severe breathlessness, palpitations, and swelling in her legs and face. She primarily eats white rice and lacks fruits and vegetables in her diet. On examination and investigations she has distended neck veins, peripheral edema, and elevated lactate and pyruvate levels. Thiamine deficiency is suspected. What is the most likely diagnosis, and which enzyme activity should be tested to confirm it?", "options": [{"label": "A", "text": "Dry beriberi; pyruvate dehydrogenase", "correct": false}, {"label": "B", "text": "Maple Syrup Urine Disease (MSUD); branched-chain ketoacid dehydrogenase", "correct": false}, {"label": "C", "text": "Wet beriberi; transketolase", "correct": true}, {"label": "D", "text": "Lactic acidosis; lactate dehydrogenase", "correct": false}], "correct_answer": "C. Wet beriberi; transketolase", "question_images": [], "explanation_images": ["https://image.prepladder.com/content/JEgRhrm0FEz3zbT7WI2v1735150078.png"], "explanation": "<table>\n<thead>\n<tr>\n<th><strong>Condition</strong></th>\n<th><strong>Biochemical Role of Thiamine</strong></th>\n<th><strong>Deficiency Manifestations</strong></th>\n</tr>\n</thead>\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<td><strong>Dry Beriberi</strong> <strong>(Option A ruled out)</strong></td>\n<td><strong>Essential for carbohydrate metabolism</strong> and <strong>nerve function</strong></td>\n<td><strong>Peripheral neuritis, <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"408bcde7f01692777198acadb8e1c6\">sensory</span> disturbances, difficulty walking, paralysis</strong> due to <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"e1a4a12fb416927771841c46faf6fb\">CNS</span> involvement.</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td><strong>Wet Beriberi</strong></td>\n<td>Thiamine is required for <strong>pyruvate <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"0d1ed86c771692777185d6b762efd5\">dehydrogenase</span> (PDH) complex</strong>; <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"209b85faf71692777185767d43e3bd\">deficiency</span> leads to <strong>lactic acidosis</strong>, causing <strong>vasodilation and <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"e2b5f013011692777183ea1b11ed9c\">cardiovascular</span> symptoms</strong></td>\n<td><strong>Edema, palpitations, breathlessness, heart failure</strong></td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td><strong>Maple <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"7cab9109cd16927771994c3125bd23\">Syrup</span> <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"0096f2a7631692777201eb9f21d5a7\">Urine</span> Disease</strong> <strong>(Option B ruled out)</strong></td>\n<td>Cofactor for <strong>decarboxylation of branched-chain keto acids</strong></td>\n<td><strong>Accumulation of branched-chain keto acids</strong>, causing <strong>convulsions, mental retardation, vomiting, acidosis, coma, and death</strong></td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td><strong>Lactic Acidosis</strong> <strong>(Option D ruled out)</strong></td>\n<td>Cofactor for <strong>pyruvate dehydrogenase</strong>, which converts <strong>pyruvate to acetyl-CoA</strong></td>\n<td><strong>Impaired <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"f9129e152d16927771960c4ccc40bc\">pyruvate</span> metabolism</strong>, leading to <strong>increased <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"5a751dc161169277719123aae1b764\">lactate</span> and pyruvate</strong>, causing <strong>lactic acidosis</strong></td>\n</tr>\n</tbody>\n\n\n<p style='font-size: 10px; color: #808080; font-style: italic;'>@dams_new_robot</p>", "bot": "@dams_new_robot", "audio": "https://image.prepladder.com/content/35Cv15ZjEPARWK4uoSH81739705889.mp3", "video": ""}, {"text": "Match the following vitamins with their respective functional assessment tests: 1. Vitamin B1 (Thiamine) a) Measure urinary methylmalonic acid 2. Vitamin B2 (Riboflavin) b) Measure transketolase activity in red blood cells 3. Vitamin B6 (Pyridoxine) c) Measure glutathione reductase activity in red blood cells 4. Vitamin B12 (Cobalamin) d) Measure activation of red blood cell transaminases with pyridoxal phosphate", "options": [{"label": "A", "text": "1-b, 2-c, 3-d, 4-a", "correct": true}, {"label": "B", "text": "1-a, 2-b, 3-c, 4-d", "correct": false}, {"label": "C", "text": "1-b, 2-d, 3-c, 4-a", "correct": false}, {"label": "D", "text": "1-a, 2-c, 3-b, 4-d", "correct": false}], "correct_answer": "A. 1-b, 2-c, 3-d, 4-a", "question_images": [], "explanation_images": [], "explanation": "<table>\n<thead>\n<tr>\n<th><strong>Vitamin</strong></th>\n<th><strong>Functional Assessment Test</strong></th>\n<th><strong>Key Enzyme/Process Assessed</strong></th>\n<th><strong>Clinical Relevance</strong></th>\n</tr>\n</thead>\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<td><strong>Vitamin B1 (Thiamin)</strong></td>\n<td><strong>Transketolase activity in RBCs</strong></td>\n<td>Transketolase (Pentose <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"189b6fc834169277719580eb39bb4c\">Phosphate</span> Pathway)</td>\n<td>Reduced activity indicates <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"abb75725a216927772000e5263aaf5\">thiamin</span> <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"209b85faf71692777185767d43e3bd\">deficiency</span> (e.g., Beriberi, Wernicke-Korsakoff syndrome)</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td><strong>Vitamin B2 (Riboflavin)</strong></td>\n<td><strong>Glutathione <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"6afb2667fe16927771975a8db1378b\">reductase</span> activity in RBCs</strong></td>\n<td>Glutathione <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"6afb2667fe16927771975a8db1378b\">Reductase</span> (FAD-dependent)</td>\n<td>Low activity suggests <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"8e7e2a872f16927771978090ad9505\">riboflavin</span> deficiency, leading to <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"60d563fe241692777194203742bf5b\">oxidative</span> stress disorders</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td><strong>Vitamin B6 (Pyridoxine)</strong></td>\n<td><strong>RBC <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"e480f2b88f1692777200e20c981927\">transaminase</span> activity (after <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"421660505d169277719508024cc61f\">PLP</span> addition)</strong></td>\n<td>Aminotransferases (ALT, AST)</td>\n<td>Decreased <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"0f160e4e42169277718771b715516a\">enzyme</span> activity suggests B6 deficiency, leading to <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"2d9476094c16927771933bcb162f19\">neuropathy</span> and anemia</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td><strong>Vitamin B12 (Cobalamin)</strong></td>\n<td><strong>Urinary <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"f23c46fe971692777192d5402daf55\">methylmalonic acid</span> measurement</strong></td>\n<td>Methylmalonyl-CoA Mutase</td>\n<td>Elevated levels indicate B12 deficiency, which can cause megaloblastic <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"53bee2a41216927771814d7ec3a67f\">anemia</span> and neuropathy</td>\n</tr>\n</tbody>\n\n\n<p style='font-size: 10px; color: #808080; font-style: italic;'>@dams_new_robot</p>", "bot": "@dams_new_robot", "audio": "https://image.prepladder.com/content/0XVDwxrA9MfMyPzMzWP31739707157.mp3", "video": ""}, {"text": "Match the following deficiencies with their respective impacts: 1) Adenosylcobalamin Deficiency a) Elevated homocysteine levels 2) Methylcobalamin Deficiency b) Impaired energy production and chronic fatigue 3) Methyl malonyl-CoA Mutase Deficiency c) Accumulation of methyl malonyl-CoA 4) Methionine Synthase Deficiency d) Pernicious anaemia with immature red blood cells", "options": [{"label": "A", "text": "1-b, 2-a, 3-c, 4-d", "correct": true}, {"label": "B", "text": "1-a, 2-d, 3-b, 4-c", "correct": false}, {"label": "C", "text": "1-b, 2-d, 3-a, 4-c", "correct": false}, {"label": "D", "text": "1-c, 2-b, 3-d, 4-a", "correct": false}], "correct_answer": "A. 1-b, 2-a, 3-c, 4-d", "question_images": [], "explanation_images": ["https://image.prepladder.com/content/XXatXRdduB1J3Mq5fb5d1735151166.png", "https://image.prepladder.com/content/a9s9XoWY93eDECfCXgkY1735151249.png"], "explanation": "\n\n<p style='font-size: 10px; color: #808080; font-style: italic;'>@dams_new_robot</p>", "bot": "@dams_new_robot", "audio": "", "video": ""}, {"text": "Which of the following consequences of vitamin B6 deficiency directly contributes to an increased risk of seizures in a neonate with refractory seizures?", "options": [{"label": "A", "text": "Decreased GABA synthesis", "correct": true}, {"label": "B", "text": "Elevated glutamate levels", "correct": false}, {"label": "C", "text": "Increased serotonin production", "correct": false}, {"label": "D", "text": "Enhanced myelin formation", "correct": false}], "correct_answer": "A. Decreased GABA synthesis", "question_images": [], "explanation_images": ["https://image.prepladder.com/content/bXwYX4jG9Bkwo9usCSI21728122958.png"], "explanation": "<table>\n<thead>\n<tr>\n<th><strong>Effect of Vitamin B6 Deficiency</strong></th>\n<th><strong>Mechanism</strong></th>\n<th><strong>Clinical Manifestation</strong></th>\n</tr>\n</thead>\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<td><strong>Decreased <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"7261f495801692777187bd2837e9f9\">GABA</span> synthesis</strong> </td>\n<td>Impaired <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"ada5fcf7e416927771886ff24152ff\">glutamate</span> <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"71aa164f75169277718559680376bd\">decarboxylase</span> activity</td>\n<td>Increased excitability, leading to seizures</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td><strong>Elevated <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"ada5fcf7e416927771886ff24152ff\">glutamate</span> levels</strong> </td>\n<td>Reduced conversion of <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"ada5fcf7e416927771886ff24152ff\">glutamate</span> to GABA</td>\n<td>Excitotoxicity, neuronal damage</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td><strong>Impaired <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"06eba971ce169277719884f8c62937\">serotonin</span> synthesis</strong></td>\n<td>PLP is required for <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"06eba971ce169277719884f8c62937\">serotonin</span> production</td>\n<td>Mood disturbances, depression</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td><strong>Disrupted <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"47fec911a316927771933b7607bdf0\">myelin</span> formation</strong></td>\n<td>Impaired <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"cacd6053e5169277719963814a6abe\">sphingolipid</span> metabolism</td>\n<td>Neuropathy, cognitive deficits</td>\n</tr>\n</tbody>\n\n\n<p style='font-size: 10px; color: #808080; font-style: italic;'>@dams_new_robot</p>", "bot": "@dams_new_robot", "audio": "https://image.prepladder.com/content/JwfuVPIzfVAoH8jLWM4r1739706755.mp3", "video": ""}, {"text": "Which of the following metabolic processes is not directly supported by vitamin B6 in its active form, pyridoxal 5'-phosphate (PLP)?", "options": [{"label": "A", "text": "Transamination of amino acids", "correct": false}, {"label": "B", "text": "Decarboxylation of amino acids", "correct": false}, {"label": "C", "text": "Breakdown of glycogen to glucose-1-phosphate", "correct": false}, {"label": "D", "text": "Conversion of glucose to glycogen", "correct": true}], "correct_answer": "D. Conversion of glucose to glycogen", "question_images": [], "explanation_images": [], "explanation": "<table>\n<thead>\n<tr>\n<th><strong>Metabolic Process</strong></th>\n<th><strong>Enzyme Involved</strong></th>\n<th><strong>Role of Vitamin B6 (PLP)</strong></th>\n</tr>\n</thead>\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<td><strong>Transamination</strong> <strong>(Option A ruled out)</strong></td>\n<td>ALT, AST</td>\n<td>Transfers <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"543f207eb51692777181723491a358\">amino</span> groups between <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"543f207eb51692777181723491a358\">amino</span> acids and keto acids</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td><strong>Decarboxylation</strong> <strong>(Option B ruled out)</strong></td>\n<td>Glutamate decarboxylase</td>\n<td>Produces neurotransmitters (e.g., GABA, serotonin, dopamine)</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td><strong>Glycogenolysis</strong> <strong>(Option C ruled out)</strong></td>\n<td>Glycogen phosphorylase</td>\n<td>PLP is a <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"cf1469795816927771840da7c58a72\">coenzyme</span> for <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"2e2aa646ab1692777188e3eb8286d8\">glycogen</span> phosphorylase, aiding <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"2e2aa646ab1692777188e3eb8286d8\">glycogen</span> breakdown</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td><strong>Heme synthesis</strong></td>\n<td>δ-aminolevulinate synthase</td>\n<td>Required for the first step in <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"d4fff554a316927771885dc8700abe\">heme</span> production</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td><strong>Niacin synthesis</strong></td>\n<td>Kynureninase</td>\n<td>Converts <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"059bdf5c031692777200fedbf3ef66\">tryptophan</span> to niacin</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td><strong>Sphingolipid synthesis</strong></td>\n<td>Serine palmitoyltransferase</td>\n<td>Involved in <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"7a5d0661261692777199584b7da30f\">sphingomyelin</span> metabolism</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td><strong>Homocysteine metabolism</strong></td>\n<td>Cystathionine β-synthase</td>\n<td>Helps convert <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"00472d632e1692777189a71b99d4a9\">homocysteine</span> to cystathionine</td>\n</tr>\n</tbody>\n\n\n<p style='font-size: 10px; color: #808080; font-style: italic;'>@dams_new_robot</p>", "bot": "@dams_new_robot", "audio": "https://image.prepladder.com/content/U1Xtdp6np4QXSolwvJUt1739706632.mp3", "video": ""}, {"text": "A 15 year old child presents with skin rashes, gastrointestinal issues, aminoaciduria and cognitive disturbances. Which of the following mechanisms explains the symptoms observed?", "options": [{"label": "A", "text": "Hartnup disease causes a direct deficiency in niacin, leading to pellagra symptoms.", "correct": false}, {"label": "B", "text": "Impaired tryptophan absorption → ↓production of niacin → pellagra-like symptoms.", "correct": true}, {"label": "C", "text": "Tryptophan excess → disrupts niacin metabolism → pellagra-like symptoms", "correct": false}, {"label": "D", "text": "Increases the metabolism of tryptophan to serotonin, depleting niacin stores", "correct": false}], "correct_answer": "B. Impaired tryptophan absorption → ↓production of niacin → pellagra-like symptoms.", "question_images": [], "explanation_images": [], "explanation": "<table>\n<thead>\n<tr>\n<th><strong>Aspect</strong></th>\n<th><strong>Details</strong></th>\n</tr>\n</thead>\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<td><strong>Cause</strong></td>\n<td>Mutation in <strong>SLC6A19 gene</strong>, affecting <strong>neutral <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"543f207eb51692777181723491a358\">amino</span> acid transporter</strong> in intestines and kidneys.</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td><strong>Deficiency</strong></td>\n<td><strong>Tryptophan</strong> (precursor for niacin) leading to <strong>niacin deficiency</strong>.</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td><strong>Clinical Features</strong></td>\n<td><strong>Pellagra-like symptoms</strong> (Dermatitis, Diarrhoea, Dementia)<br/>\n<strong>Aminoaciduria</strong> (loss of neutral <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"543f207eb51692777181723491a358\">amino</span> acids in urine)<br/>\n<strong>Ataxia, mood changes</strong> due to CNS involvement.</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td><strong>Diagnosis</strong></td>\n<td>Increased <strong>neutral <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"543f207eb51692777181723491a358\">amino</span> acids in urine</strong><br/>\n\t\t\tDecreased <strong>tryptophan and <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"acad87464816927771937783e41318\">niacin</span> levels</strong></td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td><strong>Treatment</strong></td>\n<td><strong>Niacin supplementation</strong><br/>\n\t\t\tHigh-protein diet to compensate for <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"543f207eb51692777181723491a358\">amino</span> acid losses</td>\n</tr>\n</tbody>\n\n\n<p style='font-size: 10px; color: #808080; font-style: italic;'>@dams_new_robot</p>", "bot": "@dams_new_robot", "audio": "https://image.prepladder.com/content/RkJjhi0T9i2g9TYKq5V81739706500.mp3", "video": ""}, {"text": "A 45 year old woman from a rural area presents with a bright red rash on her feet, ankles, and face that worsens with sun exposure. She also reports frequent diarrhea and recent episodes of irritability and difficulty concentrating. Her diet consists mainly of maize and sorghum. Based on these symptoms and dietary habits, which condition is most likely causing her symptoms?", "options": [{"label": "A", "text": "Vitamin B12 deficiency", "correct": false}, {"label": "B", "text": "Pellagra", "correct": true}, {"label": "C", "text": "Rickets", "correct": false}, {"label": "D", "text": "Iron deficiency anemia", "correct": false}], "correct_answer": "B. Pellagra", "question_images": [], "explanation_images": ["https://image.prepladder.com/content/698H7peWLi1wylZZNoTu1728014727.png"], "explanation": "\n\n<p style='font-size: 10px; color: #808080; font-style: italic;'>@dams_new_robot</p>", "bot": "@dams_new_robot", "audio": "https://image.prepladder.com/content/9u3zt8NNz5KzJ8CVE6AB1739706400.mp3", "video": ""}, {"text": "Which of the following is the earliest sign of riboflavin (Vitamin B2) deficiency?", "options": [{"label": "A", "text": "Cheilosis", "correct": false}, {"label": "B", "text": "Glossitis", "correct": false}, {"label": "C", "text": "Seborrheic dermatitis", "correct": false}, {"label": "D", "text": "Proliferation of the bulbar conjunctival capillaries", "correct": true}], "correct_answer": "D. Proliferation of the bulbar conjunctival capillaries", "question_images": [], "explanation_images": ["https://image.prepladder.com/content/6yTQR7at5oV8mq14NtWr1728014821.png", "https://image.prepladder.com/content/S6zFhv2S7zGhiir7D5381728014834.png", "https://image.prepladder.com/content/ixFx72yDqxKw4ao7kug01728014853.png", "https://image.prepladder.com/content/mWGCFJzVMpWLkBmawxaw1728014868.png"], "explanation": "<table cellspacing=\"0\" style=\"border-collapse:collapse; width:598px\">\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<td colspan=\"3\" style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Riboflavin Deficiency</strong></p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Symptom</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Feature</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Image</strong></p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Cheilosis</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<ul>\n<li>Cracks and <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"e747a47db616927771908bff4b8931\">inflammation</span> at the corners of the mouth <strong>(Option A ruled out)</strong></li>\n</ul>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p style=\"text-align:center\"><img alt=\"\" data-author=\"Matthew Ferguson 57\" data-hash=\"\" data-license=\"CC BY SA 3.0\" data-source=\"https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Angular_cheilitis1.jpg\" data-tags=\"\" height=\"180\" src=\"https://image.prepladder.com/content/6yTQR7at5oV8mq14NtWr1728014821.png\" width=\"300\"/></p>\n<p> </p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Glossitis</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<ul>\n<li>Inflammation and changes in the appearance of the tongue.</li>\n<li>It becomes smooth and glossy</li>\n<li>It may appear purplish red <strong>(Option B ruled out)</strong></li>\n</ul>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\"><img alt=\"\" data-author=\"Klaus D. Peter, Wiehl, Germany\" data-hash=\"\" data-license=\"CC BY 3.0 DE\" data-source=\"https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Glossitis.jpg\" data-tags=\"\" height=\"243\" src=\"https://image.prepladder.com/content/S6zFhv2S7zGhiir7D5381728014834.png\" width=\"200\"/></td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Seborrheic dermatitis</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<ul>\n<li>Skin condition with <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"a37fd1603c1692777198f87a4a51dc\">scaly</span> patches, redness and dandruff <strong>(Option C ruled out)</strong></li>\n</ul>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p style=\"text-align:center\"><img alt=\"\" data-author=\"Roymishali\" data-hash=\"\" data-license=\"CC BY SA 3.0\" data-source=\"https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Seborrhoeic_dermatitis_highres.jpg\" data-tags=\"\" height=\"242\" src=\"https://image.prepladder.com/content/ixFx72yDqxKw4ao7kug01728014853.png\" width=\"200\"/></p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Proliferation of <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"ef00544aba1692777183bc916b1c30\">bulbar</span> conjunctival capillaries</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<ul>\n<li>Earliest sign.</li>\n<li>It is the visible <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"d141b433d2169277718681e3ff6bc3\">dilation</span> of blood vessels in the eyes.</li>\n</ul>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p style=\"text-align:center\"><img alt=\"\" data-author=\"P Vijayalakshmi\" data-hash=\"\" data-license=\"CC BY NC 2.0\" data-source=\"https://www.flickr.com/photos/communityeyehealth/5444946687\" data-tags=\"\" height=\"164\" src=\"https://image.prepladder.com/content/mWGCFJzVMpWLkBmawxaw1728014868.png\" width=\"200\"/></p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n</tbody>\n</table>\n<table cellspacing=\"0\" style=\"border-collapse:collapse; width:NaN\">\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>VITAMINS</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>ASSAYS TO DETECT DEFICIENCY</strong></p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Vitamin B1</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Transketolase</p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Vitamin B2</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Glutathione reductase</p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Vitamin B3</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Xanthurenic acid/ <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"059bdf5c031692777200fedbf3ef66\">Tryptophan</span> load test</p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Vitamin B6</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>FIGLU/ Histidine load test</p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Vitamin B12</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Methylmalonate</p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n</tbody>\n\n\n<p style='font-size: 10px; color: #808080; font-style: italic;'>@dams_new_robot</p>", "bot": "@dams_new_robot", "audio": "https://image.prepladder.com/content/7mlJPKbWa2FPciQXoW1T1739706220.mp3", "video": ""}, {"text": "Which of the following enzymes does not utilize FAD as a coenzyme?", "options": [{"label": "A", "text": "Succinate Dehydrogenase", "correct": false}, {"label": "B", "text": "NADH Dehydrogenase", "correct": true}, {"label": "C", "text": "Xanthine Oxidase", "correct": false}, {"label": "D", "text": "Pyruvate Dehydrogenase", "correct": false}], "correct_answer": "B. NADH Dehydrogenase", "question_images": [], "explanation_images": [], "explanation": "<table>\n<thead>\n<tr>\n<th><strong>Category</strong></th>\n<th><strong>FMN-Dependent Enzymes</strong></th>\n<th><strong>FAD-Dependent Enzymes</strong></th>\n</tr>\n</thead>\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<td><strong>Derived from Riboflavin</strong></td>\n<td>Yes</td>\n<td>Yes</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td><strong>Coenzyme Form</strong></td>\n<td>Flavin <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"28a7ae0cf2169277719263de8342fb\">Mononucleotide</span> (FMN)</td>\n<td>Flavin <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"701cef29c216927771801e7d1a7c0f\">Adenine</span> <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"419082b5c61692777186e04b66aafb\">Dinucleotide</span> (FAD)</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td><strong>Electron Transport</strong></td>\n<td>Accepts two electrons and donates them one at a time</td>\n<td>Accepts and donates two electrons and two protons</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td><strong>Role in Metabolism</strong></td>\n<td>Electron transport in <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"60d563fe241692777194203742bf5b\">oxidative</span> phosphorylation</td>\n<td>Redox reactions in various <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"d92cbff33316927771927b4de10a5b\">metabolic</span> pathways</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td><strong>Location</strong></td>\n<td>Mitochondrial ETC (Complex I)</td>\n<td>Mitochondrial matrix, peroxisomes, cytoplasm</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td><strong>Examples</strong></td>\n<td>\n<p><strong>NADH <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"0d1ed86c771692777185d6b762efd5\">Dehydrogenase</span> (Complex I)</strong> – Transfers electrons from <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"70e624dfd41692777193efc364d5b4\">NADH</span> to ubiquinone<br/>\n\t\t\t </p>\n<p><strong>L-Amino Acid Oxidase</strong> – Used in <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"543f207eb51692777181723491a358\">amino</span> acid metabolism</p>\n</td>\n<td>\n<p><strong>Succinate Dehydrogenase</strong> – Converts <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"cf0e807d031692777199f6fd7c6afd\">succinate</span> to <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"0063169a1b1692777203ba89eb2363\">fumarate</span> (TCA cycle)<br/>\n\t\t\t </p>\n<p><strong>Acyl <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"fdf03479ad16927771847526907130\">CoA</span> Dehydrogenase</strong> – Converts Acyl-CoA to α,β-unsaturated acyl-CoA (Lipid metabolism)<br/>\n\t\t\t </p>\n<p><strong>Xanthine Oxidase</strong> – Converts <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"c9a23eabc41692777202d1d98467d5\">xanthine</span> to <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"ffa20262931692777201caef35de16\">uric</span> acid<br/>\n\t\t\t </p>\n<p><strong>Pyruvate Dehydrogenase</strong> – Converts <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"f9129e152d16927771960c4ccc40bc\">pyruvate</span> to acetyl-CoA (Carbohydrate metabolism)<br/>\n\t\t\t </p>\n<p><strong>Alpha-Ketoglutarate Dehydrogenase</strong> – Converts alpha-ketoglutarate to succinyl-CoA<br/>\n\t\t\t </p>\n<p><strong>Mitochondrial Glycerol-3-Phosphate Dehydrogenase</strong> – Converts glycerol-3-phosphate to <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"3c4000871916927771864242b8df69\">dihydroxyacetone</span> phosphate</p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n</tbody>\n\n\n<p style='font-size: 10px; color: #808080; font-style: italic;'>@dams_new_robot</p>", "bot": "@dams_new_robot", "audio": "https://image.prepladder.com/content/IwQuMFG1Z5RlHyIzVuZZ1739706123.mp3", "video": ""}, {"text": "A 52 year old chronic alcoholic presents to the ED with confusion, difficulty walking, and abnormal eye movements. He reports having consumed large amounts of alcohol daily for many years and has had poor dietary intake. On examination, he has nystagmus and an unsteady gait. What is the most likely diagnosis for this patient?", "options": [{"label": "A", "text": "Wernicke encephalopathy", "correct": true}, {"label": "B", "text": "Korsakoff psychosis", "correct": false}, {"label": "C", "text": "Lactic acidosis", "correct": false}, {"label": "D", "text": "Dry beri-beri", "correct": false}], "correct_answer": "A. Wernicke encephalopathy", "question_images": [], "explanation_images": [], "explanation": "<table cellspacing=\"0\" style=\"border-collapse:collapse; width:624px\">\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<td colspan=\"2\" style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\"><strong>Wernicke-Korsakoff Syndrome (Cerebral Beriberi)</strong></td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td rowspan=\"2\" style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Clinical Manifestations</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Wernicke Encephalopathy:</strong></p>\n<p>Symptoms: Ophthalmoplegia, nystagmus, cerebellar ataxia, global confusion.</p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Korsakoff Psychosis:</strong></p>\n<p>Symptoms: <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"6f04a43a8c16927771816dd61a4f17\">Anterograde</span> and <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"e38ca8e6931692777197ee6a68ac56\">retrograde</span> amnesia, <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"408bcde7f01692777198acadb8e1c6\">sensory</span> agnosia, and confabulation. <strong>(Option B ruled out)</strong></p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Causes of <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"b70d1dbde516927772000d7774d2a5\">Thiamine</span> <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"209b85faf71692777185767d43e3bd\">Deficiency</span> in Alcoholics</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<ul>\n<li>Increased <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"b70d1dbde516927772000d7774d2a5\">thiamine</span> requirements due to alcohol consumption. Impaired intestinal <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"5fcb9396d1169277718069dd7fa788\">absorption</span> of <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"b70d1dbde516927772000d7774d2a5\">thiamine</span> due to alcohol. Increased <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"b70d1dbde516927772000d7774d2a5\">thiamine</span> <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"6aee31718c16927772019237286270\">utilization</span> and inadequate dietary intake.</li>\n<li>Inhibition of intestinal <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"b70d1dbde516927772000d7774d2a5\">thiamine</span> <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"5fcb9396d1169277718069dd7fa788\">absorption</span> by alcohol.</li>\n</ul>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Metabolic Implications</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<ul>\n<li>Impaired conversion of <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"f9129e152d16927771960c4ccc40bc\">pyruvate</span> to acetyl-CoA.</li>\n<li>Accumulation of <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"f9129e152d16927771960c4ccc40bc\">pyruvate</span> and <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"5a751dc161169277719123aae1b764\">lactate</span> in the blood.</li>\n<li>Potential for life-threatening <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"b82539c9ae1692777191a3f7ddd7bb\">lactic</span> acidosis.</li>\n</ul>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Progression and Risk Factors</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<ul>\n<li>Progression from Wernicke <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"b37b211cbc169277718725f07b5473\">encephalopathy</span> to <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"a01c754c6916927771907990bfb979\">Korsakoff psychosis</span> if untreated.</li>\n<li>Associated with severely compromised nutritional status, often due to chronic alcoholism.</li>\n</ul>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>MRI findings</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">Symmetrical T2/FLAIR hyperintensities in the <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"06d33302e016927771911f7ef71255\">mammillary</span> bodies, dorsomedial thalami, <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"c51baf41771692777195b4b3432d4b\">periaqueductal</span> gray matter, and around the third ventricle.</td>\n</tr>\n</tbody>\n\n\n<p style='font-size: 10px; color: #808080; font-style: italic;'>@dams_new_robot</p>", "bot": "@dams_new_robot", "audio": "https://image.prepladder.com/content/0LFHznTSRnRDj7GfOyoI1739705982.mp3", "video": ""}]; if (!Array.isArray(questions) || questions.length === 0) { throw new Error("Questions data is empty or invalid"); } debugLog(`Successfully parsed ${questions.length} questions`); } catch (e) { console.error("Failed to parse questions_json:", e); document.getElementById('error-message').innerHTML = "Error loading quiz data. Please check the console for details or contact support."; document.getElementById('error-message').classList.remove('hidden'); document.getElementById('start-test').disabled = true; // Fallback to sample questions for testing questions = [ { text: "What is 2 + 2?", options: [ { label: "A", text: "3", correct: false }, { label: "B", text: "4", correct: true }, { label: "C", text: "5", correct: false }, { label: "D", text: "6", correct: false } ], correct_answer: "B. 4", question_images: [], explanation_images: [], explanation: "<p>2 + 2 = 4</p><p>@dams_new_robot</p>", bot: "@dams_new_robot", audio: "", video: "" } ]; debugLog("Loaded fallback questions"); } // Quiz state let currentQuestion = 0; let answers = new Array(questions.length).fill(null); let markedForReview = new Array(questions.length).fill(false); let timeRemaining = 31 * 60; // Duration in seconds let timerInterval = null; const quizId = `{title.replace(/\s+/g, '_').toLowerCase()}`; // Unique ID for local storage // Load saved progress function loadProgress() { try { debugLog("Loading progress from localStorage"); const saved = localStorage.getItem(`quiz_${quizId}`); if (saved) { const { savedAnswers, savedMarked, savedTime } = JSON.parse(saved); answers = savedAnswers || answers; markedForReview = savedMarked || markedForReview; timeRemaining = savedTime !== undefined ? savedTime : timeRemaining; debugLog("Progress loaded successfully"); } else { debugLog("No saved progress found"); } } catch (e) { console.error("Error loading progress:", e); debugLog("Failed to load progress: " + e.message); } } // Save progress function saveProgress() { try { debugLog("Saving progress to localStorage"); localStorage.setItem(`quiz_${quizId}`, JSON.stringify({ savedAnswers: answers, savedMarked: markedForReview, savedTime: timeRemaining })); debugLog("Progress saved successfully"); } catch (e) { console.error("Error saving progress:", e); debugLog("Failed to save progress: " + e.message); } } // Initialize quiz function initQuiz() { try { debugLog("Initializing quiz"); loadProgress(); const startButton = document.getElementById('start-test'); if (!startButton) { throw new Error("Start test button not found"); } startButton.addEventListener('click', startQuiz); debugLog("Start test button listener attached"); document.getElementById('previous-btn').addEventListener('click', showPreviousQuestion); document.getElementById('next-btn').addEventListener('click', showNextQuestion); document.getElementById('mark-review').addEventListener('click', toggleMarkForReview); document.getElementById('nav-toggle').addEventListener('click', toggleNavPanel); document.getElementById('submit-test').addEventListener('click', showSubmitModal); document.getElementById('continue-test').addEventListener('click', closeExitModal); document.getElementById('exit-test').addEventListener('click', () => { debugLog("Exiting test"); localStorage.removeItem(`quiz_${quizId}`); window.location.reload(); }); document.getElementById('cancel-submit').addEventListener('click', closeSubmitModal); document.getElementById('confirm-submit').addEventListener('click', submitTest); document.getElementById('take-again').addEventListener('click', () => { debugLog("Restarting test"); localStorage.removeItem(`quiz_${quizId}`); window.location.reload(); }); document.getElementById('review-test').addEventListener('click', () => showResults(currentResultQuestion)); document.getElementById('close-nav').addEventListener('click', toggleNavPanel); document.getElementById('theme-toggle').addEventListener('click', toggleTheme); document.getElementById('nav-filter').addEventListener('change', updateNavPanel); document.getElementById('prev-result').addEventListener('click', showPreviousResult); document.getElementById('next-result').addEventListener('click', showNextResult); document.getElementById('results-nav-toggle').addEventListener('click', toggleResultsNavPanel); document.getElementById('close-results-nav').addEventListener('click', toggleResultsNavPanel); document.getElementById('results-nav-filter').addEventListener('change', updateResultsNavPanel); debugLog("Quiz initialized successfully"); } catch (e) { console.error("Failed to initialize quiz:", e); debugLog("Failed to initialize quiz: " + e.message); document.getElementById('error-message').innerHTML = "Error initializing quiz. Please check the console for details or contact support."; document.getElementById('error-message').classList.remove('hidden'); document.getElementById('start-test').disabled = true; } } // Start quiz function startQuiz() { try { debugLog("Starting quiz"); document.getElementById('instructions').classList.add('hidden'); document.getElementById('quiz').classList.remove('hidden'); showQuestion(currentQuestion); startTimer(); updateNavPanel(); debugLog("Quiz started successfully"); } catch (e) { console.error("Error starting quiz:", e); debugLog("Failed to start quiz: " + e.message); document.getElementById('error-message').innerHTML = "Error starting quiz. Please check the console for details or contact support."; document.getElementById('error-message').classList.remove('hidden'); document.getElementById('quiz').classList.add('hidden'); document.getElementById('instructions').classList.remove('hidden'); } } // Show question function showQuestion(index) { try { debugLog(`Showing question ${index + 1}`); currentQuestion = index; const q = questions[index]; if (!q) { throw new Error(`Question ${index} is undefined`); } document.getElementById('question-number').innerHTML = `Question <span>${index + 1}</span> of ${questions.length}`; document.getElementById('question-text').innerHTML = q.text || "No question text available"; const imagesDiv = document.getElementById('question-images'); imagesDiv.innerHTML = q.question_images && q.question_images.length > 0 ? q.question_images.map(url => `<img src="${url}" alt="Question Image" class="max-w-full h-auto rounded-lg">`).join('') : ''; const optionsDiv = document.getElementById('options'); optionsDiv.innerHTML = q.options && q.options.length > 0 ? q.options.map(opt => ` <button class="option-btn w-full text-left p-3 border rounded-lg ${answers[index] === opt.label ? 'selected' : ''}" onclick="selectOption(${index}, '${opt.label}')" aria-label="Option ${opt.label}: ${opt.text}"> ${opt.label}. ${opt.text} </button> `).join('') : '<p class="text-red-500">No options available</p>'; document.getElementById('previous-btn').disabled = index === 0; document.getElementById('next-btn').disabled = index === questions.length - 1; document.getElementById('mark-review').classList.toggle('marked', markedForReview[index]); updateProgressBar(); saveProgress(); window.scrollTo({ top: 0, behavior: 'smooth' }); debugLog(`Question ${index + 1} displayed successfully`); } catch (e) { console.error("Error displaying question:", e); debugLog("Failed to display question: " + e.message); } } // Select option function selectOption(index, label) { try { debugLog(`Selecting option ${label} for question ${index + 1}`); answers[index] = label; const optionsDiv = document.getElementById('options'); const optionButtons = optionsDiv.querySelectorAll('.option-btn'); optionButtons.forEach(btn => { const btnLabel = btn.textContent.trim().split('.')[0]; btn.classList.toggle('selected', btnLabel === label); }); updateNavPanel(); saveProgress(); debugLog(`Option ${label} selected for question ${index + 1}`); } catch (e) { console.error("Error selecting option:", e); debugLog("Failed to select option: " + e.message); } } // Toggle mark for review function toggleMarkForReview() { try { debugLog(`Toggling mark for review on question ${currentQuestion + 1}`); markedForReview[currentQuestion] = !markedForReview[currentQuestion]; document.getElementById('mark-review').classList.toggle('marked', markedForReview[currentQuestion]); updateNavPanel(); saveProgress(); debugLog(`Mark for review toggled for question ${currentQuestion + 1}`); } catch (e) { console.error("Error marking for review:", e); debugLog("Failed to mark for review: " + e.message); } } // Navigate to previous question function showPreviousQuestion() { try { debugLog(`Navigating to previous question from ${currentQuestion + 1}`); if (currentQuestion > 0) { currentQuestion--; showQuestion(currentQuestion); } } catch (e) { console.error("Error navigating to previous question:", e); debugLog("Failed to navigate to previous question: " + e.message); } } // Navigate to next question function showNextQuestion() { try { debugLog(`Navigating to next question from ${currentQuestion + 1}`); if (currentQuestion < questions.length - 1) { currentQuestion++; showQuestion(currentQuestion); } } catch (e) { console.error("Error navigating to next question:", e); debugLog("Failed to navigate to next question: " + e.message); } } // Handle question navigation click function handleQuestionNavClick(index) { try { debugLog(`Navigating to question ${index + 1} via nav panel`); showQuestion(index); toggleNavPanel(); } catch (e) { console.error("Error handling navigation click:", e); debugLog("Failed to navigate via nav panel: " + e.message); } } // Start timer function startTimer() { try { debugLog("Starting timer"); timerInterval = setInterval(() => { if (timeRemaining <= 0) { debugLog("Timer expired, submitting test"); clearInterval(timerInterval); submitTest(); } else { timeRemaining--; const minutes = Math.floor(timeRemaining / 60); const seconds = timeRemaining % 60; document.getElementById('timer').innerHTML = `Time Remaining: <span>${minutes.toString().padStart(2, '0')}:${seconds.toString().padStart(2, '0')}</span>`; saveProgress(); } }, 1000); debugLog("Timer started successfully"); } catch (e) { console.error("Error starting timer:", e); debugLog("Failed to start timer: " + e.message); } } // Update progress bar function updateProgressBar() { try { debugLog("Updating progress bar"); const progress = ((currentQuestion + 1) / questions.length) * 100; document.getElementById('progress-bar').style.width = `${progress}%`; debugLog("Progress bar updated"); } catch (e) { console.error("Error updating progress bar:", e); debugLog("Failed to update progress bar: " + e.message); } } // Update quiz navigation panel function updateNavPanel() { try { debugLog("Updating quiz navigation panel"); const filter = document.getElementById('nav-filter').value; const navGrid = document.getElementById('nav-grid'); navGrid.innerHTML = questions.map((_, i) => { if (filter === 'answered' && !answers[i]) return ''; if (filter === 'unanswered' && answers[i]) return ''; if (filter === 'marked' && !markedForReview[i]) return ''; return ` <button class="question-nav-btn ${answers[i] ? 'answered' : 'unanswered'} ${markedForReview[i] ? 'marked-nav' : ''}" onclick="handleQuestionNavClick(${i})" aria-label="Go to Question ${i + 1}"> ${i + 1} </button> `; }).join(''); debugLog("Quiz navigation panel updated"); } catch (e) { console.error("Error updating quiz navigation panel:", e); debugLog("Failed to update quiz navigation panel: " + e.message); } } // Update results navigation panel function updateResultsNavPanel() { try { debugLog("Updating results navigation panel"); const filter = document.getElementById('results-nav-filter').value; const navGrid = document.getElementById('results-nav-grid'); navGrid.innerHTML = questions.map((_, i) => { if (filter === 'answered' && !answers[i]) return ''; if (filter === 'unanswered' && answers[i]) return ''; if (filter === 'marked' && !markedForReview[i]) return ''; return ` <button class="result-nav-btn-grid ${answers[i] ? 'answered' : 'unanswered'} ${markedForReview[i] ? 'marked-nav' : ''}" onclick="handleResultNavClick(${i})" aria-label="Go to Result for Question ${i + 1}"> ${i + 1} </button> `; }).join(''); debugLog("Results navigation panel updated"); } catch (e) { console.error("Error updating results navigation panel:", e); debugLog("Failed to update results navigation panel: " + e.message); } } // Toggle quiz navigation panel function toggleNavPanel() { try { debugLog("Toggling quiz navigation panel"); const navPanel = document.getElementById('nav-panel'); navPanel.classList.toggle('hidden'); debugLog("Quiz navigation panel toggled"); } catch (e) { console.error("Error toggling quiz navigation panel:", e); debugLog("Failed to toggle quiz navigation panel: " + e.message); } } // Toggle results navigation panel function toggleResultsNavPanel() { try { debugLog("Toggling results navigation panel"); const resultsNavPanel = document.getElementById('results-nav-panel'); resultsNavPanel.classList.toggle('hidden'); if (!resultsNavPanel.classList.contains('hidden')) { updateResultsNavPanel(); } debugLog("Results navigation panel toggled"); } catch (e) { console.error("Error toggling results navigation panel:", e); debugLog("Failed to toggle results navigation panel: " + e.message); } } // Handle result navigation click function handleResultNavClick(index) { try { debugLog(`Navigating to result for question ${index + 1} via nav panel`); showResults(index); toggleResultsNavPanel(); } catch (e) { console.error("Error handling result navigation click:", e); debugLog("Failed to navigate to result: " + e.message); } } // Show submit modal function showSubmitModal() { try { debugLog("Showing submit modal"); const attempted = answers.filter(a => a !== null).length; document.getElementById('attempted-count').textContent = attempted; document.getElementById('unattempted-count').textContent = questions.length - attempted; document.getElementById('submit-modal').classList.remove('hidden'); debugLog("Submit modal displayed"); } catch (e) { console.error("Error showing submit modal:", e); debugLog("Failed to show submit modal: " + e.message); } } // Close submit modal function closeSubmitModal() { try { debugLog("Closing submit modal"); document.getElementById('submit-modal').classList.add('hidden'); debugLog("Submit modal closed"); } catch (e) { console.error("Error closing submit modal:", e); debugLog("Failed to close submit modal: " + e.message); } } // Close exit modal function closeExitModal() { try { debugLog("Closing exit modal"); document.getElementById('exit-modal').classList.add('hidden'); debugLog("Exit modal closed"); } catch (e) { console.error("Error closing exit modal:", e); debugLog("Failed to close exit modal: " + e.message); } } // Submit test function submitTest() { try { debugLog("Submitting test"); clearInterval(timerInterval); document.getElementById('quiz').classList.add('hidden'); document.getElementById('submit-modal').classList.add('hidden'); document.getElementById('results').classList.remove('hidden'); showResults(0); // Start with first question // Trigger confetti animation confetti({ particleCount: 100, spread: 70, origin: { y: 0.6 } }); localStorage.removeItem(`quiz_${quizId}`); debugLog("Test submitted successfully"); } catch (e) { console.error("Error submitting test:", e); debugLog("Failed to submit test: " + e.message); } } // Show result for a single question function showResults(index) { try { debugLog(`Showing result for question ${index + 1}`); currentResultQuestion = index; let correct = 0, wrong = 0, unanswered = 0, marked = 0; answers.forEach((answer, i) => { const isCorrect = answer && questions[i].options.find(opt => opt.label === answer)?.correct; if (answer === null) unanswered++; else if (isCorrect) correct++; else wrong++; if (markedForReview[i]) marked++; }); const q = questions[index]; if (!q) { throw new Error(`Question ${index} is undefined`); } const userAnswer = answers[index]; const isCorrect = userAnswer && q.options.find(opt => opt.label === userAnswer)?.correct; const resultsContent = document.getElementById('results-content'); resultsContent.innerHTML = ` <div class="border p-4 rounded-lg ${isCorrect ? 'bg-green-50' : userAnswer ? 'bg-red-50' : 'bg-gray-50'}"> <p class="font-semibold">Question ${index + 1}: ${q.text || 'No question text'}</p> ${q.question_images && q.question_images.length > 0 ? q.question_images.map(url => `<img src="${url}" alt="Question Image" class="max-w-full h-auto rounded-lg my-2">`).join('') : ''} <p><strong>Your Answer:</strong> ${userAnswer ? `${userAnswer}. ${q.options.find(opt => opt.label === userAnswer)?.text || 'Invalid option'}` : 'Unanswered'}</p> <p><strong>Correct Answer:</strong> ${q.correct_answer || 'Unknown'}</p> <div class="mt-2">${q.explanation || 'No explanation available'}</div> ${q.explanation_images && q.explanation_images.length > 0 ? q.explanation_images.map(url => `<img src="${url}" alt="Explanation Image" class="max-w-full h-auto rounded-lg my-2">`).join('') : ''} ${q.video ? ` <button class="play-video bg-blue-500 text-white px-4 py-2 rounded-lg mt-2" onclick="loadVideo(this, '${q.video}', 'video-${index}')" aria-label="Play explanation video for Question ${index + 1}"> Play Video Explanation </button> <div id="video-${index}" class="video-container mt-2"></div> ` : '<p class="text-gray-500 mt-2">No video available</p>'} ${q.audio ? ` <button class="play-audio bg-blue-500 text-white px-4 py-2 rounded-lg mt-2" onclick="loadAudio(this, '${q.audio}', 'audio-${index}')" aria-label="Play audio explanation for Question ${index + 1}"> Play Audio Explanation </button> <div id="audio-${index}" class="audio-container mt-2"></div> ` : ''} </div> `; document.getElementById('correct-count').textContent = correct; document.getElementById('wrong-count').textContent = wrong; document.getElementById('unanswered-count').textContent = unanswered; document.getElementById('marked-count').textContent = marked; document.getElementById('result-question-number').innerHTML = `Question <span>${index + 1}</span> of ${questions.length}`; document.getElementById('prev-result').disabled = index === 0; document.getElementById('next-result').disabled = index === questions.length - 1; updateResultsNavPanel(); window.scrollTo({ top: 0, behavior: 'smooth' }); debugLog(`Result for question ${index + 1} displayed successfully`); } catch (e) { console.error("Error displaying result:", e); debugLog("Failed to display result: " + e.message); } } // Navigate to previous result function showPreviousResult() { try { debugLog(`Navigating to previous result from question ${currentResultQuestion + 1}`); if (currentResultQuestion > 0) { showResults(currentResultQuestion - 1); } } catch (e) { console.error("Error navigating to previous result:", e); debugLog("Failed to navigate to previous result: " + e.message); } } // Navigate to next result function showNextResult() { try { debugLog(`Navigating to next result from question ${currentResultQuestion + 1}`); if (currentResultQuestion < questions.length - 1) { showResults(currentResultQuestion + 1); } } catch (e) { console.error("Error navigating to next result:", e); debugLog("Failed to navigate to next result: " + e.message); } } // Lazy-load video function loadVideo(button, videoUrl, containerId) { try { debugLog(`Loading video for ${containerId}: ${videoUrl}`); if (!videoUrl) { const container = document.getElementById(containerId); container.innerHTML = `<p class="text-gray-500">No video available</p>`; button.remove(); debugLog("No video URL provided"); return; } const container = document.getElementById(containerId); container.innerHTML = ` <div class="video-loading"></div> <video controls class="w-full max-w-[600px] rounded-lg" preload="metadata" aria-label="Video explanation"> <source src="${videoUrl}" type="${videoUrl.endsWith('.m3u8') ? 'application/x-mpegURL' : 'video/mp4'}"> Your browser does not support the video tag. </video> `; container.classList.add('active'); button.remove(); // Initialize HLS.js for .m3u8 videos const video = container.querySelector('video'); if (videoUrl.endsWith('.m3u8') && Hls.isSupported()) { const hls = new Hls(); hls.loadSource(videoUrl); hls.attachMedia(video); hls.on(Hls.Events.ERROR, (event, data) => { console.error("HLS.js error:", data); container.innerHTML = `<p class="text-red-500">Error loading video. <a href="${videoUrl}" target="_blank" aria-label="Open video in new tab">Open video</a></p>`; debugLog("HLS.js error: " + JSON.stringify(data)); }); } else if (videoUrl.endsWith('.m3u8') && video.canPlayType('application/vnd.apple.mpegurl')) { video.src = videoUrl; } // Handle video load errors video.onerror = () => { console.error("Video load error for URL:", videoUrl); container.innerHTML = `<p class="text-red-500">Error loading video. <a href="${videoUrl}" target="_blank" aria-label="Open video in new tab">Open video</a></p>`; debugLog("Video load error for URL: " + videoUrl); }; // Remove loading spinner when video is ready video.onloadedmetadata = () => { container.querySelector('.video-loading').remove(); debugLog("Video loaded successfully"); }; } catch (e) { console.error("Error loading video:", e); debugLog("Failed to load video: " + e.message); const container = document.getElementById(containerId); container.innerHTML = `<p class="text-red-500">Error loading video. <a href="${videoUrl}" target="_blank" aria-label="Open video in new tab">Open video</a></p>`; } } // Lazy-load audio function loadAudio(button, audioUrl, containerId) { try { debugLog(`Loading audio for ${containerId}: ${audioUrl}`); if (!audioUrl) { const container = document.getElementById(containerId); container.innerHTML = `<p class="text-gray-500">No audio available</p>`; button.remove(); debugLog("No audio URL provided"); return; } const container = document.getElementById(containerId); container.innerHTML = ` <audio controls class="w-full max-w-[600px]" preload="metadata" aria-label="Audio explanation"> <source src="${audioUrl}" type="audio/mpeg"> Your browser does not support the audio tag. </audio> `; container.classList.add('active'); button.remove(); // Handle audio load errors const audio = container.querySelector('audio'); audio.onerror = () => { console.error("Audio load error for URL:", audioUrl); container.innerHTML = `<p class="text-red-500">Error loading audio. <a href="${audioUrl}" target="_blank" aria-label="Open audio in new tab">Open audio</a></p>`; debugLog("Audio load error for URL: " + audioUrl); }; debugLog("Audio loaded successfully"); } catch (e) { console.error("Error loading audio:", e); debugLog("Failed to load audio: " + e.message); const container = document.getElementById(containerId); container.innerHTML = `<p class="text-red-500">Error loading audio. <a href="${audioUrl}" target="_blank" aria-label="Open audio in new tab">Open audio</a></p>`; } } // Toggle dark mode function toggleTheme() { try { debugLog("Toggling theme"); document.documentElement.classList.toggle('dark'); localStorage.setItem('theme', document.documentElement.classList.contains('dark') ? 'dark' : 'light'); debugLog("Theme toggled successfully"); } catch (e) { console.error("Error toggling theme:", e); debugLog("Failed to toggle theme: " + e.message); } } // Load theme preference function loadTheme() { try { debugLog("Loading theme preference"); const theme = localStorage.getItem('theme'); if (theme === 'dark') { document.documentElement.classList.add('dark'); } debugLog("Theme loaded successfully"); } catch (e) { console.error("Error loading theme:", e); debugLog("Failed to load theme: " + e.message); } } // Initialize on DOM content loaded window.addEventListener('DOMContentLoaded', () => { try { debugLog("DOM content loaded, initializing quiz"); loadTheme(); initQuiz(); } catch (e) { console.error("Error during DOMContentLoaded:", e); debugLog("Failed to initialize on DOMContentLoaded: " + e.message); document.getElementById('error-message').innerHTML = "Error initializing quiz. Please check the console for details or contact support."; document.getElementById('error-message').classList.remove('hidden'); } }); </script> </body> </html>" frameborder="0" width="100%" height="2000px">